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1. INTRODUCTION
Concrete is one of the most versatile building materials. It can be cast to fit any structural
shape from a cylindrical water storage tank to a rectangular beam or column in a high-rise
building. The advantages of using concrete include high compressive strength, good fire
resistance, high water resistance, low maintenance and long service life. The disadvantages of
using concrete include poor tensile strength, low workability for higher strengths, formwork
requirement etc. In order to overcome these problems SCC was developed in Japan in the late
1980s.
The advantages of SCC include:
1) Faster construction
2) Reduction in site manpower
3) Better surface finishes
4) Easier placing
5) Improved durability
6) Greater freedom in design
7) Thinner concrete sections
8) Reduced noise levels, absence of vibration
9) Safer working environment
Originally developed in Japan, SCC technology was made possible by the much earlier
development of super plasticisers for concrete. SCC has now been taken up with enthusiasm
across Europe, for both site and precast concrete work. Practical application has been
accompanied by much research into the physical and mechanical characteristics of SCC and
the wide range of knowledge generated has been sifted and combined in this document.
1.1 SCC-Self Compacting Concrete.
Self compacting concrete (SCC) represents one of the most significant advances in concrete
technology for decades. Inadequate homogeneity of the cast concrete due to poor compaction
or segregation may drastically lower the performance of mature concrete in-situ. SCC has
been developed to ensure adequate compaction and facilitate placement of concrete in
structures with congested reinforcement and in restricted areas.
SCC was developed first in Japan in the late 1980s to be mainly used for highly
congested reinforced structures in seismic regions. As the durability of concrete structures
became an important issue in Japan, an adequate compaction by skilled labours was required
to obtain durable concrete structures. This requirement led to the development of SCC and
its development was first reported in 1989 (Okamura and Ouchi, 2003).
SCC can be described as a high performance material which flows under its own weight
without requiring vibrators to achieve consolidation by complete filling of formworks even
when access is hindered by narrow gaps between reinforcement bars .SCC can also be used in
situations where it is difficult or impossible to use mechanical compaction for fresh concrete,
such as underwater concreting, cast in-situ pile foundations, machine bases and columns or
1
walls with congested reinforcement. The high flow ability of SCC makes it possible to fill the
formwork without vibration) since its inception, it has been widely used in large construction
in Japan (Okamura and Ouchi, 2003). Recently, this concrete has gained wide use in many
countries for different applications and structural configurations it can also be regarded as
"the most revolutionary development in concrete construction for several decades".
Originally developed to offset a growing shortage of skilled labour, it is now taken up with
enthusiasm across European countries for both site and precast concrete work.
The method for achieving self-compact ability involves not only high deformability of
paste or mortar, but also resistance to segregation between coarse aggregate and mortar when
the concrete flows through the confined zone of reinforcing bars (Okamura and Ouchi, 2003).
Homogeneity of SCC is its ability to remain unsegregated during transport and placing. High
flow ability and high segregation resistance of SCC are obtained by:
1. A larger quantity of fine particles, i.e., a limited coarse aggregate content.
2. A low water/powder ratio, (powder is defined as cement plus the filler such as fly
ash, silica fume etc.) and
3. The use of super plasticizer (Okamura and Ouchi, 2003 and Audenaert et al., 2002).
Because of the addition of a high quantity of fine particles, the internal material structure
of SCC shows some resemblance with high performance concrete having selfcompactibility
in fresh stage, no initial defects in early stage and protection against external factors after
hardening. Due to the lower content of coarse aggregate, however, there is some concern that:
(1) SCC may have a lower modulus of elasticity, which may affect deformation
characteristics of prestressed concrete members and
(2) Creep and shrinkage will be higher, affecting prestress loss and long-term deflection. Self
compacting concrete can be produced using standard cements and additives. It consists
mainly of cement, coarse and fine aggregates, and filler, such as fly ash or Super-pozz,
water, super plasticizer and stabilizer.
(3) The composition of SCC is similar to that of normal concrete but to attain self flow ability
admixtures, such as fly ash, glass filler, limestone powder, silica fume, Super-pozz, etc;
with some super plasticizer is mixed. Since Super-pozz is a new emerging admixture and is
a highly reactive alumino silicate pozzolanic material, its fineness and spherical particle
shape improves the workability of SCC. Thus, it can be used as a suitable admixture in SCC.
Three basic characteristics that are required to obtain SCC are: high deformability, restrained
flow ability and a high resistance to segregation .High deformability is related to the capacity
of the concrete to deform and spread freely in order to fill all the space in the formwork. It is
usually a function of the form, size, and quantity of the aggregates, and the friction between
the solid particles, which can be reduced by adding a high range water-reducing admixture
(HRWR) to the mixture. Restrained flow ability represents how easily the concrete can flow
around obstacles, such as reinforcement, and is related to the member geometry and the shape
of the formwork. Segregation is usually related to the cohesiveness of the fresh concrete,
which can be enhanced by adding a viscosity-modifying admixture (VMA) along with a
HRWR, by reducing the free-water content, by increasing the volume of paste, or by some
combination of these constituents. Two general types of SCC can be obtained:
2
(1) One with a small reduction in the coarse aggregates, containing a VMA, and
(2) One with a significant reduction in the coarse aggregates without any VMA.
(3) To produce SCC, the major work involves designing an appropriate mix
Proportion and evaluating the properties of the concrete thus obtained. In practice, SCC in
its fresh state shows high fluidity, self-compacting ability and segregation resistance, all of
which contribute to reducing the risk of honey combing of concrete. With these good
properties, the SCC produced can greatly improve the reliability and durability of the
reinforced concrete structures. In addition, SCC shows good performance in compression and
can fulfil other construction needs because its production has taken into consideration the
requirements in the structural design.
1.2 RUBBERIZED CONCRETE
In recent years, irrespective of political, economic or ecological reasons, recycling has been
encouraged throughout the world. It is undoubtedly the best alternative to reduce the impact
that the environment can suffer from the consumption of raw materials and the disorderly
generation of waste. The construction market is presented as one of the best alternatives to
consume recycled materials. This is because construction activity can be performed in any
region which reduces costs, such as transportation (Benazzouk et al., 2007). In addition, the
materials needed to produce most of the construction components do not require great
technical sophistication.
