Competing Advantage

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SECOND EDITION
Competing for Advantage
Robert E. Hoskisson
Arizona State University
Michael A. Hitt
Texas A&M University
R. Duane Ireland
Jerey S. Harrison
University of Richmond
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Competing for Advantage, Second Edition

Robert E. Hoskisson, Michael A. Hitt, R. Duane Ireland, Je rey S. Harrison
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To my father, Claude W. Hoskisson, a great example of honesty and

hard work.
Robert E. Hoskisson
To my family. I love each and every one of you.
Michael, Dad, Papa Hitt, and PaPa
To my loving wife Mary Ann. Over the years, you have given so
much of yourself to me and to our children. We are blessed by your
grace and kindness. I love you.
R. Duane Ireland
To Marie for her pure heart and her willingness to give me a place
in it.
Jerey S. Harrison

About the Authors
Robert E. Hoskisson
Robert E. Hoskisson is the W. P. Carey Chair and Professor of Management in the
W. P. Carey School of Business at Arizona State University. He received his Ph.D. from the
University of CaliforniaIrvine. Professor Hoskissons research topics focus on corporate
governance, acquisitions and divestitures, international diversification, privatization, and
cooperative strategy. Professor Hoskisson has served on several editorial boards for such
publications as the Academy of Management Journal (consulting editor and guest editor
of a special issue), Strategic Management Journal (currently associate editor), Journal of
Management (associate editor), Journal of International Business Studies (currently consulting
editor), Journal of Management Studies (guest editor of a special issue), and Organization
Science.
He has co-authored several books including Strategic Management: Competitiveness and
Globalization, 8th edition (forthcoming from Thomson/South-Western), Understanding
Business Strategy (Thomson/South-Western), and Downscoping: How to Tame the Diversified
Form (Oxford University Press). He is also a consulting editor for a series of graduate-level
texts on strategic management topics for Oxford University Press. Professor Hoskissons
research has appeared in numerous publications including the Academy of Management
Journal, Academy of Management Review, Strategic Management Journal, Organization Science,
Journal of Management, Journal of Management Studies, Academy of Management Executive,
and California Management Review.
Professor Hoskisson is a Fellow of the Academy of Management and a charter member
of the Academy of Management Journals Hall of Fame. In 1998, he received an award for
Outstanding Academic Contributions to Competitiveness from the American Society for
Competitiveness. He also received the William G. Dyer Distinguished Alumni Award given
at the Marriott School of Management, Brigham Young University. He recently completed
three years of service as a representative at large on the Board of Governors of the Academy
of Management and currently is on the Board of Directors of the Strategic Management
Society.
Michael A. Hitt
Michael A. Hitt is a Distinguished Professor of Management and holds the Joe B. Foster
Chair in Business Leadership at Texas A&M University. He received his Ph.D. from the
University of Colorado. He has authored or co-authored several books and book chapters.
iv


His recent publications include four books: Downscoping: How to Tame the Diversified
Firm (Oxford University Press), Strategic Management: Competitiveness and Globalization
(Thomson/South-Western), Understanding Business Strategy (Thomson/South-Western),
and Mergers and Acquisitions: Creating Value for Stakeholders (Oxford University Press).
His numerous journal articles have appeared in such publications as the Academy of
Management Journal, Academy of Management Review, Strategic Management Journal, Journal
of Applied Psychology, Organization Science, Journal of Management Studies, and Journal of
Management, among others. He has also served on the editorial review boards of several
journals, including Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management Executive,
Journal of Applied Psychology, Journal of World Business, and Journal of Applied Behavioral
Sciences. Furthermore, Professor Hitt served as consulting editor (19881990) and editor
(19911993) of Academy of Management Journal. He has been a co-editor for special issues
of Strategic Management Journal, Academy of Management Review, Journal of Engineering and
Technology Management, and Academy of Management Executive. He is currently co-editor
of the Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal.
Professor Hitt is a past president of the Academy of Management and is the current
president of the Strategic Management Society. He received the 1996 Award for Outstanding
Academic Contributions to Competitiveness and the 1999 Award for Outstanding
Intellectual Contributions to Competitiveness Research, both awarded by the American
Society for Competitiveness. He is a member of the Academy of Management Journals Hall
of Fame and a Fellow of the Academy of Management and of the Strategic Management
Society. He received an honorary doctorate (Doctor Honoris Causa) from the Universidad
Carlos III de Madrid for his contributions to the field.
R. Duane Ireland
R. Duane Ireland holds the Foreman R. and Ruby S. Bennett Chair in Business and is a
Professor of Management in the Mays Business School at Texas A&M University, where he
previously served as head of the management department. He received his Ph.D. from Texas
Tech University. Prior to joining Texas A&M University, he held positions at University of
Richmond, Baylor University, and Oklahoma State University.
He is interested in research questions related to both the entrepreneurship and strategic
management disciplines. He is co-author of nearly a dozen books, including Strategic
Management: Competitiveness and Globalization (8th edition, forthcoming), Entrepreneurship:
Successfully Launching New Ventures (2nd edition), and Understanding Business Strategy. His
work has been published in a range of journals, including Academy of Management Review,
Academy of Management Journal, Administrative Science Quarterly, Strategic Management
Journal, Academy of Management Executive, Journal of Management, Journal of Management
Studies, Decision Sciences, Human Relations, Business Horizons, British Journal of Management, Journal of Business Venturing, and Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice. Working with
colleagues, he has served as a guest editor for special issues of Academy of Management
Review, Academy of Management Executive, Strategic Management Journal, Journal of Business
Venturing, and Journal of Engineering and Technology Management. He has also served in
various editorial capacities including terms as a member of the editorial review boards for
Academy of Management Review, Academy of Management Journal, Academy of Management
Executive, Journal of Management, Journal of Business Venturing, and Entrepreneurship: Theory
& Practice. Additionally, he previously completed terms as an associate editor for Academy
of Management Executive, as consulting editor for Entrepreneurship: Theory & Practice, and
as an associate editor for Academy of Management Journal. Currently, he is the editor elect
ABOUT THE AUTHORS


for Academy of Management Journal. He also has served as a member of the Academy of
Managements Board of Governors.
He received the 1999 award for Outstanding Intellectual Contribution to Competitiveness Research from the American Society for Competitiveness. He is a Fellow of the
Academy of Management. Two of his papers received Best Paper awards from Academy of
Management Journal (2000) and Academy of Management Executive (1999).
Jeffrey S. Harrison
Jeffrey S. Harrison is the W. David Robbins Chair of Strategic Management in the Robins
School of Business at the University of Richmond. Prior to his current appointment, he
served as the Fred G. Peelen Professor of Global Hospitality Strategy at Cornell University.
He has served on several review boards, including the Academy of Management Journal and
the Academy of Management Executive.
Dr. Harrisons research interests include strategic management and business ethics,
with particular expertise in the areas of mergers and acquisitions, diversification, strategic
alliances, and stakeholder management. Much of his work has been published in prestigious
academic journals such as Academy of Management Journal, Strategic Management Journal,
and Journal of Business Ethics. He has authored or co-authored numerous books, including
Foundations of Strategic Management (4th edition), Strategic Management of Organizations
and Stakeholders, and Mergers and Acquisitions: A Guide to Creating Value for Stakeholders.
Dr. Harrison has also provided consulting and executive training services to many companies
on a wide range of strategic, entrepreneurial, and other business issues.
vi
ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Brief Contents
Part 1: Strategic Thinking
1. Introduction to Strategic Management 2

2. Strategic Leadership
30
Part 2: Strategic Analysis
65
3. The External Environment: Opportunities, Threats, Industry Competition,

and Competitor Analysis 66
4. The Internal Organization: Resources, Capabilities, and Core Competencies 96
Part 3: Creating Competitive Advantage

5. Business-Level Strategy
127
128
6. Competitive Rivalry and Competitive Dynamics 158

7. Cooperative Strategy
183
8. Corporate-Level Strategy
211
9. Acquisition and Restructuring Strategies 243

10. International Strategy
267
Part 4: Monitoring and Creating Entrepreneurial Opportunities

11. Corporate Governance
302
12. Strategic Entrepreneurship
334
13. Strategic Flexibility and Real Options Analysis 354

Name Index 385
Company Index 000
Subject Index 000
vii

301

Contents
Part 1: Strategic Thinking

Chapter 1: Introduction to Strategic Management
1
2
The Competitive Landscape, 3
Globalization of Markets and Industries, 4

Technological Advances, 5
The Emergence of Strategic Management as a Business Discipline, 7
Early Influences on the Strategy Concept, 8

Modern Strategic Management, 9
Three Perspectives on Value Creation, 10
The I/O Model of Above-Average Returns, 10

The Resource-Based Model of Above-Average Returns, 11
The Stakeholder Model of Responsible Firm Behavior and Firm Performance, 15
Strategic Thinking and the Strategic Management Process, 18
Strategic Thinking, 18
The Strategic Management Process, 20
Summary, 22
Ethics Questions, 23
Chapter 2: Strategic Leadership
30
Individual Strategic Leaders and Influences on Their Decisions, 31
Strategic Leadership Style, 32

Managerial Discretion and Decision Biases, 33
Top Management Teams, 36
Top Management Team Heterogeneity, 36

The CEO and Top Management Team Power, 38
Executive Succession Processes, 39
Key Strategic Leadership Responsibilities and Actions, 41
Ensure That the Firm Is Well Positioned Economically, 43

Acquire, Develop, and Manage Key Resources, 45
Develop and Manage Relationships with External Stakeholders, 48
Determine and Communicate Strategic Direction, 49
ix


Oversee Formulation and Implementation of Specific Strategies, 52
Establish Balanced Controls, 53
Summary, 55
Part 2: Strategic Analysis

Chapter 3: The External Environment: Opportunities, Threats,
Industry Competition, and Competitor Analysis
65
66
The General, Industry, and Competitor Environments, 67

External Environmental Analysis, 69
Scanning, 70
Monitoring, 70
Forecasting, 71
Assessing, 71
Segments of the General Environment, 71
The Demographic Segment, 72

The Economic Segment, 74
The Political/Legal Segment, 74
The Sociocultural Segment, 75
The Technological Segment, 76
The Global Segment, 77
Industry Environment Analysis, 78
Threat of New Entrants, 80

Bargaining Power of Suppliers, 82
Bargaining Power of Buyers, 83
Threat of Substitute Products, 83
Intensity of Rivalry among Competitors, 84
Complementors, 86
Interpreting Industry Analyses, 86
Analysis of Direct Competitors, 87
Strategic Groups, 87
Understanding Competitors and Their Intentions, 88
Summary, 90
Chapter 4: The Internal Organization: Resources,

Capabilities, and Core Competencies
96
Internal Analysis and Value Creation, 98
Conditions Influencing Internal Analysis, 98

Creating Value, 100
Resources, Capabilities, and Core Competencies, 102
Resources, 102
Capabilities, 104
Core Competencies, 106
Building Core Competencies, 107
Four Criteria of Sustainable Competitive Advantage, 107

x
CONTENTS


Value Chain Analysis, 110
Outsourcing, 113
When Core Competencies Lose Their Value, 114
Firm Performance, 114
Stakeholder Objectives and Power, 115

Measures of Firm Performance, 116
Balancing Stakeholder Performance, 118
Sustainable Development, 119
Summary, 120
Part 3: Creating Competitive Advantage

Chapter 5: Business-Level Strategy
127
128
Economic Logic and Business-Level Strategy, 129
Types of Business-Level Strategy, 130

Serving Customers, 131
Strategy and Structure, 133
Cost Leadership Strategy, 135
Successful Execution of the Cost Leadership Strategy, 135

Using the Functional Structure to Implement the Cost Leadership Strategy, 138
Competitive Risks of the Cost Leadership Strategy, 139
Differentiation Strategy, 140
Successful Execution of the Differentiation Strategy, 140

Using the Functional Structure to Implement the Differentiation Strategy, 143
Competitive Risks of the Differentiation Strategy, 144
Focus Strategies, 145
Focused Cost Leadership Strategy, 145

Focused Differentiation Strategy, 146
Using the Simple or Functional Structures to Implement Focus Strategies, 147
Competitive Risks of Focus Strategies, 147
Integrated Cost Leadership/Differentiation Strategy, 147
Successful Execution of the Integrated Cost Leadership/Differentiation Strategy, 148

Using a Flexible Structure to Implement the Integrated Cost Leadership/Differentiation Strategy, 149
Competitive Risks of the Integrated Cost Leadership/Differentiation Strategy, 151
Summary, 152
Chapter 6: Competitive Rivalry and Competitive Dynamics
158
A Model of Competitive Rivalry, 160

Competitor Analysis, 162
Market Commonality, 162

Resource Similarity, 163
Drivers of Competitive Actions and Responses, 164
Competitive Rivalry, 165
Strategic and Tactical Actions, 166

CONTENTS
xi


Likelihood of Attack, 166
First-Mover Incentives, 166

Organizational Size, 168
Quality, 169
Likelihood of Response, 170
Type of Competitive Action, 171

Actors Reputation, 171
Dependence on the Market, 172
Competitive Dynamics, 172
Slow-Cycle Markets, 173

Fast-Cycle Markets, 174
Standard-Cycle Markets, 176
Summary, 177
Chapter 7: Cooperative Strategy
183
The Importance of Cooperative Strategy, 184
Strategic Alliances in Slow-Cycle Markets, 186

Strategic Alliances in Fast-Cycle Markets, 186
Strategic Alliances in Standard-Cycle Markets, 186
Types of Alliances and Other Cooperative Strategies, 187
Cooperative Strategies That Enhance Differentiation or Reduce Costs, 189
Complementary Strategic Alliances, 189

Network Cooperative Strategies, 191
Cooperative Strategies That Address Forces in the External Environment, 193
Competitive Response Alliances, 193

Uncertainty-Reducing Alliances, 194
Competition-Reducing Cooperative Strategies, 194
Associations and Consortia, 195
Cooperative Strategies That Promote Growth and/or Diversification, 196
Diversifying Strategic Alliances, 196

Franchising, 197
International Cooperative Strategies, 197
Competitive Risks of Cooperative Strategies, 199
Implementing and Managing Cooperative Strategies, 201
Summary, 203
Chapter 8: Corporate-Level Strategy
211
Levels of Diversification, 212
Low Levels of Diversification, 212

Moderate and High Levels of Diversification, 213
Reasons for Diversification, 215
Diversification and the Multidivisional Structure, 217
Related Diversification, 218
Operational Relatedness: Sharing Activities, 218

Using the Cooperative Form of the Multidivisional Structure to Implement the Related Constrained
Strategy, 219
xii
CONTENTS


Corporate Relatedness: Transferring of Core Competencies, 221
Using the Strategic Business-Unit Form of the Multidivisional Structure to Implement the Related
Linked Strategy, 221
Market Power through Multimarket Competition and Vertical Integration, 223
Simultaneous Operational Relatedness and Corporate Relatedness, 225
Unrelated Diversification, 225
Efficient Internal Capital Market Allocation, 226

Restructuring, 227
Using the Competitive Form of the Multidivisional Structure to Implement the Unrelated
Diversification Strategy, 228
Value-Neutral Diversification: Incentives and Resources, 229
Incentives to Diversify, 229

Resources and Diversification, 232
Value-Reducing Diversification: Managerial Motives to Diversify, 232
Summary, 234
Chapter 9: Acquisition and Restructuring Strategies
243
The Popularity of Merger and Acquisition Strategies, 244
Mergers, Acquisitions, and Takeovers: What Are the Differences?, 244

Reasons for Acquisitions, 245
Increase Market Power, 245

Overcome Entry Barriers, 247
Reduce Costs and Risks Associated with New Product Development, 248
Increase Speed to Market, 248
Increase Diversification and Reshape the Firms Competitive Scope, 248
Learn and Develop New Capabilities, 249
Problems in Achieving Acquisition Success, 249
Integration Difficulties and an Inability to Achieve Synergy, 251

Inadequate Evaluation of Target, 252
Large or Extraordinary Debt, 252
Too Much Diversification, 253
Managers Too Focused on Acquisitions, 254
Firm Becomes Too Large, 254
Effective Acquisitions, 255
Restructuring, 256
Downsizing, 257
Downscoping, 257
Leveraged Buyouts, 258
Outcomes from Restructuring, 258
Summary, 260
Chapter 10: International Strategy
267
Incentives for Using an International Strategy, 268
Increased Market Size, 268

Return on Investment, 269
Economies of Scale, Scope, and Learning, 270
CONTENTS
xiii


Obtain Resources and Achieve Other Location Advantages, 271
International Corporate-Level Strategy, 272
International Scope: Worldwide Presence or Regionalization, 272

Multidomestic Strategy, 274
Global Strategy, 276
Transnational Strategy, 277
International Business-Level Strategy, 279
Choice of International Entry Mode, 281
Exporting, 281
Licensing, 282
Strategic Alliances, 283
Acquisitions, 284
New Wholly Owned Subsidiary, 285
Dynamics of Mode of Entry, 285
Strategic Competitiveness Outcomes, 286
International Diversification and Returns, 286

International Diversification and Innovation, 287
Risks in an International Environment, 288
Complexity of Managing Multinational Firms, 289
Summary, 290
Part 4: Monitoring and Creating

Entrepreneurial Opportunities
Chapter 11: Corporate Governance
301
302
Separation of Ownership and Managerial Control, 305
Agency Relationships, 306

Product Diversification as an Example of an Agency Problem, 307
Agency Costs and Governance Mechanisms, 308
Ownership Concentration, 310
Institutional Owners, 310

Shareholder Activism, 311
Board of Directors, 312
Board Independence, 312

Board Effectiveness, 313
Executive Compensation, 314
A Complicated Governance Mechanism, 315

The Effectiveness of Executive Compensation, 316
Market for Corporate Control, 317
Managerial Defense Tactics, 318

International Corporate Governance, 320
Corporate Governance in Germany, 320

Corporate Governance in Japan, 321
Global Corporate Governance, 322
Governance Mechanisms, Stakeholder Management, and Ethical Behavior, 323
xiv
CONTENTS


Summary, 324
Chapter 12: Strategic Entrepreneurship
334
Strategic Entrepreneurship and Innovation, 335
Innovation, 335
Entrepreneurs, 336
International Entrepreneurship, 337
Internal Innovation, 339
Incremental Innovations, 339

Radical Innovations, 339
Implementing Internal Innovation, 340
Cross-Functional Product Development Teams, 342

Facilitating Integration and Implementation, 343
Creating Value from Internal Innovation, 343
Innovation through Cooperative Strategies, 344
Innovation through Acquisitions, 345
Creating Value through Strategic Entrepreneurship, 346
Summary, 347
Chapter 13: Strategic Flexibility and Real Options Analysis
354
Real Options Analysis, 356
Types of Real Options, 357

Purpose and Importance of Real Options Analysis, 359
Value Drivers for Real Options, 363
Valuation of Real Options, 367
Implementation Requirements of Real Options, 367
Summary, 368
Appendix: Detailed Valuation Guidelines, 370
Name Index, 385
Company Index, 411
Subject Index, 417
CONTENTS
xv


Preface
Purpose of the Book

The purpose of this book is to provide a comprehensive yet concise description of the core
concepts of strategic management that rms need to use to meet the challenge of competing in the current fast-paced and globally competitive environment. Written to meet
the educational needs of full-time and part-time MBA students as well as those pursuing
an Executive MBA degree, this book will also serve the practicing manager, consultant,
or corporate trainer whose rms or clients are faced with global economic challenges in
achieving competitive advantage over their rivals. CEOs, line managers, and especially executives charged with developing and implementing strategic initiatives will nd much to
challenge their thinking and put to prescriptive use while reading and studying this book.
Our examination of strategic management is distinctive in several important ways. The
book contains a detailed treatment of multiple perspectives, including traditional industrial organization economics, the resource-based view, and the stakeholder perspective.
These three perspectives form the foundation upon which other important ideas and tools
for developing strategy are built. The net eect is an integrated approach that demonstrates
how rms can simultaneously be ethical and ecient, socially responsible and protable,
responsive to multiple stakeholders and capable of sustaining high nancial performance
over the long term.
Another distinguishing feature of this book is that strategies and methods for implementing them are treated within the same chapters. For example, the organizational structures required for implementing each of the business-level strategies are discussed in the
chapter on business strategies. This approach provides students with a more complete understanding of the organizational implications of selecting a particular strategy. We also
describe patterns of competitive rivalry and competitive dynamics, because these phenomena occur as rms implement business strategies to compete in their chosen markets. The
chapter in which these important topics are considered discusses concisely yet thoroughly
the competitive dynamics in slow-cycle, fast-cycle, and standard-cycle markets.
To ensure that our descriptions of the core concepts of strategic management are accurate and up-to-date, we draw extensively from both current and classic academic research,
using as guides the literature in economics, nance, marketing, business ethics, entrepreneurship, and social psychology in addition to strategic management. Also, to fulll
our purpose of providing contemporary insights and analysis, we use numerous current
xvii


examples from the business press to illustrate how companies make use of the concepts
presented here to achieve multiple goals and especially to improve rm performance. We
tackle the critical issues of the day: strategic leadership, corporate governance, business
ethics, competitive rivalry and competitive dynamics, strategic entrepreneurship, and real
options. In fact, this is the only leading MBA-level strategic management text with separate
chapters on corporate governance, strategic entrepreneurship, and real options analysis.
This book also fully incorporates concepts of globalization and technological change.
Increasing globalization and rapid technological change in the 21st century make the strategic management process highly challenging for managers. These trends create a high level
of complexity and turbulence during the strategy development process and also increase
the need for speed in making strategic decisions. We integrate issues associated with globalization and technological change in the chapters throughout the book. To emphasize
their importance, we also discuss globalization and technological change in a separate
chapter on international strategy.
Additionally, because the strategic management process is most eective when
grounded in ethical practices, ethics questions are presented at the end of each chapter.
These questions challenge readers to place chapter-specic strategic management practices
within an ethical context.
Parts of the Strategic Management Process

Strategic Thinking is the foundation for the eective use of strategic management; as
such, it is the rst of this books themes. We then focus on the principles and techniques
of Strategic Analysis in Part 2. In Part 3 we examine the topic of Creating Competitive
Advantage. This discussion shows how rms create competitive advantage by developing
and implementing eective business-level, cooperative, corporate-level, and international
strategies. In Part 4, Monitoring and Creating Entrepreneurial Opportunities, we emphasize the important trend toward increased corporate governance that emerged in the
post-Enron era. Because more intensive corporate governance tends to make rms more
conservative, we integrate a discussion of strategic entrepreneurship into this section. We
end with a chapter on real options that ows naturally from strategic entrepreneurship. Integrating these topics allows us to show how increased governance can in turn create a need
for rms to actively identify and exploit entrepreneurial opportunities.
Part 1Strategic Thinking

Strategic thinking and the strategic leadership resulting from it are critical inputs to an effective strategic management process. In Chapter 1, we discuss strategic thinking and its
link with eective strategic management. This relationship is more critical in the current
competitive environment, which is characterized by globalization and increased technological change. Chapter 1 also examines the emergence of Strategic Management as a discipline. Some of the important early work in the eld is reviewed, as are prominent contemporary ideas in the eld.
Three major perspectives that inuence strategic thinking are introduced in Chapter 1. The Industrial Organization (IO) model of value creation, which is based in industrial organization economics, focuses on how competitive forces in the rms external
environment shape the rms strategy. The resource-based model of value creation focuses
on how strategy is shaped by the rms idiosyncratic and valuable resources, capabilities,
xviii
PREFACE


and core competencies. The stakeholder model of responsible rm behavior and rm performance envisions the rm at the center of a network of stakeholders. According to this
model, rms that recognize the needs of stakeholders and that eectively manage relationships with a broad group of stakeholders are more likely to achieve high performance
over the long term. The rst chapter closes with a discussion of the key elements of strategic thinking and how it can be eectively integrated into the strategic management process. This process is described in detail, and the strategic management model described in
Chapter 1 serves as an outline for the rest of the book.
Because of the important role of managers in the strategic management process, Chapter 2 uses a comprehensive model to describe how managers, as strategic leaders, foster
better strategic thinking throughout the organization. This chapter opens with a discussion of individual strategic leaders, their decision-making styles, and factors that inuence
their strategic decisions. The chapter then broadens to a discussion of top management
teams, including the inuence of team heterogeneity, team power, and executive succession
processes. The rest of the chapter explains key strategic leadership responsibilities and actions, which include ensuring that the rm is well positioned economically, managing strategic resources, managing relationships with external stakeholders, determining strategic
direction, overseeing formulation and implementation of specic strategies, and establishing balanced controls.
Part 2Strategic Analysis

