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MILLS,
Compartment M i l l s
Rod and B a l l
Ball
Pebble M i l l
INTRODUCTION
Comminution i s g e n e r a l l y a f e e d prepar a t i o n s t e p f o r subsequent processing
s t a g e s ; e x c e p t i o n s b e i n g when a f i n a l
product such a s a g g r e g a t e s , s p e c i f i c a t i o n sand, P o r t l a n d Cement, and s i m i l a r
Grinding, t h e
p r o d u c t s i s produced.
f i n e product phase of comminution, req u i r e s a l a r g e c a p i t a l i n v e s t m e n t and
f r e q u e n t l y i s t h e a r e a of maximum usage
of power and wear r e s i s t a n t m a t e r i a l s .
Figure 6
Figure 6a
Figure 6 b
Figure 8
Overflow B a l l M i l l s
Diaphragm ( G r a t e D i s c h a r g e ) B a l l
Mills
Figure 9
I.
Liners
The i n t e r i o r s u r f a c e o f g r i n d i n g
m i l l s exposed t o g r i n d i n g media
a n d / o r t h e m a t e r i a l b e i n g ground
a r e p r o t e c t e d from wear and c o r r o s i o n by r u b b e r , m e t a l l i c , a combin a t i o n of r u b b e r and m e t a l l i c , o r
n o n - m e t a l l i c wear r e s i s t a n t materials.
B.
Drives
393
The s i m p l e s t d r i v e i s t h e low
speed
synchronous
motor
with
s p e e d s i n t h e r a n g e of 150 t o 250
RPM c o n n e c t e d t o t h e m i l l p i n i o n s h a f t by e i t h e r a n a i r c l u t c h o r
f l e x i b l e coupling.
Where D i s m i l l d i a m e t e r i n s i d e
l i n e r s s p e c i f i e d i n meters.
Since t h e energy r e l e a s e a t i n i t i a l c a s c a d e of t h e m i l l c h a r g e i s
a n i n v e r s e f u n c t i o n of a c c e l e r a t i o n t i m e , a minimum a c c e l e r a t i o n
t i m e o f 6 t o 1 0 s e c o n d s o r more i s
recommended t o p r e v e n t damage t o
t h e m i l l o r t h e m i l l foundation.
When D i s s p e c i f i e d i n f e e t :
Using a s p e e d r e d u c e r between t h e
motor and p i n i o n s h a f t p e r m i t s using motors having speeds i n t h e
r a n g e of 600 t o 1000 RPX.
In t h i s
P e r i p h e r a l s p e e d , which doesn' t
i n f l u e n c e m i l l power b u t i s a fact o r i n l i n e r wear and t o a n e x t e n t
m e d i a w e a r , h a s t o be c o n s i d e r e d
Nc
i s c r i t i c a l speed i n RPM.
A r o d m i l l i s a tumbling m i l l i n
which r o d s a r e t h e g r i n d i n g media.
S e e F i g u r e s 1, 2 and 3.
Rod m i l l s a r e u s u a l l y used i n wet
grinding applications.
For t h e
f i n e r c o a r s e g r i n d s wet o v e r f l o w
( F i g u r e 1) rod m i l l s a r e used and
f o r t h e c o a r s e r g r i n d s c e n t e r per i p h e r a l d i s c h a r g e rod m i l l s ( F i g u r e 3 ) a r e used.
The l a t t e r c a s e
b e i n g f o r p r o d u c t s where a minimum
of e x t r e m e f i n e s a r e d e s i r e d s u c h
a s f o r s p e c i f i c a t i o n sand.
where
Np = P e r i p h e r a l speed
D = Diameter i n s i d e l i n e r s
W = M i l l speed i n rpm
395
ROD MILLS
When g r i n d i n g t o a c o a r s e p r o d u c t
s i z e i n t h e r a n g e o f 80% p a s s i n g
2.0 mm t o 80% p a s s i n g 0.5 mm
(sometimes f i n e r ) rod m i l l s a r e
n o r m a l l y used.
The f e e d s i z e c a n
b e a s c o a r s e a s 8 0 % p a s s i n g 20 mm
and a s f i n e a s 8 0 % p a s s i n g 4 mm.
Table I
Average % of Critical Speed
Mill Diameter
Inside Liners
% O f Critical Speed
Meters
Feet
-
0.91-1.83
3-6
76-73
1.83-2.74
6-9
2.74-3.66
Rodpeb
Compeb
80-78
75-72
78-75
73-70
78-75
72-70
75-72
9-1 2
70-67
75-72
70-68
72-70
3.66-4.57
12-15
67-64
72-69
70-68
4.57-5.49
15-18
69-66
Rod Mil 1s
Ball Mills
397
Table I 1
Rod M i l l i n g Coke Breeze
-
G r i ndi ng
Conditions
a,
L
2
a,
Ol
L
'7 a
0s
VI
zv
a-eH
In*
I-IN
a,
3 a,
Dl
VI
-7
or
zv
a-ea-e
00
~7
I-I
a,
L
2
aJ
VI
0 Cn
'r
o r
zv
=
w?
I
nI
n
~7
Mil1
Size
Horsepower
Req'd.
Motor
Grinding
Charge
(Kilograms)
Approx.
Capacity
(TPH ) *
77
93
134
205
240
299
339
398
431
466
500
75
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
400
450
500
6,800
8,200
12,100
17,100
20,100
23,800
26,300
30,900
34,600
37,300
40,100
5-112-6
7-8-112
10-10-1 12
14-15-112
19-112-28
22-23
24-26
29-31
31-33
34-36
36-38
76
5' x 9 '
5 ' x 12'
103
6 ' x 12'
147
7'x111
207
7 ' ~ 1 3 ' 246
8 ' ~ 1 2 ' 304
8 ' x 14'
356
9 ' x 13'
407
9 ' ~ 1 4 ' 440
9-1/2'~14'
516
75
100
150
200
250
3 00
350
4 00
450
500
7,600
10,400
15,300
19,300
23,000
26,700
31,300
37,700
40,800
45,800
9-9-112
12-13-112
17-17-112
24-25
29-30
36-37
42-43
48-50
53-54
61-63
x 8'
73
x111
102
x 12'
159
~ 1 0 ' 202
x 12'
245
x 11'
300
x 13'
356
~ 1 2 ' 405
x 13'
440
x 13'
516
75
100
150
200
250
300
350
4 00
450
500
7,800
11,100
17,500,
20,500
24,800
29,100
34,500
40,400
44,000
49,900
13-112-14
19-19-112
27-28
37-38
45-46
55-57
66-67
75-76
81-82
95-97
5' x 10'
5 ' x 12'
6 ' x 12'
7 ' ~ 1 2
7 ' ~ 1 4
8 ' x 13'
9 ' ~ 1 2
9 ' ~ 1 4
9-112' x 1 3 '
9-112' x 1 4 '
9-1/2'~15'
5'
5'
6'
7'
7'
8'
8'
9'
9'
9-112'
'
'
'
'
398
To p r e v e n t most c o n d i t i o n s l e a d i n g
t o rod charge t a n g l i n g , t h e genera l l y recommended r e l a t i o n s h i p o f
rod l e n g t h t o m i l l diameter i n s i d e
When t h i s
l i n e r s i s 1.4 t o 1.6.
r a t i o becomes l e s s t h a n 1.25 t h e
r i s k of tangling i n c r e a s e s rapidl y . F o r r o d m i l l s l a r g e r t h a n 3.8
m e t e r s (12.5 f e e t ) i n d i a m e t e r r o d
a v a i l a b i l i t y and q u a l i t y have t o
be considered.
T a b l e 111 g i v e s
rod l e n g t h t o m i l l d i a m e t e r r a t i o s
for the
larger
diameter
rod
mills.
The m i l l l e n g t h i n s i d e end l i n e r s
measured a l o n g t h e s u r f a c e of t h e
s h e l l l i n e r s s h o u l d be 0.1 t o 0.15
m e t e r s (4" t o 6") longer than t h e
rods, so t h a t the rods w i l l f i t i n
t h e l e n g t h of t h e g r i n d i n g chamber
without tipping o r laying across
t h e charge.
A slope a s steep a s
p o s s i b l e s h o u l d be used f o r rod
m i l l head ( e n d ) l i n e r s t o p r e v e n t
u n s u p p o r t e d e n d s o f r o d s from prot r u d i n g from t h e c h a r g e and b e i n g
b r o k e n u n d e r impact from o t h e r
rods.
6.8 m e t e r s ( 2 0 f e e t ) i s a p r a c t i c a l l i m i t on t h e l e n g t h of good
quality rods ( t h a t is rods t h a t
w i l l s t a y s t r a i g h t i n t h e m i l l and
w i l l break i n t o p i e c e s t h a t w i l l
d i s c h a r g e from
the
m i l l when
worn).
This length is a function
of rod q u a l i t y and p r o d u c t i o n l i m i t s imposed by t h e r o d manufacturers.
The r o d s p e c i f i c a t i o n s g i v e n i n
Table I V can be considered a s a
minimum s p e c i f i c a t i o n . B e t t e r rod
q u a l i t y , which r e d u c e s b r e a k a g e ,
a l l o w s wearing t h e rods
to a
s m a l l e r s i z e and which c a n r e d u c e
rod operating costs, is available.
The b e t t e r q u a l i t y r o d s a r e g e n e r a l l y recommended when u s i n g 100 mm
(4") diameter rods
and/or the
l a r g e r diameter rod m i l l s .