Thus, rubberized concrete can support construction sustain- ability and contribute to the
development of the civil engineering area by using industrial waste, minimize the
consumption of natural resources and produce a more efcient material (Li et al., 2004a).
Concrete with recycled rubber can be used (through suitable formulations and for specic
applications) for concrete panel production, cementitious sheets for sealing systems and other
concrete products, such as concrete oors, walls and roof tiles (Siddique and Naik,
2004).Several studies have been conducted to facilitate the use of this waste material in
Portland cement. In addition, several authors have already conrmed the viability of using the
vulcanized rubber ber into construction materials (Chiu, 2008).
Turatsinze et al. (2005) studied the replacement of mortar sand by recycled rubber (in
proportions of 20 and 30%), with the aim of improving the exural strength (toughness) and
propagation of cracks in the material.According to Khaloo et al. (2008) , concrete with
recycled rubber increased its toughness and resistance of moisture migration through the
material.. According Turatsinze and Garros (2008) concrete produced with recycled rubber
has improved some properties: thermal insulation, sound absorption, and low density.
Further, there was also a decrease in the perme- ability in theory, as rubber is a
hydrophobic aggregate. In addition, there was an improvement in the concrete durability.
However, the main limitation was the reduction in resistance, which was caused by a higher
porosity promoted by the rubber aggregate in the concrete matrix.
Therefore, the aim of the present work is the study of the technical feasibility of sand
replacement in self compacting concrete with the addition of 5,10,15% recycled tire rubbers.
3
This could result in a resistance recovery after the sodium hydroxide chemical treatment
process. This was specically for a compressive resistance of 30 MPa.
It is well recognized that the reduction of compressive and tensile strengths of the rubberized
concrete is an important problem to be solved. Li et al suggested that the loss in the strength
might be minimized by proper surface treatment of the tire rubber. Segre and Joekes
indicated that if rubber particles had a rough surface or were pretreated, they might bond
better with the surrounding matrix, resulting in a higher compressive strength. There are
many other pre treatment methods, such as washing rubber particles with water, acid etching,
plasma treatment and coupling with various agents. Among the surface treatment methods,
the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution gave the best result. The experimental results showed
that NaOH treatment enhanced the adhesion of tire rubber particles to the cement paste. Thus,
the mechanical properties of concretes with the NaOH-treated rubber were improved in
comparison with that of the rubberized concrete with the as-received rubber. Using the NaOH
pre treatment method, Chouet al. proposed a theoretical analysis to explain the effect of
rubber additives on mechanical properties of the rubberized concrete and have shown that the
addition of rubber particles could block water diffusion in Rubcrete, leading to insufficient
and imperfect hydration in some regions. The reduced adhesion at the interfacial surface
between the cement and rubber grains is an important factor in the reduction of the
compressive strength of Rubcrete. To improve the compressive strength, many authors have
attempted to modify the surface properties of rubber particles to enhance the adhesion to
cement hydration products (C-S-H). A detailed review on the rubberized concrete was
provided by Siddique and Naik . In this study, the crumb rubber was treated with NaOH,
Ca(OH)2 to modify hydrophilic properties of the rubber surface Mechanical properties such
as compressive, flexural and tensile strengths were tested to understand effects of treatment
of NaOH with crumb rubber on the performance of concrete.
CHAPTER 2
2.1. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1.1 DEVELOPMENT OF SELF COMPACTING CONCRETE.
The idea of a concrete mixture that can be consolidated into every corner of a formwork,
purely by means of its own weight and without the need for vibration, was first considered in
1983 in Japan, when concrete durability, constructability and productivity became a major
topic of interest in the country. During this period, there was a shortage of number of skilled
workers in Japan which directly affected the quality of the concrete.
In order to achieve acceptable concrete structures, proper consolidation is required to
completely fill and equally distribute the mixture with minimum segregation. One solution to
obtain acceptable concrete structures, independently of the quality of construction work, is
the employment of SCC. The use of SCC can reduce labour requirements and noise pollution
by eliminating the need of either internal or external vibration.
Okamura proposed the use of SCC in 1986. Studies to develop SCC, including a
fundamental study on the workability of concrete, were carried out by Ozawa and Maekawa
at the University of Tokyo, and by 1988 the first practical prototypes of SCC were produced.
By the early 1990s Japan started to develop and use SCC and, as of 2000, the volume of
SCC used for prefabricated products and ready-mixed concrete in Japan was over 520,000
yard3 (i.e. 400,000 m3) .In 1996, several European countries formed the Rational
Production and Improved Working Environment through using SCC project in order to
explore the significance of published achievements in SCC and develop applications to take
advantage of the potentials of SCC. Since then, SCC has been used successfully in a number
of bridges, walls and tunnel linings in Europe. During the last three years, interest in SCC has
grown in the United States, particularly within the precast concrete industry. SCC has been
used in several commercial projects. Numerous research studies have been conducted
recently with the objective of developing raw material requirements, mixture proportions,
material requirements and characteristics, and test methods necessary to produce and test
SCC. The latest studies related to SCC focused on improved reliability and prediction of
properties, production of a dense and uniform surface texture, improved durability and both
high and early strength permitting faster construction and increased productivity.
2.2 BASIC PRINCIPLES AND REQUIREMENTS OF SCC.
With regard to its composition, SCC consists of the same components as conventionally
vibrated normal concrete, which are cement, aggregates, water, additives and admixtures.
However, high volume of super plasticizer for reduction of the liquid limit and for better
workability, the high powder content as lubricant for the coarse aggregates, as well as the
use of viscosity-agents to increase the viscosity of the concrete have to be taken into account.
