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[Geotech] SEMINAR MONDAY APRIL 29TH,2013
Georgia Tech, Atlanta
Pressuremeter testing and

foundation design
Roger FRANK
Universit Paris-Est, Navier, CERMES (ENPC-LCPC), Paris
R Frank Pressuremeter testing and foundation design, GT Seminar, Georgia Tech, Atlanta, 29 April 2013
Contents
Introduction to design rules. Why use
the MPT ?
Shallow foundations
Axial capacity of piles
Transverse capacity of piles
Conclusions
Main references

-
Work of Mnard (1954-1967), Cambefort, Gambin, Cassan, etc.

Work of Laboratoires des ponts et chausses (LPCs) from
1963- by Amar, Baguelin, Bustamante, Canpa, Frank,
Garnier, Jzquel and others
3 synthetical papers:
Gambin, M., Frank, R. (2009) "Direct Design Rules For Piles Using
Mnard Pressuremeter Test", Proc Int Foundation Congress and
Equipment Expo09 (IFCEE09), Orlando, Florida, ASCE
Canpa, Y., Garnier J. (2004). "Etudes exprimentales du comportement
des fondations superficielles - Etat de l'art", Proc. Int Symp. Fondsup
2003
Bustamante M., Frank R. (1999) "Current French design practice for
axially loaded piles". Ground Engineering (note : MPM & CPT)
Foundation engng code for public works (Fascicule 62-V, 1993)

and course taught at Ecole nationale des ponts et chausses
under rere-drafting to match Eurocode 7
7
Contents
Introduction
to design rules.
Why use the MPM?
Shallow foundations
Conclusions
The Mnard pressuremeter test (MPT)
DOCUMENT APAGEO - XPRESSIO
1200
VS + 2V1
1000
800
EM = 23 MPa
600
Pl = 1,7 MPa
400
p2
200
pf
p1
0
0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,2
1,4
1,6
1,8
Pressuremeter soil profile
Bearing capacity : the pressuremeter faith
qu = qo + kp (ple - po)
The pressuremeter test can be performed

in all types of soils and soft rocks
It provides the soil engineer with both a

failure parameter and a deformation
parameter measured in situ
Use of in situ test results

The direct method (semi-empirical) should be preferred

i.e direct rules for determining the bearing capacity of
foundations from the test results :
Rd,N,qc, etc.
(and possibly the displacements)
Specific advantages of the Pressuremeter

with the limit pressure pLM :
bearing capacity of shallow foundations (qp)
axial bearing capacity of deep foundations (qp and qs)
With the pressuremeter modulus EM :
settlement of shallow foundations (s)
analysis of the behaviour of deep foundations under
transverse loading
Contents

the MPM ?
Shallow
foundations

Conclusions
Tests at Jossigny & La Benne (1980s)
LCPC Centrifuge (Nantes) 1985 -
Bearing factors - strip and square footings
(AFNOR, 2013)
Design bearing capacity

Reference stress qrf :
i reduction factor depends on , , d/Be, De/Be
With (model factor) RD 1.2

and
R;v = 1.4 for ULS

R;v = 2.3 for SLS
Pressuremeter method for settlement

prediction
Mnards formula for settlement

years)
is the volumetric settlement

is the deviatoric settlement
Rheological coefficient
Selection of moduli Ec and Ed
Ec = E 1 and
LPCs 1978-1987
Contents
the MPM ?
Shallow foundations
Axial
capacity of piles

Conclusions
Pile load tests at Dunkirk (1985)
Revised MPM rules for bearing capacity : kp
Revised MPM rules for bearing capacity : qs
Settlement of piles
t-z curves from Mnard pressuremeter modulus EM
(laws of Frank-Zhao, 1982)
for fine grained soils :

k = 2.0 EM/(2ro) and kq = 11.0 EM/(2ro)
for granular soils
k = 0.8 EM/(2ro) and kq = 4.8 EM/(2ro)
2nd example : CFA pile in silt and clay (Northern France)