In Part 2 of the book, we focus on how rms analyze their external environment and internal organization. After managers are oriented toward strategic thinking and understand
principles of eective strategic leadership, the results of these analyses provide the information and knowledge needed to achieve competitive advantages by selecting and using
particular strategies.
Chapter 3 examines the dierent tools the rm uses to analyze the three parts (the
general environment, the industry environment, and competitors) of its external environment. By studying its general environment, the rm can identify opportunities and threats.
The IO model provides the foundation that rms use to study industries. The primary
purpose of examining this part of the external environment is to determine the protability potential of an industry or a segment of it. Competitor analysis, the nal part of the
rms external environment, yields information that allows the rm to know more about its
competitors and about the actions and responses each competitor might take while competing in dierent markets.
The emphasis in Chapter 4 is on internal analysis, and the purpose is to identify the
resources, capabilities, and core competencies that can help a rm to achieve competitive
advantages. Whereas Chapter 3 focused on what a rm might do as suggested by the external environment, this chapter focuses on what a rm can do as suggested by its resources,
capabilities, and core competencies.
The resource-based view of the rm is the underlying theoretical framework for Chapter 4s discussions. Four criteria that rms use to identify core competenciesvalue, rarity,
imperfect imitability, and nonsubstitutabilityare described. In addition, we examine the
value chain in terms of primary and support activities to show how rms determine those
activities with which they can or cannot create value. This analysis also provides information suggesting when a rm should outsource an activity in the value chain to a supplier.
Finally, rms are cautioned to remain exible so that core competencies do not become
PREFACE
xix


core rigidities. An understanding derived from strategic analysis is the foundation needed
to focus on the strategies rms can use to create competitive advantages.
Chapter 4 concludes with a detailed examination of rm performance from multiple
perspectives. The demands and needs of multiple stakeholders, as well as their power to
inuence the rm, are described. Multiple measures of rm performance are introduced,
including both nancial and nonnancial measures. The chapter closes with a discussion
of sustainable performance.
Part 3Creating Competitive Advantage

In Part 3s chapters we simultaneously discuss formulation and implementation, components of the strategic management process that are examined separately in other books.
Our joint treatment of formulation and implementation actions is comprehensive and integrated. For example, our study of business-level strategies in Chapter 5 includes analyses of cost leadership, dierentiation, focused cost leadership, focused dierentiation, and
integrated cost leadership/dierentiation strategies. After explaining the characteristics of
each strategy, we describe the unique organizational structure that rms match to each
type of business-level strategy. In this manner, we link formulation (i.e., the selection of a
business-level strategy) with implementation (i.e., the appropriate organizational structure
matched with individual business-level strategies). This important and unique pattern of
linking strategy with structure is followed in the remaining chapters of Part 3.
Chapter 6 also focuses on business-level strategy in describing patterns of competitive rivalry between individual rms as well as patterns of competitive dynamics among
all rms that compete within an industry. An important reason for the rm to understand
competitive rivalry and competitive dynamics is to learn how to predict the actions that
competitors might take against it as well as how the competitor might respond in retaliation against the focal rms competitive action. The chapter examines factors that are important to competitive rivalry (e.g., awareness, motivation, and ability as drivers of a rms
competitive behavior) and the dimensions of competitive dynamics (e.g., the eects of varying rates of competitive speed in dierent markets). Thus, in total, the chapters analysis of
rivalry and dynamics highlights their inuences on rms competitive actions and competitive responses.
We focus on cooperative strategies in Chapter 7. Cooperative strategies such as strategic alliances, joint ventures, and network strategies have become increasingly important
in the 21st-century competitive landscape. A key reason for this importance is that few if
any rms have the resources necessary to either internally develop or acquire from external sources all of the resources needed to create value. Cooperative strategy is another path
that rms follow when gaining access to and developing new resources and capabilities as
well as exploiting current ones. This chapter examines strategies that have evolved in response to the challenges and opportunities created by increasing globalization and technological change. The chapter also explains the risks associated with cooperative strategies,
including inadequate contracts, opportunism, and misrepresentation of competencies by
partners. Dominant approaches for managing strategic alliances are also explored to explain how risk is managed when the rm cooperates with others to create value.
Chapter 8 begins our discussion of corporate-level strategy. Concerned with the businesses in which the diversied rm intends to competeand with how it will manage its
portfolio of businesseswe discuss four major corporate-level strategies in this chapter.
These strategies range from one with relatively little diversication (single business) to one
xx
PREFACE


with substantial diversication (unrelated diversication). In addition, the unique organizational structures required to successfully implement each corporate-level strategy are
described.
The analysis of corporate-level strategy and diversication is extended in Chapter 9,
where we discuss mergers and acquisitions. Mergers and acquisitions have been popular
for many decades, and recent trends suggest that their popularity is unlikely to decline
much in the next few years. Although many mergers and acquisitions fail, some do succeed. Chapter 9 presents reasons that account for failure as well as those that contribute
to merger and acquisition success. The dominant approaches to restructuring (downsizing, downscoping, and leveraged buyouts) are also discussed in this chapter. Successful
rms restructure their portfolio of businesses as necessary. Restructuring can be initiated
to deal with merger and acquisition failures or to adjust the rms portfolio of businesses in
response to emerging opportunities in its external environment.
Chapter 10 explores both corporate-level and business-level international strategies.
As in the previous chapters in Part 3, we describe the organizational structures necessary
to implement each of the corporate-level strategies. We also discuss some of the implications of implementing business-level strategies in a particular country. After selecting an
international strategy, a rm must decide which mode of entry to pursue when implementing the chosen strategy. Exporting, licensing, strategic alliances, acquisitions, and establishing a new wholly owned subsidiary are entry modes that rms consider when entering
markets. We also discuss outcomes of international diversication and the attendant political and economic risks.
Part 4Monitoring and Creating Entrepreneurial Opportunities

Corporate governance, strategic entrepreneurship, and real options analysis are examined
in Part 4, the books nal section. Corporate governance, given the post-Enron environment and the challenges many rms experience, is a critically important topic warranting
a separate chapter. Therefore, Chapter 11 describes major corporate governance mechanisms and how they can be eectively used to ensure that the actions of the rms agents
(key decision makers) are aligned with the principals (owners) best interests. The chapter
examines large institutional investors, boards of directors, and executive compensation as
dominant governance mechanisms and indicates how they can be eectively used in the
current business environment. In addition, we discuss trends in international corporate
governance along with the need for continuous displays of ethical behavior by top-level
managers and members of the rms board of directors.
Combining Chapter 11s examination of eective corporate governance mechanisms
with Chapter 2s study of successful strategic leadership practices yields a comprehensive
treatment of how the strategic management process can be used to ethically achieve a competitive advantage. In addition to grounding the analysis of eective corporate governance
and strategic leadership in current research, we provide several company-specic examples
to enhance understanding of how these principles can be successfully applied in todays
business organizations.
Although corporate governance is important, increasingly stringent governance can
create a more conservative strategic management process, particularly in the selection
and implementation of the rms strategies. A highly conservative approach to the strategic management process increases the need for rms to pursue aggressively the identication and exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. Accordingly, Chapter 12 emphaPREFACE
xxi


sizes actions that rms can take to create entrepreneurial opportunities and to manage
them strategically in order to gain and sustain a competitive advantage. Entrepreneurship
is commonly practiced in existing rms to renew current competitive advantages while simultaneously enhancing the rms ability to create new competitive advantages for future
success. Furthermore, we examine how cooperative strategies and merger and acquisition
strategies can be used in a more entrepreneurial manner to create competitive advantages.
The nal chapter focuses on how to manage entrepreneurial opportunities in an uncertain environment using real options tools. This chapter, which is new to this edition of
Competing for Advantage, is of signicant value for readers interested in understanding all
aspects the strategic management process. Contributed by Je Reuer and edited by the authors, this new chapter provides up-to-date methods for planning and calculating the value
of potential entrepreneurial projects. Successful use of these methods increases the rms
exibility when making decisions within the context of uncertain technological, product,
and market environments.
Summary
This book oers comprehensive yet concise coverage of the core concepts in strategic management as well as an explanation of the strategic management process that professional
managers and those pursuing an MBA or EMBA degree will nd useful. The book is comprehensive in that it examines traditional strategic management topics (e.g., industry analysis) along with other important topics (e.g., corporate governance, strategic leadership,
competitive rivalry and competitive dynamics, strategic entrepreneurship, and real options)
to help prepare students for a successful managerial career. The books four themesStrategic Thinking, Strategic Analysis, Creating Competitive Advantage, and Monitoring and
Creating Entrepreneurial Opportunitiesare the foundation for providing readers with
an integrated traditional and contemporary analysis of an eective strategic management
process. We hope that all readersinstructors, students, and managerswill nd the
book helpful in understanding and successfully using strategic management concepts. We
wish you well with your careers and with your use of the strategic management process.
Tools for Teaching and Learning

Instructors Resource CD-ROM
(ISBN 0-324-654979) Key ancillariesInstructors Manual, Test Bank, and PowerPointare provided on CD-ROM for easy customization in les formatted for Microsoft
Oces core word processor, Microsoft Word, and its core presentation graphics program,
PowerPoint. The Instructors Manual contains outlines, sample syllabi, and discussion
prompts. Test questions are provided in several formats: true/false, multiple-choice, essay, and case scenarios (problem-solving application questions). PowerPoint slides for each
chapter of the text provide a complete chapter overview combined with gures and tables
from the text.
Competing for Advantage Website

(www.thomsonedu.com/management/hoskison) Broad online support is provided on the
texts dedicated Website, including a map to relevant Harvard Business School cases.
xxii
PREFACE

Business & Company Resource Center (BCRC)

BCRC puts a complete business library at your students ngertips. BCRC is a premier
online business research tool that allows students to seamlessly search thousands of periodicals, journals, references, nancial information sources, market share reports, company
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TextChoice is the home of Thomson Learnings online digital content. TextChoice provides the fastest, easiest way for you to create your own learning materials. Thomsons
Management Exercises and Cases database includes a variety of experiential exercises,
classroom activities, exercises, and cases to enhance any management course. Choose as
many exercises as you like, or add your own material to create a supplement tailor-tted
to your course. Contact your South-Western/Thomson Learning sales representative for
more information.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the team at Thomson for working diligently on this project and to our
students and colleagues (including many reviewers) who have provided valuable insights
helping us to improve the overall quality of the book. We are especially appreciative of our
families for giving us support and encouragement and to our academic institutions for allowing us to pursue this and other book projects. We would be remiss if we did not also
thank the many hundreds of authors we have cited in this volume for adding so much to
the eld through their thoughtful observations and rigorous research. In particular, we
are grateful to Je rey Reuer for his insights on real options. This book reects the work
of numerous scholars with a common purpose of discovering and disseminating valuable
research ndings that help foster understanding and improve the strategic management
process. We sincerely hope that we have presented the material in a way that is useful to
graduate business students and others who are interested in learning how to help a rm
Compete for Advantage.
Robert E. Hoskisson
Michael A. Hitt
R. Duane Ireland
Jerey S. Harrison
PREFACE
xxiii


SECOND EDITION
Competing for Advantage
Robert E. Hoskisson
Arizona State University
Michael A. Hitt
R. Duane Ireland
Jerey S. Harrison
University of Richmond

Competing for Advantage, Second Edition

Robert E. Hoskisson, Michael A. Hitt, R. Duane Ireland, Je rey S. Harrison
VP/Editorial Director: Jack W. Calhoun
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Name Index
Aaker, D. A., 122n19, 155n38

Abbott, A., 295n85
Abell, D. F., 24n3, 27n102,
60n108, 122n8
Abrahamson, E., 57n17, 180n29
Abratt, R., 209n139
Acedo, F. J., 27n99
Ackoff, R., 26n65, 27n118,
28n148
Adler, P. S., 62n180, 352n103
Aeppel, T., 293n14
Afuah, A., 93n74, 94n108
Agle, B. R., 126n123, 326n6
Agrawal, R., 350n41
Aguilera, R. V., 326n17, 329n78
Ahlstrom, D., 94n91, 296n124,
332n180
Ahmadjian, C. L., 332n166
Ahuja, G., 25n40, 27n112,
123n41, 263n52, 264n73,
351n78
Aiello, R. J., 265n122
Airey, D., 24n17
Ajinkya, B., 328n62
Akbar, M., 237n25
Albanese, R., 59n72
Alcacer, J., 293n20
Alessandri, T. M., 241n147,
328n43
Alexander, M., 123n38, 236n7
Allard, J., 36
Allen, J. W., 350n61
Allen, L., 294n51
Allison, K., 326n5, 330n123
Almeida, J. G., 122n6
Alred, B. B., 295n65
Alvarez, S. A., 61n137, 124n65,
349n12, 352n126
Amason, A. C., 352n110
Ambos, B., 298n173

Ambrosini, V., 124n73
Ames, C., 124n75
Amihud, Y., 241n147, 327n39
Amit, R., 25n43, 27n106, 122n29,
125nn90, 96, 240n100,
349n6, 353nn143, 157
Amram, M., 382nn11, 12
Anand, J., 61n149, 206n63,
261n1, 262n19, 263n65,
265n126, 331nn136, 146
Anand, V., 25n48, 59n93, 62n182
Ancona, D., 126n127
Andal-Ancion, A., 93n76, 121n1
Anders, G., 262n32, 329n98
Anderson, E., 25n41
Anderson, P., 25n41, 123n49,
263n51
Anderson, R. C., 241n150,
326n21, 327nn26, 40,
328n59
Andersson, S., 293n24, 350n52
Andersson, U., 298n166
Andrews, K. R., 8, 63nn63, 64
Andrews, T. G., 299n183
Angwin, D., 263n45
Angwin, J., 94n104
Anquan, W., 29n157
Ansoff, H. I., 8, 26n62
Anthony, C., 24n6, 92n9, 262n16
Antikarov, V., 383n36
Aoyama, Y., 296n99
Ardichvilli, A., 61n146
Argenti, P. A., 28n132, 332n182
Argote, L., 124n65
Argyres, N., 26n82, 94n93
Arikan, A. M., 27nn94, 99
Arino, A., 209n152, 210n158,
297n134
Armstrong, L., 180n54, 181n85

Armstrong, R. W., 157n124
Arndt, M., 326n10, 328n50
Arnold, D. J., 293n12
Arnott, R., 331n143
Arora, A., 27n112, 296n115
Arregle, J. L., 208n118, 297n129,
353n135
Artz, K. W., 95n120, 123n32,
123n48, 209n155
Arvids, A., 58n35
Asakawa, K., 293n19, 298n170
Ashford, S. J., 61n155
Ashforth, B. E., 62n182
Ashkanasy, N. A., 60n94
Ashton, J. E., 351n80
Asin, A., 264n80
Athanassiou, N., 58n44, 122n14,
125n97, 327n27
Audia, P. G., 122n19
Aukutsionek, S., 332n180
Aulakh, P. S., 296n108
Auster, E. R., 262n10
Autio, E., 92n30, 122n6,
296n103, 353n130
Awazu, Y., 205n4, 209n145
Axelrod, B., 61n155
Axelrod, R., 205n12, 208n98
Babakus, E., 296n110
Backmann, J. W., 26n86
Baden-Fuller, C., 207n72
Baek, H. Y., 299n177
Baek, J.-S., 332n175
Baiman, S., 155n70
Baker, H. K., 328n49
Baldwin, T. T., 124n68
Balfour, F., 94n80
Baljko, J., 156n110
385


Ballmer, Steven, 36
Bamford, J., 297n127
Banerji, K., 295n85
Bannert, V., 263n50
Bansal, P., 24n17, 27n103
Bantel, K. A., 57n16, 58n53
Barber, B. N., 264n104
Barefield, R. M., 240n109
Barkema, H., 93n78, 94n85,
263n71, 351n67
Barker, R. G., 295n74
Barnard, C. I., 26n65, 205n11,
208n97
Barner-Rasmussen, W., 299n191
Barnes, Brenda, 41
Barnes, F. B., 352n126
Barnes, R., 56n2
Barnett, M. L., 28n137
Barney, J. B., 24nn1, 7, 27nn94,
99, 107, 28nn134, 139,
142, 61n144, 63n191, 103,
122nn1214, 123nn31,
32, 124nn76, 78, 8083,
125n89, 154n7, 156nn72,
80, 205n1, 206n48, 207n88,
208n117, 209nn150, 151,
210n158, 236n8, 264n88,
349nn12, 32, 350nn32, 33,
352n126
Barnir, A., 60n129
Baron, R., 349n11
Barr, P. S., 299n193
Barringer, B. R., 28n136, 63n192,
207n87, 300n196, 332n184,
349nn7, 9, 11
Barroso, C., 27n99
Barsade, S., 58n57
Barth, H., 155n47
Bartlett, C. A., 61nn137, 142,
145, 93n70, 295nn70, 83,
296n120
Barton, D., 179n8
Bates, K. A., 123n47, 238n47
Bates, T. W., 241n150, 326n21,
327n40
Batson, A., 299n180
Battelle, J., 351n70
Bauerlein, V., 262n26
Bauerschmidt, A., 155n51
Baum, J. R., 62n168
Baumgartner, P., 94n100
Baumol, W. J., 348n2
Baysinger, B. D., 329n81
Bayus, B. L., 123n38, 207n77
Bazerman, M. H., 57n22
Beal, B. B., 181n69
Beal, B. D., 91n3, 296n95
Beamish, P. W., 62n167, 93n79,

208n124, 238n47, 263n46,
294n42, 296n122, 297n125,
298nn162, 164, 174,
299nn189, 196, 350n49
Bebchuk, L. A., 330n100
Becerra, M., 58nn50, 53
Beck, B., 93n67
Beck, K. A., 28n132, 332n182
Becker, B. E., 63n199
Beer, M., 58n43
Begley, T. M., 122n22, 292n5,
350nn39, 49
Beinhocker, E. D., 62n161
Belderbos, R., 24n24, 179n1,
180n49, 297n151
Bell, G. G., 207n67
Bellman, E., 262n28
Belson, K., 181n61
Bengtsson, L., 209n140
Benner, M. J., 125n91
Bennett, D. S., 205n12, 208n98
Bennis, W. G., 27n97, 242n156
Benson, G., 59n77
Berentson, B., 205n33
Berfield, S., 60n104
Bergh, D. D., 236nn9, 10,
238n54, 239n92, 240n121,
261n1, 263n62, 265n123,
266n143, 329n75, 331n137
Bergmann, H., 299n190
Berle, A., 328n61
Berman, D. K., 262nn25, 26, 41
Berman, S. L., 27n130, 123n42,
206n44
Bernardo, A. E., 241n133
Bernstein, J., 293n35
Berry, L. L., 154n25
Berument, H., 93n53
Best, A., 265n118
Bethel, J. E., 265n127
Bettis, J. C., 330n118
Bettis, R. A., 25n34, 60n98
Bezos, Jeffrey, 335
Bhambri, A., 59n91
Bhappu, A., 295n75
Bhojraj, S., 328n62
Bierly, P. E., III, 206nn45, 47
Bierman, L., 60n127, 124n59,
264n81, 350nn47, 59,
353n147
Biller, S., 156n111
Binkley, C., 181n88
Birkinshaw, J. M., 240n112,
293n30, 295nn64, 88, 90,
350n41
Bish, E. K., 156n111
Bishop, K., 58n60

Bizjak, J. M., 241n150, 326n21,
327n40, 330n118
Bjorkman, I., 61n135, 299n191
Black, R., 383n44
Black, S. S., 154n12
Blankson, C., 293n24
Bleeke, J., 382n21
Bliss, R., 241n146
Bluedorn, A. C., 349n11
Bluetow, M., 293n37
Blyler, M., 27n105, 126n136
Bodwell, C., 27n124
Boeker, W., 58n50
Bogner, W. C., 123n45
Bolton, L. E., 154n33
Bonabeau, E., 24n3
Bonardi, J.-P., 93n59
Bonn, I., 29n158
Borgatti, S. P., 209n129
Borison, A., 383n52
Borrelli, L., 352n111
Borrus, A., 299n186, 328n50
Borza, A., 208n118, 297n129,
353n135
Boswell, W. R., 27n108
Botosan, C., 239n95
Boubarkri, N., 332n178
Boudette, N. E., 24nn19, 20
Boulding, W., 181n68
Bouquet, C., 297n148
Bourgeois, L. J., III, 9, 26n78,
56n9, 181n64
Bowen, H. P., 294n45
Bower, J. L., 240n116
Bowman, C., 124nn73, 74
Bowman, E. H., 26n83, 154n7,
236n4, 241n131, 265n128,
382n27, 383n50
Boyd, B. K., 59nn69, 78, 241n144,
327n41, 331n146
Boyd, D. P., 122n22, 292n5,
350n39
Boyd, N. G., 27n107, 205n11,
208n97
Boyle, M., 59n65
Boynton, A., 352n106
Bradley, F., 298n173
Brady, D., 299n186, 328n50
Brailsford, T. W., 350n43
Brandenburger, A., 94n108
Brandes, P., 241n147, 328n43,
330n120
Brannen, M. Y., 238n61
Branson, Richard, 19
Brant, J., 59n81
Brass, D. J., 62n182
386
NAME INDEX


Brauer, M., 265n130
Bremner, B., 264n98, 332nn164,
165
Brennan, M. J., 382n26
Bresman, H., 126n127, 293n30
Bricker, R., 327n24
Bricklin, D., 239n75
Briody, E. K., 24n15
Brodsky, N., 131, 154n28
Brodwin, D. R., 56n9
Bromiley, P., 28n142, 126n125,
236n8, 328n46
Brooks, G. R., 94n97
Brousseau, K. R., 242n156,
296n122
Brouthers, K. D., 95n110,
296n104, 297n146
Brouthers, L. E., 95n110, 154n24,
297n146
Brown, E., 92n35
Brown, S. L., 60n112
Brown, T. E., 61n147
Browne, John, 7
Bruce, A., 156n107
Bruce, M., 125n102
Bruderer, E., 205n12, 208n98
Brummel, Lisa, 37
Brush, C. G., 26n87, 122n4,
123n48
Brush, T. H., 123n32, 236n8,
238n53, 328n46
Bruton, G. D., 62n161, 266n158
Bryan, C., 93n45
Bryan, S., 330n110
Bryce, D. J., 241n142
Bucerius, M., 264n78
Buchholtz, A. K., 155n51
Buck, T., 332n180
Buckley, M. R., 61n136
Buckley, P. J., 123n34
Buffett, Warren, 314
Bunderson, J., 58n48
Bupta, D., 238n49
Burgelman, R. A., 60n118,
61n154, 236n5, 349n28,
351n73
Burke, L. M., 58n57
Burns, T., 155n43
Burr, B. B., 326n20
Burt, R., 124n85
Burt, T., 94n84
Burton, T. M., 262n41
Busby, J. S., 383n48
Busenitz, L. W., 57n18, 122n30,
237n29, 241n153, 265n131,
266nn149, 150, 159,
349n30, 351n85
Bush, George W., 272

Bush, J., 295n91
Bushee, B. J., 328n69
Bushman, R., 327n41
Butler, J. E., 27n104
Butterfield, D. A., 60n95
Butterfield, K. D., 62n182
Buysse, K., 92n28
Bygrave, W. D., 350n60, 353n155
Byrne, J. A., 331n141
Byrnes, N., 326n2
Cadbury, A., 326n16
Cairo, R., 206n57
Calantone, R. J., 24n6, 92n9,
97n7, 182n110, 262n16
Caldwell, C., 125n116, 329n80,
333n189
Caligiuri, P., 60n129, 61n133
Camerer, C. F., 264n80, 265n112
Camp, S. M., 62n172, 92n17,
94n82, 154n5, 205n16,
207n83, 348n4, 349n17,
352n120, 353nn144, 157
Campa, J. M., 239n97
Campbell, A., 123n38, 236n7,
265n128
Campbell, D., 205n4
Canina, L., 94n107, 179n16,
180n40, 206n64
Cannella, A. A., Jr., 59n85,
60n98, 241nn145, 147,
265n128, 326nn7, 13
Cantwell, J., 293n31, 295n87
Canyon, M. J., 329n83
Capell, K., 155n59
Capron, L., 238nn61, 62,
241n141, 262nn19, 35, 38,
263n62
Cardinal, L. B., 237n20
Cardon, M. S., 350n37
Cardoza, R., 61n146
Carey, D. C., 45, 59n88, 60n124
Carini, G., 94n101
Carleton, J. R., 264n78
Carney, M., 326n12, 327nn27, 29,
331n150
Carney, S., 294n40
Carpenter, M. A., 25n31, 57n10,
59nn63, 73, 79, 94n92,
295n71, 299n187, 300n198,
326n1, 329nn82, 92,
330nn103, 109, 331n140
Carroll, G. R., 181n72
Carson, M., 93n63
Carter, A., 56n8
Carter, M. E., 330n119
Carter, M. J., 123n34