Figure 2.1 shows the basic principles for the production of SCC
Laboratory-Test methods
(For mix design)
Field-Test methods
(For quality control)
Filling ability
Slump flow
T50cmslumpflow
V-funnel
Orimet
Slump flow
T50cmslumpflow
V-funnel
Orimet
Passing ability
L-box
U-box
Fill-box
J-ring
Segregation resistance
GTM test
V-funnel at T5minutes
GTM test
V-funnel at T5minutes
A simple apparatus and a rapid method for testing the segregation resistance of SCC have
been recently developed. The developed apparatus and method are useful in rapidly assessing
the segregation resistance of SCC in both vertical and horizontal directions. The proposed
method can also distinguish between different CA/TA ratios, different water/binder ratios,
and different materials. The self compatibility tests commonly conducted on SCC mixes are
briefly described below:
2.3 CONSTITUENT MATERIALS OF SCC
The constituent materials used for the production of SCC are the same as those for
conventionally vibrated normal concrete except that SCC contains lesser aggregate and
greater powder (cement and filler particles smaller than 0.125 mm). Fly ash, glass filler,
limestone powder, silica fume, etc are used as the filler materials. To improve the
selfcompactibility, without segregation, a super plasticizer along with a stabilizer is added.
2.3.1 Powder (Mixture of Portland cement and filler)
The term 'powder' used in SCC refers to a blended mix of cement and filler particles smaller
than 0.125 mm. The filler increases the paste volume required to achieve the desirable
workability of SCC. The addition of filler in an appropriate quantity enhances both
workability and durability without sacrificing early strength.
CEMENT
Cement used for SCC should not contain C3A content higher than 10% to avoid the problems
of poor workability retention (EFNARC, 2002). Selection of the type of cement depends on
the overall requirements for concrete, such as strength and durability.
FILLER
Materials, such as fly ash, blast furnace slag, ground glass, limestone powder, silica fume,
etc, are commonly used as filler for producing SCC. Savings in labour costs might offset the
increased cost related to the use of more cement and super plasticizer, but the use of Lime
Stone Powder (LSP) as filler could increase the fluidity of the concrete, without any increase
in the cost.
Natural pozzolan: The use of a natural pozzolan has been found to improve the fresh and
hardened properties of SCC .
7
SCC is kept either equal to or less than that of the fine aggregate content. Okamura proposed
a rheological model for SCC relating the rheology of the paste to the average aggregate
spacing and average aggregate diameter to consider the effect of most of the factors related to
aggregate properties and content. According to Ouchi and other researchers, a higher
aggregate spacing requires a lower flow and higher viscosity of the paste to achieve
satisfactory deformability and segregation resistance of SCC. Better results were also
obtained with the same spacing and a smaller aggregate diameter. For SCC mixtures, a coarse
aggregate size of 5 mm to 14 mm and quantities varying from 790 kg/m3 to 860 kg/m3 has
been used with satisfactory results.
The sand ratio (i.e. fine aggregate volume/total aggregate volume) is an important parameter
for SCC and the rheological properties improved with an increase in the sand ratio
.According to Okamura(Okamura and Ouchi, 1997), if the coarse aggregate content in a SCC
mixture exceeds a certain limit, blockage would occur independently of the viscosity of the
mortar. Super plasticizer and water content are then determined to ensure desired self
compacting characteristics. Okamura (Okamura and Ouchi, 1997) reported that reducing the
volume of coarse aggregates in a SCC mixture is more effective than decreasing the sand-topaste ratio to increase the passing ability through congested reinforcement. The aggregate
packing factor (i.e. the ratio of mass of aggregates of tightly packed state in SCC to that of
loosely packed state in air) determines the aggregate content, and influences the strength,
flow ability and self-compacting ability. The moisture content of aggregates should be
closely monitored and must be taken into account in order to produce SCC of constant quality
(EFNARC, 2000). The coarse aggregate should not contain clay seams that may produce
excessive creep and shrinkage. Therefore, aggregates must be clean for incorporation in the
mix.
2.3.3 Admixtures
Super plasticizer: Super plasticizer (SP) is an essential component of SCC to provide the
necessary workability. The super plasticizer to be selected should have: (i) high dispersing
effect for low water/powder ratio (less than 1 by volume), (ii) maintenance of the dispersing
effect for at least two hours after mixing, and (iii) less sensitivity to temperature changes
(Okamura and Ouchi, 2003).The main purpose of using a super plasticizer is to produce
flowing concrete with very high slump that is to be used in heavily reinforced structures and
in places where adequate consolidation by vibration cannot be readily achieved. The other
major application is the production of high-strength concrete at w/c's ranging from 0.3 to 0.4.
The ability of a super plasticizer to increase the slump of concrete depends on such factors as
the type, dosage, and time of addition, w/c and the nature or amount of cement. It has been
found that for most types of cement, a super plasticizer improves the workability of concrete.
Some of the benefits/features of a super plasticizer are:
1. Specified strength can be achieved at high workability,
2. Faster placing with reduced labour and equipment costs, and
3. Low permeable concrete leading to enhanced durability.
Some of the benefits of a high-range water reducer are:
1. Higher strength can be achieved at "normal" workability without the need for additional
cement,
9
strengths have been reported to be around 60 MPa and 5 MPa, respectively. ACI reported 28days compressive strength values ranging from 31 to 52 MPa. The 91-days compressive
strength was in the range of 28 and 47 MPa. A compressive strength of up to 80 MPa with a
low permeability, good freeze-thaw resistance, and low drying shrinkage can be achieved.
SCC mixes with a high volume of cement limestone filler paste can develop higher or lower
28-day compressive strength, compared to those of vibrated concrete with the same
water/cementitious material ratio and cement content, but without filler. It appears that the
strength characteristics of the SCC are related to the fineness and grading of the limestone
filler used .SCC with water/cementitious material ratios ranging from 0.35 to 0.45, a mass
proportion of fine and coarse aggregates of 50:50 with cement replacement of 40%, 50% and
60% by Class F fly ash and cementitious materials content of 400 kg/m3 being kept constant,
obtained good results for compressive strength ranging from 26 to 48 MPa, which shows that
an economical SCC could be successfully developed by incorporating high volumes of Class
F fly ash .SCC containing more than 50% fly ash of the total powdered material produced
compressive strengths ranging from 20 to 30 MPa at the ages of 3 and 7 days.
The bond behaviour of SCC was found to be better than that of normally vibrated concrete.
The higher bond strength was attributed to the superior interlocking of aggregates due to the
uniform distribution of aggregates over the full cross section and higher volume of cementbinder matrix.
