WORKED SOLUTIONS

Statistical applications

3
Answers

Skills check
1

h = 20 cm
b

A(1, 5); B(0, 1)

ii

m=

A( 0, 3); B(3, 2)

ii

m=

x + x = 10

m=

2x2 = 100
d

x2 = 50
x = 50 cm or 7.07 cm (3 s.f.)
2

A(0, 1); B(1, 0)

ii

m=

M =

3  3 5  7
,
2
2

A(1, 2); B(2, 0)

ii

m=
m=

M = (0, 6)
Let d be the distance between A and B.

(3 (3) ) + (7 5 )
2

d=

d = 40 or 6.32 (3 s.f.)
b

Using the midpoint formula and set two

equations in p and q.
(2.5,1) =
2+q
2

2+q p 4
,

2
2

= 2.5 and

p4
2

m=

1 4
42

m=

5
4
3
A
2
1

=1

5 4 3 2 110
2
3
4
5

Exercise 3A
Using the gradient formula.
m = 9 7

02

m = 1
b

m = 9 7

x step

m = 9 (7)

5
4
3
2
1

02

m = 8
d

m = 9 (7)
02

m=1
2

i
ii

A(1, 5); B(0, 1)

m = 1 5

0 1

m=4

1 2 3 4 5 x

plot the given point and then using that the gradient is
y step
find more points lying on the line.
m=

02

m=8

3
2

Exercise 3B

q = 3 and p = 6

0 ( 2)
2 ( 1)
2
3

A(2, 4); B(4, 1)

Therefore

0 ( 1)
1 0

m=1

Let M be the midpoint between A and B.

ii

23
30
1

Using the midpoint formula.

1 5
0 ( 1)

m = 4

152 + h2 = 252
2

5 4 3 2 110
2
3
4
5

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B
1 2 3 4 5 x

Worked solutions: Chapter 3

WORKED SOLUTIONS
y

10
8
6
4
2
10 8 6 4 220
4
6
8
10

2 4 6 8 10 x
C

m=75

ii

m=2
gradient of AC =

32

p 5
42

1
4

m = 0.5

m=

t 6
3 2

m=

t 6
5

m=4
t 2
gradient of AC = 2 0

using your answers to a and b.

t 6
5

= 0.5

t = 3.5

Exercise 3C

=4

m = 5 0
gradient of AC =

m=

4 5
02

m = 4.5

1 0

m = 5
ii

q 0
20

10
8
6
4
2

gradient of AB = 5
Therefore
q 0
20

= 5

10 8 6 4 220
4
6
8
10

q = 10
d

m = 0 (1)

ii

m=1
gradient of AC =

1 0

s ( 1)
40

gradient of AB = 1
Therefore
s ( 1)
40

10
8
6
4
2

=1

s=3
e

4 1
6 ( 5)

m=

ii

m = 3
gradient of AC =

r 1
4 ( 5)

gradient of AB = 3
r 1
4 ( 5)

5
4

1 0

t = 10
i

5
a +1

a=

gradient of AB = 4
Therefore

equating answer to a to the gradient

a +1=

m= 62

t 2
20

5
a +1

4=

p=9

ii

m=

5
a +1

p 5
=2
42

10 5
a ( 1)

Therefore

gradient of AB = 2
gradient of AC = gradient of AB
Therefore

m=

10 8 6 4 220
4
6
8
10

L1

2 4 6 8 10 x

L2 L1

2 4 6 8 10 x

= 3

r = 2
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Worked solutions: Chapter 3

WORKED SOLUTIONS
if the y-coordinates are the same then the line is
parallel to the x-axis and if the x-coordinates are the
same the line is parallel to the y-axis.

parallel to the x-axis.

parallel to the y-axis.

neither.

Any horizontal line is parallel to the x...-axis.

Any vertical line is parallel to the y...-axis.
Any horizontal line has gradient equal to...
zero...

b
c
4

Let m be the gradient of a perpendicular line

to AB.
1m = 1
m = 1

Let m be the gradient of a perpendicular line

to AB.
1m = 1
m = 1

If the line is parallel to the x-axis then

y-coordinate of any point on that line will be
always the same.
a = 3.
Both (5; 3) and(8, a) lie on the same line parallel
to the x-axis therefore they have the same
y-coordinate.
b

1 and 1 are negative reciprocals.

4
3

m=

2 10
05

12
5

m =

ii

1
3

3
4

4
3

1 and 1 are gradients of perpendicular lines.

Let m be the gradient of a perpendicular line

to AB.
3m = 1

and

m =
b

1
2

ii

m = 4

1 2 3 4 5 x

5
4
3
2
1

m = 1

Let m be the gradient of a perpendicular line

to AB.
1
m = 1

iii

m = 3 or 1.5
c

Let m be the gradient of a perpendicular line

to AB.
2
3

5
12

5 4 3 2 110
2
3
4
5

are gradients of perpendicular lines.

1
3

= 1

5
4
3
2
1

perpendicular lines have gradients that are negative

reciprocals
b

12
5

iii

and

3
7

Let m be the gradient of a perpendicular line

to AB.

