Journal of Geology and Mining

Research

Vol. 5(6), pp. 147-160, June, 2013

DOI: 10.5897/JGMR2013.0175
ISSN 2006 9766 2013 Academic Journals
http://www.academicjournals.org/JGMR

Full Length Research Paper

Application of the mobile metal ion geochemical

technique in the location of buried gold mineralization
in Essase Concession, Eastern Region, Ghana
Chiri G. Amedjoe1* and Isaac T. Adjovu2
1

Department of Geological Engineering, College of Engineering, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and
Technology, University Post Office, Kumasi, Ghana.
2
Geodita Resources Limited, P. O. Box TF 67, Trade Fair, Accra, Ghana.
Accepted 17 May, 2013

The principle of mobile metal ion geochemistry analysis for soil samples taken from Essase
Concession in Nkawkaw of the Eastern Region Ghana, during geochemical survey had accurately and
sharply delineated target gold mineralization. Observations suggested that preferentially most metals
(Ni, Zn, Pb, Cu, and As) including gold (Au) were located in the top 22 cm of the profile below the
interface giving clearly an optimum sampling depth. Using the determined threshold of 3.1 ppm for Au,
a broad anomalous zone was delineated with four strong anomalous (> 4.8 ppm) areas within the broad
anomalous zone clearly outlined to suggest accurate location of surface or the sub-surface primary
mineralization. The strong anomalous areas suggested signatures of structural corridor hosting the
gold mineralization which appear to strike in two directions NNE SSW and NE SW. Mineralization
style was inferred to be structurally controlled. The response ratios show that Ni, Pb, Zn and Cu have
high concentrations and correlate well with Au on the concession, therefore they could serve as
pathfinders in search for Au in that geochemical environment.
Key words: Mineral deposits, mobile metal ions, anomalous zone, structural corridor, primary mineralization.

INTRODUCTION
Geochemical exploration is based on two characteristics
of mineral deposit: An association with anomalous
concentrations of chemical elements within primary halos
in the surrounding rock and an association with
secondary dispersal patterns of chemical elements in the
surficial products of their weathering and erosion. The
objective of exploration geochemistry is therefore to
delineate geochemical signatures related to the
mineralisation. However, gross oversimplification of past
survey procedures and interpretive methods have often
had a serious negative impact on the effective use of
geochemical methods in exploration. Failures in resolving

subtle geochemical anomalism in areas covered with

residual and transported materials or those deeply buried
are largely due to misinterpretation of noisy backgrounds,
erratic distribution of geochemically variable transported
litho-types, structural leakage geochemistry, presence or
absence of solute species irrespective of magnitude and
values that push the lower limits of the analytical
technology (Rutherford and Cohen, 2002). The detection
of differences between the chemical characteristics of
materials (rock, soil, stream sediments) of the natural
environment in the vicinity of a mineral deposit and those
of similar materials elsewhere by systematic measurement

*Corresponding author. E-mail: chiri.amedjoe@gmail.com.

148

J. Geol. Min. Res.

Figure 1. Location and geology map of Essase concession (Study Area).

of concentration of suites of elements and/or compounds

lead to the discovery of mineral deposits.
Although numerous case studies of secondary
geochemical anomalies in transported overburden above
buried mineral deposits in different terrains (e.g.
Cameron et al., 2004; Kelley et al., 2002; Wang et al.,
1999; Smee, 1998; Mann et al., 1998) using different
methods are documented, yet the debate regarding the
factors that form these anomalies have not been
completely answered. Researchers have come out with
different geochemical techniques to clarify some of the
processes involved in secondary geochemical mobility
through transported overburden with the recent one being
the Mobile Metal Ion (MMI) geochemistry. MMI
geochemistry postulates that a buried ore deposit through
physical (e.g. capillary rise) and electrochemical processes free mobile metal ions which migrate to the
surface, where they are weakly attached to soil particles.
The metals mobility are subsequently restricted by
different processes resulting in them being permanently
bound to the soil particles on top of the buried
mineralized zone, however weathering and erosion result
in their secondary dispersion. Thus using MMI technique
for exploration instead of the classical geochemical soil,
the exact location of the buried deposits is obtained
rather than knowing the dispersion zone around the
deposits.

The aim of this paper is to highlight the application of

MMI technique to select the best, most prospective areas
for drilling on the Esaase concession to locate the buried
deposit.
Study area
The study area, Esaase concession is about 8 km north
west of Nkawkaw in the eastern region of Ghana (Figure
1). Natural vegetation is deciduous rain forest (Dickson
and Benneh, 1988), however logging and farming
activities have resulted in regenerated vegetation.
Geological settings
The geology of Esaase concession (Figure 1) is
dominated by Birimian age (Paleoproterozoic) metasedimentary rocks (phyllites, schists and greywackes) of
greenschist facies to the north-eastern of the concession
with the rest consisting of greenstone materials mainly
belt type meta-volcanics (Kesse, 1985). The phyllites are
greenish-grey and sometimes yellow in colour when
weathered. The concession is to the north eastern edge
of the Ashanti metallogenic gold belt. Both metasedimentary and meta-volcanic rocks were intruded by
felsic and basic granitoids. The whole sequence were

Amedjoe and Adjovu

149

Figure 2. Contour map of MMI Au response ratios (RR).