2.4.2 Modulus of Elasticity
Modulus of Elasticity of SCC and that of a normally vibrated concrete, produced from the
same raw materials, have been found to be almost identical. Although there is a higher paste
matrix share in SCC, the elasticity remains unchanged due to the denser packing of the
particles. The Modulus of Elasticity of concrete increases with an increase in the quantity of
aggregate of high rigidity whereas it decreases with increasing cement paste content and
porosity. A relatively small Modulus of Elasticity can be expected, because of the high
content of ultra fines and additives as dominating factors and, accordingly, minor occurrence
of coarse and stiff aggregates at SCC. The Modulus of Elasticity of SCC can be up to 20%
lower compared with normal vibrated concrete having same compressive strength and made
of same aggregates. Results available indicate that the relationships between the static
Modulus of Elasticity (E) and compressive strength (fc') were similar for SCC and normally
vibrated concrete. A relationship in the form of E = k.fc0.5, where k is a constant, has been
widely reported, and all values of this constant were close to the one recommended by ACI
318- 02 for structural calculations for normal weight traditional vibrated concrete (Guidelines
on SCC, 2000). Average 28-days modulus of Elasticity of SCC has been reported to be 30
GPa corresponding to average 28-days cube strength of 55.41 MPa.
2.5 SELF-COMPACTABILITY TESTS
The following section discusses the tests related to SCC
2.5.1 Slump Flow Test
The slump flow test was carried out according to ASTM C 143. Figure 3.1 shows the
accessories used for the slump flow test. The dimensions of the frustum of cone used in this
test are same as that used for slump test (i.e. 200 mm bottom diameter, 100 mm top diameter
11
and 300 mm height). The diameter of the concrete after allowing its full flow, as shown in
Figure 3.2, was taken as slump flow value
2.6
PRETREATMENT
OF RUBBER IN
CONCRETE.
12
Li et al suggested that the loss in the strength might be minimized by proper surface treatment
of the tire rubber. The decrease of the zinc stearate on the treated rubber surface explains the
improvement in the adhesion of this material to the cement matrix. The promising results of
this study conducted by Segre and Joekes (2002) are a starting point for future research on
incorporating rubber particles into cementitious materials as a means of successfully utilizing
the vast amounts of tire waste currently in landfills.
The pre-treatment done in this experimental analysis is relatively simple.5,10,15% of rubber
is being replaced by volume for sand in the original mix design. 15%rubber replacement is
taken for pre-treatment in this experimental study. Pretreatment was done using 2 chemicals
in this experiment namely Sodium hydroxide and Calcium hydroxide. The pretreatment is
done by sinking the rubber particles in 1M of sodium hydroxide. This was again repeated for
2M,3M of sodium hydroxide solution. For pretreatment the rubber samples were sunk for a
period of 24hrs for the respective concentrations of NaOH,Ca(OH)2 and then they are rinsed
with water to bring the pH to neutral and then were mixed with sand and aggregates before
casting
13
CHAPTER 3
3. MIX DESIGN OF SCC
3.1 MATERIALS REQIRED FOR SCC
The basic ingredients used in SCC mixes are practically the same as those used in ordinary
concrete. Following are the important materials used in SCC.
Sl No
Sand
Cement
Fly Ash
Aggregate
Water
Super Plasticizer
Values
7.24
2.78
1641 kg/m3
1494 kg/m3
14
Properties
Values
2.64
1590 kg/m3
1482 kg/m3
Sl.
No.
Sieve
Size
(mm)
Weight
Retained (g)
% Weight
Retained
Cumulative % Passing
%Weight
Retained (cumulative)
4.75
0.8
0.8
99.2
2.56
16
1.6
2.4
97.6
1.18
108
10.8
13.2
86.8
0.6
150
15
28.2
71.8
0.3
475
47.5
75.7
24.3
0.15
203
20.3
96
% Finer Pssing
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0.1
Sieve Size ( mm )
10
15
3.1.3 Cement
In this experimental study, Ordinary Portland Cement is used.The properties of cement used
in experiments are shown in Table 3.2.The cement that is being used in this project complies
with the requirements of the IS code.The percentage of fines is less than 10% and the
compressive strength of mortar cubes after 28 days curing has been found to be of the
required value.
Table 3.2 Properties of Cement
Properties
Values
Specific gravity
3.15
3.1 3.19
< 180mins
>30mins
> 310mins
< 10 hours
Fineness
< 4.625 %
< 10%
Normal Consistency
31%
53Mpa
53 MPa
Particulars
Properties
Specific gravity
Chloride content
Air Entrainment
16
17
ratio of w/p less than 0.9 are rarely used except for high strength concrete of strength above
100 MPa.
Mix proportion of SCC based on Okamura
Calculation of the ingredients of SCC was carried out as per the procedure. The details of the
calculation are as follows. These calculations are for 1 m3 of concrete.
The percentage of voids assumed was 2%.
Net concrete volume = 0.98 m3
Coarse aggregate content may be taken as 50% of the dry rodded density of coarse aggregate
less air content.
Weight of coarse aggregate = 0.980.51602.41 = 785.18 kg
Absolute volume of coarse aggregate = 785.18/2670= 0.29m3
Fine aggregate content may be taken as 40% of the volume of mortar.
Weight of fine aggregate = 0.98 0.290.42640 = 724.34 kg
Volume of paste is 60% of the volume of mortar = 0.98 0.290.6 = 0.41 m3
Assume the volume of water as 50% of the volume of the paste.
Weight of water =(0.411000)/2 = 205 kg
Let the powder consists of 80% of cement and 20% of fly ash on solid volume basis.
Weight of Cement = 0.80.2053150 = 516.6 kg
Weight of fly ash = 0.20.2052360 = 97 kg
Superplasticizer dosage was 3% by weight of cementitious materials .The limiting dosage of
superplasticizer for segregation was the criteria.
Weight of superplasticizer (Structuro 201) = 0.03516.6 97= 18.4 kg
For the above ingredients, the total volume was 1.0144 m3, which may be reduced to
1.00 m3. This is due to the fact that superplasticizer was not included in the paste. This could
not be included because, the regular practice of superplasticizer dosage is generally fixed
based on weight basis and the above relations are based on volume basis. So, the volume of
water may be reduced such that the total volume is reduced from 1.0144 m3 to 1.00 m3.