B = 0.5 m ; D = 12 m
pLM(MPa)
EM(MPa)
0
10
20
30
0,0
40
EM moyen
EM-Forage100
1,5
z (m )
z (m )
EM-Forage-10
EM-Forage20
1,0
0,5
10
10
12
12
14
14
16
16
pLM moyen
pLM-Forage100
pLM-Forage10
pLM-Forage20
2,0
Charge en tte / vertical load (kN)

200
400
600
800
1000 1200
1400
0
5
dplacement / settlement (mm)
10
15
20
25
Pieu test/pile tested

(Bustamante M. et Gianeselli L.)
Antoinet et al.
30
Bahar et al.
35
Robas et Kuder
Said et al.
40
45
Mecsi
Monnet
50
Contents
the MPM (and CPT) ?
Shallow foundations
Transverse
capacity of piles
Conclusions
Transverse load tests at Plancot (1975-)
P-y curves
Short duration
Accidental actions
with Kf = 2ESM
EsM = EM
18
--------------------------------------------4(2,65 B/Bo) Bo/B + 3
18
or EM -------------------------4(2,65) + 3
EsM = Mnard reaction modulus

g(z) method
d4y
EI ---- + P(y - g) = 0
dz4
Reaction curve for long duration loads
Pile of Provins (1974)
Contents
the MPM (and CPT) ?
Shallow foundations
Conclusions
The pressuremeter allows the determination of the

bearing capacity and of the displacement of
foundations
The base capacity is based on the analogy with
the cavity expansion theory (sounder than limit
equilibrium approaches)
The shaft friction of piles is determined essentially
in an empirical manner (numerous full scale load
test results)
MPM results yield easily p-y and t-z curves.
Eurocode 7 issues/challenges
All design rules compatible with Eurocode 7

should be based on pile load test results
Important role of displacement of foundations of

structures (more than safety with regard to ground
failure)
Are we ready of SLS checks only based on

displacements? and is the structural engineer
ready himself ?
Thank you for your attention !

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[Geotech] SEMINAR MONDAY APRIL 29TH,2013

Georgia Tech, Atlanta

Pressuremeter testing and

Work of Mnard (1954-1967), Cambefort, Gambin, Cassan, etc.

Foundation engng code for public works (Fascicule 62-V, 1993)

The Mnard pressuremeter test (MPT)

DOCUMENT APAGEO - XPRESSIO

Pressuremeter soil profile

Bearing capacity : the pressuremeter faith

The pressuremeter test can be performed

It provides the soil engineer with both a

Use of in situ test results

The direct method (semi-empirical) should be preferred

Specific advantages of the Pressuremeter

Introduction to design rules. Why use

Axial capacity of piles

Tests at Jossigny & La Benne (1980s)

LCPC Centrifuge (Nantes) 1985 -

Bearing factors - strip and square footings

Design bearing capacity

i reduction factor depends on , , d/Be, De/Be

With (model factor) RD 1.2

R;v = 1.4 for ULS

Pressuremeter method for settlement

Mnards formula for settlement

is the volumetric settlement

Selection of moduli Ec and Ed

Transverse capacity of piles

Pile load tests at Dunkirk (1985)

Revised MPM rules for bearing capacity : kp

Revised MPM rules for bearing capacity : qs

for fine grained soils :

2nd example : CFA pile in silt and clay (Northern France)

Charge en tte / vertical load (kN)

dplacement / settlement (mm)

Pieu test/pile tested

Transverse load tests at Plancot (1975-)

EsM = Mnard reaction modulus

Reaction curve for long duration loads

Pile of Provins (1974)

The pressuremeter allows the determination of the

All design rules compatible with Eurocode 7

Important role of displacement of foundations of

Are we ready of SLS checks only based on

Thank you for your attention !

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