Table I11
Mil 1 Diameter
Inside
Rod Length
Rod Length
25 D
L = 1.4 D
Meters
Meters
Feet
-
Meters
Feet
3.81
4.76
15.6
5.33
17.5
3.96
4.95
16.2
5.54
18.2
4.11
5.14
16.9
5.75
18.9
4.27
5.34
17.5
5.98
19.6
6.19
20.3
6.40
21.0
6.61
21.7
6.83
22.4
7.04
23.1
II
Carbon
Manganese
0.60 t o 0.90%
Silicon
0.15 t o 0.30%
Sulphur
0.05% Max.
Phosphorous
0.04% Max.
II
PHYSICAL REQUIREMENTS
Rods should a l s o have t h e f o l l o w i n g p h y s i c a l requirements:
t a p e r e d wear and a c c u m u l a t i o n of
broken r o d s r e d u c e s t h e b u l k dens i t y of t h e m i l l c h a r g e , and t h u s
m i l l power.
The rod c h a r g e b u l k d e n s i t y g i v e n
i n T a b l e V c a n be used t o d e t e r mine t h e power a rod m i l l w i t h a
worn-in c h a r g e s h o u l d draw.
Bulk
density i s variable, subject t o
Bul k Density
KG Per Cubic Meter
Lbs Per Cubic Foot
New Rods
Worn-I n Charge
M i l l Diameter
Meters
Feet
0.91-1.83
3-6
1.83-2.74
6-9
2.74-3.66
9-12
3.66-4.57
12-15
401
i n u s i n g wear r e s i s t a n t c a s t i r o n
end l i n e r s .
Rubber l i n e r s c a n be
used w i t h c a u t i o n a s t h e y c a n be
s u b j e c t t o damage from t h e s h a r p
e n d s on worn rods.
Except when
using rubber l i n e r s t h e r e should
b e a r u b b e r backing between t h e
head l i n e r s and t h e heads.
End
l i n e r s s h o u l d be smooth w i t h no
waves o r l i f t e r s a s t h e s e c a n d i s r u p t rod a c t i o n and c a u s e rod
tangling.
The f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n i s used t o
d e t e r m i n e t h e power t h a t a rod
m i l l should draw.
KW~=
where
kWr = K i l o w a t t s per m e t r i c
t o n n e of rods
(1000 kg.)
D
= M i l l diameter i n s i d e
l i n e r s i n meters.
Vp = F r a c t i o n of m i l l
volume loaded w i t h
rods.
C,- = F r a c t i o n of c r i t i c a l
speed.
I n terms of m i l l d i a m e t e r i n f e e t
and rod c h a r g e i n s h o r t t o n s (2000
pounds) t h e e q u a t i o n becomes:
K W =~1.07D0.34
(6.3- 5.4 Vp) Ca
(3a)
403
4
6
8
10
11
12
12
12
13
14
15
16
16
16
18
19
19
20
20
20
Ft
Ft
Rod
Mil1
Length
Rod
Mil1
Diameter
Ft
L/D
5847
5847
5847
5847
5766
5766
5766
5766
5606
5606
5606
5606
5606
5606
5446
5446
5446
5446
5446
5446
365
365
365
365
360
360
360
360
350
350
350
350
350
350
340
340
340
340
340
340
1.0
2.25
6.91
13.1
20.0
29.0
33.0
36.0
42.7
51.5
61.4
72.5
79.7
82.7
104
120
130
147
159
171
1.13
2.58
7.95
15.0
22.8
33.2
37.7
41.1
48.8
59.0
70.1
82.8
90.7
99.8
119
137
148
169
181
194
1.27
2.9
8.89
16.8
25.6
37.4
42.5
45.5
54.9
63.8
78.9
93.5
103
112
134
154
166
190
204
219
1.1
2.48
7.62
14.4
22.0
32.0
36.4
39.7
47.1
56.8
67.7
79.9
87.8
91.1
115
132
143
162
175
188
1.25
2.84
8.76
16.5
25.1
36.6
41.6
45.3
53.8
65.0
77.3
91.3
100
110
131
151
163
186
200
214
1.4
3.2
9.8
18.5
28.2
41.2
46.8
50.1
60.5
70.3
87.0
103
1.13
123
148
170
183
209
225
241
7
23
57
114
181
275
318
344
416
507
609
735
819
906
1093
1264
1385
1580
1715
1853
1
25
61
122
194
295
341
369
446
544
653
788
878
972
11
1356
1486
1695
1840
1988
2.5
3.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8.0
8.35
8.85
9.35
9.85
10.35
10.85
11.35
11.85
12.35
12.85
13.35
13.85
14.35
D i a (D)
Inside
New
Liners
M
Ft
8 0.76
26 1.07
641.37
128 1.68
204 1.98
310 2.29
359 2.44
388 2.55
470 2.70
5722.85
687 3.00
829 3.15
924 3.31
1023 3.46
1234 3.61
1426 3.76
1562 3.92
1783 4.07
1935 4.22
2091 4.37
Bulk
Rod Charge Weight
M i l l Power
Density
Rod
M e t r i c Tonnes
Short Tons
% Volumetric
Charge
% Volumetric Loading % Volumetric Loading
Loading
RPM % CS FPM kg/ms l b / f t 3
35
40
35
40
45
45
35 1 40 1 45
M i l l Speed
Rod
Length
(L 1
Table V I
406
BALL MILLS
B a l l m i l l s c a n be used f o r e i t h e r
wet g r i n d i n g o r
dry grinding.
Normally e i t h e r
following u n i t
processes o r the material i t s e l f
w i l l d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r wet o r d r y
g r i n d i n g s h o u l d be used.
Separate
dryer-rotary-fluosolids, etc.
B.
D r y i n g i n t h e m i l l by d r a w i n g
hot gases through t h e m i l l
with a p a r t i a l or t o t a l a i r
sweeping.
C.
Combined d r y e r a n d b a l l m i l l
with the dryer
being t h e
f i r s t compartment
and t h e
b a l l m i l l t h e s e c o n d compartment.
The b a l l m i l l compartment i s a i r swept b e c a u s e
g a s e s from t h e
dryer a r e
pulled through it.
D.
Drying i n t h e a i r s e p a r a t o r
where t h e f e e d goes t o t h e
a i r s e p a r a t o r . Hot g a s e s a r e
drawn t h r o u g h t h e a i r s e p a r a t o r drying the
new f e e d .
Drying a l s o o c c u r s i n t h e
b u c k e t e l e v a t o r u s e d t o convey t h e m i l l d i s c h a r g e , w h i c h
i s h o t , and t h e new f e e d t o
the a i r separator.
E x c e p t f o r f u l l y a i r swept m i l l s ,
d r y g r i n d i n g b a l l m i l l s a r e supp l i e d w i t h low l e v e l d i s c h a r g e d i aphragms ( F i g u r e 1 0 ) .
With a i r
swept and p a r t i a l a i r swept m i l l s ,
t h e a i r volume and v e l o c i t y w i l l
be t h a t r e q u i r e d t o c a r r y t h e
coarsest particle
size desired
Classification to
from t h e m i l l .
c l o s e t h e m i l l c i r c u i t is used,
therefore the largest particle t o
b e swept from t h e m i l l w i l l b e
l a r g e r than t h e d e s i r e d product
size.
Diaphragm d i s c h a r g e m i l l s
w i l l r e q u i r e a s u f f i c i e n t a i r draw
t o keep t h e m i l l under n e g a t i v e
pressure t o prevent
d u s t from
l e a k i n g from t h e m i l l a r o u n d t h e
f e e d e r and d i s c h a r g e h o u s i n g .
Dry
use spout
grinding b a l l m i l l s
feeders ( s e e Figure 4 ) with a i r
s e a l s . A rule-of-thumb f o r d e t e r mining t h e a i r required f o r dust
control is:
5.5 c u b i c
Closed
Circuit
m e t e r s p e r hour per horsepower of m i l l power.
Open
Circuit
5.0 c u b i c
m e t e r s p e r hour p e r h o r s e power of m i l l power.
Being f r e e of t h e l i m i t s imposed
o n r o d m i l l s by t h e r o d s , b a l l
m i l l s h a v e more
variations i n
l e n g t h t o diameter r a t i o s , ranging
from s l i g h t l y less t h a n 1:l t o
some g r e a t e r t h a n 2 : l .
There a r e
n o f i x e d r u l e s o n t h e p r o p e r L/D
r a t i o s t o use a s these vary with
t h e c i r c u i t used, o r e type, feed
s i z e and o v e r a l l g r i n d i n g r e q u i r e m e n t s . T a b l e VII g i v e s some rough
g u i d e l i n e s showing, based upon
p a s t e x p e r i e n c e , t h e g e n e r a l L/D
r a t i o s used i n t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of
ball mills.
Depending upon t h e s i z e of make-up
b a l l s used, a d v e r s e b a l l segregat i o n , t h a t i s l a r g e b a l l s going t o
t h e d i s c h a r g e end and s m a l l b a l l s
t o t h e feed end, can occur a s t h e
L/D becomes l a r g e r .
This begins
t o o c c u r a s t h e make-up b a l l s i z e
i s l a r g e r t h a n 65 mm (2.5").
G r i n d i n g b a l l s c a n b e made of
forged o r c a s t s t e e l o r c a s t iron.
The q u a l i t y
depends
upon t h e
s o u r c e of supply.
While n o t a l ways t r u e , f r e q u e n t l y t h e b e t t e r
q u a l i t y b a l l s a r e forged s t e e l .
Generally b a l l s a r e s p h e r i c a l but
they can be i n various cylindric a l , conical or other irregular
shapes.
B a l l s vary considerably
i n hardness w i t h s o f t b a l l s having
B r i n n e l l hardnesses i n t h e range
o f 350 t o 450, a n d t h e h a r d b a l l s
h a v e h a r d n e s s e s i n e x c e s s of 700.