Cartwright, P. A., 93n76,
121n1
Cashen, L. H., 181n64
Casio, W. F., 266n152
Castanias, R., 58n41
Castrogiovanni, G. J., 24n24,
179n1
Caulfield, B., 156n109
Caves, R. E., 179n9, 298n164,
382n29
Cavusgil, S. T., 24n15
Certo, T., 327n31
Ceylan, N. B., 93n53
Chai, B., 330n124
Chakraborty, A., 331n143
Chakravarthy, B., 123n34,
237n29
Chambers, J., 119, 126n132
Champlin, D. P., 240n118
Chan, C. F., 293n24
Chan, K. F., 349n20
Chance, D., 330n119
Chandar, N., 327n24
Chandler, A. D., 8, 26n61,
155n56, 217, 237nn30, 34, 36
Chandra, A., 239n80
Chang, J., 294n55
Chang, L., 332n179
Chang, S.-C., 298n163
Chang, S. J., 25n27, 126n137,
179n2, 206n41, 237n23,
240n105, 263n43,
298nn153, 159, 300n197,
328n60, 382n2
Chang, Y., 240n129
Chappuis, B. E., 261n6
Charan, R., 59nn81, 83, 326n12
Charkham, J., 326n15, 331n159
Charns, M. P., 207n75
Chatterjee, S. J., 207n83, 237n21,
238n55, 240n121, 241n139,
329n75, 331n137
Chatterji, D., 156n120
Chattopadhyay, A., 263n44
Chattopadhyay, J., 91n2
Chattopadhyay, P., 262n17
Chaudhuri, S., 208n104
Checa, N., 122n14
Checker, N., 156n119
Chen, C. C., 28n140, 327n37,
332n183
Chen, H., 57n12, 298n158
Chen, J. S., 29n157, 293n32,
295n69, 352n98
Chen, L. Y., 352n126
Chen, M. A., 326n4, 330n120
NAME INDEX
387


Chen, M.-J., 58n49, 159, 161, 164,
179n6, 180nn27, 28, 32, 38,
4244, 48, 181nn73, 74,
8991
Chen, Q., 327n41
Chen, S.-F. S., 262n43
Chen, S.-S., 328n57
Chen, S. S. M., 293n24
Chen, Y.-R., 28n140, 332n183
Cheng, J. L. C., 181n57
Cheng, J. M.-S., 293n24
Chi, P. S. K., 94n97
Chi, T., 124n73, 383n33
Chiang, J., 180n55, 351n77
Chidley, J., 329n80
Child, J., 295n85, 297n134,
299n187
Chingos, P. T., 330n117
Chiu, W. K. C., 292n8
Chiu, Y.-H., 299n188
Cho, H.-J., 63n205, 350n44
Cho, T. S., 58n49
Choi, C. J., 331n146
Choi, J. J., 292n11
Choi, T. Y., 125n106, 205n15,
209n136
Chompusri, N., 299n183
Chon, G., 24n23, 93n55
Chowdhry, B., 241n133
Chozick, A., 24nn12, 22, 23,
93n55
Chrisman, J. J., 155n51
Chrisman, J. L., 349n28
Christen, M., 181n68
Christensen, C. M., 25n39,
58n43, 100102, 122n13,
123n40, 352nn101, 108
Christensen, C. R., 8, 26nn63, 64
Christodouloy, C., 209n155
Christophe, S. E., 298n163
Chu, P.-Y., 236n5
Chui, Y., 296n106
Chung, C., 237n23
Chung, L., 299n187
Chung, S., 207n68
Chung, W., 94n107, 182n103,
293nn20, 26, 294n55
Chvyrkov, O., 351n67
Clark, D., 181n88
Clark, K. D., 25n47, 91n5,
349n20
Clarke, T., 332n179
Clifford, P. G., 123n39, 349n6
Cline, R. S., 207n73
Coakley, L., 241n134
Coates, J. F., 92n38
Cochran, P. L., 62n175, 63n188,

125n117
Coff, R. W., 27n105, 123n57,
126n136, 240n108,
241n138, 262n17, 263n53,
265n124, 327n37, 330n126
Cogdill, Richard, 245
Cohen, J. R., 62n188
Cohen, S. S., 206n65
Colarelli, G., 351n79
Colella, A., 56n6, 60n121
Coleman, J. J., Jr., 209n131
Coles, J., 59n69, 328n56, 329n88
Collies, D. J., 94n105
Collingwood, H., 61n143, 122n15
Collins, C. J., 25n47, 91n5,
349n20
Collins, J. C., 56n7, 58n39,
62n171
Collis, D., 237n27
Colquitt, J. A., 61n137, 124n65,
352n119
Colvin, G., 59n81, 92n43, 262n19
Combs, J. G., 59n74, 205n3,
206n38, 208n109, 241n144,
329n96
Conant, Doug, 32
Conger, J. A., 59n77, 326n8,
329n90
Connelly, B., 292n3, 293n31,
298nn161, 175
Connor, J. M., 207n91
Contractor, F. J., 299n190
Conyon, M. J., 330n105
Cook, F. X., Jr., 351n80
Cool, K., 179n20
Coombs, J. E., 123n42, 333n190,
349n18
Cooper, A. C., 207n70, 241n134,
352nn122, 125
Copeland, T., 382n11, 383nn36,
54
Copp, C. B., 206n64
Cordeiro, J. J., 241n145
Core, J. E., 326n3
Corley, K. G., 122n11
Cornell, B., 28n141, 332n185
Cosset, J.-C., 332n178
Costa, I., 91n6, 94n96
Cotterill, R. W., 262n37
Courtney, H., 382n3
Coutu, D. L., 61n143
Couvelaire, Alexander, 199200
Covin, J. G., 60n125, 155n47,
206n54, 266n148, 349n16
Cox, L. W., 350n60, 353n155
Coy, P., 124n67

Coyne, K. P., 123n39, 349n6
Craft, S. H., 155n35
Crainer, S., 179n17
Cramer, R. D., 93n61
Crane, A., 95n123
Crittenden, W. F., 62n186,
327n27
Crosby, L. B., 181n80
Crosby, P. B., 181n77
Croson, D. C., 327n33
Cross, R., 61n140
Crossan, M. M., 349n29
Crotts, J., 63n193
Cullen, R., 181n81
Cullinan, G., 262n19, 264n93
Cummings, J. L., 27n101
Cummings, T., 59n91
Cunningham, S. W., 93n73
Cusumano, M. A., 58n44, 125n97
Cyert, R. M., 265n114
Cyr, L. A., 61n141
Dacin, M. T., 57n13, 59n72,
94nn90, 91, 208n99,
208n118, 209n138,
296n124, 297nn129, 133,
332n180, 353n135
daCosta, R. C., 298n164,
299n189
Daellenbach, U., 58n48
Dahlsten, F., 92n27
Dahya, J., 330n115
Daily, C. M., 58n53, 59n70,
60n125, 154n15, 266n148,
326n7, 327n31, 328n63,
329n78, 349n16
Dallenbach, U. S., 241n152
Dalsace, F., 125n104
Dalton, C. M., 328n50
Dalton, D. R., 58n53, 59n70,
60n125, 154n15, 266n148,
326n7, 327n31, 328n50,
329n78, 349n16
Dalziel, T., 327n35
Daneshkhu, S., 293n15
Danielson, C. C., 124n68
Dant, R. P., 208n112
Darr, A., 239n80
Das, S., 125n91, 206n46
Das, T. K., 57nn19, 23, 207n79,
209nn133, 136, 296n123
Da Silva, N., 124n85
Datta, D. K., 57n18, 58n48,
59n75, 264n80
Daus, C. S., 60n94
388
NAME INDEX


DAveni, R. A., 25nn32, 34,
207n80, 241n146, 242n156,
382n5
Davenport, T. H., 25n27, 122n13,
179n2, 351n86
David, P., 328n69
Davidson, J. M., 156n120
Davidsson, P., 61n147
Davies, H., 299n187
Davis, C., 350n37
Davis, D. L., 350n61
Davis, G. E., 327n23
Davis, J. H., 28n134, 59n72,
62n185, 210n160, 326nn7,
20
Dawar, N., 263n44
Dawson, C., 94n103
Day, G. S., 179n11, 180n53
Dean, J. W., Jr., 169
DeAngelo, H., 328n46
DeAngelo, L., 328n46
Deans, G. K., 180n29, 261n6
Debaise, C., 93n66
De Carolis, D. M., 27n107,
61n137, 91n7, 94n106,
123n42
DeCastro, J., 122n20, 125n114
DeCecco, Dave, 89
Deckop, J. R., 333n188
De Cremer, D., 28n140, 209n144,
332n183
Deeds, D. L., 61n137, 123n42,
124n64, 352n122, 353n137
Deephouse, D. L., 94n106,
123n53
DeFillippi, R., 125n87
Dehaene, A., 329n74
de Kluyver, C. A., 125n115,
154nn3, 16, 157n125
de la Fuente Sabate, J. M., 95n117
de la Torre, C., 328nn56, 58
de la Torre, J., 210n158, 297n134
Delio, M., 206n51
Delios, A., 297n148, 298n162,
299n177, 331n136
Dell, Michael, 45, 97
Delong, G., 238n53
De Luca, Guerrino, 346
de Luque, A. S., 294n41
DeMarie, S. M., 25n34, 92n9
de Miguel, A., 328nn56, 58
Deming, W. E., 181n78
Demise, N., 333n187
Deng, F. J., 63n196
Deng, P., 297n150
Denis, D. J., 240n100
Denis, D. K., 240n100

DeNisi, A. S., 25n46, 60n122
Dent, G. W., Jr., 205n20
Desai, A., 326n7, 328n48
Desarbo, W. S., 181n73, 237n28
Desbrieres, P., 266n157
Dess, G. G., 61n150-152, 124n66,
125nn93, 111, 154nn6, 13,
23, 156nn98, 101, 264n82,
349nn7, 23
Dessler, G., 93n48
DeTienne, D. R., 348n2
Devan, J., 57n27
Devers, C. E., 25n32, 207nn80,
83
DeVito, R., 181n80
De Vuyst, V., 329n74
Dewenter, K., 237n26
de Wied, W. S., 328n71, 329n72,
331n128
DeYoung, R., 266n154
Dhanaraj, C., 208n122
Dharwadkar, R., 241n147,
328n43, 330n120
Dhesbrough, H. W., 351n71
Dial, J., 57n18, 266nn149, 159
Diamantopoulos, A., 241n136
Di Benedetto, C. A., 237n28
Dickerson, A. P., 265n116
Dickson, D. R., 63n193
Di Gregorio, D., 351n84
DiMicco, Dan, 43
DInnocenzio, A., 155n67
Dino, R. H., 58n55
Dirks, K. T., 209n155
Di Santo, V., 60n129, 61n133
Disney, Roy, 173
Disney, Walt, 173
Distefano, J. J., 58n54
Dixit, A. K., 382n25
Dobni, C. B., 154n10
Dobosz-Bourne, D., 348n1
Dobrev, S. D., 181n72
Dodurova, M., 24n15
Doh, J. P., 298n168
Dolbeck, A., 263n60
Dollinger, M., 264n86
Domoto, H., 238n61
Donaldson, G., 27n117
Donaldson, L., 59n72, 326nn7, 20
Donaldson, T., 28n131
Donaldson, William, 309
Donkin, R., 92n22
Dorf, B., 154n27
Dou, W., 296n109
Doucet, T. A., 240n109
Dougherty, D., 352n111

Douglas, T. J., 24n2, 28n143
Doukas, J. A., 263n45, 298n163
Dous, M., 25n27, 179n2
Dow, S., 326n14
Dowell, G., 181n66
Dowling, G. R., 123n54, 181n94
Down, J., 123n42, 206n44
Doz, Y. L., 25n53, 61n154,
236n5, 295n84, 351n79
Dranikoff, L., 266n138
Drazin, R., 352n121
Driver, M. J., 242n156, 296n122
Droge, C., 91n7, 182n110
Drori, I., 299n187
Drucker, P. F., 92n41, 122n26,
154n15, 238n60, 335,
349n19
Drucker, V., 95n125
Drummond, A., 91n4
Du, Y., 332n179
Duffy, D., 350n36
Duh, R.-R., 57n12
Duhaime, I. M., 26n93
Dunfee, T. W., 326n8
Dunning, J., 293n31
Durand, R., 57n33
Dussauge, P., 206n61, 207n72,
238n61
Dutkowsky, D. H., 294n37
Dutra, A., 154n34
Dutta, D. K., 349n29
Dutta, S., 60n120, 94n105
Dutton, J. E., 61n155
Duysters, G., 208n118
Dyer, J. H., 124n60, 206n40,
207n66, 208n104,
209nn143, 144, 153,
210n159, 297n139, 383n34
Dyomina, N., 332n180
Dysters, G., 265n120, 298n158
Easterwood, J., 266n147
Echambadi, R., 350n41
Echols, A., 207n68
Eden, L., 293n12, 294n56
Edgecliffe-Johnson, A., 382n6
Edwards, C., 181n70
Edwards, J., 331n151
Edwards, R., 27n125, 328n51
Edwards, T., 332n176
Eesley, C., 27n122
Egelhoff, W. G., 123n37
Eggleston, Andy, 197
Ehrenfeld, J. R., 29n165
Einhorn, B., 25n44, 60n114
NAME INDEX
389


Eisenberg, M. A., 327n24
Eisenhardt, K. M., 25nn30, 37,
60n112, 92n92, 93n49,
121n2, 122nn5, 9, 16,
205n31, 236n9, 239n88,
263nn59, 63
Eisenmann, T. R., 208n103,
240nn100, 116
Eisenstat, R., 58n43, 239n96
Elango, B., 294n49
Elango, D., 297n149
Eldomiaty, T. I., 331n146
Elenkov, D. S., 61n148, 262n31,
300n198, 327n42
Elgin, B., 25n44, 181n61
Elloumi, F., 326n3, 330n105
Ellstrand, A. E., 58n53, 154n15,
329n78, 350n51
Engardio, P., 299n186
Engel, E., 327n41
Englander, E., 333n186
Enright, M. J., 292n9
Ensher, E. A., 60n97
Ensign, P. C., 295n90
Enz, C. A., 94n107, 179n16,
180n40, 206n64
Epstein, M. J., 24n10
Eren, M. S., 352n115
Ernst, D., 206n40, 297n127,
382n21
Eroglu, S., 208n114
Espitia-Escuer, M. A., 298n162
Esterl, M., 62n179
Ethiraj, S. K., 25n48, 60n119
Evan, W. M., 62n162
Evans, J. R., 169
Evans, P., 29n161, 352n105
Fahey, L., 92nn8, 25, 31, 36,
93n52, 94n93, 95n128
Fairclough, G., 297n126
Fama, E. F., 241n151, 326n9,
327n30
Faraci, R., 265n128
Faria, A., 156n107
Farjoun, M., 60n102, 62n160,
237n28, 261n3
Farrell, D., 298n168, 350n53
Fassbender, H., 350n53
Fealey, T., 239n80
Fee, C. E., 262n36
Feeney, J., 299n194
Feldman, E., 62n178
Feldman, L. F., 26n87
Feldman, M. S., 123n44
Felo, A., 333n189
Felton, R. F., 29n162
Fenn, P., 156n107

Ferguson, G., 25n42
Fernandez, N., 180n37
Ferrary, M., 206n65
Ferrier, W. J., 25nn33, 34,
61n149, 179n15, 180nn24,
25, 44, 47, 52, 53, 181nn72,
87, 89, 93, 95, 182n100,
263n68, 383n47
Ferrin, D. L., 209n155
Fey, C. F., 61n135
Fiegenbaum, A., 207n83
Field, L. C., 331n139
Fields, G., 206n65
Fiet, J. O., 28n150, 125n119
Filatotchev, I., 58n60, 93n77,
205n30, 292nn3, 12,
329n93, 332n180
Finegold, D. L., 59n77, 326n8,
329n90
Fink, G., 124n65
Finkelstein, S., 34, 57n17,
58n56, 59n86, 60n101,
93n48, 123n49, 241nn144,
146, 242n156, 300n198,
327nn32, 41, 328n42,
329n76, 330n100
Fiol, C. M., 61n144
Fiorina, Carly, 231
Fischer, B., 352n106
Fischer, H. M., 330n119
Fischer, S., 331n158
Fisher, J. D., 237n12
Fisher, S. R., 265n128
Fiss, P. C., 331nn152, 156
Fladmoe-Lindquist, K., 25n54,
294n47, 297n132, 351n83
Fleisher, C. S., 95n121
Fleming, C., 382n30
Fleming, L., 351n80
Fleming, T., 93n71
Flood, P., 57n11, 58n47
Floyd, S. W., 123n38, 349n7
Foley, S., 60n95
Folta, T. B., 61n149, 206n48,
208n107, 382n19
Fombrun, C. J., 28n136, 62n163,
123n31, 154n6, 180n29,
332n184
Fong, M., 94n86
Fontaine, Anne, 147
Foote, N., 239n96
Forbes, D. P., 181n59, 329n80
Ford, R. C., 62n167, 63n193
Forest, S. A., 62n177, 156n104,
240n122
Forsgren, M., 298n166
Forsyth, M., 266n140

Fosfuri, A., 296n115
Foss, N. J., 298n176
Foust, D., 299n186
Fowler, C. L., 264n77
Fowler, G. A., 297n126
Fowler, S. W., 155n40, 295n84,
352n120
Fox, J., 328n52
Fox, M., 331n146
Fram, E. H., 329n78
Franko, L. G., 349n22
Frary, J., 154n34
Fraser, J. A., 351n95
Fredrickson, J. W., 25n31, 43,
57nn10, 30, 58n40, 59n79,
60nn106, 107, 94n92,
154n9, 236n2, 237n13,
263n67, 295n71, 299n187,
300n198, 330n102
Freeman, J., 125n112
Freeman, R. E., 15, 24n8,
27nn114, 119, 126128,
60n100, 62nn159, 162,
125n118, 126nn122, 123,
205n10
Frick, K. A., 261n6
Fried, J. M., 330n100
Fried, V. H., 62n161
Frolov, Alexander, 247248
Frooman, J., 126n121
Frost, T. S., 295n90, 351n68
Fruin, W. M., 238n61
Frynas, J. G., 299n181
Fubini, D. G., 297n127
Fuchs, P. H., 61n154
Fuentelsaz, L., 179n15, 180n33,
205n27
Fuerbringer, J., 94n88
Fuller, K., 261n5
Gadiesh, O., 295n69
Gaertner, S., 124n60
Gainey, T. W., 125n98
Galan, J. L., 27n99
Galbraith, J. G., 239n91
Galbraith, J. S., 155nn45, 52
Galunic, D. C., 239n88
Gambardella, A., 27n112
Gammelgaard, J., 263n72
Ganesan, S., 154n25
Gannon, M. J., 181n69, 182n97,
298n173
Garca, D., 57n35
Gardberg, N. A., 28n141,
332n185
Gardner, T. M., 28n138, 181n92
390
NAME INDEX


Garg, V. K., 92n21
Garland, S. B., 208n95
Garnham, P., 93n57
Garrette, B., 206n61, 207n72
Garten, J. E., 179n18, 298n159
Garud, R., 353n154
Garvin, D. A., 169, 352n114
Gary, M. S., 238n45
Gates, Bill, 36, 37
Gatignon, H., 263n51
Gavetti, G., 122nn20, 27, 123n57,
154n1
Gawer, A., 58n44, 125n97
Gedajlovic, E. R., 327n29,
331n151
Geiger, S. W., 181n64
Geletkanycz, M. A., 154n12,
241n144, 327n41
Gelfer, S., 332n180
Genesove, D., 239n73
George, G., 296n103, 350nn46,
48, 62
Gepp, A., 24n17
Geppert, M., 295n71
Gerchak, Y., 238n49
Gerety, M., 329n91
Geringer, J. M., 294n44,
298n164, 299n189
Gerstenhaber, M., 208n113
Gerstner, Louis, 40
Gertner, R., 382n1
Gertsen, F., 352n97
Geyskens, I., 239n77
Ghemawat, P., 156n99, 209n127,
292n9, 294n60, 382n10,
382n17
Ghoshal, S., 26n56, 61nn137,
142, 145, 93n70, 261n1,
295nn65, 70, 83, 327n37
Gibbert, M., 25n52, 92n10
Gibson, C., 295n79
Gibson, H. D., 265n116
Gilbert, C., 25n39
Gile, C., 125n94
Gillin, L. M., 209n155
Gillis, W. E., 329n96
Gilson, R., 240n126
Gimeno, J., 91n3, 179n7,
180nn33, 37, 38, 39, 181n69,
207n93, 239n73, 296n95,
328n69
Gingrich, J. A., 263n44
Gittell, J. H., 63n195
Glader, P., 207n81, 262n9
Gleason, K. C., 328n57
Glick, W. H., 25n48, 57n18,
58n57, 59n93, 91n2, 262n17
Glynn, M. A., 299n193, 352n121

Gnyawali, D. R., 180n21
Goerzen, A., 209n130
Goffee, R., 61n155, 62n173
Golden, B. R., 59n62, 208n94,
326n6
Goldenberg, J., 351n81
Goldsborough, R., 92n24
Goldstein, D., 330n127
Goldstein, H. R., 156n82
Goll, I., 58n42, 92n92
Gomes, L., 330n107
Gomez, J., 179n15, 180n33,
205n27
Gomez-Mejia, L. R., 241nn131,
145, 326n3, 327nn25, 32,
34, 328n44, 330 nn101, 105,
110, 112, 116
Gompers, P. A., 328n62
Gong, Y., 297n132
Gonzalez, I. S., 95n117
Gonzalez, M., 205n21
Goold, M., 236n7
Goranova, M., 241n147, 328n43
Gordon, R. A., 26n59, 27n96
Gore, William, 343
Gorman, P., 122n23
Gove, S., 60n99
Govindarajan, V., 24nn25, 26,
57nn14, 15, 61nn144, 145,
125n88, 292nn4, 5
Graffin, S. D., 58n37
Grant, L., 155n68
Grant, R. M., 103, 104, 241n129
Gratton, L., 26n56, 61n131
Graves, Michael, 148
Graves, S. B., 27n124, 28n130,
28n142
Gray, S. R., 241n145
Greco, J., 56n4, 155n57, 237n31
Green, J., 58n45, 60n113, 181n84
Green, S., 56n5
Greene, J., 182n101
Greene, P. G., 122n4
Greening, D. W., 28n138, 124n61
Greiner, L., 59n91
Greve, H. R., 95nn113, 118,
181n71
Grewal, R., 181n73
Griffin, D. A., 239n80
Griffith, D. A., 294n47
Griffith, R. W., 124n60
Grimm, C. M., 57n16, 91n3,
179nn4, 5, 10, 13, 19,
180nn22, 23, 31, 36, 50, 52,
181nn69, 75, 90, 95, 182n97
Grinstein, Y., 327n42
Grinyer, P., 122n24

Grohmann, B., 208n106
Gross, Clifford M., 345
Grosse, R., 299nn183, 193
Grossman, W., 241n144, 263n50,
327nn22, 36, 328nn63, 64,
69, 329nn81, 89, 351n69
Grundei, J., 182n109
Gudridge, K., 240n122
Guedhami, O., 332n178
Gueyie, J.-P., 326n3, 330n105
Guilley, K. M., 333n190
Guirguis, H. S., 208n96
Gulati, R., 210n159, 239n77
Gunkel, J. D., 63n203
Gunz, H. P., 58n41
Gupta, A. K., 24nn25, 26, 57n15,
61nn144, 145, 125nn88, 93,
154n6, 156n101, 292nn4, 5
Gupta, S., 333n188
Guth, W. D., 8, 63nn63, 64,
122n24
Guthrie, J. P., 58n48
Gutierrez, I., 205n29, 327n32,
328n44
Gwynne, P., 265n123
Haahti, A., 296n110
Hachigian, Kirk S., 246
Hackman, J. R., 157n123
Hadjimarcou, J., 154n24
Hafeez, K., 124n72, 125n102
Hafner, K., 181nn60, 62
Hagedoorn, J., 208n122,
265n120, 298n158, 352n127
Hair, J. F., Jr., 154n34
Haleblian, J., 265nn106, 107, 125
Halevy, T., 206n40
Haliinan, J. T., 94n104
Hall, D. T., 61n132, 351n66
Hall, R. H., 104, 155n70, 156n71
Hall, Terence, 284
Hall, W. K., 156n100
Hallaq, J. H., 95n127
Halligan, A., 181n81
Hambrick, D. C., 34, 43,
57nn13, 17, 58nn36, 49,
56, 59n86, 60nn98, 101,
106, 107, 93n48, 154n9,
181n73, 207n79, 209n133,
236n2, 237n13, 241n144,
263n67, 265n110, 297n133,
300n198, 326n13, 327n32,
328n42, 329n91, 330n100
Hamel, G., 28nn145, 146, 154,
60n105, 124n72, 125n102,
154nn10, 14, 179n3, 181n59,
NAME INDEX
391