Corrected weight of water = 192.0 kg.
Superplasticizer contains a solid content of 40%.
Actual water content to be added=192.0 (0.6weight of superplasticizer) = 181.0 kg
Solid content of superplasticizer =0.418.4 = 7.36 kg
Total mass of concrete = 2300 kg
In the above calculations, the water content of the superplasticizer is excluded in
18
calculations since the specific gravity of superplasticizer given by the supplier includes its
water content also. w/p ratio by volume is 0.93 and by weight is 0.33. Total volume of
aggregates is 56.8%.
Corrected values of ingredients.
Water = 181.0 kg
Cement = 0.8*(181/0.33) = 438.78 kg
Fly ash = 0.2*(181/0.33) = 109.7 kg.
Coarse Aggregate = 785.18 kg.
Fine Aggregate = 724.34 kg.
Super plasticizer = 18.4 kg.
Mix Design
1:0.25:1.65:1.78:0.33 :: Cement:Fly Ash:FA:CA:Water.
SP content= 3% by Weight of Powder content. (Cement+Flyash)
b) EFNARC Method
As per the specifications given by EFNARC , while designing the mix, it is most useful to
consider the relative provisions of the major components by volume than by mass. Indicative
typical ranges of proportions and quantities in order to obtain self-compactibility are given
below.
Water/powder ratio by volume of 0.8 to 1.10.
i. Total powder content-160 to 240 liters (400-600 kg) per cubic meter.
ii. Coarse aggregate content normally varies from 28 to 35% by volume of the mix.
iii.Water-cement ratio is selected based on requirements in EN 206 .
iv.Water content shall not exceed 200 litre/cubic metres.
v. The sand content balances the volume of the other constituents.
Further modifications will be necessary to meet strength and other performance requirements.
EFNARC also proposes detailed design guidelines for SCC, which stems from the
Okamuras method, which is given as follows;
The coarse aggregate content is fixed at 50-60% of its dry rodded volume. The fine aggregate
content is fixed at 40% of its dry rodded weight.The concrete mix may be tried for self
compactability using the above-determined ingredients by varying the constituents as per the
trouble shooting guidelines given.
Mix proportion of SCC based on EFNARC
EFNARC gave guidelines for the mix proportioning of SCC
19
20
Cement
(kg/m3)
Fly ash
(kg/m3)
Trial 1
Trial 2
Trial 3
Trial 4
Trial 5
SCC
516
480
484
440
634.5
420
97
120
97
110
115.5
130
Coarse
aggregate
(kg/m3)
785.18
834
785.2
834
701.6
740
Fine
aggregate
(kg/m3)
724.34
669
724.3
521
1202.4
1020
Super
plasticizer
(kg/m3)
18.4
18
7
16.5
18.75
11
Water/
Powder
ratio
.3
.35
.33
.5
.45
.4
Water
(kg/m3)
183.9
189.2
192
275
334.25
168
Slump
flow
(mm)
400
450
455
550
570
690
Particulars
kg/m3
Cement
420
Fly ash
130
Coarse aggregate
740
Fine aggregate
1020
Water
168
11
3.3 SCHEDULE
Specimen Id
Date of Casting
Remarks
M1R5
6/1/2011
M1R10
13/1/2011
M1R15
18/1/2011
M1R15N1
4/2/2011
M1R15N2
14/2/2011
M1R15N3
16/2/2011
21
M1R15C1
22/2/2011
M1R15C2
8/3/2011
M1R15C3
14/3/2011
Sample containing
and pretreated
Ca(OH)2
Sample containing
and pretreated
Ca(OH)2
Sample containing
and pretreated
Ca(OH)2
15% rubber
with 1M
15% rubber
with 2M
15% rubber
with 3M
22
CHAPTER 4
.
4.1 TESTING OF SCC
The concrete specimens were demoulded and cured for a period of 28days,and the following
tests were performed .For hardened SCC, compressive strength test, elastic modulus test,
flexural strength test, split tensile strength tests were conducted.
4.1.1 Compressive strength test
This is the common test conducted on hardened concrete, partly because it is an easy test to
perform, and partly because most of the desirable characteristic properties of concrete are
qualitatively related to its compressive strength. This test is carried out on specimens cubical
or cylindrical in shape. The cube specimen is of the size15 x 15 x 15 cm. cylindrical test
specimens have a size equal to twice the diameter. This test was conducted as per IS -5161959.Specimens were placed on the bearing surface of the UTM of capacity 300
tonnes,without eccentricity and uniform loading was applied till the failure of the cube .The
maximum strength was noted and the compressive strength was tabulated as shown in table.
Cube compressive strength ( cc) in Mpa = Pf/As.