A rule-of-thumb
s u b j e c t t o argument is: " t h e h a r d e r t h e b a l l t h e
b e t t e r i t s l i f e " (provided it i s
n o t t o o b r i t t l e and b r e a k s o r becomes t o o h i g h l y p o l i s h e d and t o o
smooth t o n i p t h e m a t e r i a l b e i n g
ground).
409
ON
PLATE)
! RING
HE AD
Type o f G r i n d i n g
Wet
900 t o
Wet
Wet o r D r y
4,000
F i n e Feeds
Regrind
Open C i r c u i t
Wet o r D r y
F i n e Feeds
Dry
5,000 t o 10,000
Dry
900 t o
Top B 11 S i z e
Millimeter
4,000
B a l l m i l l s normally c a r r y a b a l l
c h a r g e o c c u p y i n g from 4 0 t o 45% of
t h e m i l l v o l u m e , b u t c a n c a r r y up
to
a 50% o r
slightly higher
charge.
F i g u r e 11 shows t h e relat i o n s h i p of m i l l power and v o l u metric loading.
F o r p l a n t capac i t y and d e s i g n purposes, b a l l
mills
are
frequently selected
b a s e d upon
carrying
40% b a l l
c h a r g e s w i t h t h e m i l l s and d r i v e s
designed t o c a r r y h i g h e r charges
i f required.
However, d r y g r i n d i n g b a l l m i l l s
n o r m a l l y c a r r y from a 3 5 t o 40%
b a l l c h a r g e w i t h a i r swept m i l l s
carrying even
a
lower charge
n e a r e r t o 30% o f m i l l volume.
P l a n t d e s i g n , c a p i t a l c o s t and
operating c o s t s a l l influence b a l l
m i l l feeder selection.
When a 45
t o 50% b a l l c h a r g e i s t o be c a r r i e d i n a wet g r i n d i n g b a l l m i l l ,
g e n e r a l l y a double scoop f e e d e r a s
This
shown i n F i g u r e 1 2 i s used.
i s a more e x p e n s i v e f e e d e r t h a n a
s p o u t f e e d e r as shown i n F i g u r e 4 ,
which c a n a l s o b e used t o feed
When a wet g r i n d i n g
ball mills.
b a l l m i l l is closed circuited with
a rake o r s p i r a l c l a s s i f i e r , a
scoop f e e d e r i s r e q u i r e d t o feed
t h e c i r c u l a t i n g load
into the
mill.
With cyclone c l a s s i f i e r s
s p o u t f e e d e r s c a n b e used.
Spout
f e e d e r s a r e used on d r y g r i n d i n g
60 t o 90
2.5 t o 3.5
40 t o 50
1.8 t o 2.0
20 t o 30
LID R a t i o
Inches
314 t o 1-114
20 t o 50
314 t o 2
60 t o 90
2.5 t o 3.5
40 t o 50
1.8 t o 2.0
m i l l s operating i n closed c i r c u i t
w i t h a i r c l a s s i f i e r s o r mechanical
a i r separators.
On open c i r c u i t wet o r d r y g r i n d i n g drum f e e d e r s a s shown on Figu r e 1 3 c a n be used.
60 -
2b
i5
i0
i5
4b
45
50
i5
66b
FIGURE 12. Single Scoop Feeder with Ball Charging Drum. (Double Scoop is available)
i n the m i l
t h e waves
b a l l s can
lifters.
For 65 mm (2.5")
and smaller
top s i z e b a l l s f o r c a s t metal
l i n e r s use d o u b l e wave l i n e r s
w i t h t h e number of l i f t e r s t o
t h e c i r c l e approximately 13.1
D i n meters ( f o r D i n f e e t
Wave
d i v i d e 13.1 D by 3.3).
h e i g h t from 40 t o 65 mm (1518" t o 2-112") above t h e liner thickness, l i n e r thickn e s s i s from 40 t o 50 mm (1518" t o 2").
Rubber l i n e r s
o f t h e i n t e g r a l molded d e s i g n
follow the c a s t metal design.
If
using
the replaceable
l i f t e r bar d e s i g n i n e i t h e r
m e t a l o r r u b b e r t h e number of
lifters
should
be
about
D i n meters ( f o r D i s
3.3
i n f e e t d i v i d e 3.3
D by
3.3) w i t h t h e l i f t e r h e i g h t
above t h e l i n e r s about t w i c e
t h e l i n e r thickness.
The u s e of d o u b l e wave lin e r s , p a r t i c u l a r l y when u s i n g
50 mm ( 2 " ) o r l a r g e r b a l l s ,
may show a l o s s of 5% o r s o
l power
wear
nest
When
draw u n t i l
i n and t h e
between t h e
l i n e r s , and
There a r e many d i f f e r e n t d e s i g n s
and s t y l e s of b a l l m i l l l i n e r s .
A s w i t h g r i n d i n g b a l l s l o c a l economics and u l t i m a t e l y o p e r a t i n g
c o s t s determine t h e b e s t d e s i g n
and m a t e r i a l t o use.
The i n i t i a l
s e t of l i n e r s i s r a r e l y t h e f i n a l
d e s i g n s e l e c t e d . Based upon i n d i vidual experience, m i l l superint e n d e n t s develop p r e f e r e n c e s f o r
l i n e r designs.
The f o l l o w i n g i s
given a s a guide f o r the i n i t i a l
s e t of l i n e r s .
A.
413
Rubber l i n e r s a r e w e l l s u i t e d
t o t h i s same a r e a and n o t
o n l y reduce o p e r a t i n g c o s t s
but can reduce n o i s e l e v e l s .
Due t o t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e
f e e d and t h e h e a t g e n e r a t e d
i n g r i n d i n g going i n t o t h e
feed, t h e temperatures i n dry
grinding m i l l s a r e too high
t o a l l o w t h e u s e of r u b b e r
liners.
B.
S i n g l e wave l i n e r s a r e recommended f o r l a r g e r s i z e b a l l s
The
( 6 0 mmI2.5" and l a r g e r ) .
number of t h e l i f t e r s t o t h e
c i r c l e equals approximately
6.6 D i n m e t e r s ( f o r D i n
f e e t d i v i d e 6.6 D by 3.3).
The l i n e r s a r e from 50 t o 65
mm t h i c k ( 2 " t o 2.5") w i t h
t h e waves from 60 t o 75 mm
(2.5"
t o 3") above t h e lin e r s . The r e p l a c e a b l e l i f t e r
b a r d e s i g n made of e i t h e r
m e t a l o r rubber i n a b o u t t h e
same d e s i g n p r o p o r t i o n s c a n
b e used.
There c o u l d be a
l o s s i n power w i t h r u b b e r lin e r s of up t o 10%.
Rubber
l i n e r s a r e n o t recommended
when t h e b a l l s i z e i s l a r g e r
t h a n 75 mm.
Because of t h e i m p a c t i n g from
t h e l a r g e b a l l s , s i n g l e wave
liners for ball m i l l s are
u s u a l l y made
from a l l o y e d
t e g r a l r a d i a l r i b s o r with
replaceable l i f t e r s o r with
both.
E.
T h e r e a r e c a s e s where d o u b l e
wave l i n e r s h a v e been used a s
replacement l i n e r s f o r s i n g l e
wave l i n e r s . T h i s r e q u i r e s a
s t u d y of wear p a t t e r n s m i l l
power, c a p a c i t y and o p e r a t i n g
costs.
C.
C l a s s i f y i n g l i n e r s h a v e been
used i n b a l l m i l l s t o p u t t h e
l a r g e r b a l l s a t t h e f e e d end
and t h e s m a l l e r b a l l s a t t h e
d i s c h a r g e end.
Spiral shell
l i n e r s s u c h a s shown i n Figu r e 9 h a v e been u s e d s u c c e s s fully.
The s p i r a l i s a n advancing s p i r a l .
The s q u a r e m i l l l i n e r a l s o
known a s a c l a s s i f y i n g l i n e r
gives a square configuration
t o t h e i n s i d e of t h e m i l l .
T h e r e a r e a s e r i e s of o f f
s e t t i n g c i r c u m f e r e n t i a l rows
which r e t a r d t h e movement of
b a l l s and a l l o w a b e t t e r mat e r i a l f l o w and f i l l i n g of
t h e b a l l charge.
There have
been s u c c e s s e s and f a i l u r e s
It
w i t h t h i s t y p e of l i n e r .
d o e s r e d u c e m i l l volume and
cause a reduction
i n the
In
power drawn by t h e m i l l .
some c a s e s a r e d u c t i o n i n
power p e r t o n n e h a s o c c u r r e d ,
improving g r i n d i n g e f f i c i e n cy.
In other cases t h e r e has
been a c o r r e s p o n d i n g reduct i o n i n c a p a c i t y w i t h t h e red u c t i o n i n power draw.
D.
End l i n e r s f o r b a l l m i l l s
conform t o t h e s l o p e o f t h e
m i l l head and c a n be made of
rubber, alloyed c a s t s t e e l o r
wear-resistant c a s t iron.
To
p r e v e n t r a c i n g and e x c e s s i v e
wear end l i n e r s
for ball
m i l l s a r e furnished w i t h in-
When a g r a t e d i s c h a r g e i s
u s e d , t h e g r a t e s and wear
p l a t e s a r e n o r m a l l y perpendic u l a r t o t h e m i l l a x i s while
t h e d i s c h a r g e pans conform t o
t h e s l o p e of t h e m i l l head.
The g r a t e s and wear p l a t e s
a r e n o r m a l l y made from a l loyed
wear-resistant
cast
s t e e l o r rubber.