Hamel, G. (continued)
298n169, 349n22, 351n71,
382n31
Hamilton, W. F., 382n2
Hamm, S., 241n132
Hammonds, K. H., 25nn35, 37
Handfield, R. B., 293n28
Handfield-Jones, H., 61n155
Hanlon, S. C., 205n11, 208n97
Hannan, M., 125n112
Hansen, M. H., 28nn134, 139,
209nn150, 151, 210n158
Hansen, M. T., 124n69
Hanvanich, S., 91n7, 182n110
Harback, H. E., 58n43
Harbison, J. R., 205n7, 264n80
Hardee, C., 28n147
Harder, J., 125n107
Harford, J., 331n137
Harlan, C., 95n124
Harper, N. W. C., 241n134
Harrigan, K. R., 26n55, 205n8,
207n87, 239n84
Harris, C., 24n17
Harris, D., 60n96
Harris, I. C., 59n72
Harris, M., 239n95
Harris, R., 266n147
Harrison, A. E., 298n167
Harrison, Brian, 344
Harrison, D. A., 62n175, 125n117
Harrison, J. S., 26n80, 28nn136,
141, 143, 150, 60n100,
62n165, 63n192, 94n107,
124n77, 125n119, 157n125,
179n16, 180n40, 205nn13,
14, 206nn54, 64, 207nn82,
87, 238nn41, 51,
240nn115, 121, 128,
261nn1, 5, 262n11, 263nn45,
51, 56, 61, 64, 264nn74, 77,
89, 100, 265nn105, 115,
118, 119, 125, 129, 296n123,
297n141, 300n196, 329n75,
331n137, 332nn184, 185,
341, 352n98, 353n141
Harryson, S., 207n71
Hart, Clare, 88
Hart, M. M., 122n4
Hart, S. L., 28n132, 292nn9, 12,
332n182
Hartel, C. E. J., 60n94
Hartzell, J. C., 330n114
Harvey, M. G., 61n136, 294n47
Harzing, A.-W., 206n41, 237n12,
295nn65, 72, 297n146
Haspeslagh, P., 262n30
Hass, W. J., 328n55

Hassan, F., 56n5
Hassan, S. S., 155n35
Hatch, N. W., 124n60, 207n66,
209n144
Haveman, H. A., 179n14, 239n76
Hawawini, G., 27n113, 123n39
Hay, M., 349n17
Hayashi, Y., 332n172
Hayes, C., 264n77
Hayes, E., 61n155
Hayton, J. C., 296n102, 350n40
Hayward, M. L. A., 58n38,
264n72, 265nn110, 113
Hebert, L., 297n148
Heeley, M. B., 155n47
Hegarty, H., 206n54, 264n83
Hegarty, W., 330n108
Hegtvedt, K. A., 28n140,
332n183
Heide, J. B., 327n38
Hejazi, W., 292n9
Helfat, C. E., 26n83, 58n41,
60n96, 123n58, 154nn7, 12,
236nn4, 9, 263n63
Hemphill, T. A., 205n1
Henderson, A., 330n102
Henderson, R., 26n93
Hendricks, R., 351n82
Hendrickx, M., 236n8, 328n46
Hendry, K., 326n1
Henisz, W. J., 299nn177, 194
Hennart, J. F., 125n93, 154n6,
156n101, 208n104
Henriksson, K., 209n140
Henriques, I., 27n117, 332n181
Henry, D., 266n146
Henry, N., 180n45
Herbert, T. T., 295n71
Hesterly, W. S., 59n69, 209n129,
329n88
Hill, C. W. L., 25n36, 57n26,
93n74, 123n42, 125n93,
154n6, 155n40, 156n101,
205n10, 206n44, 237n35,
238n59, 239n92, 240nn110,
111, 264n102, 266n147,
292n8, 296n105, 330n111
Hill, N. T., 330n104
Hill, W. L., 27n127
Hiller, N. J., 58n36
Hillman, A. J., 27nn120, 130,
93nn59, 61, 299n194,
326n6, 327n35, 332n181
Hilton, B., 331n146
Himelstein, L., 331n132
Hindo, B., 123n36
Hines, A., 92n38

Hitt, M. A., 24nn1, 3, 7, 25nn34,
46, 26nn57, 60, 27nn95,
108, 120, 28n147, 29n159,
56n6, 57nn13, 26, 58nn43,
61, 59n76, 60nn98, 99, 121,
122, 127, 61n139, 62nn169,
172, 63n207, 91nn1, 6,
92nn9, 17, 93nn61, 76, 77,
94n79, 94nn82, 90, 91, 96,
95n120, 123nn39, 52, 56,
124nn59, 70, 154nn5, 12,
205nn3, 16, 29, 206nn38,
54, 207n83, 208nn118, 121,
209nn134, 138, 141, 234,
236n4, 237n16, 238nn43,
44, 59, 239nn78, 79, 95,
240nn110, 111, 128,
241n140, 261nn1, 5, 262n11,
263nn45, 5052, 55, 56,
61, 64, 69, 72, 264nn74,
77, 81, 89, 92, 99, 100, 103,
265nn105, 108, 109, 115,
117119, 125, 129, 132,
266nn137, 141, 155, 292nn3,
5, 6, 293n31, 296nn114, 123,
124, 297nn129, 133, 141,
142, 298nn161, 165, 166,
171, 175, 299nn189, 191,
300n200, 326n19, 327nn22,
36, 39, 328nn63, 64, 69,
329nn81, 89, 330nn111, 126,
331nn134, 161, 332nn178,
180, 348nn2, 4, 5, 349nn6,
24, 350nn39, 47, 50, 59, 64,
351nn68, 69, 90, 352nn107,
109, 112, 113, 117, 120,
353nn134, 135, 139, 141
144, 146148, 150, 151, 157,
382nn4, 6
Ho, K. W., 328n57
Hoang, H., 206n45
Hochwarter, W. A., 62n172
Hodges, J., 95n125
Hodgetts, R. M., 62n167, 295n62
Hodgkinson, G. P., 180n45
Hoetker, G., 156n105, 207n85
Hof, B., 181n61
Hof, R. D., 25n44, 349n15
Hofer, C. W., 9, 26nn58, 75, 76,
89, 155n51
Hoffmann, W. H., 297n139
Hogarth, R. M., 57n22
Hogler, R. L., 329n79
Hoi, C., 329n91
Hoiweg, M., 181n73
Holbein, G. F., 266n143
392
NAME INDEX


Holcomb, T. R., 298n166
Holcombe, R. G., 349n16
Holden, N., 124n65
Hollenbeck, G. P., 61nn134, 138
Holm, U., 298n166
Holmes, R. M., 93n77, 299n191
Holmes, S., 60n115
Holthausen, R. W., 326n3
Hom, P. W., 124n60
Homberg, C., 264n78
Homqvist, M., 242n156, 296n122
Hong, J., 155n44, 237n23,
298n159
Hood, N., 295n66
Hoopes, D. G., 124n59
Hopkins, H. D., 179n11, 295n75
Hornsby, J. S., 25n49, 61nn141,
146, 155, 124n69, 206n40,
238n40, 350n41
Horowitz, R., 351n81
Hoshi, T., 331n158
Hoskisson, R. E., 26n60,
28nn134, 139, 57nn18,
26, 58n61, 59nn76, 84,
63n207, 91n3, 93n77, 94n79,
122n30, 155n44, 181n69,
205n30, 206n54, 207n69,
208n121, 209nn150, 151,
234, 236nn3, 4, 237nn16,
22, 26, 29, 35, 238nn43,
44, 59, 240nn105, 110,
111, 115, 241nn144, 148,
153, 242n153, 261n1,
263nn50, 52, 55, 56, 61, 69,
264nn74, 89, 92, 102, 103,
265nn105, 108, 109, 119,
128, 266nn137, 141, 142,
149, 150, 159, 292nn3, 4,
12, 293n12, 294nn44, 46,
296nn95, 123, 298nn159,
171, 299n189, 300n200,
326nn16, 19, 327nn22, 36,
39, 40, 328nn57, 63, 64, 69,
329nn81, 89, 330nn111,
126, 332nn163, 173, 180,
333n191, 349nn24, 30,
350n50, 351nn68, 69, 85,
352nn107, 109, 112, 113,
353nn139, 150
Hough, J. R., 92n21
Houghton, K. A., 296n111
House, R. J., 59n81, 294n41
Howell, J. E., 26n59, 27n96
Howell, J. M., 351n88
Howell, R. A., 28n132, 332n182
Hrebiniak, L. G., 26n77, 63n190,
124n70
Hribar, P., 327n42

Hsieh, L.-F., 263n52
Hsu, C. C., 299n190
Huang, C.-H., 236n5
Hubbard, T. N., 264n85
Huber, G. P., 57n18, 91n2,
262n17
Huey, J., 124n84
Huff, A. S., 95n114
Huff, L., 297n135
Hughes, J. P., 265n108, 353n133
Hulland, J., 241n141
Hult, G. T. M., 94n94
Hunt, M. S., 95n112
Hurry, D., 382n27
Huse, M., 329n78
Huselid, M. A., 63n199
Hussey, D., 155n44
Hutt, M. D., 205n4, 209n154,
351n89
Hutzschenreuter, T., 29n159
Huy, Q. N., 265n125
Huyghebaert, N., 181n92
Hwang, L., 330n110
Hymowitz, C., 326n11
Iacocca, Lee, 4
Iaquito, A. L., 58n40
Icahn, Carl, 311312
Ihlwan, M., 180n54, 181n85
Immelt, J., 40, 44, 56n5, 257,
266n139
Incandela, D., 238n42
Ingram, P., 124n65
Inkpen, A. C., 25n46, 205nn6, 9,
206n50, 208n105, 293n30,
295nn68, 82, 86, 88, 92,
299n185, 331nn147, 153,
154, 160, 332nn163, 167, 177
Insinga, R. C., 125n108
Irarvani, S. M., 156n114
Ireland, R. D., 24n1, 25n49,
26n81, 27nn95, 108, 29n159,
60nn98, 121, 61n146,
62nn169, 172, 91n1, 92nn9,
17, 93n76, 94n82, 95n120,
123n52, 124nn59, 69, 70,
154nn5, 13, 205nn3, 16, 29,
206nn38, 40, 54, 207n83,
209nn134, 141, 237n16,
238nn40, 43, 240n128,
261nn1, 5, 262n11, 263nn45,
51, 52, 56, 61, 64, 264nn74,
77, 89, 100, 265nn105, 109,
115, 118, 119, 125, 129,
292n6, 296nn114, 123,
297n141, 298n165, 299n189,
348nn2, 4, 5, 349nn7, 9, 18,

350nn39, 41, 51, 64, 351n90,
352nn117, 120, 353nn134,
141, 142, 144, 146, 151, 157
Irwin, N., 154n26
Isaac, S., 156n116
Isaak, R., 296n105
Isobe, T., 292n1
Ito, K., 293n35
Itoh, H., 237n32
Ivy, R. L., 206n64
Izushi, H., 296n99
Jackson, E. M., 329n91
Jackson, G., 326n17
Jackson, S. E., 25n46, 57n16,
58n53, 60n122
Jacob, R., 295n94
Jacobides, M. G., 239n83, 327n33
Jacoby, M., 93n60
Jacoby, S. M., 331n148
Jacque, L. L., 299n182
Jagersma, P. K., 297n133
Jain, S. C., 132, 155n34, 353n154
Jalland, R. M., 58n41
Jammine, A. P., 241n129
Jankowicz, A. D., 348n1
Janne, O. E. M., 293n31, 298n176
Janney, J. J., 154n13, 241n148,
349n7
Jardins, J. D., 353n156
Jarillo, J. C., 349n9
Jarvenpaa, S., 125n101
Jassawalla, A. R., 352n106
Javidan, M., 292n5
Jawahar, I. M., 92n28
Jayachandran, S., 179n7, 180n38,
207n93
Jenkins, M., 180n45
Jennings, D. F., 209n155
Jensen, M.
Jensen, M. C., 9, 26n72, 27n115,
126n129, 240n125, 262n21,
264n97, 326n9, 327n31,
328nn45, 46
Jenster, P., 155n44
Jeong, E., 265n132
Jermias, J., 348n1
Jevnaker, B. H., 125n102
Jiang, F., 293n25
Joachimsthaler, E., 122n19
Jobe, L. A., 239nn78, 79
Jobs, Steve, 337
Johaansson, J. K., 295n75
Johnson, G., 180n45
Johnson, J. L., 208n106, 329n78,
350n51
NAME INDEX
393


Johnson, M., 205n23, 296n118
Johnson, M. E., 239n84
Johnson, M. W., 25n39
Johnson, R. A., 58n61, 59n75,
63n207, 94n79, 236n3,
237nn22, 26, 240n105,
241n152, 263nn50, 52, 55,
264nn92, 103, 265nn105,
108, 127, 128, 131,
266nn141, 142, 294n46,
298n171, 326n19, 327nn22,
36, 39, 328nn57, 63, 64,
69, 329nn81, 89, 330n126,
332n163, 350n50, 351n69,
353n139
Jonacas, H., 205n5
Jones, C., 209n129
Jones, G., 61n155, 62n173
Jones, R., 181n86
Jones, S., 125n99
Jones, T. M., 27nn116, 127, 130,
28n131, 205n10
Joshi, M., 62n182
Joshi, S., 261n4
Joyce, W. F., 26n77, 63n190
Judge, W.
Judge, W. Q., Jr., 5859n61,
61n148, 300n198, 329n93
Junttila, M. A., 123n47, 238n47
Kaeufer, K., 126n127
Kahan, M., 241n149
Kahn, R. L., 26n68
Kahneman, D., 57nn20, 21, 32
Kakabadse, A., 59n82
Kakabadse, N., 59n82
Kale, P., 25n48, 60n119,
206nn39, 40, 208n104,
209n143, 263n58, 297n139,
352n123, 383n34
Kallendar, P., 156n81, 182n96
Kalnins, A., 94n107, 182n103
Kandemir, D., 207n79
Kang, J.-K., 332n175
Kang, S.-H., 265n114
Kanter, R. M., 25n45, 91n5
Kapelyushnikov, R., 332n180
Kaplan, R. S., 63nn198, 200
202, 154n4, 156n121,
181n79
Kaplan, S., 62n161
Karim, S., 237n33
Karlgaard, R., 25n38
Karnani, A., 182n99
Karnik, K., 349n16
Karnitschnig, M., 262n27,
266n135, 331n155
Karpoff, J. M., 331n139

Karri, R., 125n116, 329n80,
333n189
Kashuk, Sonia, 148
Kashyap, A. K., 331n158
Kassinis, G., 59n62, 62n170,
126n131
Katila, R., 123n41, 263n52,
349n27
Kato, Y., 63n196
Katz, D., 26n68
Katz, J., 327n32, 330n116
Katz, M., 125n109
Kaufman, A., 333n186
Kaufmann, P. J., 208nn112, 114
Kawaura, A., 332n164
Kay, I. T., 264n82
Kay, N. M., 241n136
Kayworth, T. K., 25n49
Kazanjian, R. K., 239n91,
352n121
Keats, B. W., 25n34, 58n43,
61n139, 92n9, 155nn45,
49, 53
Kedia, B. L., 292n7
Kedia, S., 239n97
Keeble, D., 208n122
Keels, J. K., 266n158
Keenan, F., 331n132
Keil, M., 122n18
Keim, G. D., 27n130, 93n59,
326n6, 332n181
Keister, L. A., 237n23
Keith, T., 298n157
Keller, S. B., 155nn63, 69
Kelley, D. J., 350n40
Kelley, L., 297n135
Kelly, L. M., 327n27
Kelly, M. J., 205n5
Kelm, K. M., 349n23
Kendrick, John, 103
Kennedy, Aaron, 197
Kern, D., 62n161
Kerr, S., 62n172
Kerwin, K., 180n54, 181n85
Kesner, I. F., 181n57
Kessler, E. H., 206nn45, 47
Kester, W. C., 383n40
Ketchen, D. J., Jr., 29n160, 94n94,
154n5, 205n3, 206n38,
208n109
Kets de Vries, M. F. R., 60n123
Keuslein, W., 241n140
Khanna, T., 25n29, 237n23,
240nn102, 103, 292n9
Khermouch, G., 155n42
Kidder, D. L., 60n95
Kiel, G. C., 326n1, 326n13

Killman, S., 239n82
Kim, C., 236n11
Kim, D., 382n2
Kim, G. M., 207n68
Kim, H., 59n84, 155n44,
207n69, 208n121, 236n4,
237n35, 240n110, 242n153,
292n4, 298n159, 299n189,
300n200, 326n16, 333n191,
351n68, 353n150
Kim, J., 296n108
Kim, J.-J., 265nn106, 107, 125
Kim, L., 156n102
Kim, S., 236n11
Kim, W. C., 351n75
Kim, Y. J., 296n117
Kindler, Jeffrey B., 257
King, A. W., 124n87, 155n40,
352n120
King, D. R., 206n54
Kini, O., 331n129
Kirkland, J., 382n3
Kirkman, B. L., 352n106
Kirkpatrick, S. A., 62n168
Kirsch, D. A., 155n44
Kirsch, L. J., 63n195
Kisfalvi, V., 242n156
Kitamura, M., 332n173
Kiymaz, H., 328n49
Klaas, B. S., 125n98
Klein, S., 331n150
Kleindienst, I., 29n159
Kleinfeld, Klaus, 51
Kleinman, M., 123n55
Kline, D. M., 123n41, 296n114,
352n129
Kline, J. P., 240n122
Kline, M. J., 326n8
Kneip, T., 350n53
Knell, M. J., 205n34
Knight, D., 57n11, 58n47
Knight, G. A., 297n138
Knoedler, J. T., 240n118
Knolt, A. M., 241n142
Knott, A. M., 122n4, 123n44
Koberstein, W., 58n59
Kochhar, R., 60n127, 124n59,
239n95, 241n140, 264n81,
349n24, 350n47, 352nn107,
109, 112, 113, 353n147
Kogut, B., 331n146, 382nn2, 8,
18, 24
Koka, B. R., 352353n129
Koller, T., 266n138
Kono, T., 238n56
Konopaske, R., 296n104
394
NAME INDEX


Koo, Chung Mong, 170
Kopczak, L. R., 239n84
Kor, Y. Y., 329n74
Kosnik, R., 326n19, 331nn131,
142
Kostova, T., 294n56
Kotabe, M., 125n98, 206n58,
238n61, 296n108, 298n173
Kotaro, T., 332n169
Kotha, S., 24n6, 27n130, 95n116,
155n46, 295n63
Kothandaraman, P., 239n87
Kovaleski, D., 208n119
Kowk, C. C. Y., 293n24
Koza, M., 296n122
Kraatz, M. S., 205n13, 207n82
Kracaw, W., 331n129
Kramer, M. R., 126nn130,
134
Kramer, R. J., 295n89
Kranhold, K., 94n81
Kranton, R. E., 239n85
Krapfel, R., 92n29
Kriesel, S., 350n53
Kripalani, M., 299n186
Krishnan, H. A., 261n4,
266n151, 300n199
Krishnan, M. S., 25n48, 60n119
Krishnan, R., 210n158
Krishnan, R. A., 261n4
Kroeger, F., 180n29, 261n6
Kroll, M., 27n107, 236n6,
262nn25, 31, 326n7, 327n42,
328n48
Krug, A., 264n81
Krug, J. A., 264n83, 330n108
Kruse, T. A., 265n131
Kuczynski, A., 262n39
Kuemmerle, W., 27n110, 95n110,
293nn18, 30, 32, 349n14,
350n59
Kulatilaka, N., 382nn8, 12, 24
Kumar, N., 239n77
Kumar, P., 265n114
Kumar, R., 330n119
Kumaraswamy, A., 353n154
Kumari, V., 205n28
Kundu, S. K., 299n190
Kunii, I. M., 332n165
Kuratko, D. F., 25n49, 61nn146,
155, 124n69, 206n40,
238n40, 350n41
Kwak, M., 180n51, 236n5,
239n97
Kwan, M., 261n2
Kwok, C. C. Y., 292n11, 299n177
Kwon, S.-W., 62n180
Labaye, E., 350n53

Lado, A. A., 27n107, 205n11,
208n97, 236n6, 262n25,
328n48
Lafley, A. G., 219, 238nn50, 57
Lafontaine, F., 208n110
Lages, C. R., 296n105
Lages, L. F., 296n105
Lakshman, N., 237n24, 264n98,
292nn1, 10
Lam, K., 332n179
Lamb, C. W., Jr., 154n34
Lamont, O. A., 239n97
Lampert, C. M., 25n40, 27n112,
264n73, 351n78
Landauer, S., 62n172
Lane, P. J., 94n83, 209n139,
297n128, 330n101, 349n7
Lang, L. H. P., 263n45, 298n163
Lang, W. W., 265n108
Langer, E. J., 57n33
Laponsky, J., 353n140
Larcker, D. F., 155n70, 326n3
Larimo, J., 294n38
Larraza-Kintana, M., 330nn105,
112
Larsson, R., 209n140, 242n156,
296n122
Lassen, A. H., 352n97
Lau, C. M., 293nn12, 31
Lau, H. F., 293n24
Lau, T., 349n20
Laursen, K., 353n149
Lavelle, L., 59n65, 328n50,
330n121, 352n128
Laverty, K. J., 63n197
Lavie, D., 28n143, 62n166,
207n74, 349n10, 353n145
Lawler, E. E., III, 59n77, 326n8,
329n90
Lawrence, J. D., 156n82
Lawrence, P. R., 155nn43, 54,
239n77, 352n110
Lawrence, T. B., 295n84
Lay, Kenneth, 51
Leahy, D., 207n90
Learned, E. P., 8, 63nn63, 64
Leavitt, H. J., 155n46
Le Breton-Miller, I., 327n29
Lee, C., 27n102, 353n131
Lee, H., 91n3, 93n76, 123n56,
124n59, 179nn4, 5, 10,
180n53, 181n63, 298n163,
331n161, 351n90, 353n148,
382n6
Lee, H.-U., 265n132
Lee, J., 61n139
Lee, J.-R., 293n32, 295n69

Lee, K., 27n102, 353n131
Lee, Ku Taek, 194
Lee, L., 262n33
Lee, P. M., 266n151, 327n37,
332nn163, 171, 351n95
Lee, R. P.-W., 208n106
Lee, S. H., 238n46, 295n75
Lee, T.-S., 327n29, 332n175
Lee, Y., 92n23
Lehrer, M., 293n19, 298n170
Lei, D., 24n2, 60n98, 121n1
Leiblein, M. J., 29n164, 125n104,
382nn14, 15, 28
Leibold, M., 156n96
Leidtka, J. M., 28n144
Leifer, R., 351nn79, 87
Leinicke, L. M., 62n187
Leleux, B., 179n20
Lemesis, G. V., 330n120
Lemmon, M. L., 241n150,
326n21, 327n40, 330n118
Lengnick-Hall, C. A., 60n126
Leno, Jay, 146
Lenox, M. J., 27n122
Lenway, S. A., 294n59
Leonard-Barton, D., 122n8,
125n113, 351n90
Lerner, M., 262n42
Le Roux, J.-M., 262n19, 264n93
Leuhrman, T., 383n46
Lev, B., 241n147, 327n39
Levav, A., 351n81
Levesque, L. C., 352n114
Levicki, C., 155n50
Levin, I. M., 62n171
Levinthal, D. A., 122n20, 123n57,
154n1
Levitas, E., 94n91, 208n118,
296n124, 297nn129, 133,
332n180, 353n135
Lewellen, W., 236n11
Lewin, A. Y., 295n75, 296n122
Ley, B., 62n184
Li, J., 207n79, 209n133, 297n133,
299n189, 332n179
Li, L., 295nn65, 72, 299nn187,
191
Li, M., 326n20, 328n47
Li, S., 297n136, 298n155
Li, Y., 299n187
Liang, Y., 237n12
Liao, Z., 298n176
Lichtenstein, B. B., 348n3
Lieberman, M. B., 181n65
Liebeskind, J. P., 265n127,
266n145
NAME INDEX
395


Liedtka, J. M., 24n9
Liesch, P. W., 297n138
Liker, J. K., 205n15, 238n61,
298n157
Lilien, S., 330n110
Lim, Y., 156n102
Lin, H.-S., 236n5
Lin, J. C., 57n12
Linder, J. C., 125n101
Lineberry, C. S., 264n78
Linton, J., 327n39
Lioukas, S., 94n53
Litschert, R. J., 57n13
Litteral, L. A., 156n117
Liu, P. W., 122n21
Liu, Y., 299n187
Livnat, J., 240n100
Locke, E. A., 62n168, 122n19
London, T., 292n12
Long, W. F., 266n158
Lonie, A. A., 330n115
Loomis, C. J., 24n11
Lopez, E. J., 240n123
Lord, M. D., 93n61, 208n118
Lorenzoni, G., 207n72
Lorsch, J. W., 27n117, 59n71,
155nn43, 54, 241n148,
352n110
Lott, S., 209n149
Lovallo, D., 57n32
Love, E. G., 265n133, 266n136
Lowe, J., 239n96
Lowe, R. A., 58n35
Lowry, T., 156n92, 262n34
Lu, C., 208n103
Lu, J. W., 93n79, 208n124,
238n47, 263n46, 296n122,
297n125, 298n162,
299n196, 350n49
Lubatkin, M. H., 58n55, 207n79,
238n55, 240nn117, 121,
262n37
Lubit, R., 123n45
Luce, R. A., 326n6, 332n181
Lucier, C., 349n6, 353nn143, 157
Ludema, R. D., 294n51
Luehrman, T., 374, 382n2
Luffman, G., 154n10
Luft, D., 296n111
Lumpkin, G. T., 61nn150152,
154n23, 156n98, 348n3,
349n23
Lundquist, G., 28nn153, 156
Luo, Y., 92n27, 94n90, 208n124,
210n157, 236n3, 237n39,
293n18, 294nn43, 46,
295n67, 296nn104, 107,