1
are negative reciprocals.
2
3
are negative reciprocals.
4

7
3

m =

m=

negative reciprocals are numbers that multiplied

together give 1

2 and

m=

m 3 = 1

Exercise 3D

1 6
1 ( 2)

Let m be the gradient of a perpendicular line

to AB.

If the line is parallel to the y-axis then

x-coordinate of any point on that line will be
always the same.
m = 5
Both (m, 24) and (5; 2) lie on the same line
parallel to the y-axis therefore they have the same
x-coordinate.

m=

5 4 3 2 110 1 2 3 4 5 x
A
2
3
4
5

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Worked solutions: Chapter 3

WORKED SOLUTIONS
c

4
3

ii

y = 2x + c
0 = 2 3 + c

3
4
y

iii

5
4
3
2
1

c = 6
y = 2x 6
2

5 4 3 2 110 1 2 3 4 5 x
A
2
3
4
5

m=

a 3
2 0

m=

a 3
2

m=

Use answers to a and b to set an equation

where the unknown is a.

m=2

ii

The point of intersection with the y-axis

has the form (0, y)

y=1
Therefore the point is (0, 1)
iii The point of intersection with the x-axis
has the form (x, 0)
y = 2x + 1
0 = 2x + 1
x =1

1
2

2
1

y = 3 0 + 2
y=2
Therefore the point is (0, 2)
iii y = 3x + 2

m = 8 5
53

0 = 3x + 2

m = 13
2

x=2

2
13

m =

m = 2
13

m = 2 0 = 2
t 5 t 5

2
Therefore the point is 3 , 0

m = 1

ii

y = 0 + 3
y=3

2
= 2
13 t 5

Therefore the point is (0, 3)

t 5 = 13
t = 18

iii

y = mx + c
y = 3x + c
4 =3 1+ c

x=3
Therefore the point is (3, 0)
d

i
ii

c=1
y = 3x + 1
b

c=
y=

5
x
3

4+c

y = 2 x 1
5
2
y= 0
5

Therefore the point is (0, 1)

y = 5x + c
8=

m=2

y = 1

y = mx + c
3
5
3
4
3

y =x +3
0=x +3

Exercise 3E
1

Therefore the point is 2 , 0

m = 3

ii

a=4
a

y = 2 0 +1

1 a 3
=
2
2

y = mx + c

iii

0 = 2 x 1
5

x =5
2

4
3

5
Therefore the point is 2 , 0

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Worked solutions: Chapter 3

WORKED SOLUTIONS
3

Expand the numerator and write the whole

expression as a sum.

4
3
2
1

y = 3( x 6)

2
3 x 18
y=
2
3
y = x 18
2
2

1
1
4 3 2 11 0 1 2 3 4 x
2
3
4

or y = 1.5x 9

m = 1.5

the y-intercept is c, c = 9

The point of intersection with the x-axis has

the form (x, 0)
0 = 1 .5 x 9
x= 9
1 .5

1x  1
y

4
3
2
1
1
4 3 2 110 1 1 2 3 4 x
2
3
4

Using the gradient formula m = 1 (4 )

m = 5
y = 5x + c
4 = 5 2 + c
c=6
y = 5x + 6

1 2

y
y

m = 53
2 1
m=2
y = mx + c
y = 2x + c substitute the gradient into the
equation
3 = 2 1 + c substitute P or Q in the equation
to nd c
c=1
y = 2x + 1

mx  c
mx  1

m = 1 therefore m = 1
1

y = 1x + 1
y

4
3
2
1
4 3 12 110
2
2
3
4

m 2 = 1
y = mx + c

y = 0.5x + c
2 = 0.5 0 + c
c=2
y = 0.5x + 2

m=1

2
1
y = x 1
2
y

1
3

y = mx + c

4
3
2
1

1= 1 5 + c

c =

3
8
3

y =

1
x
3

8
3

At the x-axis the point has y = 0.

1 2 3 4 x

y = mx + c
y = mx 1

mx  1

m = 1 or 0.5
d

m=1

Therefore the point is (6, 0)

a

mx  c

x=6
4

4 3 2 110 1 2 3 4 x
2
2
1
3
4

y =

1
x
3

8
3

y = mx + c
y = mx 2

0=

1
x
3

8
3

m = 2 therefore m = 2

y = 2x 2

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Worked solutions: Chapter 3

WORKED SOLUTIONS
e

two points from the graph (1, 0) and (2, 1)

Using the formula m =
m =1

1 0
2 ( 1)

m = y2 y1
x 2 x1

1 y 3
=
2 x 2

Or using the graph

y

1( x 2) = 2( y 3)

4
3
2
1
4 3 2 1 10
2
3
4

x 2 = 2y 6
x 2 y + 4 = 0 or any multiple of this equation
with a, b, d, '.

1 2 3 4 x
3

1 3

m=5
4

Let (x, y) be a point on this line.

Substituting in the gradient formula (x, y)
and (3, 2)

two points from the graph (2, 1) and (3, 3)

5x + 4 y 7 = 0 or any multiple of this equation

with a, b, d, '.

5x + 15 = 4 y + 8

Or using the graph

y

0
1
2
3
5
4

05
5 0

m =1
1=

Make y the subject of the formula.

a

4 x + 20 = y
4 x y + 20 = 0 or any multiple of this
equation with a, b, d, '.