They a r e
r i b b e d t o p r e v e n t r a c i n g and
e x c e s s i v e wear.
The d i s c h a r g e r s and pans a r e genera l l y made from e i t h e r wearr e s i s t a n t c a s t i r o n o r rubber, o r wear-resistant fabricated s t e e l .
S l o t p l u g g i n g c a n be a problem i n g r a t e d i s c h a r g e m i l l s .
Whether t h e g r a t e s a r e made
of m e t a l o r r u b b e r t h e s l o t s
should
have
ample r e l i e f
t a p e r e d toward t h e d i s c h a r g e
side.
T o t a l a n g l e s 7 t o 10
d e g r e e s (3.5 t o 5 d e g r e e s p e r
side)
are
commonly used.
Metal g r a t e s o f t e n have a
small lead-in
pocket o r rec e s s which c a n f i l l i n w i t h
peened m e t a l r a t h e r t h a n have
the s l o t
peen s h u t .
With t h e proper combination
of m e t a l i n t e r n a l s and rubber
s u r f a c e s , r u b b e r g r a t e s have
f l e x i b i l i t y t h a t t e n d t o make
them s e l f c l e a n i n g and y e t
n o t f a i l due
t o flexing.
Rubber g r a t e s cannot be used
i n dry grinding b a l l mills.
F.
I n t e r m s of b a l l s i z e i n i n c h e s
and m i l l d i a m e t e r i n f e e t and
power p e r s h o r t t o n of b a l l c h a r g e
e q u a t i o n 5 becomes:
The f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n i s used t o
determine the
power
t h a t wet
mills
grinding
overflow
ball
s h o u l d draw.
To d e t e r m i n e t h e power t h a t a w e t
g r i n d i n g , low l e v e l g r a t e d i s c h a r g e m i l l s h o u l d draw m u l t i p l y
kWb by 1.16 and f o r a d r y g r i n d ing, f u l l grate discharge m i l l
m u l t i p l y by 1.08.
where
kWb = K i l o w a t t s p e r m e t r i c t o n n e
of b a l l s (1000 k g ) .
D
= M i l l diameter i n s i d e l i n e r s
i n meters.
= F r a c t i o n of m i l l volume
Vp
loaded w i t h b a l l s .
Cs = F r a c t i o n of c r i t i c a l s p e e d .
Ss = B a l l s i z e f a c t o r .
I n terms of m i l l d i a m e t e r i n f e e t
and power per s h o r t t o n a t (2000
pounds) of b a l l c h a r g e E q u a t i o n 4
becomes:
F o r m i l l s l a r g e r t h a n 3.3 m e t e r s
(10 f e e t ) d i a m e t e r i n s i d e l i n e r s
t h e t o p s i z e of t h e b a l l s used a f f e c t s t h e power draw by t h e m i l l .
This i s c a l l e d t h e b a l l s i z e fact o r S,.
For s p e c i a l a p p l i c a t i o n s such a s
w e t g r i n d i n g cement raw m a t e r i a l s ,
b a u x i t e i n c a u s t i c s o l u t i o n s and
other clay-like
materials consult
mill
manufacturers,
since
the
t h e s e m a t e r i a l s a f f e c t t h e power
draw by b a l l m i l l s .
Table
VIII
lists
essentially
"square" b a l l m i l l s g i v i n g m i l l
speed a s percent
of c r i t i c a l ,
w e i g h t of a 40% b a l l c h a r g e , t o p
b a l l s i z e and c a l c u l a t e d power
draw.
B a l l m i l l power c h a n g e s i n
d i r e c t proportion t o m i l l length.
The power i s horsepower a t t h e
m i l l p i n i o n s h a f t i n s i d e new s h e l l
liners.
I n c r e a s e power f o r worn
s h e l l l i n e r s by 6%. T h e r e a r e i n d i c a t i o n s t h a t r u b b e r l i n e r s may
c a u s e from a 5 t o 10% l o s s i n m i l l
power.
The v a r i o u s b a l l m i l l manufact u r e r s have d i f f e r e n t e q u a t i o n s
f o r d e t e r m i n i n g t h e power b a l l
m i l l s d r a w , b u t a l l come c l o s e t o
t h e same c a l c u l a t e d power draw.
where
B
M i l l diameter i n s i d e
l i n e r s i n meters.
= Kilowatts per metric
t o n n e of b a l l s .
Ss
Operating d a t a a v a i l a b l e f o r wet
g r i n d i n g b a l l m i l l s 5.49 m e t e r s
(18.0 f e e t ) d i a m e t e r i n s i d e s h e l l
show t h e m i l l s w i l l draw t h e c a l c u l a t e d power, however, when t h e
Table V I I I
IV.
COMPARTMENTED MILLS
Compartmented m i l l s h a v e two o r
more compartments
using b a l l s ,
p e b b l e s , o r r o d s a s g r i n d i n g media
combining two o r more g r i n d i n g
s t a g e s i n t o one u n i t .
These m i l l s
a r e p a r t i c u l a r l y popular i n t h e
cement i n d u s t r y , b u t c a n be used
wherever s t a g e m i l l i n g i s r e q u i r e d
without a n intermediate s e p a r a t i o n
o r c l a s s i f i c a t i o n step. Recently,
p e r i p h e r a l d i s c h a r g e s have reapp e a r e d i n t h e Cement I n d u s t r y p e r m i t t i n g d i s c h a r g i n g ground m a t e r i a l from e a c h compartment f o r s t a g e
c l a s s i f i c a t i o n between t h e s t a g e s
of t h e compartmented m i l l s t o r e duce o v e r g r i n d i n g .
The Rodpeb M i l l , F i g u r e 6 , i s a
wet
grinding
multi-compartment
m i l l w i t h r o d s i n t h e f i r s t comp a r t m e n t and b a l l s i n t h e s e c o n d
compartment.
S e v e r a l m i n o r comp r o m i s e s a r e n e c e s s a r y when s p e c i The d i a m e t e r i s
fying t h e m i l l .
t h e same f o r b o t h compartments.
The o p e r a t i n g s p e e d i n t e r m s o f
p e r c e n t of c r i t i c a l s p e e d i s a
compromise being on t h e h i g h s i d e
f o r rod m i l l i n g and t h e low s i d e
f o r b a l l milling.
Rodpeb m i l l s
a r e most f r e q u e n t l y o p e r a t e d i n
open c i r c u i t .
The u s u a l a p p l i c a t i o n is t o grind m a t e r i a l s with
low
abrasive
characteristics.
Adding r e p l a c e m e n t r o d s and c l e a n i n g o u t broken r o d s and worn r o d s
i s more t i m e consuming t h a n i n r o d
mills.
The two p r i n c i p a l a p p l i c a t i o n s have been f o r wet g r i n d i n g
raw m a t e r i a l s f o r cement making
k i l n s and g r i n d i n g of b a u x i t e i n
caustic solutions.
Double R o t a t o r m i l l s h a n d l e moist u r e s up t o 7 % w i t h p r e h e a t e r k i l n
e x h a u s t g a s e s and up t o 1 4 t o 15%
Grit
with high temperature gases.
s e p a r a t o r s a r e u t i l i z e d t o remove
t h e coarse material before enteri n g a cyclone c o l l e c t o r which prec e d e s t h e baghouse o r e l e c t r o s t a t A i r s e p a r a t o r rei c collector.
j e c t s a r e returned t o t h e f i n e
g r i n d i n g compartment o r , i f des i r e d , a p o r t i o n c a n be r e t u r n e d
t o t h e c o a r s e g r i n d i n g end of t h e
mill.
Wet g r i n d i n g compartmented b a l l
m i l l s a r e r a r e l y used.
The p r i n c i p a l u s e i s f o r wet o p e n g r i n d i n g of cement raw m a t e r i a l s i n wet
p r o c e s s cement p l a n t s .
Because of
h i g h f u e l consumption v e r y few wet
cement p l a n t s a r e b e i n g b u i l t today. The same t y p e of m i l l c a n b e
used f o r wet open c i r c u i t g r i n d i n g
of h i g h g r a d e i r o n o r e o r c o a r s e
i r o n o r e c o n c e n t r a t e s t o make f e e d
for pelletizing.
(The more common
i r o n o r e p e l l e t i z i n g feed applicat i o n s a r e d r y g r i n d i n g open c i r cuit mills.)
The main purpose f o r
m i l l is to
t h e multi-compartment
m a i n t a i n b a l l s e g r e g a t i o n by u s e
of a d i v i s i o n head and t o h e l p
pulp flow through t h e m i l l .
Wet g r i n d i n g of cement raw m a t e r i a l s i n a compartmented b a l l m i l l
h a s proven a good a p p l i c a t i o n f o r
g r i n d i n g a i d s d e s i g n e d t o make a s
heavy a s p o s s i b l e s l u r r y t o r e d u c e
t h e amount of w a t e r t o b e d r i v e n
off i n the kiln.
Dry g r i n d i n g compartmented b a l l
m i l l s c a n c a r r y up t o 50% by v o l ume b a l l c h a r g e s b u t more f r e q u e n t l y a r e used w i t h 30 t o 35%
b a l l c h a r g e s , a n a r e a where t h e
g r i n d i n g e f f i c i e n c y seems t o b e
best.
Depending upon m i l l performance and t h e d r i v e l i m i t a t i o n s , d i f f e r e n t b a l l c h a r g e s by
PEBBLE MILLS
Within t h e g l a s s , ceramic, c l e a n s e r s and chemical i n d u s t r i e s t h e r e
a r e requirements principally f o r
d r y g r i n d i n g m i l l s where t h e r e i s
l i t t l e , i f any, i r o n contamination
due t o l i n e r and
media wear.
c a l l e d pebble
These m i l l s a r e
m i l l s and u s e e i t h e r n a t u r a l pebb l e s o r manufactured pebbles o r
s l u g s a s g r i n d i n g media.