297n132, 298nn155, 170,
299n188
Lyles, M. A., 94n83, 208n122,
209n139, 297n128
Lynall, M. D., 326n6
Lynch, D. F., 155nn63, 69
Lynch, L. J., 330n119
Lynch, M., 146, 156n89
Ma, H., 208n94
Maccoby, M., 28n134, 60n125
MacDonald, E., 330n121
Machalba, D., 92n15
Macharzina, K., 293n32
Mackey, A., 28n142
Mackey, T. B., 24n1, 28n142,
154n7
MacMillan, I. C., 8, 26nn66, 69,
122n8, 174, 181n89, 295n73,
350n38, 352nn96, 118,
382n11
Madan, M., 293n28
Madhavan, R., 180n21
Madhok, A., 27n109, 209n134
Madigan, K., 125n99
Madsen, T. L., 94n101
Madupu, V., 296n110
Magretta, J., 58n52, 125n120,
179n12
Maguire, J., 122n14
Mahaffie, J. B., 92n38
Mahmood, I. P., 294n59
Mahoney, J. M., 326n21, 331n139
Mahoney, J. T., 28n133, 294n43,
326n21, 331n139
Mainkar, A., 262n37
Makadok, R., 94n99, 122n5
Makhija, M., 28n143, 122n7
Makino, S., 292n1, 293n31,
298n174
Makri, M., 330nn101, 105, 112
Malak, N., 124n72, 125n102
Malburg, C., 155n62
Mallette, P., 264n77, 329n79
Malnight, T. W., 295n81,
298n166
Malter, A. J., 154n25
Man, T. W. Y., 349n20
Mandel, M. J., 25n28, 125n99
Manev, I. M., 208n121, 299n192
Mangel, R., 327n34
Manikutty, S., 237n24
Mankins, M. C., 24n10
Manolova, T., 26n87
Manz, C. C., 25n48, 59n93
Mar, P., 332n178

Marcel, J., 296n102
March, J. G., 26n65, 57nn23, 25,
29, 239n91
Marcus, A., 206n37
Marden, R., 27n125, 328n51
Maremont, M., 240n116
Marginson, D. E. W., 238n39
Marin, P. L., 180n37
Marino, L., 209n156
Markham, S. K., 351n87
Markides, C. C., 27n102, 236nn5,
6, 238n59, 264n103,
266n143
Markoczy, L., 57n11, 58nn40, 45,
48, 265n125
Marks, M. L., 56n5, 238n52,
265n124
Marquez, P., 327n27
Marr, M., 239n90
Marsh, L., 351n83
Marsh, S. J., 123n57, 180n23,
352n120
Marshall, F., 155n38
Marshall, J., 329n91
Martin, J. A., 122n5, 156n112
Martin, K. J., 329n96
Martin, X., 210n158, 238n61
Massini, S., 295n75
Masters, B., 326n5, 330n123
Matheren, B. P., 350n37
Mathews, J. A., 209n131
Mathis, J., 299n183
Mathur, I., 328n57
Mathur, S., 25n42
Mathys, N. J., 62n172
Matilis, S., 126n128
Matsusaka, J. G., 241n139
Matta, E., 330n103
Matten, D., 295n71
Mattern, F., 156n115
Matthews, J. A., 206n65
Matthyssens, P., 125n105
Mattila, A. S., 180n41
Matusik, S. F., 59n87
Mauborgne, R., 351n75
Maurer, H., 330n125
Mauri, A. J., 293nn28, 36
May, E., 28n151
Mayer, R. C., 28n134, 62n185,
210n160
Maynard, M., 156n112
Maznevski, M. L., 58n54
Mazursky, D., 351n81
McAfee, A., 156n115
McCabe, K., 125n91
396
NAME INDEX


McCall, M. W., Jr., 61nn134, 138
McCardle, K. F., 263n58
McCarthy, A., 58n48
McCarthy, M. J., 93n72
McCracken, J., 24n21
McDaniel, C., 154n34
McDougall, J. G., 60n125
McDougall, P. P., 94n98,
266n148, 349n16, 351n65
McEvily, B., 206n37, 209n156
McEvily, S. K., 121n2, 123n34,
125n91, 237n29
McGahan, A. M., 24nn4, 6,
26nn82, 92, 28n133, 94n93,
265n121
McGee, J. E., 60n103, 154n23,
156n98
McGrath, R. G., 61n149, 122nn8,
19, 207n83, 295n73, 350n38,
352nn96, 118, 382nn11, 28,
383nn47, 53
McGregor, J., 206n56
McGuire, J., 326n14, 330n103
McGuire, William, 314
McIntyre, T., 264n83
McKelvey, B., 123n44
McKendrick, D. G., 25n27,
179n2, 295n77
McKenna, T. M., 92n19
McKinley, W., 265n133
McKinnon, R., 93n54
McKnight, William, 341
McLaughlin, G. L., 92n28
McLaughlin, K. L., 238n42
McMahan, G. C., 154n23
McMillan, J., 350n56
McMillan, M. S., 298n167
McNamara, G., 25n32, 207n80
McNamee, M., 326n10
McNulty, T., 329nn87, 95
McTague, J., 239n95, 242n154,
328n53
McVea, J., 24n8, 125n118,
126n123
McWilliams, A., 61n130, 122n14,
125n116, 292n7
McWilliams, G., 182n98
McWilliams, V., 59n69, 328n56
Means, G., 328n61
Mecham, R. L., III, 292n7
Meckling, W. H., 9, 26n72,
27n115, 327n31
Meiland, D., 56n5
Mellahi, K., 299n181
Menard, Y., 24n17
Mendelow, A. L., 61n149, 383n47
Menipaz, E., 264n78

Merchant, H., 240nn117, 121
Mercken, L. F., 28n140, 332n183
Merriman, K. K., 333n188
Mester, L. J., 265n108
Metrick, A., 328n62
Meulbroek, L. K., 330n113
Meyer, C., 24n3
Meyer, K. E., 26n57, 297n152,
332n178
Mezias, J. M., 91n4, 122nn18, 24,
154n6, 209n130
Mian, S., 331n129
Michael, S. C., 208nn112, 115,
351n72
Michaels, E., 61n155
Michalisin, M. D., 123n41
Michel, J. G., 57n13
Mifflin, K. E., 61n154
Miles, G., 209n131
Miles, R. E., 209n131
Millan, K., 57n27
Millar, C. C. J. M., 331n146
Miller, C. C., 26n81, 56n6, 58n57,
60n121, 154n13, 237n20
Miller, D., 59n92, 61nn139,
154, 181nn74, 91, 239n96,
327n29
Miller, D. J., 238n63
Miller, J. S., 330n101
Miller, K. D., 28n142, 126n125,
206n48, 208n107, 382nn19,
30, 383n45
Miller, R., 299n186
Miller, S. R., 24n15, 208n124,
294n56
Miller, T., 93n77, 292n3, 293n31,
298nn161, 175, 299n191
Milliken, F. J., 329n80
Milton, L., 329n84
Milton-Smith, J., 62n186
Minehart, D. F., 239n85
Minniti, M., 349n13
Mintzberg, H., 89, 26nn70, 71,
27n121, 48, 62n158
Mirabal, N., 266n154
Mirvis, P. H., 238n52, 265n124
Mische, M. A., 63n204
Mishra, A., 237n25
Mitchell, G. R., 382n2
Mitchell, R. K., 126n123, 326n6
Mitchell, W., 26n93, 91n1,
205n12, 206nn61, 63,
207n72, 208n98, 238n61,
262n38, 263n62
Mitsuhashi, H., 155n44
Mittal, Sunil Bharti, 198

Moeller, S. B., 262n23
Moeller, T., 326n19, 330n126
Moesel, D. D., 263nn52, 55,
264n92, 265n108, 326n19,
328n57, 330n126, 353n139
Moffett, S., 93n44, 332n168
Mohr, A. T., 297n129
Mok, V., 181n83, 292n7
Mol, M. J., 125n105
Molina-Morales, F. X., 294n48
Monczka, R. M., 25n29
Montgomery, C. A., 237n27
Montgomery, D. B., 181n65,
292n1
Montoya-Weiss, M. M., 92n29,
351n94
Moon, C.-G., 265n108
Moon, M., 383n51
Mooney, A. C., 327n32, 329n76
Moran, P., 261n1, 327n37
Morgensen, G., 329n97
Morita, Akio, 30
Morris, B., 182n116
Morris, M. H., 350n61
Morrison, A. J., 295n88
Morrow, J. L., Jr., 265n131
Morse, E. A., 295n84
Mosakowski, E., 294n56
Moses, A. R., 155n68
Moskowitz, G. T., 383n50
Moss, M., 95n126
Motlana, P., 209n139
Mount, I., 156n109
Mowery, D. C., 206n36
Moy, J. W., 332n179
Moyes, Jerry, 258
Mudambi, R., 295n87
Mudd, S., 299n183
Mukherjee, T. K., 328n49
Mukherji, A., 292n7
Mulally, Alan, 4
Mulcahy, Anne, 38, 41
Mullaney, T., 25n44
Mullin, W. P., 239n73
Munce, Claudia Fan, 338
Muncir, K., 352n111
Mundie, Craig, 37
Muriel, A., 156n111
Murphy, P. E., 63n189
Murphy, S. E., 60n97
Murray, J. Y., 125n98
Murtha, T. P., 294n59
Muth, M., 331n146
Myer, K. E., 298n154
Myers, S. C., 382n13, 383nn35, 39
NAME INDEX
397


Nachum, L., 208n122, 295n66,
296n101
Nair, A., 24n6, 95n116
Nalebuff, B., 94n108
Nambisan, S., 240n109
Nanchum, L., 331n149
Narasimhan, O., 60n120, 94n105
Narayanan, V. K., 92n36, 93n52,
94n93, 349n23
Narula, R., 208n118
Ndofor, H., 179n15, 180nn25,
44, 47, 181nn72, 87, 89, 93,
182n100
Neal, W. D., 154n34
Neck, H. M., 350n60, 353n155
Neilson, Cook, 146
Nelson, J., 331n138
Nerad, Jack, 170
Nerer, A., 181n63
Nerkar, A., 25n48, 92n18
Netter, J., 261n5
Neupert, K. E., 296n104
Neustadt, R., 28n151
Newell, R., 179n8
Newman, K. L., 94n88
Nguyen, H. V., 297n152
Nhoria, N., 124n69
Nibler, M., 331n151
Nicholls, S., 181n81
Nicholson, G. J., 326n13
Nickel, M. N., 241n131
Nielsen, A. P., 123n45, 264n87
Nielsen, U., 296n109
Nigh, D., 58n44, 122n14, 125n97
Nixon, R. D., 58n43, 91n6, 94n96,
123n39, 265n132, 349nn6,
24, 352nn107, 109, 112, 113,
353nn143, 157
Nobel, R., 293n30
Noda, T., 94n105
Noe, R. A., 61n137, 124n65
Nohria, N., 265n133, 266n136
Nonnemaker, L., 179n14, 239n76
Noorderhaven, N. G., 210n158
Norburn, D., 331n146
Nord, W. R., 57n28
Norman, P. M., 95n120, 209n137
Norton, D. P., 63nn198, 200
202, 154n4, 156n121,
181n79
Novaes, W., 237n26
Novicevic, M. M., 61n136
Numagami, T., 295n75
Nummeia, N., 350n62
Nunez-Nickel, M., 327n32,
328n44
Nutt, P. C., 28n134, 122n17,

332n182
Nyaw, M.-K., 297n132
OBrien, J. P., 349n25
OByrne, S. F., 383n41
Ocasio, W., 180n44
OConnell, V., 296n116
OConnor, G. C., 351n82
OConnor, J. P., Jr., 333n190
Odland, Stephen, 233
ODonnell, E., 154n24
ODonnell, S., 330n106
Ogden, D., 45, 59n88, 60n124
OGrady, M. A., 94n89
OLeary, Michael, 135
Olexa, R., 156n108
Olgun, H., 93n53
Olhager, J., 207n74
Olian, J. D., 57n11, 58n47
Oliver, C., 26n93, 208n99
Oliver, R., 332n181
Olsen, D. M., 294n44
Olsen, E. M., 154n11
ONeill, H. M., 155nn45, 49,
51, 53, 240n115, 296n102,
332nn163, 171, 351n95
ONeill, J. W., 180n41
ONeill, R. M., 61n155
Ong, J., 206n55
Ooghe, H., 329n74
Oosterveld, J. P., 326n18
Ordonez, J., 93n46
OReilly, C. A., III, 155n41
Osborne, J. D., 95n117
Osheroff, M., 328n50
Ostrosky, J. A., 62n187
OSullivan, A., 352n111
Overdorf, M., 352nn101, 108
Oviatt, B. M., 351n65
Oxley, J. E., 206n36, 209n126
Oxman, J. A., 60n121
Ozment, J., 155nn63, 69
Paez, B. L., 240n122
Pagano, M. S., 265n108
Paik, Y., 299n177
Paladeau, Lou, 170171
Palepu, K. G., 25n29, 240nn102,
103
Palia, K. A., 124n70
Palich, L. E., 237n20
Palmer, D., 264n104
Palmer, T. B., 94n94, 236n3,
294n46
Palmeri, C., 331n132
Palmisano, Samuel J., 40, 186

Pan, Y., 94n97, 294n42, 297n136
Panchal, S., 93n56
Pant, L. W., 62n188
Pantzalis, C., 236n11, 294nn50,
51
Parent, J. D., 60n95
Park, C., 238n53, 240n129,
263n63
Park, D., 28n147, 57n13, 94n90,
209n138, 266n151, 300n199
Park, H. Y., 125n100
Park, K. S., 332n175
Park, N., 154n6
Park, S., 25n27, 179n2, 300n197
Park, S. H., 92n27, 94n90,
180n47, 206n54
Parker, G., 295n78
Parkhe, A., 208n124, 294n56
Parnell, J. A., 155n61, 157n128
Patrick, A. O., 330n99
Patton, K. M., 92n19
Pauly, P., 292n9
Pauwels, P., 125n105
Pavelin, S., 207n90
Pearce, C. L., 57n11, 58n47
Pearce, J. A., II, 59n61, 319
Pearson, J. M., 181n80
Peck, S. I., 330n105
Pedersen, T., 298n176, 329n77
Pegels, C., 58n44, 125n97
Pehrsson, A., 238n49
Pekar, P., 205n7
Pelled, L. H., 58n54, 93n49
Pelpu, K., 237n23
Peng, M. W., 93n77, 95n114,
238n46, 292nn3, 12,
293n18, 295n75, 296n105,
297nn124, 130, 327nn35, 37,
332n178
Penner-Hahn, J., 293n34,
298nn169, 172
Pennings, J. M., 27n102, 353n131
Penrose, E. T., 1112, 27n98
Peppers, D., 154n27
Pereira, J., 155n38
Perez, A. M., 184, 205n19, 231
Perlmutter, H., 206n39, 352n123
Perotti, E., 332n180
Perrone, V., 209n156
Perry, M. L., 92n29
Perry-Smith, J. E., 349n21
Peteraf, M. A., 95n115, 123n31,
237n27
Peters, T. J., 56n5
Petersen, B., 296n121
398
NAME INDEX


Petersen, K. J., 293n28
Petitt, S. P., 328n47
Petkova, A. P., 28n136, 332n184
Petra, S. T., 329n86
Petrick, J. A., 62n185
Pettigrew, A., 60n98, 295n75,
326n13
Pettit, R. R., 25n27, 179n2,
263nn47, 48, 327n42
Pettway, R. H., 237n26
Pfeffer, J., 8, 26nn67, 68, 61n130,
155n41, 156n122, 265n111
Phan, P. H., 266n147, 327n39,
331nn148, 162
Phatak, A. V., 293nn28, 36
Phene, A., 351n83
Phillips, R., 27nn126, 128
Pick, K., 241n148
Picken, J. C., 124n66, 125n111
Pigman, G. A., 299n181
Pil, F. K., 181n73
Pinch, S., 180n45
Pinches, G. E., 349n23
Pindado, J., 328nn56, 58
Pindyck, R. S., 382n25
Pine, B. J., II, 94n100
Ping, E. J., 292n8
Pisano, G. P., 24n3, 155n44,
294n47, 382n2
Pisano, V., 263n45, 297nn141,
142, 331n134
Pistre, N., 238n62, 262nn19,
35
Pitcher, P., 242n156
Pitts, C. G. C., 383n48
Polk, C., 239n97
Pollock, T. G., 58nn37, 38,
122n23, 330n119
Polo, Y., 205n27
Pompitakpan, C., 299n178
Porac, J. F., 58n37, 180n45
Porras, J. I., 62n171
Porrini, P., 265n121, 297n140
Porter, A. L., 93n73
Porter, M. E., 1011, 24nn4, 6,
26nn88, 90, 91, 95nn111,
119, 100, 112, 123n33,
125nn92, 93, 96, 126nn130,
134, 130, 136, 142, 154nn8,
11, 1722, 30, 155n58,
156nn74, 76, 79, 83,
8486, 88, 157nn126, 127,
180nn22, 24, 206nn53, 65,
236n1, 238n46, 239n93,
279, 280281, 294n48,
296nn9698
Portlono, A., 331n144

Pose, H. E., 241n142
Post, J. E., 24n8, 57n28, 60n123
Postrel, S., 124n59
Pouder, R. W., 155n51, 206n65
Powell, G. N., 60n95
Powell, T. C., 24n4, 125n110
Power, D. A., 330n115
Power, J. D., 170
Power, S., 24nn20, 22
Prahalad, C. K., 28nn145, 146,
60n105, 124n72, 125n102,
326n18
Prasad, S., 293n28
Prescott, J. E., 121n2, 353n129
Preston, L. E., 24n8, 28nn130,
131, 57n28, 60n123
Price, G. K., 207nn91, 92
Priem, R. L., 27n104, 60n103,
92nn8, 21, 333n190
Prince, E. T., 125n115
Prior, V., 92n14
Probst, G., 25n50, 63n203
Prusak, L., 61n140, 351n86
Pryor, S. G., IV, 328n55
Pucik, V., 63n205, 350n44
Puck, J. F., 297n129
Pugh, T., 182n107
Puranam, P., 59n81, 239n77,
263nn58, 70
Putsis, W. P., Jr., 180n26
Puumalainen, K., 350n62
Quah, P., 261n7, 297n145
Quelch, J. A., 293n12
Quinlan, J. P., 293n14
Quinn, J. B., 123n49, 124n59
Quinn, J. F., 62n185
Quintens, L., 125n105
Ragatz, G. L., 293n28
Ragozzino, R., 207n83, 298n152
Raisch, S., 25n50
Rajagopalan, N., 57n18, 59n75,
265nn106, 107,
125
Rajan, M. V., 155n70, 292n11
Rajan, P., 207n93
Rajan, R., 239n97, 328n49
Rajand, M., 266n140
Rajiv, S., 60n120, 94n105
Ramaprasad, A., 95n117
Ramaswamy, K., 57n13, 179n20,
262n37, 293n30, 295nn68,
82, 86, 88, 92, 299n185,
326n20, 328n47, 330n107,
331nn147, 153, 154, 160,

332nn163, 167, 177
Ramirez, G. G., 59n81
Ramirez, R., 123n37
Ramirez-Aleson, M., 298n162
Ranft, A. L., 123n57, 208n118
Rangan, S., 91n4, 208n100,
296n120, 382n30
Rao, S. S., 351n92
Rappaport, A., 241n143,
262nn22, 25, 264nn90, 94
Rasheed, A. M. A., 57n18, 92n20
Rau, D., 28n142, 126n125
Raubitschek, R. S., 123n58
Ravenscraft, D. J., 240n121,
266n158
Ray, S., 61n146
Raymond, M. A., 296n108
Raynor, M. E., 122n13, 263n66
Ready, D. A., 56n1
Rebeiz, K., 328n65, 329n73
Rectin, M., 207n89
Redding, G., 327n28
Reddy, C. S., 125n100
Reddy, S., 208n104
Rediker, K. J., 327n21
Reeb, D. M., 292n11, 299n177,
327n26, 328n59
Reed, A., III, 154n33
Reed, R., 125n87
Reger, R. K., 95n114
Rehbein, K., 93n61
Reibstein, D. J., 179n11
Reilly, M., 182n117
Reinert, U., 299n182
Reingen, P. H., 205n4, 209n154
Reinhardt, A., 94n102, 208n95
Reuer, J. J., 29n164, 125n104,
205n4, 207n83, 209nn142,
152, 262nn18, 20, 265n121,
296n121, 297nn137, 138,
140, 298n152, 353n136, 363,
364, 382nn14, 15, 20, 30,
383nn32, 42, 45
Rexroad, W. M., 62n187
Reynolds, P. D., 349n17
Ricart, J. E., 91n6, 94n96, 292n9
Rice, M. P., 351nn79, 82, 87
Rifkin, G., 123n55
Rigby, D. K., 25n39, 293n32,
296n119
Riis, J. O., 352n97
Rindova, V. P., 28n136, 58n38,
123n31, 154n6, 155n46,
332n184
Ring, P. S., 297n134
NAME INDEX
399


Ritholz, B., 92n42
Rivkin, J. W., 154n1, 240n102
Robbins, G. E., 332n166
Roberson, Q. M., 352n119
Roberts, D., 93n51
Roberts, H. V., 169
Roberts, J., 59n68, 329nn87, 95
Roberts, P. W., 123n54, 181nn63,
94
Robertson, C. J., 62n186
Robertson, J., 240n106
Robertson, R., 294n37
Robin, A., 329n91
Robins, J. A., 25n54, 238n60,
297n132
Robinson, K. C., 94n98
Robinson, R. B., Jr., 319
Robinson, W. T., 180n55, 351n77
Roche, P. J., 261n6
Rock, E. B., 241n149
Rocks, D., 294n39
Rodriguez, M. C., 241n131
Roengpitya, R., 327n31
Rogers, M., 154n27
Rogoff, E. G., 208n96
Roijakkers, N., 352n127
Roll, R., 265n110
Roller, L. H., 179n20
Rondeau, P. J., 156n117
Rondinelli, D., 299n187
Rose, A. K., 299n190
Rose, E. L., 293n35
Rose, Rob, 345
Rosen, B., 299n187, 352n106
Rosen, R., 241n146
Rosenfield, A., 382n1
Rosenkopf, L., 25n48, 92n18
Rosenzweig, P. M., 206n41,
263n43, 294n55, 298n153
Ross, D., 240n119
Ross, J., 205n6
Rossetti, C., 125n106, 209n136
Roth, A. E., 156n82
Roth, K., 122n7, 330n106
Rothaermel, F. T., 93n74, 155n40,
206n45, 207n76, 239nn78,
79, 295n63, 352nn122, 126,
353n137
Rouse, T., 299n182
Rowe, W. G., 57n17, 63n206,
242n156
Rowley, I., 296n113, 298n157
Roy, J.-P., 208n99
Royer, I., 352n104
Rubenstein, E. S., 93n50
Rudberg, M., 207n74
Ruefli, T. W., 121n1
Rufin, C., 294n59

Rugman, A., 294n49, 295n62
Rumelt, R. P., 24n5, 213, 237n14,
238n58, 241n130
Rust, K. G., 265n133
Ryan, H. E., Jr., 327n34
Ryman, J. A., 24n2, 28n143
Saarenketo, S., 350n62
Sachs, S., 24n8, 60n123
Sadtler, D., 265n128
Saigol, L., 262n12
Saini, A., 208n106
Sakakibara, M., 207n85
Sakurai, Masamitsu, 186
Salancik, G. R., 8, 26nn67, 68
Salk, J. E., 94n83, 209n139,
297n128
Salmador, M. P., 93n77, 299n191
Salomon, R. M., 28n137
Salter, A., 353n149
Salter, C., 180n30
Sambharya, R., 58n42
Samhi, R., 208n100
Sammer, J., 209n143
Sampson, R. C., 209nn126, 144
Sams, S., 240n104
Sanchez, R., 156n106, 182n113,
382n7
Sandberg, J., 61n138
Sanders, L., 240n122
Sanders, W. G., 330nn103, 109,
331nn140, 151, 157
Sandvig, J. C., 241n134
Sangiorgi, F., 57n35
Santos, J., 25n53, 295n84, 351n79
Saparito, P. A., 327n37, 350n37
Sapienza, H. J., 28n130, 92n30,
122n6, 296n103, 353n130
Sarasvathy, S. D., 237n38,
349n18, 350n34
Sarin, A., 240n100
Sarkar, M. B., 350n41
Sarkar, S., 125n100
Sashittal, H. C., 352n106
Sasseen, J., 326n2, 330n122
Sauter-Sachs, S., 57n28
Savill, B., 263n45
Savsar, M., 156n113
Saxton, T., 264n86
Sayles, L. R., 349n28
Schaan, J.-L., 205n5
Schaper-Rinkel, W., 297n139
Schatt, A., 266n157
Schendel, D. E., 9, 24n5, 26nn58,
75, 76, 89
Scherer, R. M., 240nn119, 121
Schilling, A. E. M. A., 262n18