2x + y 1 = 0
y = 2x + 1

2x 4 y = 0
y = 2 x
4

y = 1 x or y = 0.5x

x 2 x1

4( x 5) = y

x + y +1 = 0
y = x 1

m = y2 y1
y 0
x 5

Make y the subject of the formula. 3x + y = 0

y = 3x

Exercise 3F
Let (x, y) be a point on this line. Substituting
in the gradient formula (x, y) and (5, 0).

y 0
x ( 5)

x +5= y
x y + 5 = 0 or any multiple of this equation
with a, b, d, '.

1 2 3 4 x

m=4
5
4
1= 2 + c
5
c =3
5
4
y= x3
5
5

4 =

A(0, 5) and B(5, 0).

m=

4
3
2
1
4 3 2

5 y ( 2)
=
4
x 3

5 ( x 3 ) = 4 ( y + 2 )

3 1
3 2
4
5

m=

m = 3 (2)

m =1
3
1
y = x +c
3
1
0 = (1) + c
3
c =1
3
y =1x 1
3
3
m=

Let (x, y) be a point on this line. Substituting

in the gradient formula (x, y) and (2, 3)

6x + 3 y 9 = 0
y = 6 x + 9
3

y = 6 x + 9
3
3
y = 2x + 3

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Worked solutions: Chapter 3

WORKED SOLUTIONS
3

Make y the subject of the formula.

3x 6 y + 6 = 0

7 = 2a 6

y = 3x + 6
6

a = 13 or a = 6.5

y = 3x + 6
6

y = 1 x + 1 or y = 0.5x + 1
2

2
1
0 = x +1
2

t =8
5

The y-intercept is c. y = 1

Point A(3, 0)
y = 2x 6
y = 2 36

Point A(1, 4)
6x + 2 y 2 = 0

x = 2
c

y = 2x 6
t = 2 76

At the x-intercept the y-coordinate is 0.

y = 1 x +1

y = 2x 6

6 1 + 2 4 2 = 0
0=0
Therefore point A lies on this line.
Point B(0, 1)

y =0
When x = 3, y = 0 therefore the point A lies on
this line.

6x + 2 y 2 = 0
6 0 + 2 1 2 = 0
0=0

Point B(0, 3)
y = 2x 6
y = 2 06

Therefore point B lies on this line.

Point C(1, 0)

y = 6
When x = 0 the value of y is not 3 therefore
the point B does not lie on this line.

6x + 2 y 2 = 0
6 1 + 2 0 2 = 0

Point C(1, 4)
y = 2x 6
y = 2 1 6
y = 4

8 = 0 which is not true therefore point C does

not lie on this line.
Point D(2, 6)
6x + 2 y 2 = 0

When x = 1, y = 4 therefore the point C lies

on this line.

6 2 + 2 6 2 = 0

Point D(4, 2)
y = 2x 6
y = 2 4 6

2 = 0 which is not true therefore point D

does not lie on this line.

y =2

Point E 1 , 0

When x =4, y = 2 therefore the point D lies on

this line.

6x + 2 y 2 = 0

Point E(10,12)
y = 2x 6
y = 2 10 6
y =14
When x = 10, the value of y is not 12 therefore
the point E does not lie on this line.
Point F(5, 4)
y = 2x 6
y = 2 56
y=4
When x = 5, y = 4 therefore the point F lies on
this line.

1

3

+2 02 = 0

0=0
Therefore point E lies on this line.
b

6x + 2 y 2 = 0
6a + 2 3 2 = 0
a=

2
3

6x + 2 y 2 = 0
6 10 + 2t 2 = 0
t = 31

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Worked solutions: Chapter 3

WORKED SOLUTIONS
6

There several ways to solve this question. One

of them is to choose one line and see which of
the conditions described in the second column
veries.

Using the point A(1, 2)

2 = 2 1+ c
c =4
y = 2x + 4

A: 6x 3 y + 15 = 0

We write the equation in the form y = mx + c

6x 3 y + 15 = 0
3 y = 6x + 15
y = 6 x + 15
3

y = 2x + 5
The gradient is 2 and the y-intercept is 5 therefore
it matches with H.

Exercise 3G
1

Vertical lines have equations of the

form x = k
x =3

ii

Horizontal lines have equations of the

form y = k
y =1

use your GDC. In the graph mode input both

equations and find the intersection point.

B: y = 2x 5
The gradient is 2 therefore it is not F and the
y-intercept is 5 therefore it is not E. It is G.
C: 10 x + 5 y + 25 = 0
The x-intercept is 2.5 means that the line passes
through the point (2.5, 0). Substitute (2.5, 0) in
the given equation.
10 u 2.5  5 u 0  25 0

Points are collinear if they lie on the same

line. Putting the coordinates of C in the
equation of the line gives y = 2 10 + 4
y = 16
Therefore C lies on this line and A, B and C
are collinear.

50 0 therefore (2.5,0) does not lie on this line.

Therefore it is not E and so it is F.
D: y = 2x + 5
It is E. The y-intercept is 5 and when x is 2.5 the
value of y is 0.
make y the subject of the formula.
7

2x y + 6 = 0
y = 2x + 6
The gradient of L1 is 2.