23
24
25
CHAPTER 5
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Compressive strength
Specimen ID M1R5 6/1
Dimensions of
Cube
(mm)
150*150*150
Duration (days)
Compressive
Strength(N/mm2)
28
37.4
150*150*150
28
39.5
150*150*150
28
39.7
Duration (days)
Compressive
Strength(N/mm2)
28
35.5
150*150*150
28
37.8
150*150*150
28
36.5
Duration (days)
Compressive
Strength(N/mm2)
28
33.8
150*150*150
28
33.2
150*150*150
28
33.5
26
Specimen ID M1R15N1
Dimensions of
Cube
(mm)
150*150*150
Duration (days)
Compressive
Strength(N/mm2)
28
34.5
150*150*150
28
34.2
150*150*150
28
33.7
Specimen ID M1R15N2
Dimensions of
Cube
(mm)
150*150*150
Duration (days)
Compressive
Strength(N/mm2)
28
36.6
150*150*150
28
36.9
150*150*150
28
37.3
Specimen ID M1R15N3
Dimensions of
Cube
(mm)
150*150*150
Duration (days)
Compressive
Strength(N/mm2)
28
37.1
150*150*150
28
36.8
150*150*150
28
37.3
27
Specimen ID M1R15C1
Dimensions of
Cube
(mm)
150*150*150
Duration (days)
Compressive
Strength(N/mm2)
28
33.5
150*150*150
28
34.1
150*150*150
28
33.7
Average = 33.76
N/mm2
Specimen ID M1R15C2
Dimensions of
Cube
(mm)
150*150*150
Duration (days)
Compressive
Strength(N/mm2)
28
35.3
150*150*150
28
35.7
150*150*150
28
35.2
Average = 35.4
N/mm2
Specimen ID M1R15C3
Dimensions of
Cube
(mm)
150*150*150
Duration (days)
Compressive
Strength(N/mm2)
28
36.4
150*150*150
28
35.9
150*150*150
28
36.5
Average = 36.26
N/mm2
28
Duration (days)
Split tensile
strength(N/mm2)
150*300
28
3.734
150*300
28
3.710
Specimen ID M1R10
Dimensions of
Cylinder (mm)
Duration (days)
Split tensile
strength(N/mm2)
150*300
28
3.629
150*300
28
3.681
Specimen ID M1R15
Dimensions of
Cylinder (mm)
Duration (days)
Split tensile
strength(N/mm2)
150*300
28
3.489
150*300
28
3.372
29
Specimen ID M1R15N1
Dimensions of
Cylinder (mm)
Duration (days)
Split tensile
strength(N/mm2)
150*300
28
3.542
150*300
28
3.481
Average = 3. 51N/mm2
Specimen ID M1R15N2
Dimensions of
Cylinder (mm)
Duration (days)
Split tensile
strength(N/mm2)
150*300
28
3.692
150*300
28
3.715
Specimen ID M1R15N3
Dimensions of
Cylinder (mm)
Duration (days)
Split tensile
strength(N/mm2)
150*300
28
3.723
150*300
28
3.769
Average = 3. 74N/mm2
30
Specimen ID M1R15C1
Dimensions of
Cylinder (mm)
Duration (days)
Split tensile
strength(N/mm2)
150*300
28
3.513
150*300
28
3.467
Duration (days)
Split tensile
strength(N/mm2)
150*300
28
3.634
150*300
28
3. 541
Duration (days)
Split tensile
strength(N/mm2)
150*300
28
3.683
150*300
28
3.17
31
FLEXURAL STRENGTH
Specimen ID M1R5
Dimensions
Mm
Duration (days)
Flexural
Strength(N/mm2)
100*100*500
28
3.382
100*100*500
28
3.346
100*100*500
28
3.328
Specimen ID M1R10
Dimensions
Mm
Duration (days)
Flexural
Strength(N/mm2)
100*100*500
28
3.282
100*100*500
28
3.263
100*100*500
28
3.301
Specimen ID M1R15
Dimensions
Mm
Duration (days)
Flexural
Strength(N/mm2)
100*100*500
28
3.047
100*100*500
28
3.166
100*100*500
28
3.134
32
Specimen ID M1R0N1
Dimensions
Mm
Duration (days)
Flexural
Strength(N/mm2)
100*100*500
28
3.189
100*100*500
28
3.214
100*100*500
28
3.173
Specimen ID M1R0N2
Dimensions
Mm
Duration (days)
Flexural
Strength(N/mm2)
100*100*500
28
3.349
100*100*500
28
3.347
100*100*500
28
3.336
Specimen ID M1R15N3
Dimensions
Mm
Duration (days)
Flexural
Strength(N/mm2)
100*100*500
28
3.383
100*100*500
28
3.376
100*100*500
28
3.353
Specimen ID M1R15C1
Dimensions
Mm
Duration (days)
Flexural
Strength(N/mm2)
100*100*500
28
3.142
100*100*500
28
3.168
100*100*500
28
3.122
Specimen ID M1R15C2
Dimensions
Mm
Duration (days)
Flexural
Strength(N/mm2)
100*100*500
28
3.239
100*100*500
28
3.216
100*100*500
28
3.236
Specimen ID M1R15C3
Dimensions
Mm
Duration (days)
Flexural
Strength(N/mm2)
100*100*500
28
3.296
100*100*500
28
3.314
100*100*500
28
3.290
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY
load
tonnes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0
1
2
4
6
8
10
14
16
18
20
21
22
24
26
28
displacement
diameter
mm
mm
0
150
0.01
150
0.01
150
0.03
150
0.03
150
0.04
150
0.05
150
0.08
150
0.08
150
0.09
150
0.09
150
0.1
150
0.12
150
0.13
150
0.15
150
0.17
150
area
force
mm2
N
17671.44
0
17671.44
9810
17671.44
19620
17671.44
39240
17671.44
58860
17671.44
78480
17671.44
98100
17671.44
137340
17671.44
156960
17671.44
176580
17671.44
196200
17671.44
206010
17671.44
215820
17671.44
235440
17671.44
255060
17671.44
274680
stress
N/mm2
0
0.555133
1.110266
2.220532
3.330797
4.441063
5.551329
7.771861
8.882127
9.992392
11.10266
11.65779
12.21292
13.32319
14.43346
15.54372
strain
(Chng/Org)
0
0.5
0.5
1.5
1.5
2
2.5
4
4
4.5
4.5
5
6
6.5
7.5
8.5
M1 R0
18
16
14
Stress(N/mm2)
12
10
Strain
0
0
10
Strain(*10^-4)
35
Specimen Id M1R5
sl no
#
load
tonnes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0
1
2
4
6
8
10
14
16
18
20
21
22
24
26
28
displacement diameter