The
m i l l s a r e l i n e d w i t h s i l e x blocks
o r w i t h ceramic l i n e r s .
See Figure6b.
The l i n i n g can e i t h e r be
smooth o r can be made t o have
3" Lining
Mill
H.P.
R.P.M.
4" Lining
Mill
R.P.M.
H.P.
Size o f
M i 11
1-1/4" L i n i n g
Mil1
H.P.
R.P.M.
7'
7'
7'
7'
7'
7'
7'
x 10'
x 12'
x 14'
x16'
x 18'
x 20'
x22'
82
100
117
134
151
168
185
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
22.0
77
92
106
120
135
149
165
22.6
22.6
22.6
22.6
22.6
22.6
22.6
71
84
97
111
124
137
151
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
23.0
8'
8'
8'
8'
8'
8'
8'
x 12'
x14'
x16'
x18'
x201
x 22'
x24'
139
163
186
210
234
258
282
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
20.0
128
149
170
191
213
234
255
20.6
20.6
20.6
20.6
20.6
20.6
20.6
120
140
159
178
197
217
235
21.0
21.0
21 .O
21.0
21.0
20.0
21.0
9'
9'
9'
9'
9'
9'
9'
x14'
x 16'
x 18'
x20'
x22'
x 24'
x26'
215
246
277
309
341
372
403
19.0
19.0
19.0
19.0
19.0
19.0
19.0
198
227
255
284
312
340
367
19.3
19.3
19.3
19.3
19.3
19.3
19.3
188
213
239
264
291
315
342
19.6
19.6
19.6
19.6
19.6
19.6
19.6
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
10'
x 16'
x 18'
x 20'
x22'
x24'
x26'
315
355
396
436
477
518
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
18.0
293
329
367
403
439
474
18.3
18.3
18.3
18.3
18.3
18.3
277
310
343
378
409
444
18.6
18.6
18.6
18.6
18.6
18.6
11'
11'
11'
11'
11'
11'
x 18'
x20'
x22'
x24'
x26'
x28'
444
495
546
597
647
696
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
17.0
414
462
507
553
596
642
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.3
17.3
392
434
478
517
561
603
17.6
17.6
17.6
17.6
17.6
17.6
lifters.
Ceramic l i n e r s c a n be
made i n v a r i o u s wave p a t t e r n s .
These m i l l s have d i s c h a r g e d i a phragms normally made from wear
r e s i s t a n t alloyed c a s t i r o n s o r
steels.
The power t h a t t h e s e
m i l l s draw i s a f u n c t i o n of t h e
b u l k d e n s i t y of t h e media, which
i s a f u n c t i o n of t h e shape of t h e
media.
VII.
REGRIND MILLS
B a l l m i l l s which a r e used t o g r i n d
rougher concentrates, middlings,
f i n a l concentrates o r t a i l i n g s a r e
c a l l e d r e g r i n d m i l l s ; because they
a r e f e d m a t e r i a l t h a t h a s been
g r o u n d , t h e n t r e a t e d i n one o r
more p r o c e s s i n g s t e p .
Relatively
s m a l l s i z e b a l l s a r e used.
They
c a n b e used i n open o r c l o s e d c i r cuit.
The d i s c u s s i o n s on b a l l
m i l l s f i t s regrind m i l l s .
A f t e r t h e grind requirements a r e
e s t a b l i s h e d , t e s t i n g f o r t h e sel e c t i o n o f comminution c i r c u i t s
and m i l l s i z e c a n b e i n i t i a t e d and
c a n d e p e n d i n g upon t h e a p p l i c a t i o n
i n c l u d e a l l o r some of t h e f o l l o w ing :
P r i m a r y Autogenous Media
Competency
- P r i m a r y Autogenous and
Semi-Autogenous P i l o t P l a n t
2 5
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L i n e r wear r a t e i f t e s t i s
r u n l o n g enough t o o b t a i n lin e r wear d a t a .
% c i r c u l a t i n g load f o r each
is
close cirstage that
cuited.
During g r i n d i n g t e s t s o b t a i n samp l e s of m i l l f e e d f o r g r i n d a b i l i t y
t e s t s s o t h a t work i n d i c e s c a l c u l a t e d from t h e p i l o t p l a n t d a t a
c a n be compared t o g r i n d a b i l i t y
test r e s u l t s .
O p e r a t i n g work i n d i c e s c a n be obtained using p i l o t
p l a n t d a t a i n t h e f o l l o w i n g equation:
where
W i o = O p e r a t i n g Work I n d e x
W
= kwh p e r t o n ( c a n b e
metric, standard, o r
long)
P
= P r o d u c t s i z e which
80% p a s s e s i n
micrometers.
= Feed s i z e which
F
80% p a s s e s i n
micrometers.
The a p p l i c a t i o n o f g r i n d i n g c i r c u i t and e q u i p m e n t - r e l a t e d f a c t o r s
d i s c u s s e d l a t e r a r e a p p l i e d t o Wio
t o p u t i t o n t h e same b a s i s a s
This
g r i n d a b i l i t y test r e s u l t s .
a l l o w s a d i r e c t comparison of pil o t p l a n t test r e s u l t s and grinda b i l i t y test r e s u l t s .
In addition
t o t h e s e , be s u r e t o a p p l y motor
and d r i v e e f f i c i e n c y f a c t o r s s o
t h a t t h e p i l o t p l a n t m i l l power
Bond r o d m i l l
t e s t s a t 10 o r
Work Index.
grindability
1 4 mesh f o r
B.
For each b a l l m i l l g r i n d i n g
s t e p , a Bond b a l l m i l l g r i n d a b i l i t y t e s t a t one mesh s i z e
coarser than the top s i z e
t h a t w i l l produce t h e d e s i r e d
80% p a s s i n g s i z e and a t t h e
mesh s i z e , o r j u s t f i n e r t h a n
t h e mesh s i z e , t h a t w i l l prod u c e t h e d e s i r e d 80% p a s s i n g
size.
C.
I f 50 mm x 7 5 mm ( 2 " x 3 " )
o r e lumps a r e a v a i l a b l e a n
i m p a c t c r u s h i n g Work I n d e x
test.
D.
I f 30 mm x 20 mm (1-114" x
314") o r e i s a v a i l a b l e a n
a b r a s i o n i n d e x test.
IX.
B.
Ball
Milling-wet,
closed
c i r c u i t g r i n d i n g i n a 2.44
meter ( 8 ' ) diameter i n s i d e
liners ball mill.
C.
Power c a l c u l a t e d i s t h e power
required a t the pinionshaft
o f t h e m i l l , which i n c l u d e s
m i l l b e a r i n g s and g e a r p i n i o n
l o s s e s b u t does n o t i n c l u d e
motor l o s s e s o r l o s s e s i n any
o t h e r d r i v e component, s u c h
a s r e d u c e r s and c l u t c h e s .
The f e e d
T e s t s is:
for
Bond
Grindability
Rod m i l l i n g o r e c r u s h e d t o m i n u s
(0.530")
or
13,200 m i c r o m e t e r s
finer
B a l l m i l l i n g o r e crushed t o minus
3,350 micrometers ( 6
mesh) o r
f i n e r which h a v e been u s e d t o e s t a b l i s h optimum r o d and b a l l m i l l
feed s i z e s .
There a r e e i g h t e f f i c i e n c y f a c t o r s
t o be a p p l i e d t o t h e c a l c u l a t e d
g r i n d i n g power t o a l l o w f o r v a r i a t i o n s from t h e s p e c i f i e d c o n d i t i o n s and optimum f e e d s i z e s .
EF1
Dry G r i n d i n g .
EF2
Open C i r c u i t B a l l M i l l i n g .
EF3
Diameter
EFq
O v e r s i z e d Feed.
EFg
Fine Grinding i n
t o product s i z e s
80% p a s s i n g 200
micrometers).
ball m i l l s
f i n e r than
mesh ( 7 5
EFg
High o r low r a t i o
t i o n rod m i l l i n g .
of reduc-
where
W
Wi
P
F
Note:
Kwh p e r s h o r t t o n .
= Work Index.
= Product s i z e i n microns
which 80% p a s s e s .
= Feed s i z e i n m i c r o n s
which 80% p a s s e s .
Efficiency
Factor.
W c a n be p e r m e t r i c t o n n e
i f t h e Work I n d e x i s o n t h e
b a s i s of m e t r i c tonnes.
Low R a t i o
milling.
of
EF8
Rod M i l l i n g .
reduction b a l l
The m u l t i p l i e r s f o r t h e e f f i c i e n c y
f a c t o r s a r e d e t e r m i n e d by t h e f o l lowing:
NOTE: In
s e l e c t i n g m i l l s f o r new
o p e r a t i o n s , where t h i s f a c t o r i s l e s s t h a n 1.0 i t i s
sometimes n e g l e c t e d and i s
used a s a s a f e t y f a c t o r y .
I n t h e example i t w i l l be
applied.
EFq
EFl
Dry G r i n d i n g - f o r t h e same
r a n g e of work, d r y g r i n d i n g
r e q u i r e s 1 . 3 t i m e s a s much
power a s w e t g r i n d i n g .
EF2
Open C i r c u i t G r i n d i n g -when
grinding i n
open c i r c u i t
t h e amount of
ball m i l l s ,
e x t r a power r e q u i r e d , compared t o closed c i r c u i t b a l l
m i l l i n g , i s a f u n c t i o n of
t h e d e g r e e o f c o n t r o l req u i r e d o n t h e p r o d u c t produced.