The y-intercept of L1 is 6.

substitute into the equation

1.5 = 2c + 6
c = 2.25

t = 2 5+6
t =11

parallel lines have equal gradients so the

gradient of L1 is 2.

The intersection point is (2, 0).

b

write down both equations in the

form y = mx + c and then use the GDC as
shown in a.
x + 5 y = 0 y = x
5
and
1
x + y 2 = 0 y  1 x  2
Method 1:

if it passes through C(0, 4) then the y-intercept is 4.

2x  4

m=

62
1 1

m = 2
y  2x  c

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Worked solutions: Chapter 3

WORKED SOLUTIONS

The intersection point is (5, 1).

solve the simultaneous equations in
the equations mode.
x + 5 y = 0

Method 2:

1
x + y 2 = 0
5

1x + y =2
5

The intersection point is (5, 1)

The intersection point is (4, 1)
solve the simultaneous equations in
the GDC equations mode.

Method 2:

x + 2 y + 6 = 0 x + 2 y = 6
x + y 3 = 0 x + y = 3

The intersection point is (7, 3).

GDC.
y = 1.5x + 4 and y = 1

The intersection point is (4, 1)

f

The lines are x = 0 and y = 4

The intersection point is (0, 4)

Write the equations in the form y = mx + c and

compare the gradients.
L1 :5x + y + 1 = 0 y = 5x 1
and
L 2:10 x 2 y + 4 = 0 y = 10 x + 4 y = 5x + 2
2

Gradient of L1 = gradient of L2 = 5
Therefore both lines are parallel.
4

The intersection point is (2, 1)

e

write down both equations in the

form y = mx + c and then use the GDC
x 6
y = 1 x 3
x + 2 y + 6 = 0 y =

Method 1:

and
x + y 3 = 0 y = x +3

y = 3( x 5) y = 3x 15
and
x 1 y + 6 = 0 1 y = x + 6 y = 3x + 18
3

Both gradients are equal and they have

different y-intercept therefore these lines do
not meet at any point.

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Worked solutions: Chapter 3

WORKED SOLUTIONS
y +1
= 1
x 2

y + 1 = 1( x 2) y = x +1

and
y = x + 1
They are the same line (same gradient and
same y-intercept) therefore they meet at an
innite number of points.

AC
; sin G
AB

BC
; tan G
AB

BC
AC

cos G

QR
;
PQ

sin G

PR
;
PQ

tan G

PR
QR

cos G

EF
DF

; sin G

ED
;
DF

tan G

ED
EF

find first the missing side.

a

Point A lies on both lines.

y = 5x + c
A(1, 0) lies on L1
0=51+c
c = 5
y = 5x 5
1
Gradient of L2 = 5
y = 1 x +c

52  4 2

hyp 2
hyp
i

xy+3=0y=x+3
and
3x 3y + 9 = 0 y = 3x + 9 y = x + 3
3
They are the same line (same gradient and
same y-intercept) therefore they meet at an
innite number of points.

cos G

y = 4x 8
and
4x 2y = 0 y = 2x
They have different gradients (4 and 2) and
different y-intercepts ( 8 and 0) therefore they
meet at only one point.

ii

sin D

opp
hyp

sin D

4
41

cosD

adj
hyp

cosD

5
41

tan D

opp
adj

tan D

4
5

62  opp 2

82

iii

41

opp 2 = 82 62
opp
i

A(1, 0) lies on L2

ii

0 = 1 1+ c
5
c =1
5
y= 1x +1
5
5

iii

28
sin D

opp
hyp

sin D

28
8

cosD

adj
hyp

cosD

6
8

tan D

opp
adj

tan D

Exercise 3H
1

Triangle

Hypotenuse

Side opposite

Side adjacent to

XZ

YZ

XY

CB

AB

AC

RQ

PR

PQ

28
6

X
a

Z
A

a
C
R

P
a
Q

Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchasers institute

Worked solutions: Chapter 3

10

WORKED SOLUTIONS
c

10 2 + adj 2 = 14 2
adj 2 = 14 2 10 2
adj

opp
hyp
10
14

sin D
ii

iii

cosD

adj
hyp

cosD

96
14

tan D

opp
adj
10
96

tan D
4

sin E

tan E

sin E

x
10
x
12
14
x

tan 46D

tan 21q

QR
PR

tan21 =

QR
15

QR = 5.76 cm (3 s.f.)
2

55

cos E

tan E

cos E

x
5
7
x
3
x

S + 90 + 55 = 180
cos55 =

6
x

6
cos 20.5q

L
33
58 cm

9
sin 40.2q

M  90  33
M 57

cos33

50
s

tan30
s

100
sin15q

t = 386.37 (2 d.p)
6

LM

50
tan 30q

BC
12

BC = 6.93 cm (3 s.f.)

b
21

Perimeter of the rectangle ABCD = 2DC + 2BC

Perimeter of the rectangle
ABCD = 2 12 + 2 6.9282.....

15 cm

58
LM
58
cos 33q

BCD is right-angled triangle.

tan30

Exercise 3J
a

180

LM = 69.2 cm (3 s.f)

s = 86.60 (2 d.p)

100
t

sin15

VZ
30

tan15

y = 13.94 (2 d.p)
5

Z + 90 + 15 = 180

9
y

sin 40.2

15
30 cm

VZ = 8.04 cm (3 s.f)

m = 4.88 (2 d.p)
4

Z = 75

m
10

tan 26

TU
35

x = 6.41 (2 d.p)
3

S = 35

h
3

cos20.5

35 cm

h = 3.11 (3 s.f.)
2

TU = 20.1 cm (3 s.f.)