area
force
stress
strain
mm
mm
mm2
N
N/mm2
0
150
17671.44
0
0
0.01
150 17671.4438
9810 0.55513291
0.02
150 17671.4438
19620 1.11026582
0.04
150 17671.4438
39240 2.22053164
0.05
150 17671.4438
58860 3.33079746
0.06
150 17671.4438
78480 4.44106328
0.07
150 17671.4438
98100
5.5513291
0.09
150 17671.4438
137340 7.77186075
0.1
150 17671.4438
156960 8.88212657
0.11
150 17671.4438
176580 9.99239239
0.11
150 17671.4438
196200 11.1026582
0.13
150 17671.4438
206010 11.6577911
0.14
150 17671.4438
215820
12.212924
0.16
150 17671.4438
235440 13.3231898
0.18
150 17671.4438
255060 14.4334557
0.19
150 17671.4438
274680 15.5437215
M1 R5
18
16
14
Stress(N/mm2)
12
10
strain
8
6
4
2
0
0
Strain(*10^-4)
36
0
0.5
1
2
2.5
3
3.5
4.5
5
5.5
5.5
6.5
7
8
9
9.5
Specimen Id M1R10
sl no
#
load
tonnes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0
1
2
4
6
8
10
14
16
18
20
21
22
24
26
displacement diameter
area
force
stress
strain
mm
mm
mm2
N
N/mm2
0
150
17671.44
0
0
0.01
150 17671.4438
9810 0.55513291
0.01
150 17671.4438
19620 1.11026582
0.03
150 17671.4438
39240 2.22053164
0.03
150 17671.4438
58860 3.33079746
0.05
150 17671.4438
78480 4.44106328
0.06
150 17671.4438
98100
5.5513291
0.075
150 17671.4438
137340 7.77186075
0.09
150 17671.4438
156960 8.88212657
0.1
150 17671.4438
176580 9.99239239
0.11
150 17671.4438
196200 11.1026582
0.12
150 17671.4438
206010 11.6577911
0.13
150 17671.4438
215820
12.212924
0.15
150 17671.4438
235440 13.3231898
0.17
150 17671.4438
255060 14.4334557
M1 R10
16
14
Stress(N/mm2)
12
10
8
strain
6
4
2
0
0
Strain(*10^-4)
37
0
0.5
0.5
1.5
1.5
2.5
3
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7.5
8
Specimen Id M1R15
sl no
#
load
tonnes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0
1
2
4
6
8
10
14
16
18
20
21
22
24
26
displacement diameter
area
force
stress
strain
mm
mm
mm2
N
N/mm2
0
150
17671.44
0
0
0.01
150 17671.4438
9810 0.55513291
0.02
150 17671.4438
19620 1.11026582
0.04
150 17671.4438
39240 2.22053164
0.05
150 17671.4438
58860 3.33079746
0.06
150 17671.4438
78480 4.44106328
0.07
150 17671.4438
98100
5.5513291
0.09
150 17671.4438
137340 7.77186075
0.09
150 17671.4438
156960 8.88212657
0.11
150 17671.4438
176580 9.99239239
0.12
150 17671.4438
196200 11.1026582
0.14
150 17671.4438
206010 11.6577911
0.15
150 17671.4438
215820
12.212924
0.17
150 17671.4438
235440 13.3231898
0.18
150 17671.4438
255060 14.4334557
M1 R15
16
14
Stress(N/mm2)
12
10
8
strain
6
4
2
0
0
10
Strain(*10^-4)
38
0
0.5
1
2
2.5
3
3.5
4.5
4.5
5.5
6
7
7.5
8.5
9
Specimen Id M1R15N1
sl no
#
load
tonnes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0
1
2
4
6
8
10
14
16
18
20
21
22
24
26
28
displacement diameter
area
force
stress
strain
mm
mm
mm2
N
N/mm2
0
150
17671.44
0
0
0.01
150 17671.4438
9810 0.55513291
0.02
150 17671.4438
19620 1.11026582
0.04
150 17671.4438
39240 2.22053164
0.05
150 17671.4438
58860 3.33079746
0.06
150 17671.4438
78480 4.44106328
0.07
150 17671.4438
98100
5.5513291
0.09
150 17671.4438
137340 7.77186075
0.1
150 17671.4438
156960 8.88212657
0.11
150 17671.4438
176580 9.99239239
0.11
150 17671.4438
196200 11.1026582
0.13
150 17671.4438
206010 11.6577911
0.14
150 17671.4438
215820
12.212924
0.16
150 17671.4438
235440 13.3231898
0.18
150 17671.4438
255060 14.4334557
0.19
150 17671.4438
274680 15.5437215
M1 R15 N1
18
16
Stress(N/mm2)
14
12
10
strain
8
6
4
2
0
0
10
Strain(*10^-4)
39
0
0.5
1
2
2.5
3
3.5
4.5
5
5.5
5.5
6.5
7
8
9
9.5
Specimen Id M1R15N2
sl no
#
load
tonnes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0
1
2
4
6
8
10
14
16
18
20
21
22
24
26
28
displacement diameter
area
force
stress
strain
mm
mm
mm2
N
N/mm2
0
150
17671.44
0
0
0.01
150 17671.4438
9810 0.55513291
0.01
150 17671.4438
19620 1.11026582
0.03
150 17671.4438
39240 2.22053164
0.04
150 17671.4438
58860 3.33079746
0.06
150 17671.4438
78480 4.44106328
0.07
150 17671.4438
98100
5.5513291
0.09
150 17671.4438
137340 7.77186075
0.09
150 17671.4438
156960 8.88212657
0.1
150 17671.4438
176580 9.99239239
0.1
150 17671.4438
196200 11.1026582
0.12
150 17671.4438
206010 11.6577911
0.13
150 17671.4438
215820
12.212924
0.14
150 17671.4438
235440 13.3231898
0.17
150 17671.4438
255060 14.4334557
0.18
150 17671.4438
274680 15.5437215
M1 R15 N2
18
16
Stress(N/mm2)
14
12
10
strain
8
6
4
2
0
0
10
Strain(*10^-4)
40
0
0.5
0.5
1.5
2
3
3.5
4.5
4.5
5
5
6
6.5
7
8.5
9
Specimen Id M1R15N3
sl no
#
load
tonnes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0
1
2
4
6
8
10
14
16
18
20
21
22
24
26
28
displacement diameter
area
force
stress
strain
mm
mm
mm2
N
N/mm2
0
150
17671.44
0
0
0.01
150 17671.4438
9810 0.55513291
0.01
150 17671.4438
19620 1.11026582
0.03
150 17671.4438
39240 2.22053164
0.04
150 17671.4438
58860 3.33079746
0.06
150 17671.4438
78480 4.44106328
0.07