The
inefficiency
factors for
open c i r c u i t
grinding a r e given i n Table
X.
The b a s i c c a l c u l a t i o n i s
t o t h e d e s i r e d 80% p a s s i n g
s i z e p e r t h e Bond E q u a t i o n
a f t e r w h i c h t h e EF2 f a c t o r
is applied.
When D i s i n f e e t :
Table X I g i v e s a t a b u l a t i o n
o f t h e EF3 f a c t o r s f o r some
o f t h e more common m i l l d i ameters i n both the imperial
and m e t r i c measuring systems.
where
O v e r s i z e d Feed - when b e i n g
f e d a c o a r s e r t h a n optimum
feed, t h i s factor applies t o
rod m i l l i n g and b a l l m i l l i n g . However, t h e most f r e q u e n t u s e i s found i n conjunction with s i n g l e stage
b a l l milling.
This i s the
one e f f i c i e n c y f a c t o r t h a t
i s r e l a t e d t o Work I n d e x a s
i s seen i n t h e following
equation:
F
R, = Ratio of reduction = P
(10)
Fo = Optimum f e e d s i z e
Rod m i l l i n g : FO= 16,000(%)aJ
B a l l m i l 1 i n g : F o = 4000
13 O"
(WI
(12)
EFg
Inefficiency
Multiplier
50
1.035
60
1.05
70
1.10
80
1.20
90
1.40
92
1.46
95
1.57
98
1.70
+2 i s :
EF=
~ 2 (R, - 1.35)+ 0.26
where R,, = 8
2 (R, - 1.35)
+
D
(15)
EFg
L = Rod Length
T h i s f a c t o r always a p p l i e s
t o low r a t i o s of r e d u c t i o n .
Although i t s a p p l i c a t i o n t o
h i g h r a t i o s of r e d u c t i o n i s
n o t always needed, i t s h o u l d
be u t i l i z e d f o r m i l l s i z e
s e l e c t i o n whenever W i from
t h e rod m i l l and b a l l m i l l
grindability
tests exceed
7.0.
EF7
Low R a t i o of R e d u c t i o n B a l l
- t h e need t o u s e t h i s
M i l l
(16)
Rod M i l l i n g - a s t u d y of rod
m i l l o p e r a t i o n s shows t h a t
rod m i l l p e r f o r m a n c e i s a f fected
by
the attention
given t o
p r e p a r a t i o n and
feeding i n a uniform top
s i z e feed s i z e t o the m i l l
and t h e c a r e g i v e n t o maintaining
the
rod c h a r g e .
This e f f i c i e n c y f a c t o r has
n o t been d e f i n i t e l y d e t e r mined.
I n s e l e c t i n g rod
m i l l s based upon power c a l culated
from g r i n d a b i l i t y
t e s t s , t h e f o l l o w i n g proced u r e h a s been recommended:
2)
X.
When
calculating
rod
m i l l power f o r a rodmilling-only
applicat i o n , u s e a n i n e f f i c iency f a c t o r of 1.4 when
t h e f e e d i s t o be prepared w i t h open c i r c u i t
c r u s h i n g , and use 1.2
when t h e f e e d i s t o be
prepared
with
closed
c i r c u i t crushing.
The
m i l l d i a m e t e r , low o r
high r a t i o of r e d u c t i o n ,
and o v e r s i z e f e e d f a c t o r s a l s o must be applied t o the calculated
g r i n d i n g power.
When
calculating
rod
m i l l power f o r a r o d
m i l l circuit,
mill-ball
d o n o t allow
f o r improvement i n t h e b a l l
m i l l performance due t o
r e c e i v i n g rod m i l l feed.
I f t h e rod m i l l f e e d i s
produced w i t h open c i r c u i t crushing, apply a
1.2 i n e f f i c i e n c y f a c t o r
t o t h e power c a l c u l a t e d
for
the
rod m i l l i n g
stage only.
I f t h e rod
m i l l feed w i l l consist e n t l y b e t h e same, s u c h
a s produced w i t h c l o s e d
c i r c u i t c r u s h i n g , do n o t
apply a rod m i l l i n e f f i c i e n c y f a c t o r . The m i l l
d i a m e t e r , low o r h i g h
r a t i o o f r e d u c t i o n , and
oversize
feed f a c t o r s
s h o u l d be a p p l i e d t o t h e
calculated
grinding
power.
S e l e c t rod m i l l s , b a l l m i l l s and
pebble m i l l s a s r e q u i r e d f o r t h e
following c i r c u i t s .
Rod M i l l
Ball M i l l
Single Stage B a l l M i l l
Rod M i l l - P e b b l e ( S e c o n d a r y
Autogenous) M i l l
B a l l M i l l t o Grind P r i m a r y
Semi-Autogenous M i l l P r o d u c t
- Regrind B a l l M i l l
Feed r a t e t o t h e p r i m a r y m i l l c i r c u i t i s 500 m e t r i c t o n n e s p e r hour
including f a c t o r f o r a v a i l a b i l i t y .
Feed r a t e t o r e g r i n d m i l l i s 40
m e t r i c t o n n e s p e r hour.
Rod m i l l f e e d and f e e d f o r s i n g l e
s t a g e b a l l m i l l w i l l be p r e p a r e d
w i t h c l o s e d c i r c u i t c r u s h i n g . The
feed s i z e s f o r the various m i l l s
w i l l be:
Rod M i l l i n g :
minus 25 mm w i t h
80% p a s s i n g 18 mm.
Single stage Ball M i l l :
minus
12 mm 80% p a s s i n g 9.4 mm.
B a l l M i l l and P e b b l e M i l l f o l lowing Rod M i l l and B a l l M i l l
f o l l o w i n g Primary Autogenous o r
Semi-Autogenous M i l l :
minus 2
mm 80% p a s s i n g 1.2 mm.
Regrind B a l l M i l l :
80% p a s s i n g
210 m i c r o m e t e r s .
The c i r c u i t s a r e a l l w e t g r i n d i n g
A l l b a l l o r pebble m i l l s
type.
a r e c l o s e d c i r c u i t w i t h t h e except i o n of t h e r e g r i n d m i l l which
w i l l b e open c i r c u i t f o r t h i s example.
Pebble s i z e f o r pebble m i l l i n g
p l u s 30 mm minus 70 mm w i t h a pebb l e consumption
of
30 m e t r i c
t o n n e s p e r hour which i s 6% of t h e
c i r c u i t production r a t e .
The s p e c i f i e d g r i n d s a r e : p r i m a r y
g r i n d i n g c i r c u i t 80% p a s s i n g 175
m i c r o m e t e r s , r e g r i n d c i r c u i t 80%
passing 45 micrometers.
Bench
sults
power
sults
are:
s c a l e g r i n d a b i l i t y t e s t rea r e t o b e used f o r g r i n d i n g
calculations.
The t e s t r e t o b e used i n t h e example
.............. 11.5
......... 13.2
.........
........
....
........
The f o l l o w i n g d e m o n s t r a t e s t h e u s e
o f t h e Bond Work I n d e x Method t o
d e t e r m i n e t h e power r e q u i r e d t o
produce t h e d e s i r e d g r i n d .
After
t h e g r i n d i n g power h a s b e e n d e t e r mined by t h i s o r o t h e r m e t h o d s ,
t h e m i l l ( s ) t h a t w i l l draw t h e r e q u i r e d power c a n be s e l e c t e d .
For
f i n a l m i l l s i z e recommendations
a l l t h e p r o c e s s d e s i g n d a t a and
c o n t r o l l i n g economic and g e o l o g i c
f a c t o r s should be g i v e n t o grindi n g m i l l m a n u f a c t u r e r s and t h e i r
recommendations o b t a i n e d .
W i t h t h e g r o w t h of m i l l s i z e s and
c h a n g i n g economic s i t u a t i o n s new
f a c t o r s i n f l u e n c i n g g r i n d i n g power
c a l c u l a t i o n s and m i l l s i z e s e l e c t i o n a r e becoming known and more
w i l l become known.
The g r i n d i n g
m i l l manufacturers a r e
a good
s o u r c e f o r t h e a p p l i c a t i o n of t h i s
c o n t i n u a l l y growing technology i n cluding the p r a c t i c a l application
of t h e newer a p p r o a c h e s and math
modeling being developed through
i n d u s t r i a l and a c a d e m i c r e s e a r c h .
A.
Rod M i l l s
F
P
Wi
=
=
18,000 micrometers
1,200 micrometers
13.2
2.83 kwh/s.
Efficiency Factors:
does n o t apply.
EF2
does n o t apply.
EF3
determine
after
is
calculations
pleted.
than
F, s o
EF5
does n o t apply.
EF6
w i l l n o t a p p l y assuming
r a t i o of r e d u c t i o n w i l l
b e w i t h i n Rro _f 2. Howe v e r , Rro w i l l be d e t e r mined a f t e r m i l l s i z e
selection.
EF7
does n o t apply.
The r o d m i l l f e e d w i l l
b e p r e p a r e d by c l o s e d
c i r c u i t c r u s h i n g and t h e
rod m i l l w i l l be i n a
rod mill-ball m i l l ( o r
pebble
mill)
circuit
with
no
intermediate
concentration stage so
n o EF8 f a c t o r need be
applied.