Exercise 3I
1

Sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180.

Q  90q  21q 180q
Q 69q

96
sin D

Perimeter of the rectangle

ABCD = 37.9 cm (3 s.f.)

Oxford University Press 2012: this may be reproduced for class use solely for the purchasers institute

Worked solutions: Chapter 3

11

WORKED SOLUTIONS
c

Area of the rectangle ABCD = DC BC

Area of the rectangle ABCD = 12 6.9282....

R = cos1 6

Area of the rectangle ABCD = 83.1 cm2 (3 s.f.)

6

tan 46 =

6
8

cos R =

h
7

R = 41.4

h = 7.25 m (3 s.f.)

C = 180 90 41.4096...

C = 48.6
7m

c
50

sin50 =

10

12.5

x
7

M = 36.9

x = 5.63 m (3 s.f.)
c

10
12.5

M = cos1

cos M =

C = 180 90 36.869...

y
7

cos50 =

C = 53.1

y = 4.50 m (3 s.f.)
d

Exercise 3K
1

a
b

tan

cos1 2 means the angle with a cosine of

3

Z = 48.6
Y = 180 90 48.5903...

2
3

Y = 41.4
e

tan J =

7 .2
2 .6

sin (0.6) = 36.9

tan 1 1 = 26.6

J = tan 1 7.2

cos1 2 = 48.2

J = 70.1

sin D

I = 19.9

means the angle with a tangent of

200

1
2

use your GDC.

1

2

150
200

Z = sin 1 150

sin 1 (0.6) means the angle with a sine of 0.6

1

sin Z =

2 .6

I = 180 90 70.144...

0.2

sin 1 0.2

11.5

3 .5
8

F = cos1 3.5

2
3

cosD

cos F =

cos1 2

F = 64.1

48.2

E = 180 90 64.0555...

tan D

tan 1 1

45

tan A =

E = 25.9

1
5

42 cm

9 .5
7

A = tan 1 9.5
7

A = 53.6

tanC =

54 cm

54
42

C = 180 90 53.61....

C = tan 1 54

C = 36.4

C = 52.1

42

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Worked solutions: Chapter 3

12

WORKED SOLUTIONS
6

11 a

5
B
4
3
2
1

82 m

5 4 3 2 110
2
3
4
5

56 m
56
82

cos F

cos1 56

46.9

82

5
B
4
3
2
1

H
25 m
J

18 m

sin H =

5 4 3 2 110
2
3
4
5

18
25

H = sin 1 18
25

H = 46.1
8

5
10

tan

BDC

26.6 (3 s.f.)

A
0
x
5 4 3 2 1
1 1 2 3 4 5
2
3
4
5

5

10

BDC

1

A
1 2 3 4 5 x

y
5 B
4
3
2
1

BCD is a right-angled triangle.

tan BDC

1 2 3A4 5 x

9
13 cm x

tan x =
20 cm

x
3

4
3

x = tan 1 4
3

x = 53.1

20 cm

tan x =

12 a

13 cm x
20
13

x = tan 1 20

13

5 4 3 2 110
2
3
4
5

x = 57.0 (3 s.f.)
10
x

3m

sin x =

3
8

x = sin

A
3

8

x = 22.0 (3 s.f.)

1 2 3 4 5 x

8m

5
4
3
2
1

5
4
3
2
1

5 4 3 2 110
2
3
4
5

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1 2 3 4 5 x

Worked solutions: Chapter 3

13

WORKED SOLUTIONS
y
5
4
3
2
1

ABO = 30.25...
ABC = 2 ABO

x
2

ABC = 2 30.25...
ABC = 60.5D
3

4
2

x = tan 1 4

120

x = 63.4

7 cm

draw the shorter diagonal and remember that the two

diagonals of the rhombus bisect each other at right-angles.

Exercise 3L
1

A
0
x
5 4 3 2 1
1 1 2 3 4 5
2
3
4
5

tan x =

ABC is the requested angle. We rst nd ABO

which is half of ABC.
tan ABO = 3.5 ABO = tan 1 3.5

b
7 cm

3.5 cm
120

7 cm

x
60

7 cm
65

65

Let x be half of the shorter diagonal.

tan 60D = 3.5

The height of triangle ABC bisects AB (and is perpendicular

to AB).
b

x=

3 .5
tan 60D

x = 2.0207...

2x = 4.04 cm (3 s.f.)
7 cm

7 cm

7 cm

65

65

65

drop a perpendicular to DC from B.

cos D = 2
6

x = 2.958... cm

D = cos1 2

AB = 2 x

D = 70.5D (3 s.f.)

AB = 2 2.958...