Schlingemann, F. P., 262n23
Schmidt, J. A., 261n8, 264n76
Schmitz, P., 351n80
Schneider, A., 266n138
Schneider, M., 59n80
Schoch, H., 350n49
Schoemaker, P. J. H., 27n106,
122n29, 125n90
Schoenberg, R., 239n89
Schoenecker, T., 58n48
Scholes, M., 240n126, 383n44
Schonwalder, S., 156n115
Schoorman, F. D., 28n134,
59n72, 62n185, 210n160,
326nn7, 20
Schrage, M., 154n27
Schroeder, R. G., 123n47, 238n47
Schuler, D. A., 93n61
Schulze, W. S., 262n37
Schumpeter, J., 166, 180n56,
181n87, 182n114, 335, 336,
349nn8, 26
Schwartz, E. S., 382n26, 383n51
Schwartz, M. S., 326n8
Schwartz, R. G., 328n54
Schweizer, L., 264n78
Schwenk, C. R., 57nn19, 24
Scifres, E. L., 266n158
Scott, W. R., 208n99
Sebenius, J. K., 122n21, 209n128
Segrestin, B., 24n15
Selden, L., 262n19
Selva, M., 180n46
Semadeni, M., 263n72, 265n117
Sen, B., 350n41
Sen, N., 59n69, 328n56
Sen, P. K., 206n46
Sender, H., 331nn134, 135
Sengul, M., 155n48
Sengupta, P., 328n62
Sengupta, S., 92n29, 206n46
Seph, T. W., 351n89
Sergesketter, B. F., 169
Servaes, H., 239n97, 328n49
Seth, A., 25n27, 26n84, 179n2,
263nn47, 48, 266n147,
327nn21, 42
Sever, J. M., 28n136, 332n184
Seward, J. K., 241n150, 329n73
Sexton, D. L., 62n172, 92n17,
94n82, 154n5, 205n16,
207n83, 348n4, 352n120,
353nn144, 157
Seybold, P. B., 154n29
Shaffer, B., 299n194
Shah, B., 25n42
400
NAME INDEX


Shahrur, H., 261n5
Shalley, C. E., 349n21
Shamsie, J., 26nn84, 85, 94n98,
122n6, 123n54, 181n94
Shan, W., 293n25
Shane, S. A., 208n109, 349nn10,
27
Shanely, M., 95n115
Shank, M., 181n68
Shankar, V., 123n38, 207n77
Shanley, M., 62n163
Shao, A. T., 296n108
Shapira, Z., 57nn23, 25, 29, 31,
34
Shapiro, A. C., 28n141, 333n185
Shapiro, D. M., 331n151
Sharma, A., 328n49
Sharma, P., 349n28
Sharma, S., 27n117, 28n132,
332nn181, 182
Sharp, D. J., 62n188
Sharpe, W. F., 126n126
Shaver, J. M., 264n84, 293n34,
298nn169, 172
Shaw, J. D., 264n82
Shelton, M., 264n82
Shen, W., 59n85, 241n147,
329n91
Shenkar, O., 294nn41, 55,
297nn130, 132, 298n152
Shepard, S. B., 59n89, 123n43
Shepherd, D. A., 348n2
Shepherd, W. G., 239n72
Sheth, J., 295n66
Shi, C. S., 238n42
Shields, M. D., 63n196
Shimizu, K., 24n3, 60n127,
124n59, 154n12, 263n45,
264n81, 266n155, 297n141,
350nn47, 59, 353n147
Shimoni, B., 299n190
Shirke, P., 57n27
Shirouzu, N., 299n195
Shleifer, A., 240n120
Shook, C. L., 60n103
Short, J. C., 94n94
Shortell, S. M., 207n75
Shrader, R. C., 297n129
Shrivastava, P., 126n124
Shuen, A., 24n3, 155n44, 294n47
Siegel, D. S., 125n116, 266n147
Silverman, B. S., 206n36, 237n27
Simmering, M. J., 61n137,
124n65
Simmers, C. A., 329n94
Simon, D., 179nn10, 19,
180nn22, 24, 31, 36
Simon, H., 26n65

Simonin, B. L., 25n47, 209n144,
297n128
Simons, R., 63n196
Simons, T., 58n54
Sims, H. P., 57n11, 58n47
Sims, K. T., 156n114
Sims, R. R., 61n153
Simsek, Z., 58n55, 207n79
Sinatra, A., 265n109
Sine, W. D., 155n44
Singer, J., 262nn9, 28
Singh, H., 205n4, 206nn39,
40, 208n104, 209nn142,
143, 210n159, 240n105,
263nn65, 70, 264n77,
265nn109, 128, 266n143,
297n139, 352n123, 353n136,
383n34
Singh, J., 237n21
Singh, J. V., 25n48, 60n119
Singh, M., 328n57
Sinha, I., 237n28
Sinha, J., 25n29, 240n102
Sinha, R., 330n127, 331nn130,
136
Sinofsky, Steven, 36
Sirmon, D. G., 24nn1, 7, 60n99,
91n1, 348n5, 353nn142, 146
Sirower, M. L., 262n10, 262nn22,
25, 264n94
Skaggs, B. C., 62n182
Skill, M. S., 59n74, 241n144
Slater, S. F., 57nn10, 13, 154n11
Sleuwaegen, L., 24n24, 179n1,
180n49
Slevin, D. P., 155n47
Slocum, J. W.
Slocum, J. W., Jr., 24n2, 121n1
Slovic, P., 57nn20, 21
Smart, D. L., 154n23, 264n99
Smirchich, L., 26n79
Smit, H. T. J., 262n18
Smith, A., 327n41
Smith, C. G., 241n134
Smith, G., 92n11, 293n27,
297n147, 299n186
Smith, H. J., 122n15
Smith, K. A., 57n11, 58nn47, 54
Smith, K. G., 25n47, 57nn11, 16,
58n47, 91nn3, 5, 122n19,
179nn4, 5, 10, 13, 15, 19,
180nn22, 23, 25, 31, 36, 44,
47, 50, 52, 181nn69, 72, 75,
87, 89, 90, 93, 95, 182nn97,
100, 349n20, 351n84
Smith, M. P., 328n62
Smith, R. D., 123n41, 241n142

Smith, W., 263n51
Snell, S. A., 60n128
Snow, C. C., 29n160, 124n70,
154n5, 209n131
Snyder, W. M., 352n114
Sobek, D. K., II, 298n157
Sohi, R. S., 124n67
Solvell, O., 298n170
Somaya, D., 349n31
Song, J., 91n1, 154n6, 237n28,
293n25, 294n55, 298n160
Song, K. P., 25n27, 179n2,
263nn47, 48, 327n42
Song, M., 24n6, 91n7, 92nn9, 29,
182n110, 237n28, 262n16,
351n94
Song, Y., 58n44, 125n97
Songini, M. L., 156n118
Sonnenfeld, J., 58n57
Sorcher, M., 59n81
Sorenson, O., 351n80
Soule, E., 62n186
Soupata, L., 124n86
Spanos, Y. E., 94n53
Spar, D., 382n2
Sparks, J., 209n140
Spencer, J. W., 238n65, 294n59,
349n23
Spulber, D. F., 155n60
Srinivasan, M., 240nn117, 121
Srivastava, A., 181n63
Stadter, G., 124n70
Stafford, E. R., 205n4, 209n154
Stalk, G., Jr., 238n69
Stalker, G. M., 155n43
Stallen, P. J., 57n34
Stander, H. J., III, 382n17
Stanley, A., 60n96
Starbuck, W. H., 122n18
Starks, L. T., 330n114
Steele, R., 24n10
Steenkamp, J.-B. E. M., 239n77
Steensma, H. K., 62n175,
122n11, 125n117, 208n122,
209n156, 262n18, 295n63
Steers, R. M., 292n5
Stegemoller, M., 261n5
Stein, T., 293n18
Stein, W., 156n115
Steindel, C., 240n127
Steinhorst, K., 95n127
Stephens, L., 328n54
Stern, S., 294n48
Stevens, J. M., 62n175, 125n117
Stevens, K. T., 330n104
Stevenson, H. H., 349n9
NAME INDEX
401


Stevenson, R. W., 94n88
Stevenson, S., 180n34
Stevenson, W. B., 299n192
Stewart, G. B., 383n41
Stewart, T. A., 62n181, 125n95
Stewart, W. H., 60n129
Stickel, E., 237n21
Stiles, P., 59n68, 326n7, 329nn87,
95
Stimpert, J. L., 26n93
Stinglhamber, F., 28n140,
332n183
Stipp, D., 92n43
St. John, C. H., 26n80, 28nn141,
143, 62n165, 124n77,
157n125, 205nn13, 14,
207nn65, 82, 238nn41, 51,
332n185
Stoll, J. D., 24n22
Stone, B., 181nn60, 62
Stopford, J., 154n2
Storey, D., 351n72
Strebel, P. J., 383n43
Street, V. L., 29n160, 154n5
Stubbart, C. I., 26n79, 95n117
Stulz, R. M., 262n23
Subramani, M. R., 122n21,
206n39, 239n85
Subramaniam, M., 26n54, 94n83,
299n176, 351n93
Subramanian, V., 27n113, 123n39
Suh, T., 296n104
Sullivan, M., 208n111
Sullivan, S. E., 60n97
Sundaramurthy, C., 326n21,
331nn139, 145
Sutcliffe, K. M., 92n34, 181n82
Sutton, R. I., 351n83
Suzukamo, L. B., 264n75
Svobodina, L., 94n91, 296n124,
332n180
Swaminathan, A., 181n66,
262n38, 263n62
Swan, K. S., 206n58, 295n65
Tabrizi, B., 208n104
Taggart, J., 295n66
Tahir, R., 294n38
Takeishi, A., 125nn100, 104,
298n156, 353n132
Talaulicar, T., 182n109
Talbott, Robert, 141
Tallman, S. B., 25n54, 180n45,
209n134, 292n8, 294nn44,
47, 297n132, 299n189
Talmud, I., 239n80
Tan, C. M., 296n109

Tan, D., 294n43
Tan, H. H., 210n160
Tan, J. J., 91n2, 95n114, 295n75
Tan, W.-L., 350n49
Tanriverdi, H., 238n45
Taplin, I. M., 57n12
Tapscott, D., 24n24, 179n1
Tata, J., 293n28
Tau, H. H., 28n134
Taylor, A., III, 293n29, 351n91
Taylor, B., 58n61
Taylor, P., 239n96
Taylor, R., 93n69
Tedeschi, B., 154n32
Teece, D. J., 24nn3, 5, 60n122,
155n44, 294n47
Teegen, H., 296n108
Tekie, E., 156n96
Teng, B.-S., 27n101, 57nn19, 23,
207n79, 209n133, 296n123,
352n121
Teng, M.-J., 236n5
Tetrick, L. E., 124n85
Thomas, A. S., 57n13
Thomas, D. E., 299n193
Thomas, H., 26n84, 122n23,
180n45, 240241n129,
351n72
Thomas, L. G., III, 239n99
Thomas, P., 93n67
Thomas, R. E., 205n12, 208n98
Thomas, R. J., 27n97, 242n156
Thomas, R. S., 329n96
Thomas, S., 262n36
Thompson, J. D., 26n68
Thompson, K. R., 62n172
Thompson, T. A., 327n23
Thomsen, S., 329n77
Thornton, E., 262nn15, 29,
264n95, 266n144, 331n132,
332n165
Tichy, N., 122n25
Tierney, T., 124n69
Tihanyi, L., 58nn53, 61, 94n79,
154n15, 155n44, 205n30,
208n122, 237nn22, 26,
265n128, 266n142, 292nn3,
4, 293n31, 298nn159,
161, 171, 175, 327n39,
328n69, 332n180, 350nn50,
51
Timmons, H., 62n177, 208n120
Tippins, M. J., 124n67
Todd, R., 330n119
Toffler, D. G., 62n184
Tomie, A., 58n51

Toms, S., 266n156, 329n93
Tong, C. H., 56n3
Tong, J. J., 382n20
Tong, L.-I., 56n3
Tong, T. W., 95n114, 207n83,
262n18, 296n121, 363, 364,
382n20, 383n42
Tongli, L., 292n8
Tooker, R. N., 156n116
Tosi, H. L., 241n145, 326n3,
327n32, 330nn110, 116
Treece, J. B., 24n16
Trent, R. J., 25n29
Trevino, L. K., 29n165, 62n184,
63n188
Treynor, J. L., 126n126
Triantis, A., 383n52
Trigeorgis, L., 29n163, 357,
382n16
Tripsas, M., 122n27
Truett, R., 180n54
Tsai, W., 207n68, 350n45
Tsai, Y.-T., 263n52
Tsakalotos, E., 265n116
Tsang, E. W. K., 25n46, 26n74,
266n153, 350n58
Tschirky, H., 263n50
Tse, D. K., 297n136
Tsui, A. S., 207n79, 209n133,
297n133
Tucci, L., 58n42
Tufano, P., 382n11, 383n54
Turban, D. B., 28n138, 124n61
Turk, T. A., 241n148, 327n40
Turner, A., 209n135
Turner, J., 58n57
Tuschke, A., 331nn151, 157
Tushman, M. L., 125n91,
263n51
Tversky, A., 57nn20, 21
Tyler, B. B., 28n147, 57n13,
94n90, 209n138
Ucbasaran, D., 122n14, 296n112
Uhlenbruck, K., 26n57, 205n30,
263n72, 265n117, 294n43,
332nn178, 180, 350n59
Ullman, M. E., III, 4748,
62n157
Ulrich, D., 61n129, 63n199
Underwood, R., 350n63
Ungson, G. R., 206n54
Urosevic, B., 57n35
Useem, M., 125n107, 327n34,
328n64
402
NAME INDEX


Vaaler, P. M., 25n32, 207n80,
299n182
Vafeas, N., 59n62, 62n170,
126n131
Vaidyanath, D., 27n108, 123n52,
205n3, 206n38, 209nn134,
141, 263n45, 297n141,
331n134, 353n134
Valikangas, L., 25n52, 92n10
Van, A., 297n130, 351n66
Van, Y., 295n85, 297n134
van de Gucht, L. M., 181n92
Van der Heijden, K., 382n9
Van Fleet, D. D., 61n130, 122n14,
292n7
van Knippenberg, D., 209n144
Van Ness, B., 236n6, 262n25,
328n48
Van Oijen, A., 238n56
van Oyen, M. P., 156n114
van Putten, A. B., 295n73
Van Wassenhove, L. N., 208n100
van Wincoop, E., 299n190
Varadarajan, P. R., 179n7,
180n38
Vasella, Daniel, 37
Vassolo, R. S., 61n149
Veiga, J. F., 58n55
Veliyath, R., 241n145, 326n20,
328n47, 330n107
Vella, M., 208n108
Velocci, A. L., Jr., 208n119
Venkat, P. R., 94nn81, 87, 292n1
Venkataraman, S., 122n8,
237n38, 349n10
Venkatraman, N., 26n54, 94n83,
122n21, 206n39, 238n45,
239n85, 299n176, 351n93
Verbeke, A., 92n28, 294n49
Verdin, P., 27n113, 123n39
Vermeulen, F., 93n78, 94n85,
263nn71, 72
Vernon, R., 293n23, 299n194
Vestring, T., 299n182
Vicente-Lorente, J. D., 91n2
Victor, B., 352n120
Viguerie, S. P., 241n134, 382n3
Villalonga, B., 265n121
Vincenzo, P., 331n134
Viscio, A. J., 264n80
Vishny, R. W., 240n120
Viswanathan, S., 263n58
Vitaro, R. P., 264n80
Vlek, C., 57n34
Voelpel, S. C., 25n27, 156n96,
179n2
Von Krogh, G., 156n96, 265n109

Vranica, S., 182n98
Waddock, S. A., 27n124, 28nn
130, 142
Wade, J. B., 58n37, 330n119
Wageman, R., 157n123
Wagoner, Rick, 4
Waldman, D. A., 59n81, 294n41
Walker, B., 296n111
Walker, B. A., 205n4, 209n154
Walker, G., 94n101, 331n146
Walker, L., 154n31
Wallace, W., 62n183
Waller, M. J., 57n18
Wally, S., 58nn50, 53, 180n23
Walsh, J. P., 24n8, 27nn123, 129,
57n28, 241n150, 265n123,
326n19, 329n73, 331nn131,
142
Walters, B. A., 92nn8, 21
Walton, Sam, 30
Wan, W. P., 26n60, 63n207,
91n3, 93n77, 181n69,
207n69, 236n3, 240n105,
265n128, 266n142, 292n2,
294nn44, 46, 296n95,
299n189, 332n163
Wang, C.-F., 298n163
Wang, D. Y. L., 238n46, 296n105
Wang, F., 181n58
Wang, L., 299n187
Ward, A. C., 58n57, 298n157
Warner, F., 25n47
Washburn, N., 294n41
Wathne, K. H., 327n38
Watkins, M. D., 265n122
Watson, M., 29n162
Watson, Thomas J., Jr., 3
Watson, W., 60n129
Weaver, G. R., 29n165, 62n184,
63n188
Weaver, K. M., 209n156
Webb, J. W., 125n94, 349n18,
350nn39, 51
Webber, A. M., 123nn46, 50,
51
Weber, J., 156nn90, 91, 262n14,
328n50, 331n133
Weber, K., 92n34
Weber, R. A., 264n80, 265n112
Weber, Y., 264n78
Webster, F. E., Jr., 154n25
Webster, S. A., 24n18
Weddigen, R.-M., 262n19,
264n93
Weick, K. E., 181n82

Weinreb, G., 206n49
Weinstein, D., 293n35
Weintraub, A., 155n42, 262n24,
263nn54, 57, 266n134
Weiss, J., 353n133
Welbourne, T. M., 61n141,
327n34
Welch, D. E., 181n84, 296n121
Welch, Jack, 30, 40, 107108,
160, 184
Welch, L. S., 296n121
Wenger, E. C., 352n114
Werder, A. V., 182n109
Werle, M. J., 125n108
Werner, S., 95n110, 296n104,
326n3, 330nn110, 116
Wernerfelt, B., 27n100, 182n99,
241n139
Werther, W. B., 58n50
West, G. P., III, 122n20, 125n114
Westbrook, R. A., 24n10
Westhead, P., 122n14, 296n112
Westphal, J. D., 38, 59nn63, 64,
67, 68, 73, 241n150, 326nn1,
13, 329nn82, 84, 92,
330nn104, 105, 331n140
Wexner, Leslie, 114
White, E., 330n99
White, J. B., 332n174
White, M. A., 92n21, 265n128
White, R. E., 237nn22, 26,
266n142, 292n4, 298n159
Whitford, D., 122n28
Whitman, Meg, 41
Whitney, J. O., 61n154
Whittington, R., 57n18, 240n101
Wicks, A. C., 27nn116, 126, 128,
130
Wie, C., 92n23
Wierba, E. E., 61n155
Wiersema, M. F., 57n16, 58n53,
208n106, 238n60, 242n155,
266n145, 294n45
Wiggins, R. A., III, 327n34
Wiggins, R. T., 121n1
Wiklund, J., 61n147
Wildstrom, S., 182nn101, 102
Willard, G. E., 241n152
Williams, C., 91n1
Williams, J. R., 182n104, 205n26,
240n122
Williams, K., 295n71
Williams, M., 156n81, 182n96
Williams, R., 182nn103, 105,
106, 111, 112, 115
NAME INDEX
403


Williamson, I. O., 28n136,
332n184
Williamson, O. E., 9, 26n73,
62n164, 155n55, 237nn34,
37, 239nn81, 94, 264n91,
327n36
Williamson, P. J., 25n53, 236n6,
238n59, 295n84, 351n79
Willis, Randall L., 189
Wilson, D. T., 239n87
Wilson, G., 179n8
Wilson, H. J., 351n86
Wind, J., 181n73
Winfrey, Oprah, 140
Wingfield, N., 93n75
Winklhofer, H., 296n111
Winter, S., 27n105
Wise, R., 94n100, 154n34
Wiseman, R. M., 207n83, 236n3,
241n131, 294n46, 327n25,
330n101
Witt, P., 331n149
Wolf, B., 29n161, 352n105
Wolf, J., 123n37
Wolfe, Sid, 173
Wolff, J. A., 60n126
Wolfson, M., 240n126
Wolfson, P. J., 60n96
Wolpert, J. D., 25n51
Wonacott, P., 92n12, 94nn81, 87,
262n28, 292n1
Woo, C. Y., 180nn33, 39, 239n73,
241n152
Wood, D. J., 126n123, 326n6
Woodward, J., 155n43
Wooldridge, B., 123n38
Woyke, E., 181n76
Wright, M., 57n18, 93n77,
122n14, 205n30, 241n153,
266nn147, 149, 150, 156,
159, 292nn3, 12, 293n12,
296n112, 332nn173, 180
Wright, P., 27n107, 61n148,
236n6, 262n31, 300n198,
326n7, 327n42, 328n48
Wright, P. M., 27n108, 61n130,
122n14, 154n23, 292n7
Wright, R. P., 326n18
Wright, T., 262n25
Wrigley, L., 237n14
Wu, L., 208n115

Wu, P. C. S., 293n24
Wu, X., 326n14
Wujin, C., 209n153, 210n159
Wurst, J., 154n34
Xin, K., 28n140, 207n79,
209n133, 297n133, 332n183
Xin, K. R., 93n49
Xu, D., 294nn41, 42, 55
Yafeh, Y., 331n148
Yago, G., 264n96
Yan, A., 61n132
Yang, B., 58n44, 125n97
Yang, X., 122n21
Yaprak, A., 295n77
Yavas, U., 296n110
Yeh, R. S., 293n31
Yeh, Y.-H., 327n29, 332n175
Yeoh, P. L., 122n7
Yeung, G., 181n83, 292n7
Yeung, V. W. S., 157n124
Yip, G. S., 93n76, 121n1, 295n75
Yip, P., 92n26
Yiu, D., 26n60, 59n84, 63n207,
236n3, 240n105, 265n128,
266n142, 294n46, 326n16,
332n163
Yli-Renko, H., 92n30, 353n130
Yoffie, D. B., 180n51
Yoshikawa, T., 263n58, 327n39,
331nn148, 162
Youndt, M. A., 60n128
Young, A., 382n2
Young, G. J., 92n16, 179nn10,
13, 19, 180nn22, 23, 31, 36,
181n75, 207n75
Young, M., 332n178
Young, S. D., 261n7, 297n145,
329n79, 383n41
Young, T., 156n82
Young-Ybarra, C., 208n106
Yu, L., 25n52, 352n102
Yucel, E., 61n139, 123n56,
331n161, 353n148
Zacharachis, A. L., 350n60,
353n155
Zack, M. H., 92n30
Zaheer, A., 94n95, 209n156,

294n57
Zaheer, S., 94n95, 294nn56, 57
Zahra, S. A., 59n61, 61n155,
123n45, 205n29, 264n87,
292n6, 296nn102, 103,
298n165, 329n88, 349n7,
350nn46, 48, 62, 64
Zajac, E.
Zajac, E. J., 38, 59nn62, 64, 73,
326n13, 328n46, 329n82,
330nn104, 105, 331nn140,
156
Zalewski, D. A., 240n122
Zamiska, N., 93n62, 296n116
Zander, I., 298n170
Zehir, C., 352n115
Zeisel, S., 180n29, 261n6
Zeithaml, C. P., 59n61, 124n87,
155n40, 329n93
Zelleke, A. S., 59n71, 241n148
Zellmer-Bruhn, M., 295n79
Zellner, W., 62n177, 326n10
Zelner, B. A., 299n194
Zeng, M., 262n43
Zhang, H., 238n53
Zhang, Y. B., 124n72, 125n102
Zhao, H., 296n104
Zhao, J., 265n133
Zhao, N. B., 298n174
Zhao, Z., 206n63
Zhou, D., 180n47
Zhou, H., 237n32
Zhou, Z., 29n157
Zhu, G., 61n132, 351n66
Zietsma, C, 350n37
Zineldin, M., 24n15
Zingales, L., 239n97, 328n49
Zolli, R., 28n155
Zollo, M., 205n4, 209n142,
263n70, 264nn77, 79,
297n137, 353n136
Zook, C., 293n32, 296n119
Zott, C., 25n43, 124n71, 125n96
Zuckerman, L., 382n6
Zuniga-Vicente, J. A., 91n2,
95n117
Zweig, P. L., 240n122
404
NAME INDEX

Company Index
Note: Italic page numbers indicate material in tables or figures.