I f i t were
j u s t a rod m i l l i n g c i r c u i t o r i f t h e r e were a n
intermediate concentrat i o n s t a g e between t h e
r o d m i l l and t h e b a l l
m i l l a 1.2 f a c t o r would
Conversion s h o r t t o n t o m e t r i c
t o n n e 1.102
K i l o w a t t s t o horsepower 1.341
1.341 x 2.83 x 1.06 x 1.102 =
4.43
Hphlmetric
tonne
4.43 x 500 = 2215 HP
ton
EF1
Fo i s less
a p p l y EF4.
power
com-
R e f e r r i n g t o T a b l e V I two m i l l s
w i l l be r e q u i r e d .
The p r e l i m i n a r y
r o d m i l l s e l e c t i o n would be a 3.66
m e t e r ( 1 2 f o o t ) i n s i d e s h e l l 3.46
R e f e r r i n g t o Table V I t h e 3.66 m x
m (15.5
4.88 m rod m i l l w i t h 4.72
f t . ) long r o d s c a l c u l a t e s t o draw
972 HP when c a r r y i n g a 40 p e r c e n t
rod c h a r g e w i t h a worn-in b u l k
d e n s i t y of 5606 kg p e r c u b i c m e t e r
(350 pounds p e r c u b i c f o o t ) .
1031
HP i s r e q u i r e d .
Therefore, inc r e a s e m i l l l e n g t h by 0.3 m e t e r s
(1 foot).
Note:
m i l l power i s d i Rod
rectly
proportional t o
rod length.
T h e r e f o r e , u s e two 3.66 m e t e r ( 1 2
f o o t ) d i a m e t e r i n s i d e s h e 1 1 3.46
meter (11.35 f o o t ) d i a m e t e r i n s i d e
new s h e l l l i n e r s by 5.18 m e t e r
(17.0 f o o t ) l o n g
overflow rod
m i l l s w i t h a 40 p e r c e n t by m i l l
volume r o d c h a r g e w i t h 5.02 m e t e r
(16.5 f o o t ) long r o d s .
429
3.46 m e t e r (11.35 f o o t ) i n s i d e
new s h e l l l i n e r by 4.88 m e t e r
(16 f o o t ) long
o v e r f l o w rod
m i l l s w i t h a 40 p e r c e n t by m i l l
volume rod c h a r g e
w i t h 4.72
meter (15.5 f o o t ) long rods.
B.
Ball M i l l s :
F
P
Wi
Rod M i l l - B a l l
M i l l Circuit
= 1,200 m i c r o m e t e r s
=
175 m i c r o m e t e r s
=
11.7 ( t h e g r i n d a b i l i t y
work i n d e x a t 100
mesh d i d n o t show
any unusual
characteristics
t h a t would require special
consideration).
= 5.47
kWh/s.
ton
The o n l y e f f i c i e n c y f a c t o r
t h a t a p p l i e s i s the diameter
e f f i c i e n c y f a c t o r EF3.
T h e r e f o r e , EF6 a s s u m p t i o n
firmed.
i s con-
T h e r e f o r e , u s e two 3.66 m e t e r
(12 f o o t ) diameter i n s i d e s h e l l
By r e f e r r i n g t o T a b l e V I I i t
i s obvious the m i l l i s l a r g e r
t h a n 3.81 m e t e r s (12.5 f e e t )
diameter i n s i d e l i n e r s so t h e
EF3 p e r T a b l e I X i s 0.914.
S i n c e 2 r o d m i l l s a r e required use 2 b a l l m i l l s ( 1
b a l l m i l l p e r rod m i l l ) , t h i s
i s t h e simplest c i r c u i t t o
o p e r a t e and c o n t r o l o r a u t o m a t e and r e p r e s e n t s a l o w e r
c a p i t a l c o s t than t h e one rod
m i l l two b a l l m i l l s a l l of
t h e same d i a m e t e r c i r c u i t .
Referring t o Table V I I t h e
general guidelines indicate
t h e b a l l m i l l s s h o u l d have a n
LID i n t h e a r e a of 1.5.
Ref e r r i n g t o T a b l e V I I I a 4.12
m e t e r (13.5
f o o t ) by 3.96
m e t e r (13.0
f o o t ) overflow
b a l l m i l l w i t h a 40 p e r c e n t
by m i l l volume b a l l c h a r g e ,
new s h e l l l i n e r s and 64 mm
(2.5")
d i a m e t e r b a l l s draws
1266 HP.
C.
Ball Mills:
Single Stage
F
P
=
=
Wi
Wi
=
=
9,400 micrometers
175 micrometers
Rod m i l l t e s t 13.2.
B a l l m i l l t e s t 11.7.
431
(16.0 f o o t )
overflow b a l l
m i l l w i t h a 40% by m i l l volume b a l l c h a r g e , new s h e l l
l i n e r s and 64 mm ( 2 . 5 " ) d i a m e t e r b a l l s draws 2370 HP.
= 1.52 kWh/s.
ton
S t e p two:
4.88 x 1.25 = 6.1 m e t e r s
(20.0 f e e t )
= 6.29 kWh/s.
ton
T h e r e f o r e , u s e two 5.03 m e t e r
(16.5 f o o t ) d i a m e t e r i n s i d e
s h e l l 4.85 m e t e r (15.9 f o o t )
d i a m e t e r i n s i d e new l i n e r s by
6.1 m e t e r (20.0
f o o t ) long
overflow b a l l m i l l s with a
40% by volume b a l l c h a r g e .
= 5766 HP, u n c o r r e c t e d .
The a l t e r n a t e g r a t e d i s c h a r g e
m i l l c a n be a s f o l l o w s :
Ref e r r i n g t o T a b l e VIII f o r
sizing a grate discharge m i l l
a 4.72 m e t e r (15.5 f o o t ) d i a m e t e r by 4.57 m e t e r (15.0
foot) grate discharge b a l l
m i l l w i t h a 40% by m i l l v o l ume b a l l c h a r g e , new s h e l l
l i n e r s and 65 mrn (2.5") d i a m e t e r b a l l s draws 2269 HP.
Total:
=
1.52
7.81 kWh/s.
+ 6.29
ton
Efficiency Factors:
EF3
EF1
does n o t a p p l y .
EF7
does n o t a p p l y .
M i l l s w i l l be l a r g e r t h a n
3.81 meter i n d i a m e t e r s o
u s e 0.914.
Fo i s l e s s
a p p l y EF4.
than
F, s o
T h e r e f o r e , u s e two 4.72 m e t e r
(15.5
f o o t ) diameter i n s i d e
s h e l l 4.54 m e t e r (14.9 f o o t )
d i a m e t e r i n s i d e new l i n e r s by
6.1 m e t e r (20.0
f o o t ) long
diaphragm ( g r a t e ) d i s c h a r g e
b a l l m i l l w i t h a 40% by v o l ume b a l l c h a r g e .
D.
Use 2 m i l l s
P e r T a b l e V I I t h e L/D s h o u l d
be around 1.25.
Referring t o
T a b l e VIII a 5.03 m e t e r (16.5
f o o t ) d i a m e t e r by 4.88 m e t e r
Ball M i l l :
F o l l o w i n g Autogenous o r Semi-Autogenous P r i mary M i l l
I f t h e p r o d u c t s i z e from t h e
p r i m a r y a u t o g e n o u s o r semia u t o g e n o u s m i l l i s t h e same
the ball
a s from a rod m i l l ,
m i l l c a l c u l a t i o n and s i z e selection i s
the
same
as
B
covered
under
section
above.
I f t h e b a l l m i l l feed
s i z e i s d i f f e r e n t from t h i s ,
t h e same p r o c e d u r e a s c o v e r e d
by e i t h e r s e c t i o n B o r C
( w h i c h e v e r a p p l i e s ) s h o u l d be
used t o determine g r i n d i n g
power, a n d b a l l m i l l s i z e s e lection.
The p r o d u c t from a p r i m a r y
a u t o g e n o u s m i l l o r a semia u t o g e n o u s mil.1 c a n h a v e a
different particle size dist r i b u t i o n than a product with
t h e same 80% p a s s i n g s i z e
made i n a r o d m i l l o r f i n e
c r u s h i n g cone c r u s h e r o r i n
c r u s h i n g r o l l s and t h u s poss i b l y i t could have a d i f f e r e n t work i n d e x .
In selecting
b a l l m i l l s t o g r i n d primary
autogenous o r semi-autogenous
m i l l s product i f primary m i l l
product i s a v a i l a b l e use a
sample of t h i s f o r t h e grinda b i l i t y t e s t s necessary t o
d e t e r m i n e t h e power r e q u i r e d
f o r grinding t h i s product i n
a ball mill.
I f good p i l o t p l a n t d a t a i s
a v a i l a b l e , s o t h a t a n opera t i n g work i n d e x b a s e d upon
n e t power i s a v a i l a b l e ( s e e
E q u a t i o n 6 ) , t h i s can b e used
mill
to
determine
ball
power.
P r i m a r y a u t o g e n o u s o r semiautogenous m i l l product can
contain a sizeable quantity
of ground m a t e r i a l f i n e r t h a n
t h e desired b a l l m i l l product
size.
By f e e d i n g t h i s t o a
classification
stage, t h i s
product s i z e m a t e r i a l i s removed w i t h t h e c o a r s e m a t e r ial
from
the
classifier
(sands o r underflow) being
This
fed t o t h e b a l l m i l l .
i s b a l l m i l l feed.
It c a n
only be i d e n t i f i e d a s such
when t h e b a l l m i l l w i l l be
operated i n closed c i r c u i t
with a separate c l a s s i f icat i o n stage.