AB = 5.92 cm
Perimeter of ABC = AB  BC  CA
Perimeter of ABC = 5.92  2 u 7
Perimeter of ABC = 19.9 cm = 20 cm correct
to the nearest cm.
b

Drop a perpendicular from Q to SR. Let T be

the point of where the perpendicular and SR
meet. Apply Pythagoras in QTR.
32  QT 2 52
QT 2 52  32
QT 2 16
SP = QT = 4 cm

Perimeter of ABC = AB  2 u BC

16 12
2

DE = 2 m

Let x be half of AB.

cos65D = x

DE =

4
Area of PQRS = (10 + 7)
2

Area of PQRS = 34 cm2

B

D 7 cm

A
12 cm

6 cm

O
3.5 cm
A

cosSRQ = 3

SRQ = cos 3

SRQ = 53.1D (3 s.f.)

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sine or tangent
can also be used.

Worked solutions: Chapter 3

14

WORKED SOLUTIONS
6

tan x = 81
63

81 m

400 m

x = tan 1 81

x
600 m

63

63 m

b
3

400 m

x = 52.1D (3 s.f.)
tan14D =

14

14
600 m

sin x

Put all the measurements in the same unit.

x

x sin 1 400
600

145 m

x = 41.8D
7

x
1.2 km

1.2 km = 1200 m

4
3
D 2
1

1200

1 2 3 4 x

x = 6.89D (3 s.f.)
5

x
y
45
A

1.5 m

1 2 3 4 x

4 3 2 110
2
3
C 4

20 m

Let y be the height of the tree. The y = x +1.5

tan 45 = x
20

x = 20 m
y = 20 + 1.5
y = 21.5 m

(3, 4)
AB = 6
BC = 4

ii
i
ii

145
1200

x = tan 1 145

4
3
D 2
1

tan x =

4 3 2 110
2
3
C 4

4 3 2 110
2
3
C 4

tan 62.4 = 61.7

x

4
3
D 2
1

61.7
tan 62.4 D

x = 32.3 m
1 2 3 4 x

62.4
x

2 km
12
x

x = tan 1 6
4

x = 56.3D (3 s.f.)

Exercise 3M
1

tan x = 13

25

13 m

x = tan 1 13
25

25 m

x=

61.7 m

Let x be the required angle.

tan x = 6

h =125 m (3 s.f.)

500 m

400
600

h
500

x = 27.5D

x =12
As both x and 12 angles are alternate interior
angles.
The vertical distance is the length of the side
opposite angle x (found in a).
Let y be the required distance.
tan12 = y
2

y = 0.4251 km
y = 425 m (nearest metre)

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Worked solutions: Chapter 3

15

WORKED SOLUTIONS

Exercise 3N
1

Substitute into the sine rule formula.

a

15

Y
10 cm
28
y

y
7
=
sin 67 sin 28D

y = 7 sin 67D

63
B

sin 28

C = 180 63 15

y =13.7 km (3 s.f.)
b

BC
10
=
sin 15 sin C

C =102

BC
10
=
sin 15 sin 102D

80

BC = 10 sin 15D
sin 102

10 cm

BC = 2.65 cm (3 s.f.)
4

20

25

r
10
=
sin 20 sin Q

15 km

Q = 180 20 80

60

Q = 80

R
QR
15
=
sin 25 sin 60D

r
10
=
sin 20 sin 80D

r = 10 sin 20D

QR = 15 sin 25D

sin 60

QR = 7.32 km (3 s.f.)

sin 80

r = 3.47 cm (3 s.f.)

Substitute into the sine rule formula.

a

c
A

B
10 m

32

7.5 km
A

51

15 m

15
10
=
sin 67 sin B

C
c
sin 51q

67

7.5
sin 32D

sin B = 10 sin 67

15

7.5sin 51q
sin 32D

B = sin 1 10 sin 67

c 11.0 km (3 s.f.)
2

A
30

15

B = 37.9 (3 s.f.)
b

13 cm

15 cm 100

12 cm
B

46
C

BC
12
=
sin 30 sin 46D

BC = 12 sin 30D

15
13
=
sin 100 sin R

sin R = 13 sin 100

15

sin 46

BC = 8.34 cm

R = sin 1 13 sin 100

15

R = 58.6 (3 s.f.)

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Worked solutions: Chapter 3

16

WORKED SOLUTIONS
Y

using triangle ABC sin30q

AB
5.0771...

sin30q
10 km

AB 2.54 m (3 s.f.)

112
X

Exercise 3O

5 km
Z

10
5
=
sin 112 sin Y

sinY

Using cosine rule formula

a

12 km

10

122  72  2 u 12 u 7 u cos86.5q

y2
A

67 m

86.5 7 km

Y = 27.6 (3 s.f.)
B

= 5 sin 112
10

Y = sin 1 5 sin 112

AB
BC

y 2 182.74...

85

y =13.5 km (3 s.f.)
b

6 cm

98 m

70
p

10 cm

R
C

sin C
C

p 2 94.957...