Aaon, 148, 149, 151
ABB, 359
Abbott Laboratories, 223
ABC, 5
ABN AMRO, 194
Accenture, 189
Accor, 163
Acura, 4, 133
Advanced Micro Devices, 175
AEROJET, 106
Airbus, 84, 85, 88, 183
Airbus Industrie, 281
Air Canada, 185
AirTran Airways, 135
Allis-Chalmers, 358
Altria Group, 282
Amazon.com, 70, 102, 112, 335
AmCham, 269
American Airlines, 172
American Family Life Assurance
Company (AFLAC), 314
American Honda Motor Co.,
195
American International Group
(AIG), 186
AmeriSuites, 227
AmSouth Bancorp, 245
Andersen Windows, 149
Animal Kingdom, 144
AOL, 257
Apple Computer, 133, 184, 232,
316, 317, 337
Arcelor, 244
Arcelor Mittal, 244
Arcelor SA, 194
Arthur Andersen, 51, 309
AT&T, 5, 256
Austrian Airlines, 185
Aviall, 150
Bain & Co., 173
BASF, 279, 280
Bausch & Lomb, 279
Bayer Schering Pharma, 188
Benco Pet Foods, 158
Berkshire Hathaway, 314
Beverly Enterprises, 311
Bharti Enterprises, 198
Big Dog Motorcycles, 147
Big Lots Capital, 137
Big Lots Furniture, 137
Big Lots Inc., 137
Big Lots Wholesale, 137
Blackstone Private Equity Group,
227
BMW, 4, 195
Boeing, 44, 84, 85, 88, 183, 184,
187
Borders, 102
Bose, 140
Boston Consulting Group, 7, 269
Brasca Homes, 273
Bridgestone, 271
Brinker International, 231
British Petroleum (BP), 7, 105,
198, 313
Broadcom, 317
Bucyrus International, 283
Buick, 132
Burger King, 162163
Burlington Northern Santa Fe
Corp., 246
Cadillac, 4, 132, 133

California Public Employees
Retirement System (CalPERS), 311
Callaway Golf Company, 141, 145
Campbell Soup Company, 32, 213
Canada Mortgage and Housing
Corporation, 272273
Canon, 184
Cantrex Group, 187
Carrefour, 164
Caterpillar, 140, 189190, 283
Cayuse Technologies, 189
CBS, 5
Celequest, 345
CEMEX SA, 119, 131132
Cendant, 213
Chanel, 106
Chaparral Steel, 106
Chevrolet, 132
Chilis Grill & Bar, 231
China National Tobacco Corporation (CNTC), 283
China Petroleum and Chemical
Corp., 189
Chipotle Mexican Grill, 311
Chiquita Brands International,
Inc., 119
Chrysler, 3, 4. See also
DaimlerChrysler
Chubb, 89
Ciba-Geigy, 37
Cigna, 89, 163
Cisco Systems, 78, 119, 196, 199,
360
Citibank, 252
405


Citigroup, 187, 314
Clear Channel Communications,
146
Coca-Cola, 81, 89, 104, 110, 176,
202
Cognos, 345
Comcast, 213
Commerzbank, 320
Companhia Siderurgica Nacional
(CSN), 245
Compaq, 171, 246
Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation,
189
Consolidated International, 137
Continental Airlines, 185
Cooper Industries, 221, 246
Corel, 256
Corning, 106
Corus, 84
Corus Group, 245, 252
Cox, 5
Crate & Barrel, 106
Credit Suisse First Boston, 252
Cummins, 283
C&W, 322
Cyworld, 168169
Daimler-Benz, 4
DaimlerChrysler, 4, 78, 188,
195, 245
Datsun, 3. See also Nissan
Dell Inc., 45, 97, 133, 164, 171,
175, 224, 246
Deutsche Bank, 320
DHL Worldwide Express, 271
Dillards, 140
Dimension Films, 225
DirectTV, 5
Disney. See Walt Disney
Company
Disney Channel, 225
Disneyland, 144
Dresdner Bank, 320
Duane Reader, 258
Duffy & McGovern Accommodations Services, 284
DuPont, 217
Eastman Kodak Co., 184, 231
eBay, 41, 167
Eclipse Aviation, 100
Eddie Bauer, 148
Electrolux, 198199
Eli Lilly and Company, 185, 361
Engineering Inc., 106
406
Engineering Institute of the National Autonomous University of Mexico, 273

Enron Corporation, 51, 252, 303,
309, 323
Enterprise Ireland, 337338
ENV, 197
Epcot, 144
Ericsson, 198199
Euralair Airport Services (EAS),
199200
Evraz Group, 247248
Exxon Mobil, 106
Factiva, 88
Fairmont Hotels and Resorts,
311312
Federal Express (FedEx), 111
112, 158159, 163
Fiat, 358
Flying Group, 199200
Foamix, 188
Ford Europe, 197
Ford Motor Company, 3, 4, 131,
188, 195, 224, 270, 278
Formation Capital, 311
Forth & Towne, 147
Foxconn Technology, 271
Frontier Airlines, 43
Fuji, 84, 85, 88, 184
Fuji Television Network, 194,
322
Gaines Pet Food, 158
Gap, Inc., 147
GateHouse Media, 246
Gateway, 171
GE Health Care, 223
GE Industrial, 223
Genentech, 105
General Electric (GE), 30, 39, 40,
43, 44, 46, 104, 107108,
160, 184, 213, 223, 226, 249,
253, 257, 340, 359
General Mills, 195
General Motors (GM), 3, 4, 73,
132, 188, 195, 217, 224, 270,
289, 358
Gilead Sciences, 244, 248
Gillette, 106, 219
GlaxoSmithKline, 173
GMC, 132
Gold Kist, 245
Goodyear, 149
Google, 86, 248
Gruma, 270
Habitat Design and Consulting, 272

Hansen Trust, 227
Harley-Davidson, 82, 104, 146,
147
Harley-Davidson MotorClothes,
104
HBO, 5
Health Research Group, 173
HealthSouth, 323
Heinz ketchup, 143
Henkel, 221
Hewlett-Packard, 14, 97, 133,
164, 175, 184, 231, 246
Hilton, 160, 163
Hilton International, 197
Hitachi, 85
Hoechst, 280
Hollywood Pictures, 225
Home Depot, 148
Honda, 3, 4, 82, 133, 146, 188,
221, 270, 286
Hospira, 246
Hugo Boss, 73
Hummer, 132
Hyatt Corp., 227
Hyundai Motor Co., 4, 166, 170
IBM, 3, 40, 69, 7778, 145, 171
172, 175, 186, 193, 202
IBM Venture Capital Group,
337338
Ikea, 145146
IKEA International, 276
ImClone Systems, 312
IM Flash, 344
Indian Hotels Company, 190
Infiniti, 4
InfoPrint Solutions Company,
186
Infosys Technologies Ltd., 78
Intel, 18, 45, 78, 167, 170, 175,
193, 196, 199, 224, 344
Intelligent Energy, 196197
Intercontinental, 163
International Harvester, 283
International Telegraph & Telephone Corp., 322
Islands of Adventure, 144
ITT, 227
iTunes, 232
Jaguar, 169
J.C. Penney, 4748
JetBlue Airways Corp., 135,
212
COMPANY INDEX


Johnson & Johnson, 213
Johnson Controls, 202
KB Home, 317
Kelley Blue Book, 170
Kellogg, 195
Kentucky Fried Chicken, 270
Kia, 4
Kleenex tissues, 143
KLM Royal Dutch Airlines, 185
Kmart, 137
Knight Ridder, 312
Knightspoint, 312
Kobe Steel, 194
Kodak, 84, 85, 88, 213
Komatsu, 106, 283
Krispy Kreme, 197
Kyowa Hakko, 276
La Clef de Sol, 187
Lamborghini, 100
Lands End, 132
Legg Mason, 312
Lenovo Group, 145, 171
Levi Strauss, 149
Lexus, 4, 133, 141
Limited Brands Inc., 114
Lincoln Electric, 20, 109, 172
Livedoor, 322
Live Nation Inc., 146
Lockheed Martin, 184, 187
Logitech, 346
Logoworks, 146
Look-Look, 168
Louis Vuitton, 143
Macys, 140
Maggianos Little Italy, 231
Magic Kingdom, 144
Magna International, 188
Marlboro, 282
Marriott, 160, 163, 170171
Mary Frances Accessories, 140
Masco Corporation, 86
Matsushita, 85
Mayne Pharma, 246
Mazda, 106
McAfee, 316, 317
McClatchy Company, 312
McDonalds, 43, 44, 78, 162163,
189, 197, 201202, 283, 311
McKinsey & Co., 106, 107, 109,
140, 141
Mercedes Benz, 4
Merck & Co., 213
Metro, 273
Micron Technology, 344

Microsoft, 5, 3637, 44, 75, 78,
88, 106, 161, 172, 184
Mitsubishi, 85, 191, 322
Mitsubishi Heavy Industries,
189
Mittal Steel, 194, 244
Mossimo, 148
Motion Control, 106
Motley Fool, 131
Motorola, 71
Myogen, 244, 248
MySpace.com, 168169
National Concrete Masonry Association (NCMA), 187, 196
Native Instinct, 168
NBC, 5
NBC Universal, 144
NCR, 256
NEC, 85
New York Motors, 278
Nippon Broadcasting System
(NBS), 322
Nippon Steel, 194
Nippon Telegraph & Telephone
Corp., 322
Nippon Television Network, 194
Nissan, 3, 83, 286
Nissan North America, 195
Nokia, 78, 96
Nomura Securities, 322
Noodles & Company, 197
Nordstrom, 106
Norrell Corporation, 106
Northrop Grumman, 314
Northwest Airlines, 185, 202
Norwest, 106
Novartis, 37, 4950, 50, 52, 271
Novell, 256
NTT DoCoMo, 194
Nucor Steel, 18, 43, 100, 109,
194, 357
NutraSweet, 83
Oak Hill Capital Partners, 258
Office Depot, 233
Olay, 73
Omni Hotels, 170
On the Border Mexican Grill &
Cantina, 231
Opel, 132
Oracle, 196, 249
Oregon Steel Mills, 247
Outsourcing Institute, 113
Oxford Bookstore, 198
Palo Alto Research Center, 13

PepsiCo, 81, 89, 106, 110, 176
Pershing Square, 311
Peugeot, 191
Pfizer, 75, 257
Philip Morris International,
282283, 285
Philips, 226
Pilgrims Pride, 245
Pirelli, 149
Polaroid Corporation, 69, 99
Pontiac, 132
Porsche, 5354, 132, 170
Posco, 194
Post, 195
PricewaterhouseCoopers, 257
Pro-Am Transportation Services,
246
Procter & Gamble (P&G), 20, 73,
213, 218220
Prudential, 163
Quaker Oats, 158, 195, 256
Quiznos, 4344
Raffles International, 190
Ralph Lauren, 140
Ralph Lauren Clothing, 106
Ralston, 158
Ratchet, Ratchet & Bingo, 314
Regions Financial Corp., 245
Ricoh, 186
Rockwell, 362
Rolls-Royce, 132
Romanos Macaroni Grill, 231
Royal Philips Electronics, 211
Ryanair Holdings, 135
Saab, 132
Saks Fifth Avenue, 133
Sams Club, 139
Samsung, 85, 214
Sandoz, 37
Sara Lee, 41
SAS, 185
SAS Institute, 133
Saturn, 132
Sears, 137
Sears Canada, 187
Seymourpowell, 196197
Shanghai Automotive Industry
Corp. (SAIC), 270
Shanghai Pudong Development
Bank, 187
Sharper Image, 312
Sheraton, 170
COMPANY INDEX

407

Shin Caterpillar Mitsubishi
(SCM), 189190
ShoreBank Corporation, 194
ShoreCap International, 194
Siebel Systems, 202
Siemens AG, 43, 51, 226
Singapore Airlines, 162, 185
Sinopec, 283
Si TV, 73
Six Flags Corporation, 144
SK-II, 73
SK Telecom, 168
SkyTeam, 185
Slim Devices, 346
Smithfield Foods, 224
Snapple Beverage Company, 256
Solectron Corporation, 106, 224
Sony, 5, 30, 43, 106, 184, 267,
354, 356357
South African Airways, 185
Southwest Airlines, 18, 44, 104,
109, 135, 162,
355
Star Alliance, 185, 186187
Starbucks, 44, 73, 106
Starwood, 170
Stellant, 249
Stern Stewart & Co., 362
Studio Entertainment, 225
Sumitomo Metal Industries, 194
Sun Microsystems, 45, 88
Superior Energy Services, 284
Suzuki, 146
SVA Group, 271
Swift Transportation Co., 258
Sybase, 198
Systems Equipment Corporation, 37
Taj Hotels Resorts and Palaces,
190191
408
Target Corporation, 20, 148,

149, 151
Tata AIG, 186
Tata Consultancy Services Ltd.,
78
Tata Group, 186
Tata Steel, 84, 245, 252253
Tatung, 271
TCL, 284
Teachers Insurance and Annuity AssociationCollege
Retirement Equities Fund
(TIAA-CREF), 311
Texas Instruments (TI), 71,
167168
Textron, 214, 229
Thomson Consumer Electronics, 106
Thomson Electronics, 284
3M, 339, 341
Tiffany and Co., 73
Time Warner, 213, 257, 312
Tim Hortons Donuts, 311
Touchstone Pictures, 225
Toyota, 3, 4, 18, 78, 83, 106, 133,
141, 170, 184, 188, 195, 267,
286, 289
Toys R Us, 102
Transparency International, 288
Tyco International, 323
Tyumen Oil, 198
United Airlines, 185
United Health Group, 314, 316
United Space Alliance, 187
United Technologies, 51, 214, 253
Universal Studios, 144
UPS, 109, 158159, 163, 212
U.S. Airways, 185
Used Fixture Auctions, 139
UTEK, 345
Valero Energy, 105

Vans Inc., 133
Verizon, 71, 223
Virgin Group, 18, 19, 221
Vodafone, 276
Volkswagen, 270
Wal-Mart, 13, 30, 69, 72, 106,
133, 137, 139, 148, 164, 165,
172, 198, 232, 273, 285, 335
Wal-Mart Stores, 139
Wal-Mart Supercenters, 139
Wal-Mart Vacations, 139
Walt Disney Company, 20, 71,
144, 173, 225
Wegmans Food Markets, 105
Wells Fargo, 314
Wendys Restaurants, 311
Westin, 170
W Hotels, 170
Wisconsin Toy, 137
W. L. Gore & Associates, 336,
343
WordPerfect, 256
WorldCom, 303, 309, 323
WPI Interconnect Products, 246
Wrigley Company, 172
Xerox, 1314, 38, 41, 184
Yahoo! Inc., 44
Yahoo! Japan, 167
Yellow Freight System, 162
YouTube, 248
COMPANY INDEX

Subject Index
Note: Italic page numbers indicate material in tables or figures.

Abandonment options, 358
Ability, 165
Above-average returns
corporate governance and, 22
economic logic and, 129
first movers and, 166
industrial organization model
of, 1011, 12
resource-based model of,
1115, 14
strategic leadership and, 42
Access to distribution channels, 81
Acquisitions
capabilities and, 249
costs and, 248
debt and, 252253, 256
defined, 245
diversification and, 243, 248
249, 253254
effectiveness of, 255, 255256
entry barriers and, 247248
innovation and, 248, 253255,
345346
integration and, 251252, 255
international entry modes, 282,
284285, 286
managers focus on, 254
organizational size and,
254255
popularity of, 244245
problems with, 249255, 250
reasons for, 245249, 250
restructuring and, 256260
strategic management process
and, 21, 22
target evaluation and, 252
Acquisition strategies, popularity

of, 244245
Actions, tactical, 166, 171
See also Competitive actions
Activities
operational relatedness and,
218219, 224
primary, 110, 111, 112, 113,
129130, 135
support, 110, 111, 112, 113,
129130, 135
Actors reputation, in competitive
rivalry, 171172
Agency costs, corporate governance, 308309
Agency relationships, corporate
governance, 306, 306307,
308
Agency theory, 9
Age structure, 7273
Alliance networks, 191193
Alliances. See Strategic alliances
Analysis
internal analysis, 97, 97, 98
102, 100
sociocultural segment analysis,
7576
value chain analysis, 110114,
135, 141
See also Competitor analysis;
Real options analysis
Antitrust Modernization Act of
2002, 230
Antitrust regulation, 230231
Arenas
competitive advantage and, 129
scope and, 43
Asia
competitive response alliances
in, 193194
cross-border acquisitions and,
247
international entrepreneurship
in, 338
international strategies and,
269
Assessing, 69, 71
Associations, 188, 193, 195196
Attacks, and competitive rivalry,
166170
Automobile industry
competitive landscape of, 3 4
competitive rivalry in, 85
cooperative strategies and, 184
internal analysis and, 98
outsourcing and, 113
suppliers bargaining power, 83
tactical actions in, 166
transnational strategy and, 278
Autonomous strategic behavior, 340
Autonomy, 47
Awareness, 164
Balanced scorecard, 5354, 54
Barriers to entry
acquisitions and, 247248
cost-leadership strategy and,
138
differentiation strategy and,
143
and, 10
type of, 80 82
409


Behavior
autonomous strategic behavior, 340
competitive behavior, 159, 159
induced strategic behavior, 339
profit-maximizing behaviors, 10
See also Ethical behavior
Binomial lattices, 375380
Black-Scholes approximation,
371372, 373374, 375
Black-Scholes option pricing formula, 370
Black-Scholes valuation, 370
371, 372, 380381
Boards of directors
classification of members,
312313, 313
defined, 312
effectiveness of, 313314
ethical behavior and, 323
evolution of, 303
independence of, 312313
top management team and,
38, 39
Britain
corporate governance and, 303,
320, 322
269
Bureaucratic controls, 254255
Business-level strategies
competitive rivalry and,
159160
cost-leadership strategies,
135140
customers and, 129, 131133
defined, 128
differentiation strategies and,
140145
economic logic and, 129134
focus strategies and, 145147
integrated cost-leadership/
differentiation strategy,
147151
international business-level
strategy, 271, 279281
organizational structure and,
129, 133134
and, 2021, 21
types of, 130, 130131
value creation and, 101
Business policy scholarship, 7,
89
Buyers
bargaining power of, 83, 137,
141, 143
competitive rivalry and, 85
See also Customers
Buyouts, leveraged buyouts, 258,
259, 259260
CanadaMexico partnership,
272273
Capabilities
core competencies as strategic
capabilities, 107110,
108
defined, 13, 104105
examples of, 105, 106
and, 11
resource-based model and,
1213, 18
strategic leadership and, 3132,
32
strategic management and, 8
Capital
barriers to entry and, 81
human capital, 45 46, 49, 105
return on invested capital,
83, 85
social capital, 51, 104, 345
Capital market allocation,
226227
Capital market stakeholders, 15,
16, 116, 116117
Capital requirements, 81
Causally ambiguous links, 109
Celler-Kefauver Act, 230
Centralization, 138, 220221
CEOs
accountability of, 311
boards of directors and, 314
CEO duality, 3839
executive succession processes
and, 39 41, 41
functional structure and, 134
in German corporate governance, 320
hubris and, 35
leadership style and, 3233
product diversification and,
212
R&D investment curtailment
and, 115
responsibilities of, 41, 48, 48,
49
separation of ownership and

managerial control and,
305
strategic direction and, 49
top management team and, 36,
3839
See also Executive
compensation
Chief executive officers. See CEOs
China
conglomerates and, 214
corporate governance in,
322323
cross-border strategic alliances
and, 198
globalization and, 77, 78
in, 338
268269, 270, 271
population size, 72
Collusion, 195
Competencies. See Core
competencies
Competition
changes in, 5
competitive landscape, 37
complementors and, 86
five forces model, 11, 79, 79
80, 86, 87, 137
global marketplace and, 2,
45, 6, 7
hypercompetition, 5, 57, 158
and, 10, 11
internal competition, 228229
286290
multimarket, 223
technology and, 57
Competition-reducing cooperative strategies, 193, 194195
Competitive actions
defined, 166
drivers of, 164165
likelihood of attack and,
166170
model of competitive rivalry
and, 160161
reputation and, 171172
type of, 171
Competitive advantage
conventional sources of, 6
core competencies and, 97
defined, 2
industrial organization model,
11
410
SUBJECT INDEX


national advantage determinants, 279281, 280
organizational culture and, 47
resource-based model and, 13
resources and, 96
stakeholder model and, 16
and, 23, 20, 21, 96
sustainable competitive advantage, 2, 100, 101, 107110,
108, 110
See also Acquisitions; Businesslevel strategies; Competitive rivalry; Cooperative
strategies; Corporate-level
strategies; International
strategies; Restructuring
Competitive aggressiveness, 47
Competitive agility, 45
Competitive behavior
competitive dynamics and,
159, 159
defined, 159
Competitive dynamics
competitive rivalry and, 159,
159, 172
defined, 159
fast-cycle markets and, 174
175, 176
relationships in, 159
slow-cycle markets and, 173
174, 174
standard-cycle markets and,
175177
and, 21, 21
Competitive form, 228, 228229
Competitive response alliances,
193194
Competitive responses
defined, 166
drivers of, 164165
likelihood of response and,
170172
model of competitive rivalry
and, 160161
Competitive risks
of cooperative strategies, 199
201, 200
of cost-leadership strategy,
139140
of differentiation strategy,
144145
of focus strategies, 147
of integrated cost-leadership/
151
of international strategies,
288289
Competitive rivalry
business-level strategies and,
159160
competitive dynamics and, 159,
159, 172
competitor analysis and,
162164
137
defined, 159, 165
141
factors influencing, 158
industry environment and,
84 86
information technology and, 6
166170
likelihood of response,
170172
model of, 160161, 161
organizational characteristics
and, 168169
strategic groups and, 87 88
and, 21, 21
Competitive speed, 45
Competitor analysis
analysis of competitor environment, 68, 8790
components of, 88, 89
framework of, 163, 164
market commonality and,
162163
resource similarity and,
163164
Competitor environment, 68,
8790
Competitor intelligence, 8890
Competitors
159, 159
creating more value than, 2
defined, 158
intentions of, 8890
numerous or equally balanced
competitors, 84
Complementary assets, and acquisitions, 255
Complementary strategic alliances, 189191, 190
Complementors, 86
Complexity, and internal analysis,
99, 99
Compound options, 359

Concentration of firms, and industrial organization model,
10
Conglomerates, 214, 227
Consortia, 188, 193, 195196
Contingency workers, 76
Control, illusion of, 35
Controls
bureaucratic, 254255
corporate governance and,
305309
diversification and, 217218
financial, 218, 222, 253
market for corporate control,
317318
strategic leadership and,
5354, 54
Cooperative form, 219221, 220
Cooperative strategies
competitive risks of, 199201,
200
defined, 183
external environment and,
193196
implementing and managing,
201203
importance of, 184188
innovation and, 344345
international, 197199
network, 191193
and, 21, 21
strategic objectives of, 188
types of alliances, 187188
Co-opetition, 184
Core competencies
building of, 107114
133
corporate-level, 221, 224
defined, 13, 45, 106
loss in value of, 114
outsourcing and, 113114
1314, 18
resources and, 106107
as strategic capabilities, 107
110, 108
strategic center firms and, 192
transferring of, 221
value chain analysis and,
110114
value creation and, 101, 102
Core rigidities, 114
SUBJECT INDEX
411


