Journal of Engineering Research and Studies

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Re
Review Article

AN OVERVIEW ETHANOL AS A MOTOR FUEL

A.D.Bhetalu1*, Dr.S.S.Patil2, Dr.N.W.Ingole3

Address for Correspondence

1

Assistant Professor, IBSS College of Engineering, Amravati, Maharashtra, India

2
Director, Student Welfare, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, Maharashtra,
3
Associate Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,
Engineeri
PRMIT & R, Badnera,, Maharashtra
ABSTRACT
This paper reviews the use of alcohol as a motor fuel, its history, chemical composition and the benefits and drawbacks over
the use of petrol. It also discusses the global and Indian scenario of the production and utilization of ethanol.
KEYWORDS: Gasoline, Alcohol, Ethanol, Blending, Biomass

1.0 INTRODUCTION:
India is the fifth largest consumer of energy in the
world, and is likely to surpass Japan and Russia to
become the world's third biggest energy consumer by
2030. India's average oil and liquids production for
2011 is estimated at 1.04 million barrels per day
(B/D) which will touch the peak production at 1.06
million B/D in 2012. Further, giving its demand
outlook, BMI projects consumption to rise sharply to
4.29 million B/D by 2016 from 3.44 million B/D in
2011(Business Monitor International
ional (BMI)'s India
Oil and Gas Report for first quarter of 2012)
1.1 Indias oil production and consumption
(2000-2010)

Courtesy: US Energy Information Administration, International

Energy Statistics

Demand for petrol is expected to have expanded by

7.6 per cent (363,000 B/D) in 2011 and is projected
to increase by another 6.7 per cent (388,000 B/D) in
2012. The Ministry of Petroleum anticipates a growth
of 4.6 per cent in the sale of oil products in the
t FY12.
Petroleum is one of the most precious natural energy
resources. With India growing at a fast pace, the
demand for oil is set to rise. India and China will
account for 45 per cent of the increase in global
primary energy demand by 2030.
type
1.2 Total energy consumption in India by type:

has not been fully exploited is that, up until now;

gasoline has been cheap, available, and easy to
produce. However, crude oil is getting scarce, and the
historic price differential between alcohol and
gasoline is getting narrower.
Ethanol is used as an automotive fuel by itself and
can be mixed with gasoline to form what has been
called "gasohol" the most common blends contain
10% ethanol. As per the statistics published by the
Ministry of Petroleum, by blending petrol with 10 per
cent biofuel, 80 million litres of petrol could be saved
annually in India, moreover, as the ethanol molecule
contains oxygen, it allows the engine to more
completely combust
st the fuel, resulting in fewer
emissions.
2.0 BASIC FUEL THEORY CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION:
Alcohol and gasoline, despite the fact that they are
from different chemical classes, are remarkably
similar. Gasoline
asoline is mostly a mixture of
hydrocarbons.. Alcohols can be thought of as
hydrocarbons in which one of the hydrogen atoms
has been replaced by a hydroxyl group which
consists of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen
atom. Thus methane becomes the simplest alcohol,
methanol. Ethane becomes ethanol; propane becomes
propanol and so on. Like hydrocarbons, there are
many alcohols of ever increasing
creasing complexity.
2.1 Combustion Properties:
One of the most important properties of a fuel is the
amount of energy obtained from it when it is burned.
Note that the hydrocarbon octane, which represents
an ideal gasoline, contains no oxygen. In comparison,
all of the alcohols contain an oxygen atom bonded to
a hydrogen atom in the hydroxyl radical. When the
alcohol is burned, the hydroxyl combines with a
hydrogen atom to form a molecule of water. Thus,
the oxygen contained in the alcohol contributes
nothing to the fuel value.
Fuel Property Comparison for Ethanol and Gasoline

[Source:
Source: International Energy Agency Report (India-2009)
(India
]

Currently there is a big push to find and develop

alternative sources of energy so that decreasing
reserves of crude oil and other fossil fuels may be
conserved. Alcohol fuel can be an important part of
the solution.
There is nothing new in the use of alcohol as a motor
fuel. Alcohols in general and ethanol, in particular,
make excellent motor fuels. The reason alcohol fuel
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June, 2012/50-53
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Courtesy:: U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Energy Efficiency

and Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center

Journal of Engineering Research and Studies

2.2 Octane Ratings:
If a certain fuel is burned in an engine in which the
compression ratio can be varied and this ratio is
gradually increased, a point will be reached when the
fuel will detonate prematurely. This is because as a
gas is compressed, heat is generated. If the explosive
fuel/air mixture in an engine cylinder is compressed
enough, the resulting heat will cause it to detonate.
Since gasoline engines are designed so that the
mixture is detonated by the spark plug at the
beginning of the downward movement of the piston
following the compression stroke, preignition or
"knock" occurring during the compression stroke is
undesirable. Indeed, severe knock can quickly
overstress and destroy an engine. Since greater
compression ratios in an engine mean increased
power per stroke and greater efficiency, the ability of
a fuel to resist premature detonation is a desirable
quality. The "octane" numbers assigned to fuels are
based on the pure hydrocarbon, octane, which is
considered to be 100.
At the other end of the scale, n-heptane is considered
to have an octane rating of zero. The octane number
of an unknown fuel is based on the percentage
volume of a mixture of octane and n-heptane that
matches it in preignition characteristics. In practice,
these tests are conducted in a special test engine with
variable compression. Alcohols have a relatively high
anti-knock or octane rating. Alcohols also have the
ability to raise considerably the octane ratings of
gasoline with which they are mixed. The effect is
greatest on the poorer grades of gasoline. A 25%
blend of ethanol and 40 octane gasoline will have a
net increase of almost 30 points.
This increase is one of the major advantages of
"gasohol". The ability to increase octane rating means
that: (1) a lower (therefore cheaper) grade of gasoline
can be used to obtain a fuel with a certain octane
rating; and (2) the use of traditional pollution
producing anti-knock additives such as tetraethyl lead
can be eliminated. The addition of about 10-15%
ethanol to unleaded gasoline raises the octane rating
enough so that it can be burned in high compression
engines that previously could not use unleaded fuel.
This use of ethanol is not new, of course, because
ethanol was the original gasoline additive for
increasing the octane rating.
3.0 UTILIZATION OF ALCOHOL FUELS:
Alcohol fuels may be utilized in three basic ways: as
a blend with gasoline; as a straight, unblended fuel;
or as an alcohol/water mixture in an injection system.
Each method has certain advantages and
disadvantages.
Annul ethanol production (2007-2011)