= 67 sin 85
98

= sin 1 67 sin 85
98

9.74 cm ( 3 s.f.)

c
c

C = 42.9 (3 s.f.)
7

62  102  2 u 6 u 10 u cos70q

p2

98
67
=
sin 85 sin C

6.5 m

51
8.7 m

A
P

5 cm

c 2 8.72  6.52  2 u 8.7 u 6.5 u cos51q

70

c 2 46.7638...
6.5 cm

c 6.84 m (3 s.f.)
2

In these cases we are looking for angles.

a

6 .5
5
=
sin 70 sin R

sin R = 5 sin 70
6 .5

R = sin 1 5 sin 70
6 .5

a
b

BCX 180q 30q

BCX 150q
using triangle CBX

CB

10 m

cos x = 8

+ 152 10 2
2 8 15

cos x = 0.7875
x = cos1 ( 0.7875 )
CB
10
=
sin 10 sin CBX

CBX 180q 150q 10q

CBX 20q
CB
10
=
sin 10 sin 20D

15 m

8m

R = 46.3 (3 s.f.)
8

x = 38.0 (3 s.f.)
b
17.2 cm
P

15.3 cm

= 10 sin 10D
sin 20

17.22  12.62  15.32

2 u 17.2 u 12.6

cos y

12.6 cm

cos y = 0.50874...

y = cos1 ( 0.50874...)
y = 59.4 (3 s.f.)

CB = 5.08 m (3 s.f.)
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Worked solutions: Chapter 3

17

WORKED SOLUTIONS
Y

100 km

cos Z = 0.05444...

123 km

+ 182 30 2
2 25 18

cos Z = 25

Z = cos1 ( 0.05444...)

112 km

X 86.9q (3 s.f.)
7

S
8m

X
A

1122  1232  100 2

2 u 112 u 123

cosa

110

cos a 0.6414...
a cos1  0.6414...

12 m

a 50.1q (3 s.f.)
120 m

C
J

110

115 m

SJ = 122 + 82 2 8 12 cos110
SJ 2 = 273.66....
2

SJ =16.5 m (3 s.f.)
A

AC 2 = 1202 + 1152 2 120 115 cos110

Extend the line AJ and draw a perpendicular

from S to AJ.
S

AC = 37064.755...
2

AC =193 m (3 s.f.)
4

8.7 cm

8m

8m
70

110
P

53

12 m

6.9 cm
Q

PQ = 6.9 + 8.7 2 6.9 8.7 cos 53

PQ 2 = 51.046...
PQ = 7.14 cm (3 s.f.)
2

cos70 = x

x = 2.74 m (3 s.f.)
AO = BO

8
12 m

8m

AOB = cos1 ( 0.38888....)

+ 122 10 2
2 8 12

AOB =113 (3 s.f.)

9

In triangle PQR,
PR 2 = 8.22 + 12.32 2 8.2 12.3 cos100
PR 2 = 253.558...
PR =15.9 m (3 s.f.)

you can apply either sine rule or cosine rule.

cos X = 0.5625
X = cos1 ( 0.5625 )
X = 55.8 (3 s.f.)
6

15.9235...
8 .2
=
sin 100D
sin PRQ
25 km

30 km
Z
18 km
X

+ 32 52
233

cos AOB = 0.38888....

10 m

cos X = 8

cos AOB = 3

sin PRQ = 8.2 sin 100

15.9235...

sin PRQ = 0.50713...

PRQ = sin 1 ( 0.50713...)
PRQ = 30.5 (3 s.f.)

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Worked solutions: Chapter 3

18

WORKED SOLUTIONS
c

QPR= 1800 1000 30.50

1
u 50 u 100 u sin50.5012...q
2

QPR=49.50

A = 1930 m2 (nearest 10 m2 )

RPM= 900 49.50

6

RPM= 40.50
7.8  h
PR

sin RPM

sin 40.5 =

7 .8 + h
15.9235...

4 = 0.25 x 2
x 2 = 16
x = 4 cm

ABD is a right-angled triangle.

DB 2 = 5 2 + 6 2
DB = 61 cm or 7.81 cm ( 3 s.f.)

A = 41.6 km2 (3 s.f.)

b

x 2 0 .5

1
12 7 sin 82
2

A=

Exercise 3P
a

2
1
4=
2

4 = 0.25 x 2 or equivalent

h = 2.54 m (3 s.f.)

Use the area of a triangle formula.

4 = 1 x x sin 30
30

10.34... = 7.8 + h

A = 1 81.7 60.5 sin 50

in triangle BCD

A =1890 m (3 s.f.)
2

30

ABC is an isosceles triangle

61
DC
=
sin 30D sin 70D

B 180q 2 u 40q
B 100q
b

A = 1 10 10 sin100

C = 180 2 50

cos X = 0.925
X = cos1 ( 0.925 )
X = 22.331...

Area of ABCD = 71.5 cm2 ( 3 s.f.)

Review exercise
Paper 1 style questions
1

1
2

A = 20 16 sin 22.3316...

5 1
m=1
2

A = 60.8 km (3 s.f.)
10
5
=
sin 100D sin Y

sinY

D
= 5 sin 100
10

parallel lines have the same gradient. y = 1 x + c

2

L2 passes through (0, 4)

y = 1 x + 4 or equivalent forms.
2

sinY = 0.4924...
Y = sin 1 ( 0.4924...)

A(1, 3) and B(5, 1)

m = 1 3

Area of ABCD = Area of ABD +

Area of BCD
Area of ABCD = 1 6 5 + 56.450...

Find rst the size of one angle.

+ 16 8
2 20 16

from parts a and b.

BDC = 800

A = 56.5 cm2 (3 s.f.)

A = 1 3 3 sin 80

cos X = 20

DC =14.7 cm (3 s.f.)