Corporate governance
agency costs and, 308309
agency relationships and, 306,
306307, 308
boards of directors and,
312314
defined, 303
diversification and, 307308,
308
executive compensation and,
302, 314317
financial control and, 53
managerial defense tactics,
318, 319
market for corporate control,
317318
mechanisms of, 233, 303, 304,
304, 308309, 315316,
323
ownership concentration and,
310312
separation of ownership and
managerial control,
305309
and, 21, 22, 302
Corporate-level core competencies, 221
Corporate-level strategies
defined, 211
diversification and multidivisional structure, 217218
diversification levels and,
212215
international, 272279, 274
reasons for diversification and,
215217
related diversification, 213,
218225
and, 21, 2122
unrelated diversification, 214,
216, 217, 225229
value-neutral diversification,
229232
value-reducing diversification,
232234
Corporate relatedness
224225
Corporate scandals, and stakeholder model, 1516
Cost disadvantages independent
of scale, 81 82
Cost-leadership strategy
competitive risks of, 139140
execution of, 135, 137138
139, 139
147151
international business-level
strategies and, 279
Costly-to-imitate capabilities,
108109
Cost minimization, 202
Costs
cooperative strategies reducing,
189193
fixed costs, 84 85
storage costs, 85
transaction costs, 251252
Counterfeiting, 145
Cross-border acquisitions, 247,
284285
Cross-border strategic alliances,
197198
Cross-functional product development teams, 342343
Culture, organizational. See Organizational culture
Cumulative volatility, 366,
366367
Customer relationship management (CRM), 150
Customers
balanced scorecard and, 53
129, 131133
137
141, 143
firm performance and, 115
Debt
acquisitions and, 252253, 256
restructuring and, 258, 260
Decision biases, 3336
Decision trees, 375380, 376
Demand conditions, as determinants of national advantage,
280, 280
Demographic segment, of general
environment, 68, 7273
Deterministic perspective, 9, 10
Differentiation
cooperative strategies and,
189193
See also Product differentiation
Differentiation strategy
execution of, 140141, 143
144, 144
147151
Differentiators
44
Diffuse ownership, 310
Direct competitors, analysis of,
8790
Distinctive competencies approach, 1112
Distributed alliance networks,
198199, 199
Distribution channels, access
to, 81
Diversification
249, 253254
196197
307308, 308
corporate-level strategies and,
211, 212218
firm performance and, 214,
214, 231, 234, 243
levels of, 212215, 213
multidivisional structure and,
134, 217218
reasons for, 215, 215217
related diversification, 213,
218225, 249, 253
unrelated diversification, 214,
216, 217, 225229, 228,
249, 253
value-creating, 215, 215
value-neutral, 215, 215,
229232
value-reducing, 215, 216,
232234
See also International
diversification
Diversifying strategic alliances,
196197
412
SUBJECT INDEX


Dominant business diversification
strategy, 212
Downscoping, 257258, 259, 259
Downsizing, 257, 258259, 259
Due diligence, 252, 254, 256
Dynamic alliance networks, 193
E-business, 6
Economic environment, 74
Economic logic
business-level strategy and,
129134
strategic leadership and, 43, 45
Economic power, 115
Economic risks, 288289
Economic segment, of general environment, 68, 74
Economies of scale
barriers to entry and, 80 81,
247
and, 10
270271, 286
multidomestic strategies and,
275
Economies of scope, 224225,
270
E-culture, 6
Enactment, 9
Enterprise resource planning
(ERP) system, 150
Entrepreneurial mind-set, 337,
340341, 343
Entrepreneurial opportunities,
335
Entrepreneurs, 336337, 347
Entrepreneurship
defined, 335
institutional, 346347
organizational culture and, 47,
337, 341
strategic flexibility and, 355
See also Strategic
entrepreneurship
Entry barriers. See Barriers to
entry
Environment, strategic management and, 8, 910
See also External environment
Equity joint ventures, 357358
Equity strategic alliances, 187
Ethical behavior
competitor analysis and, 8890

323324
stakeholder model and, 1618,
17
and, 22
Ethnic mix of population, 73
Europe
corporate governance in, 322
247
269
Event trees, 375, 375, 378380,
379
Executive compensation
314317
defined, 314
effectiveness of, 316317
as governance mechanism, 314,
315316
Exit barriers, 85 86
Expected retaliation, 82
Explicit collusion, 195
Exporting, 281282
External environment
analysis of, 69, 6971, 97
competitor environment, 68,
8790
composition of, 67 68
193196
core competencies and, 114
factors influencing, 66, 67
general environment, 67 68,
7178
and, 3, 10, 11, 13
industry environment, 68,
78 86
internal organization and,
96, 97
restructuring and, 256257
48 49
strategic management and, 7, 8
and, 20, 21
External managerial labor market, 39, 40, 41
Factors of production, as determinants of national advantage,
279, 280
Fast-cycle markets
174175, 176
cooperative strategies in, 183
defined, 174
strategic alliances in, 185, 185,
186
Financial controls, 218, 222, 253
Financial economies, 225226
Financial options, 356
Firm performance
balancing stakeholder performance and, 118119
board of directors role and, 38
capital market perspective on,
116, 116
211
diversification and, 214, 214,
231, 234, 243
internal organization and,
114120
measures of, 116, 116117, 118
stakeholder model of, 1518,
17
stakeholder objectives and,
115116
stakeholders and, 114,
115116, 116, 117, 118,
118119
sustainable development and,
119120
technology and, 18
Firm size. See Organizational size
Firm strategy, structure, and rivalry, as determinants of national advantage, 280, 281
First movers, 166168
Five forces model of competition,
11, 79, 79 80, 86, 87, 137
Fixed costs, 84 85
Flexible manufacturing systems,
149150
Flexible structure
differentiation strategy
and, 149151
strategic flexibility and, 149,
355
Focus strategies
SUBJECT INDEX
413


Focus strategies (continued)
145146
146147
functional structures and, 147
segments of industry and, 131
Forecasting, 69, 71
Foreignness, liability of, 273274
Formalization, 138
Formal power, 115
France
corporate governance in, 322
retirement trends in, 70
Franchises, 197
Franchising, 197
Free cash flows, 230, 307
Friendly acquisitions, 255
Functional structure
138139, 139
defined, 134
143144, 144
General environment
defined, 67 68
segments of, 68, 68, 7178
Geographic distribution of population, 73
Germany
320321
269
Global competency, 46
Global corporate governance,
322323
Global economy
247
uncertainty in, 244
Globalization
defined, 4, 77
of markets, 45, 7778
Global mandate, 278
Global markets
barriers to entry, 247
competition and, 2, 45, 6, 7
entry mode choice, 281286,
282
general environment and,

7778
147
international diversification
and, 267
Global mind-set, 98
Global segment, of general environment, 68, 7778
Global strategy, 274, 276277,
277
Golden parachutes, 318
Governance. See Corporate
governance
Government
barriers to entry and, 82
and, 198
political risks and, 288
Greenfield ventures, 285, 286
Greenmail tactic, 318
Growth, cooperative strategies
promoting, 196199
Growth options, 357358, 362
363, 363
Growth vehicles, 43 44, 129
Guanxi (personal relationships),
78
Heterogeneous top management
teams, 3637
Heuristics, 3335
Horizontal acquisitions, 219,
246, 249
Horizontal complementary strategic alliances, 189191, 190
Hostile takeovers, 245, 255, 318,
319
Hubris, 35
Human capital, 45 46, 49, 105
Human resources, 103, 104
Hypercompetition, 5, 57, 158
Hypothesis testing, 19
Imitation
140
defined, 336
Incentives
for diversification, 229232
for international strategies,
268271
Income distribution of population, 73
Incremental innovations, 339, 340
Independent board leadership

structure, 38
India
and, 198
globalization and, 77, 78
268269
population size, 72
Induced strategic behavior, 339
Industrial organization (I/O)
model
above-average returns and,
1011, 12
external environment and, 3,
10, 11, 13
strategic leadership and, 42, 42,
43, 52
Industry
defined, 79
markets within, 162
Industry environment
analysis of, 78 86
defined, 68
Information networks, 150
Information technology (IT) industry, 186
Inhwa (harmony), 78
Innovation
acquisitions and, 248, 253255,
345346
176177
344345
defined, 336
entrepreneurship and, 335336
factors influencing, 341
first movers and, 166, 167
intangible resources and, 102,
103, 104
internal innovation, 339344,
344
and, 287288
licensing and, 283
strategic entrepreneurship and,
334, 335339
40, 47
strategic thinking and, 18, 20
Insiders, on boards of directors,
312, 313, 313
414
SUBJECT INDEX


Institutional entrepreneurship,
346347
Institutional owners, 310311
Intangible resources, 13, 102,
103104, 104, 232
Integrated cost-leadership/
differentiation strategy
defined, 147148
execution of, 148
flexible structure and, 149151
Integration
of cross-functional teams, 343
global strategy and, 276277
innovation and, 343
taper integration, 223
transnational strategy and,
277
vertical, 9, 216, 223224
Internal analysis
conditions influencing, 98101
organizational decision making
and, 9899, 99
outcomes from, 97, 97
value creation and, 98, 100,
101, 102
Internal capital market allocation,
226227
Internal corporate venturing, 339,
341342
Internal innovation, 339344,
344
Internal managerial labor market,
39 40, 41
Internal organization
analysis of, 97, 97, 98102, 100
core competencies and,
106114
external environment and,
96, 97
firm performance and,
114120
resources and, 102104
and, 20, 21
International cooperative strategies, 197199
International corporate
governance
in Germany, 320321
global corporate governance,
322323
in Japan, 321322
International diversification
defined, 267
268
returns and, 286287, 289
International entrepreneurship,
337339
International entry modes
acquisitions, 282, 284285,
286
choice of, 282
dynamics of, 285286
exporting, 281282
greenfield ventures, 285
licensing, 282283
strategic alliances, 282, 283
284, 285
International strategies
business-level, 271, 279281
corporate-level, 272279, 274
defined, 268
economies of scale and, 270
271, 286
incentives for using, 268271
international entry modes,
281286
market size and, 268269, 286
reasons for, selection of, and
outcomes from, 268
resources and, 271
return on investment and,
269270
strategic competitiveness outcomes, 286290
and, 21, 22
Internet, 5, 6, 70, 77, 111, 112,
186, 273, 282
Interorganizational networks,
289
Intraorganizational conflicts, internal analysis, 99, 99
Invention, 336
Investment thresholds, 361362
I/O model. See Industrial organization (I/O) model
Ireland, 337338
Japan
automobile industry in, 3 4,
85, 98, 286287
321322
global strategy and, 276
group harmony and, 78

international competition and,
267
uncertainty and, 340
Joint ventures, 187, 359360
Junk bonds, 252
Keiretsu, 188, 191, 194, 321
Knowledge
corporate relatedness and, 216
downsizing and, 259
innovation and, 337, 340, 343,
345, 346
103, 232
286287
tacit, 187, 232
Large-block shareholders,
310311
Late movers, 168
Leadership. See Strategic
leadership
Learning
balanced scorecard and, 53
knowledge and, 105
organizational, 9, 10, 15
strategic network firms and,
192
Leveraged buyouts, 258, 259,
259260
Licensing, 282, 282283
Location advantages, and international strategies, 271,
272, 286
Long-term thinking, 19
Manager characteristics, and strategic leadership, 33, 34
Managerial competencies, 13
Managerial opportunism, 307
Market commonality, 162163,
164165
Market dependence, 172
Market for corporate control,
317318
Market microstructure, 79
Market power
acquisitions and, 245246,
254
defined, 223
related diversification and,
223224
SUBJECT INDEX
415


Markets
competitor analysis and,
162163
fast-cycle, 166, 174175, 176,
183
globalization of, 45, 7778
increased market size, 268269
and, 18
slow-cycle, 173174, 174, 183,
185, 185, 186
speed to market, 248
standard-cycle, 176177, 183,
185, 185, 186187
and, 3
technology and, 6
See also Global markets
Market segmentation, 132,
132133
Market size, and international
strategies, 268269, 286
Matrix organizations, 225
Mergers
defined, 244245
diversification strategy combined with, 243
popularity of, 244245
and, 21, 22
M-form structure. See Multidivisional (M-form) structure
Minority groups, on top management teams, 41, 76
Mission statements, and strategic
direction, 49, 50, 5152
Monitoring, 69, 7071
Motivation, 164165
Multidivisional (M-form)
structure
competitive form and, 228,
228229
cooperative form and, 219221,
220, 225
defined, 134
diversification and, 134,
217218
strategic business-unit form
and, 221223, 222, 225
Multidomestic strategy, 274,
274275, 275
Multimarket competition, 223
Multinational firms
and, 198

270271, 278279, 287
management complexity,
289290
real options analysis and, 359
Mutual forbearance, 195
National advantage determinants,
279281, 280
Network cooperative strategies,
191193
Networks
alliance networks, 191193
distributed alliance networks,
198199, 199
information networks, 150
interorganizational networks,
289
transnational strategy and,
279280
New wholly owned subsidiaries,
282, 285, 286
Nonequity strategic alliances,
187188, 284
Nonsubstitutable capabilities,
109110
Nonsubstitutable resources, 13
Offshore outsourcing, 287
Operational relatedness
corporate relatedness and,
224225
sharing activities and, 218219,
224
Opportunism, 19, 200, 307
Opportunities, 69, 131
Opportunity maximization, 202
Options backdating, 302,
316317
Option to defer, 358
Organizational characteristics
competitive rivalry and,
168169
Organizational controls, 217
Organizational culture
defined, 46
entrepreneurial culture, 47,
337, 341
48, 49, 52
Organizational decision making
305306, 307, 323324

and, 10
internal analysis and, 9899,
99
stakeholders and, 114, 115
116, 117
37, 43, 48 49, 48
strategic thinking and, 19
strategic value of resources
and, 104
Organizational size, 7, 168169,
254255
Organizational stakeholders, 15,
16, 117, 118, 118
Organizational structure
129, 133134
defined, 133
See also Structures
Outsiders, on boards of directors,
312, 313, 313
Outsourcing
113114
nonequity strategic alliances
and, 188
offshore, 287
strategic, 191192
Ownership concentration,
310312
Performance standards, and competition, 67
Political/legal segment
of general environment, 68,
7475
Political power, 115
Political risks, 288, 289
Political strategies, 8
Population size, 72
Primary activities, in value chain,
110, 111, 112, 113, 129130,
135
Primary stakeholders, 15
Private equity firms, 258
Private synergy, 251
Proactiveness, 47
Product champions, 340
Product development
cross-functional product development teams, 342343
Product differentiation
barriers to entry and, 81, 247
416
SUBJECT INDEX


and, 10
Product diversification, 212,
307308
Product market stakeholders, 15,
16, 117, 118, 118
Product substitutes, 138, 143
Profitability
external environment and, 66
and, 11
industry environment and, 68
R&D investment curtailment
and, 115
slow industry growth and, 84
Quality
defined, 169
169170
quality dimensions of goods
and services, 169
total quality management, 101,
150151
Radical innovations, 339340
Rare capabilities, 108
Real options
application issues, 380381
defined, 356
implementation requirements
of, 367368
types of, 357359, 357
valuation guidelines, 370381
valuation of, 367
value drivers for, 363367, 364,
365, 366
Real options analysis
described, 356357
purpose of, 359363
strategic flexibility and, 355
47
and, 22
Regionalization, international
corporate-level strategy and,
272273
Related acquisitions, 246, 249
Related and supporting industries, as determinants of
national advantage, 280,
280281
Related constrained diversification strategy
diversification levels and, 213
multidivisional structure and,

219221, 220
Related diversification strategy,
213, 218225, 249, 253
Related linked diversification
strategy, 213214
Related outsiders, on boards of
directors, 312, 313
Repricing, 316, 317
Reputation
actors reputation, 171172
103, 104, 104
socially complex capabilities
and, 109
Resource-based model
capabilities and, 1213, 18
of returns, 1115, 14
49, 52
Resource dissimilarity, 165
Resources
acquisition of, 3
106107
defined, 13
dependence on, 8
and, 10, 11
intangible, 13, 102, 103104,
104, 232
271
1213, 18
45 48
strategic value of, 104
tangible, 13, 102103, 103,
232, 234
transaction costs economics
and, 9
Resource similarity, 163164
Restructuring
defined, 256
downscoping, 257258
downsizing, 257
leveraged buyouts, 258, 259,
259260
outcomes from, 258260,

259
strategic control and, 54
unrelated diversification and,
227228
Retaliation, expected, 82
Returns
211212
116117
and, 1011, 12
and, 286287, 289
international strategy and,
269270
resource-based model of,
1115, 14
See also Above-average returns
Reward systems, 221
Risk-neutral method, 376,
377378
Risks
acquisition and, 249, 345
308, 308
and, 198
greenfield ventures and, 285
innovation and, 341, 345
286, 288289
47, 117
value-neutral diversification
and, 231232
value-reducing diversification
and, 233
See also Competitive risks
Rivalry. See Competitive rivalry
Sarbanes Oxley Act, 1516, 233,
309, 314
SBU. See Strategic business-unit
(SBU) form
Scanning, 69, 70
Scope
economies of, 224225, 270
Secondary stakeholders, 15
Second movers, 167168
Shareholder activism, 311312
SUBJECT INDEX
417


Shareholders
agency theory and, 9
305, 308, 308
116, 116117
large-block, 310311
ownership concentration and,
310312
Single business strategy, 212
Slack, 167, 256
Slow-cycle markets
173174, 174
cooperative strategies in, 183
defined, 173
186
Social capital, 51, 104, 345
Social complexity, 109
Sociocultural segment, of general
South Korea, globalization and,
78
Specialization, 138
Stable alliance networks, 193
Staging
competitive advantage and,
129
Stakeholder model
ethical behavior and, 1618, 17
17
stakeholder groups, 15, 16
42, 48, 48, 52
strategic management and,
8, 12
Stakeholders
303
defined, 15
external, 8, 9, 10, 15, 48 49
115116, 116, 117, 118,
118119
internal, 49, 51
management of relationships
with, 3, 1617, 18, 42,
48 49, 323
resource-based model and, 14
Standard-cycle markets
175177
cooperative strategies in,
183
defined, 175
186187
Stewardship theory, 3839
Stock options, 316
Storage costs, 85
Strategic alliances
complementary, 189191
defined, 183184
in fast-cycle markets, 185, 185,
186
horizontal complementary,
189191, 190
innovation and, 345
international entry modes, 282,
283284, 285
pervasiveness of, 184185
in slow-cycle markets, 185,
185, 186
in standard-cycle markets, 185,
185, 186187
types of, 187188
vertical complementary, 189,
190
Strategic analysis. See External environment; Internal
organization
Strategic assets, 106
Strategic business-unit (SBU)
form, and related link strategy, 221223, 222, 225
Strategic capabilities. See
Capabilities
Strategic center firms, 191192,
192
Strategic controls, 5354, 217
218, 222
Strategic dimensions, 87
Strategic direction, 4952
Strategic entrepreneurship
344345
defined, 334
internal innovation and,
339344
and, 22
Strategic flexibility
defined, 7, 354
flexible structure and, 149,
355
uncertainty and, 354355
Strategic groups, 87 88
Strategic intelligence, 16
Strategic intent, 1819
Strategic leadership
defined, 31
economic positioning and,
43 45, 49
establishing controls and,
5354
hierarchy of capabilities, 3132,
32
implementation of strategies,
33, 52
managerial discretion and,
3336, 34
resource management and,
45 48
responsibilities and actions,
4154
risks and, 20, 47, 117
skill levels and, 3136
stakeholder model and, 41, 42,
42, 48, 48, 52
stakeholder relationships and,
48 49
and, 20, 42, 42
strategy-creation process and, 3
style of leadership and, 3233
top management teams and,
36 41
Strategic management
emergence of, 3, 710
influences on concept of, 89
modern strategic management,
910
technology and, 6, 7
Strategic management process
activities of, 9
approach of, 2022, 21
competitive advantage and,
23, 20, 21, 96
22, 302
defined, 23
42, 42
418
SUBJECT INDEX


Strategic thinking
characteristics of, 1820
encouragement of, 3, 20
and, 20, 21
Structures
129, 133134
cooperative form, 219221,
225
cross-functional development
teams and, 342343
functional structure, 134,
138139, 139, 143144,
144, 147
strategic flexibility and, 149,
355
and, 22
worldwide combination structure, 277278
worldwide geographic area
structure, 275, 275
worldwide product divisional
structure, 276, 277
Substitute products, threat of,
83 84
Suburban growth, 76
Suppliers
bargaining power of, 82 83,
137138, 143
transaction costs economics
and, 9
Support activities, in value chain,
110, 111, 112, 113, 129130,
135
Sustainable competitive advantage
criteria of, 107110, 108
defined, 2
internal analysis and, 100, 101
outcomes from combinations of
criteria, 110, 110
See also Competitive advantage
Sustainable development
defined, 119
119120
Switching costs, 81, 85
Switching options, 358
Synergy, 231232, 251252, 255,
287
Systems perspective, 8, 15, 18, 19
Tacit collusion, 195

Tacit knowledge, 187, 232
Tactical actions, 166, 171
Tactical responses, 166
Takeovers
defined, 245
hostile takeovers, 245, 255,
318, 319
in Japan, 322
organizational size and, 254
Tangible resources, 13, 102103,
103, 232, 234
Taper integration, 223
Tax laws, 230231
Tax Reform Act of 1986,
230231
Technological segment, of general
Technology
in automobile industry, 4
competition and, 57
external environment and, 66
fast-cycle markets and, 174,
186
innovation and, 339340,
346347
147
international strategy and, 270
1314
strategic center firms and, 192
Terrorism, economic effect of,
289
Terrorist attacks of September
11, 2001, 67, 355
Threat
131
defined, 69
of new entrants, 80 82
of substitute products, 83 84
Top management teams
CEOs role, 3839
303304, 323324
defined, 36
diversification and, 233, 308
entrepreneurial culture and,
337, 341
ethical behavior of, 323324
executive compensation and,

315
executive succession processes
and, 39 41, 41
heterogeneity in, 3637
and, 338
289290
and managerial opportunism, 307
product diversification and,
212
Total quality management
(TQM), 101, 150151
Trade groups, 188
Transaction costs, 251252
Transaction costs economics, 9,
10, 17
Transformational leadership, 31
Transnational strategy, 277279
Trust
202203
intangible resources and, 102
strategic alliances and, 284
Uncertain future cash flows, 231
Uncertainty, 99, 99, 340, 354
355, 368, 381
Uncertainty-reducing alliances,
193, 194
Unique historical conditions, 109
United States
303, 320
population size, 72
Unrelated diversification strategy,
214, 216, 217, 225229, 228,
249, 253
Valuable capabilities, 107108
Valuable resources, 13
Valuation
Black-Scholes valuation, 370
371, 372, 380381
real option valuation guidelines, 370381
Value, defined, 101
See also Value creation
Value chain, 110111, 111, 112,
113, 129130, 135
Value chain analysis, 110114,
135, 141
SUBJECT INDEX
419

Value-creating diversification,
215, 215
Value creation
135, 136
142
of, 1011
internal organization and, 97,
98102
216, 216
resource-based model of, 3,

1115
stakeholder model of, 1518
strategic entrepreneurship and,
346347
and, 2
Value-neutral diversification, 215,
215, 229232
Value-reducing diversification,
215, 216, 232234
Values
innovation and, 343
strategic direction and, 49,
5152
Vertical acquisitions, 246
Vertical complementary strategic
alliances, 189, 190
Vertical integration, 9, 216,

223224
Volatility, 365367, 366
Wa (group harmony), 78
Women
as entrepreneurs, 347
sociocultural segment analysis
and, 7576
top management teams and,
41, 76
World economies, 244
Worldwide combination structure, 277278
Worldwide geographic area structure, 275, 275, 277
Worldwide product divisional
structure, 276, 277
420
SUBJECT INDEX


Competing Advantage

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Competing for Advantage

Copyright 2008 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Licensed to: iChapters User

Competing for Advantage, Second Edition

Senior Frontlist Buyer: Doug Wilke

COPYRIGHT 2008, 2004

For permission to use material from this text

Printed in the United States of America

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Thomson Higher Education

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To my father, Claude W. Hoskisson, a great example of honesty and

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About the Authors

Copyright 2008 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Copyright 2008 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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ABOUT THE AUTHORS

Copyright 2008 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Licensed to: iChapters User

Part 1: Strategic Thinking

1. Introduction to Strategic Management 2

Part 2: Strategic Analysis

3. The External Environment: Opportunities, Threats, Industry Competition,

Part 3: Creating Competitive Advantage

6. Competitive Rivalry and Competitive Dynamics 158

9. Acquisition and Restructuring Strategies 243

Part 4: Monitoring and Creating Entrepreneurial Opportunities

12. Strategic Entrepreneurship

13. Strategic Flexibility and Real Options Analysis 354

Copyright 2008 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

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Copyright 2008 Thomson Learning, Inc. All Rights Reserved.

Licensed to: iChapters User

Part 1: Strategic Thinking

The Competitive Landscape, 3

Globalization of Markets and Industries, 4

Early Influences on the Strategy Concept, 8

The I/O Model of Above-Average Returns, 10

Chapter 2: Strategic Leadership

Individual Strategic Leaders and Influences on Their Decisions, 31

Strategic Leadership Style, 32

Top Management Team Heterogeneity, 36

Ensure That the Firm Is Well Positioned Economically, 43

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Part 2: Strategic Analysis

The General, Industry, and Competitor Environments, 67

The Demographic Segment, 72

Threat of New Entrants, 80

Chapter 4: The Internal Organization: Resources,

Internal Analysis and Value Creation, 98

Conditions Influencing Internal Analysis, 98

Four Criteria of Sustainable Competitive Advantage, 107

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Stakeholder Objectives and Power, 115

Part 3: Creating Competitive Advantage