In t h i s case
t h e n , t h e g r i n d a b i l i t y work
r e q u i r e d t o d e t e r m i n e power
required f o r b a l l m i l l i n g can
Pebble M i l l :
(Secondary Aut o g e n o u s ) Rod
M i l l Pebble
M i l l Circuit
The c a l c u l a t i o n f o r d e t e r mining g r i n d i n g
power f o r
P e b b l e m i l l i n g ( s e c o n d a r y aut o g e n o u s ) c a n be t h e same as
f o r b a l l m i l l i n g from rod
m i l l p r o d u c t s i z e t o t h e desired specified
s i z e , neg l e c t i n g t h e diameter e f f i ciency f a c t o r i f l e s s than
1.0.
= 70,000 m i c r o m e t e r s
P
Wi
= 1,200 m i c r o m e t e r s
= 13.2
= 3.31 kWh/s.
EF?-
Because b a l l s w i l l be
smaller
than
40
mm
(1.5")
and o t h e r minor
f a c t o r s n e g l e c t EF3 unl e s s m i l l diameter is
l e s s than
2.44 m e t e r
(8.0' ) d i a m e t e r i n s i d e
liners.
EF4
EF5
Grind
is
80 percent
p a s s i n g 45 m i c r o m e t e r s .
EF6
does n o t apply.
EF7
R r = 2 1 0 + 45 = 4.67 which i s
l e s s t h a n 6.
EF8
does n o t apply.
ton
The i n e f f i c i e n c y f a c t o r t o
allow f o r the i n e f f i c i e n t use
of power i n w e a r i n g down from
p e b b l e s i z e t o rod m i l l proFeed r a t e
d u c t s i z e i s 2.0.
f o r p e b b l e s 30 mtph.
S e l e c t two 2200 HP p e b b l e
mills.
For s p e c i f i c s i z i n g r e f e r t o m i l l manufact u r e r s f o r recommendations
a s t h e y have p r o p r i e t a r y
equations f o r c a l c u l a t i n g
m i l l power draw t a k i n g int o account t h e v a r i o u s o r e
media and p u l p f a c t o r s i n v o l v e d , which a r e p r o p r i e t a r y f a c t o r s with each
manufacturer.
F.
Regrind B a l l M i l l
F = 210 m i c r o m e t e r s
P = 45 m i c r o m e t e r s
Wi = 14.0
= 11.21 k ~ h / s . t o n
Efficiency Factors:
EF1
EF2
Many r e g r i n d o p e r a t i o n s
a r e closed c i r c u i t , but
assume t h i s one i s open
c i r c u i t and 8 0 p e r c e n t
p a s s i n g g r i n d w i l l be
Feed r a t e t o r e g r i n d m i l l 40
m e t r i c t o n n e s p e r hour.
Referring t o Table V I I t h e
L/D c a n be between 1.75 and
2.10
o r even g r e a t e r .
Ref e r r i n g t o T a b l e V I I I a 3.05
m e t e r ( 1 0 f o o t ) by 3.05 m e t e r
(10 f o o t ) overflow b a l l m i l l
w i t h a 40% by m i l l volume
b a l l c h a r g e , new l i n e r s and
5 0 mm ( 2 " ) b a l l s draws 491
HP
T h i s m i l l c o n t a i n s 37.3 metr i c t o n n e s of b a l l s .
Since
30 mm d i a m e t e r b a l l s w i l l be
used i n s t e a d of 50 mm d i a m e t e r b a l l s f o r which t h e
b a l l m i l l power was c a l c u l a t e d , t h e r e w i l l be a dec r e a s e i n t h e power t h e m i l l
w i l l draw.
Using e q u a t i o n
5
1a
m c r
(D
m c l
(D
rt
r. 0
rnrtrna
n-sr.
cr
m m
0 Eart
.E
?'3
a o
1C
m NP-ro
rt
%-
rt
rn r ( D
1 r1
P m
Oro
c c
-0
a0-(D
y
.%y=
m
m
mm
UP.3
,
"
5?
&art
c 3
a 1
r
r. a m
a 3 r1a r c
m r . r ~
c
corn
I-m 1 0 -
rn a B o
I c r (D
O W r t H
I-
r a
p,m
m
0-1r n r -i
n8
m
D
I
V Crn
I ~ Z B
V (D
CL)
C
.
ro
C
4
C C
mro
1
I
CL)
h)
C .
r r n o rn (D
g P v C O
O r . *
r t L l 0 0 3 0 - r t a m
V L l 1 o v m w V ( D cr
P O P r o m
( D r t O P .
1 0
N O .
3 - 3 Ll
Ll
w &OW
3 a
I-3
rta
P
( D P O
P, a n P O 3 1 P , 3
rt
I r
(D
B(D
co
r o- m l e m c n % w
r?t ro t r 4n
i-b
XI.
t i a l c h a r g e and
charge is:
for
t h e make-up
B = D i a m e t e r of b a l l i n m i l l i m e t e r s .
NOTE:
Except
f o r K which i s
g i v e n below a l l o t h e r t e r m s
t h e same a s f o r e q u a t i o n
17.
Ball M i l l K Factor
M i l l Type and
Grinding C i r c u i t
S t e e l o r C.I.
Balls
K
Wet-Overflow-Open C i r c u i t
Wet-Overflow-Closed C i r c u i t
Wet-Diaphragm-Open C i r c u i t
Wet-Diaphragm-Closed C i r c u i t
Dry-Diaphragm-Open C i r c u i t
Dry-Diaphragm-Closed C i r c u i t
3 50
350
330
330
335
335
W i t h B i n i n c h e s and d i a m e t e r (Dl
i n f e e t e q u a t i o n 18 becomes:
Wi =
Sg =
Cs =
D =
Diameter o f r o d i n m i l l i meters
Feed s i z e 8 0 % p a s s e s i n
microns
Work Index
Specific Gravity
F r a c t i o n o f c r i t i c a l speed.
Diameter i n s i d e s h e l l l i n e r s
i n meters.
Table X I 1 1 g i v e s t h e equilibrium
s t a r t - u p b a l l charge f o r top b a l l
s i z e s from 1 1 5 mm (4.5") t o 4 0 mm
(1.5").
T h e s e two
equations
give the
l a r g e s t d i a m e t e r of t h e g r i n d i n g
media r e q u i r e d .
Since t h e calc u l a t e d s i z e i s not always a n
a v a i l a b l e standard s i z e s e l e c t the
nearest larger
size available.
A c t u a l o p e r a t i n g e x p e r i e n c e may
d i c t a t e a change from t h e c a l c u lated size.
Theoretically i t is
always a d v i s a b l e t o use a graded
charge a s a replacement charge.
Using a g r a d e d c h a r g e o f t e n i s n o t
p r a c t i c a l . The l o s s i n e f f i c i e n c y
by n o t u s i n g a g r a d e d make-up
charge g e n e r a l l y c a n n o t b e neasured.
I n some c a s e s , i t i s o n l y
n e c e s s a r y t o add t h e l a r g e s t s i z e
Table XI11
Start-Up E q u i l i b r i a Grinding Ball Charges, Percent Weight
Make-Up
Ball s Fed
Sizes,
M = B
115
100
90
75
65
50
40
25
(4.5")
(4.0")
(3.5")
(3.0")
(2.5")
(2.0")
(1.5")
(1.0")
TOTAL Pct
115
4.5"
100
4.0"
90
3.5"
75
3.0"
65
2.5"
50
2.0"
40
1.5"
(19)
(20)
Wet B a l l M i l l s :
B a l l s kglkw-hr = 0.159(A, - 0.015)0.34
(21)
L i n e r s kglkw-hr = 0.0118 (A,- 0.015)03
(22)
M u l t i p l y e q u a t i o n s 1 9 , 20, 2 1 and
22 by 2.2 t o g e t pounds per k i l o watt.
These formulas g i v e e s t i m a t e s of
wear r a t e s which can be used a s a
guide.
They a r e s u b j e c t t o such
f a c t o r s a s m i l l speeds, percent
volumetric
loading,
alloy
of
g r i n d i n g media and l i n e r s , o p e r a t ing practices, etc.
Table X I V l i s t s a v e r a g e a b r a s i o n
i n d i c e s f o r t h e more commonly o r e ,
m i n e r a l s and m a t e r i a l s ground i n
rod m i l l s , b a l l m i l l s o r pebble
mills.
T h i s c h a p t e r is a c o m p i l a t i o n of
p r e v i o u s work done by Fred C.
Bond, D. M. Kjos, D. R.
Olson, C.
A.
Rowland and o t h e r s
i n the
Section
of t h e
Grinding M i l l
Allis-Chalmers
C o r p o r a t i o n , Cement, Mining and M e t a l s Systems
It r e f l e c t s e x p e r i e n c e
Division.
gained i n o b t a i n i n g o p e r a t i n g d a t a
i n o p e r a t i n g p l a n t s and i n studying published operating data.
438
Material
A1 umi num Oxide
Basalt
Bauxite
B e r y l 1 ium Ore
Cement C l i n k e r
Cement Raw M i x
Clay, C a l c i n e d
Copper-Nickel M a t t e
Copper-Nickel Ore
Copper Ore
Copper-Si 1 v e r Ore
Do1 omi t e
Fel d s p a r
Ferro-Chrome A1 1 oy
Ferro-Manganese
Ful l e r s E a r t h
G o l d Ore
Granite
Gravel
I r o n Ore, U n i d e n t i f i e d
Hematite
Limonite
Magnetite
Taconite
Lead Z i n c Ore
Limestone
Magnesi t e
Marble
Molybdenum Ore
N i c k e l Ore
O i l Shale
Phosphate Rock
Quartize
Schist
Shale
S i 1 ic a Rock
S i l v e r Ore
Slag
Slate
Stone
T i n e Ore
Trap Rock
Tntal
No.
Tests
Average
Range