*Unit: Millions US liquid gallons/year

Courtesy: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethanol_fuel

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3.1 Alcohol Blends:

Alcohol blends have the advantage that up to a 10, 20
or even 25% concentration of alcohol may be used
without modification to the engine. The actual
concentration that may be used varies with each
engine type, but generally a four-cylinder engine will
tolerate a stronger blend than a six or eight. Small
single-cylinder engines, such as lawn mowers, can
often be run on pure alcohol by merely adjusting the
mixture control screw. Even with larger engines,
slight modification such as adjusting the carburetor
and, perhaps, advancing the timing a little may allow
the use of blends in the 25-40% range. If you are
producing your own blend, you have the advantage of
being able to use the cheapest gasoline available and
ending up with a good, high octane fuel.The
disadvantage is that the alcohol you use must be
perfectly dry. The highest concentration of alcohol
that can be achieved by ordinary methods is 190
proof or 95%. In order to blend the alcohol with
gasoline, the remaining 5% water must be removed.
3.2 Pure Alcohol:
The advantages of burning relatively pure 80-95%
alcohol are several. First of all, because the drying
step is unnecessary, you should be able to produce
the fuel for less than the cost of gasoline. Secondly,
there will be little, if any performance penalty, and by
leaving 5-15% or more water in the alcohol you also
gain the benefits of water injection. The only
disadvantage is the trouble and expense of modifying
your engine(s) to burn alcohol and the lack of dualfuel capability.
4.0 ETHANOL PRODUCTION - GENERAL
DISCUSSION:
Raw Materials:
Ethyl alcohol may be made by the fermentation
process from three basic types of raw materials,
called feedstock.
The three basic types of feedstock are:
4.1 Saccharine :
Sugar containing materials in which the carbohydrate
(the actual substance from which the alcohol is made)
is present in the form of simple, directly fermentable
six and twelve carbon sugar molecules such as
glucose, fructose, and maltose. Such materials
include sugar cane, sugar beets, fruit (fresh or dried),
citrus molasses, cane sorghum, whey and skim milk.
4.2 Starchy Materials:
That contains more complex carbohydrates such as
starch and insulin that can be broken down into the
simpler six and twelve carbon sugars by hydrolysis
with acid or by the action of enzymes in a process
called malting. Such materials include corn, grain
sorghum, barley, wheat, potatoes, sweet potatoes,
Jerusalem artichokes, cacti, manioc, arrowroot, and
so on.
4.3 Cellulose Materials:
Such as wood, wood waste, paper, straw, corn stalks,
corn cobs, cotton, etc., which contain material that
can be hydrolyzed with acid, enzymes or otherwise
converted into fermentable sugars called glucose.
5.0 MANUFACTURING STEPS:
Certain materials require less processing than others.
Generally, small scale production is easiest (and most
economical in terms of labor and energy
consumption) from the saccharine materials.
However, starchy materials usually produce the most

Journal of Engineering Research and Studies

alcohol on a weight/weight basis, and cellulose
materials are the cheapest.
Manufacturing alcohol from saccharine feedstock
generally requires: (1) extraction or crushing to make
the sugars available to the yeast enzymes during
fermentation: (2) dilution. which is only required
with certain materials; (3) fermentation; and (4)
distillation. Starchy materials require the steps of: (1)
milling to free the starchy material from, for
example, grain kernels; (2) dilution; (3) cooking to
dissolve and "gelatinize" the starch; and (4)
conversion of the starch to fermentable sugars by
malting, enzymes, or acid hydrolysis in addition to
the steps of fermentation and distillation. Cellulose
materials are similar to starchy materials in that they
must be converted prior to fermentation.
6.0 CONCLUDING REMARKS:
From the above studies the following concluding
remarks appear to be justified that, as a motor fuel,
the use of ethanol is not new to us. Moreover, at
times it appears to be a better fuel than gasoline.
Bearing in mind the shorter supply time period of
petroleum products in near future, mankind has been
constantly trying to find out an alternative as efficient
as gasoline. In this quest, ethanol presents enormous
opportunities as a fuel and the beauty is that it can be
produced even from the most noxious of weeds.
There is a large scope for research in the field of
blending limits and blending combinations for
alcohol generated from various sources.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors are thankful to Head of Dept. of
Chemical Technology for providing us facilities to
work in SGB Amravati University camps and Dr.
Bhosale, Librarian, SGB Amravati University, for
permitting us to refer the library for collecting
research papers. We are also thankful to Dr. S.G.
Patil, Principal, IBSS College of Engineering for his
constant support and encouragement. The help
rendered by Dr. N.N. Gedam, Asst. Professor,
Department of Chemistry, IBSS College of
Engineering, for carrying out laboratory tests is
highly acknowledged.
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