150 17671.4438
98100
5.5513291
0.08
150 17671.4438
137340 7.77186075
0.09
150 17671.4438
156960 8.88212657
0.09
150 17671.4438
176580 9.99239239
0.1
150 17671.4438
196200 11.1026582
0.11
150 17671.4438
206010 11.6577911
0.12
150 17671.4438
215820
12.212924
0.13
150 17671.4438
235440 13.3231898
0.16
150 17671.4438
255060 14.4334557
0.17
150 17671.4438
274680 15.5437215
M1 R15 N3
18
16
Stress(N/mm2)
14
12
10
strain
8
6
4
2
0
0
Strain(*10^-4)
41
0
0.5
0.5
1.5
2
3
3.5
4
4.5
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
8
8.5
Specimen Id M1R15C1
sl no
#
load
tonnes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0
1
2
4
6
8
10
14
16
18
20
21
22
24
26
28
displacement diameter
area
force
stress
strain
mm
mm
mm2
N
N/mm2
0
150
17671.44
0
0
0.01
150 17671.4438
9810 0.55513291
0.02
150 17671.4438
19620 1.11026582
0.03
150 17671.4438
39240 2.22053164
0.04
150 17671.4438
58860 3.33079746
0.06
150 17671.4438
78480 4.44106328
0.07
150 17671.4438
98100
5.5513291
0.08
150 17671.4438
137340 7.77186075
0.08
150 17671.4438
156960 8.88212657
0.1
150 17671.4438
176580 9.99239239
0.11
150 17671.4438
196200 11.1026582
0.13
150 17671.4438
206010 11.6577911
0.15
150 17671.4438
215820
12.212924
0.16
150 17671.4438
235440 13.3231898
0.18
150 17671.4438
255060 14.4334557
0.19
150 17671.4438
274680 15.5437215
M1 R15 C1
18
16
Stress(N/mm2)
14
12
10
strain
8
6
4
2
0
0
10
Strain(*10^-4)
42
0
0.5
1
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4
5
5.5
6.5
7.5
8
9
9.5
Specimen Id M1R15C2
sl no
#
load
tonnes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0
1
2
4
6
8
10
14
16
18
20
21
22
24
26
28
displacement diameter
area
force
stress
strain
mm
mm
mm2
N
N/mm2
0
150
17671.44
0
0
0.01
150 17671.4438
9810 0.55513291
0.01
150 17671.4438
19620 1.11026582
0.02
150 17671.4438
39240 2.22053164
0.03
150 17671.4438
58860 3.33079746
0.04
150 17671.4438
78480 4.44106328
0.06
150 17671.4438
98100
5.5513291
0.07
150 17671.4438
137340 7.77186075
0.09
150 17671.4438
156960 8.88212657
0.1
150 17671.4438
176580 9.99239239
0.11
150 17671.4438
196200 11.1026582
0.12
150 17671.4438
206010 11.6577911
0.13
150 17671.4438
215820
12.212924
0.14
150 17671.4438
235440 13.3231898
0.15
150 17671.4438
255060 14.4334557
0.17
150 17671.4438
274680 15.5437215
M1 R15 C2
18
16
Stress(N/mm2)
14
12
10
strain
8
6
4
2
0
0
10
Strain(*10^-4)
43
0
0.5
0.5
1
1.5
2
3
3.5
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
8
9
Specimen Id M1R15C3
sl no
#
load
tonnes
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
0
1
2
4
6
8
10
14
16
18
20
21
22
24
26
28
displacement diameter
area
force
stress
strain
mm
mm
mm2
N
N/mm2
0
150
17671.44
0
0
0.01
150 17671.4438
9810 0.55513291
0.01
150 17671.4438
19620 1.11026582
0.02
150 17671.4438
39240 2.22053164
0.03
150 17671.4438
58860 3.33079746
0.04
150 17671.4438
78480 4.44106328
0.06
150 17671.4438
98100
5.5513291
0.07
150 17671.4438
137340 7.77186075
0.09
150 17671.4438
156960 8.88212657
0.1
150 17671.4438
176580 9.99239239
0.11
150 17671.4438
196200 11.1026582
0.12
150 17671.4438
206010 11.6577911
0.13
150 17671.4438
215820
12.212924
0.14
150 17671.4438
235440 13.3231898
0.15
150 17671.4438
255060 14.4334557
0.17
150 17671.4438
274680 15.5437215
M1 R15 C3
18
16
Stress(N/mm2)
14
12
10
strain
8
6
4
2
0
0
Strain(*10^-4)
44
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3.5
4.5
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
8
8.5
CHAPTER 6
6. 1 RESULTS
Specimen ID
M1R5*
Compression
(%)
-5
M1R10*
-11
-3.94
-3.53
-3.7
M1R15*
-18.3
-9.74
-8.53
-5.16
M1R15N1**
+2
+2.33
+2.57
+0.56
M1R15N2**
+10.2
+7.87
+7.52
+2.59
M1R15N3**
+10.62
+9.03
+8.36
+3.31
M1R15C1**
+0.776
+1.75
+0.96
+0.4
M1R15C2**
+5.67
+4.37
+3.86
+1.46
M1R15C3**
+8.24
+6.41
+7.07
+2.37
Split tensile
(%)
-2.1
Flexural
(%)
-1.4
Modulus of
Elasticity(%)
-2.63
**
6.2. Conclusions
1) There is an observed difference with a decrease in compression values of rubberized
SCC with normal SCC.
2) There is an increase in the flexural, compressive properties of treated rubberized SCC
with respect to rubberized SCC.
3) There is a significant increase in the flexural properties of Treated rubberized SCC
with rubberized SCC with respect to the first and second values and a less significant
difference between the second and third values.
4) The E modulus initially decreases with more percentage of rubber substitutions but
increases when it is treated with sodium hydroxide etc.
45
CHAPTER 7
7.0 REFERENCES
1) ACI American Concrete Institute-SP 233- Workability of SCC: Roles of Its
Constituents and Measurement Techniques.
2) Bignozzi, M C.and Sandrolini, F. (2005). Tyre rubber waste recycling in self
compacting concrete, Journal of Cement and Concrete Research, Vol. 1, October ,
pp. 735-739.
3)
47