A = 4.43 m2
4

6 cm

61 sin 70D
sin 30D

A = 1 61 14.678.. sin 80

C = 80
b

DC =

70

A = 49.2 cm
3

D
5 cm

use the gradient formula

Y = 29.498....

A(0, 6) and B(6, 0)

Z = 180 100 29.4987...

m=

Z = 50.5 (3 s.f.)

m = 1

06
60

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Worked solutions: Chapter 3

19

WORKED SOLUTIONS
b

perpendicular lines have gradients that are

opposite and reciprocal.

y = 2x + 6
(12.5, b) lies on L1
b = 2 12.5 + 6
b = 19

use the GDC.

3x y + 1 = 0
y = 3x + 1 and y = 2x + 6
The point is (1, 4)

m m = 1
m =
m =
c

1
m
1
1

m = 1
y = 1x + c
L2 passes through O (0, 0)
y = 1x + 0
y=x
i

a
450 m

A line meets the x-axis at the point where

y=0
y = 2x + 3
0 = 2x + 3

31
x

ii

3
,
2

x = 749 m (3 s.f.)

A line meets the y-axis at the point where

x=0
y = 2x + 3
y=20+3
y=3
Point is (0, 3)

Sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180.

2 32 + CAB = 180
CAB = 116

AB
sin 32

AB =

20 sin 32
sin 116

6
5
4
3 B
2
1

1
2

20 11.791... sin 32

AC = 20 5 6
=9m

Using the cosine rule,

cos BAC

1 2 3 4 x

52  9 2  6 2
2 u 5 u 9

BAC = cos1 (0.777...)

BAC = 38.9 (3 s.f.)
c

6
5
4
3 B
2
1

4 3 2 110
2
3
4

A=

A = 62.5 cm2 (3 s.f.)

4 3 2 110
2
3
4

20
sin 116

AB = 11.8 cm (3 s.f.)

Use the two points found in a and draw the

line.

450
tan 31

x = 3 (or 1.5)
Point is

tan31

450
x

tan D

3
1.5

tan = 2
= tan1 2
= 63.4 (3 s.f.)

u 5 u 9 u sin 38.9

= 14.1 m2
8

AO = OB =
cos AOB

1 2 3 4 x

If a point lies on a line then its coordinates verify

the equation of the line.
a y = 2x + 6
(a, 4) lies on L1
4 = 2a + 6
a=1

1
2

10
2

= 5 cm

52  52  7.52
2 u 5 u 5

cos AOB = 0.125

AOB = cos1(0.125)
AOB = 97.2
b

A=

1
2

5 5 sin 97.180....

A = 12.4 cm2 (3 s.f.)

c

Shaded area = S 5 12.401...

2

Shaded area = 66.1 cm2 (3 s.f.)

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Worked solutions: Chapter 3

20

WORKED SOLUTIONS

Review exercise
Paper 2 style questions
1

3.4641... 1.5 = 1.96 m ( 3 s.f.)

The length of the ladder is still the same.

14
12
10
8
6
A
4
2

4m
60

1.96 m
C

6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x

New distance

14
12
10
8
6
A
4
2

Let the new distance be d

d 2 + 1.9641...2 = 42
d = 3.48 (3 s.f.)

D
C

1.9641...

3.4845...

= 29.4 (3 s.f.)

D(4,13)
B(2, 2) and C(8, 10)
m = 10 2
ii

4
3

use the gradient formula 3 =

4
3(x 8) = 4(y 10)
3x + 4y 64 = 0
i C(8, 10) and D(4, 13)
d = ( 4 8 ) + (13 10 )
d=5
ii B(2, 2) and C(8, 10)
2

( 8 2 ) + (10 2 )
2

y 10
x 8

In triangle ADB.
AB2 =5002 + 12002 2 500 1200 cos 71.1
AB = 1140 m (3 s.f.)

Perimeter = 1200 + 400 + 300 + 1141.00...

Perimeter = 3040 m ( 3 s.f.)

ii

velocity =

3 .8 =

distance
time

3040
time
3040
3 .8

tan DBC =

time =

DBC =

time = 800 seconds

5
10
tan 1 5
10

DBC = 26.6 (3 s.f.)

Let x be the length of the ladder.
cos60 =
x =

angle ADC = 108

ADB = 108 36.87= 71.1 (3 s.f.)

d = 10
g

300
400

BDC = 36.87 (2 d.p.)

d=

in triangle BCD, tan BDC =

400

= 1

m = 3

in triangle BCD, BD 2 = 3002 + 4002

BDC = tan 1 300

DC and BC are perpendicular lines.

m m = 1
m

BD = 500 m

82
8
or 4
6
3

m=

1.9641...
3.4845...

tan E

= tan3

6 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x

2
x

2
cos 60

x=4m
Let y be the height of the pole.
tan60 = y
2

time =
f

800
60

minutes = 13 minutes
(nearest minute)

split the quadrilateral in two triangles

Area ABCD = Area ADB + Area BDC
Area ABCD =
1
2

1200 500 sin 71.1 + 1 400 300

2

Area ABCD = 343825 m = 343825 106 km2

= 0.344 km2.

y = 3.46 m (3 s.f.)
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Worked solutions: Chapter 3

21