tightly folded and faulted and along NE-SW trending axes

but some splay faults trend NNE-SSW or N-S. The larger
basin-type granitoids tend to be foliated and biotite-rich
whereas the belt type granitoids lack foliation and tend to
be hornblende-rich, exhibiting extensive retrograde
alteration.
Mineralization
In general, gold mineralization is associated with
brecciated and hydrothermally altered shear-zone
granitoids lying in fault contact with graphitic phyllites,
fractured and sheared altered meta-volcaniclastic rocks,
laminated quartz veins and veinlets of varied thickness
with sulphides in sheared, siliceous, carbonate and
sericite-rich meta-sedimentary rocks (Kesse, 1985). The
phyllites also contain scattered pods of gold
mineralization, but these appear to be limited to narrow
zones close to granitoids. Common minerals in sulphide
and quartz vein gold mineralization occurs as
disseminated fine grained pyrite, gold, galena, sphalerite,
chalcopyrite, calcite, sericite, pyrrhotite etc. associated
with carbonate-silica alteration selvages in metavolcanics and meta-sedimentary rocks.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Orientation survey sampling was conducted to cover the eastern to
the south eastern portions of the concession labelled MMI zone
(Figure 2) as recommended in SGS MMI Sampling Guide (2009) to
ensure MMI technique applicability in order to help determine
optimum survey parameters for the entire concession. Undisturbed
sites preferably away from any major contamination (drainage,
drilling lines, pads, roads, etc.) were sampled. At the sampling sites,
the equipments were bushed to eliminate residue from previous
exercises and then flushed with soil from the new sample site.
Organic horizons were scrapped away as well as eliminating loose
non-decomposed matter, debris, and any possible cultural and wind
borne contamination in the course of sampling. Samples were
taken from a constant depth of approximately 25 cm below the A
horizon where no organic structure (decomposing leaves, bark,
twigs, etc.) were observed. Samples of about 350 g of soil from
each site were bagged in clean, properly labelled plastic bags and
the soil type noted. During sample collection and handling, no
jewelry (watches, rings, bracelets, chains, etc.) was worn to avoid
contaminating the samples. Irrespective of topographic influences
and associated variability in the soil profile samples were collected
at about 25 cm below the A horizon with due regard to the
thickness and nature of the soil horizons, soil moisture, presence or
absence of suspended aqueous material within the soil and general
characteristics of the overburden in the survey area. Other
parameters recorded during sampling included soil moisture,
development of a B-horizon, organic content, presence or
absence of suspended aqueous material within the soil, regolith-

150

J. Geol. Min. Res.

Table 1. Statistical summary of MMI analytical results.

Elements
Count
Min (ppb)
Max (ppb)
Median
Average
Std. Dev.
Detection limit (ppb)
Background (ppb)
Percentiles
25
50
75
90
95
97.5

Ni
498
11
2660
203.5
203
202
5
122.5

Te
498
9
20
9
9
9
10
9

Zn
498
19
12200
250
250
250
20
170

Au
498
0.1
25.1
1.4
1.4
1.4
0.1
0.9

As
498
9
100
9
9
9
10
9

Bi
498
1
3
1
1
1
1
1

Cu
498
9
8140
995
1000
1000
10
600

Pb
498
9
2710
225
230
230
10
92.5

122.5
203.5
385.8
667.5
944.6
1325.8

9
9
9
9
9
9

170
250
390
603
841.5
1430.8

0.9
1.4
2.1
3.1
4.1
4.8

9
9
9
20
40
60

1
1
1
1
1
1

600
995
1550
2080
2543
3070

92.5
225
447.5
801.5
801.5
961.5

landform, land-use, and vegetation. Sampling period spanned two

months. Weathering has produced a thick oxide profile through a
greater percentage of the area; hence at each sampling site the
particular profile there was recorded as well as the texture, colour of
soil and vegetation type. A total of 498 samples and 46 duplicates
of geochemical soil media were taken from the concession for MMIM5 elements analyses, which included Ni, Te, Zn, Au, As, Bi, Cu
and Pb to ppb level.

RESULTS
Statistical MMI analytical data of the analyzed multielements in ppb, their detection limits, as well as
percentile (25th, 50th, 90th, 95th, and 97.5th) values are
presented in Table 1.
Gold (Au) has a minimum value of 0.1 ppb and a
maximum of 25.0 ppb, averaging 1.4 ppb. The background value has been selected as the 25th percentile
value of 0.9 ppb with the high background population
th
ranging from the 75 percentile value of 2.1 ppb to below
th
the 90 percentile. The 90th percentile value of 3.1 ppb
gives the threshold, above which the anomalous values
th
occur with values above 97.5 percentile 4.8 ppb being
considered strong anomalies.
Stacked graphs of calculated ratios (RR) for analysed
elements (gold inclusive) to allow ease comparison
based on sampling lines are presented in Appendix 1;
contour maps of the elements RR are presented in
Appendix 2. Calculated response ratios (RR) data for the
individual elements can be obtained from authors on
request. Response ratios were calculated for each element using the suggested procedure in SGS Technical
Bulletin TB19 (2005) because the contrast between
anomaly and background can vary depending on the
environmental conditions. The lowest quartile (25%) of
the data for that element is selected, including results that

are less than detection limit, by using a value of half the

detection limit. The mean of the lowest quartile was
determined and used as the background for that element.
For each sample the element response was divided by
the background value and rounded to whole numbers.
The results show that all elements report significant
concentrations of mobile ions in the top 22 cm of the
profile below the interface giving clearly an optimum
sampling depth. Areas with high metal concentrations
mostly occur in meta-volcanics basement showing
spacial relationship with faulted zones striking NS mostly
in the southwestern section of the concession. The
results show that Pb, Ni, Zn, have high concentrations
with Zn having occasional spikes. High gold (Au)
concentrations occur in the southwestern, approximately
the central and northwestern sections of the concession
(Figure 2) as observed on lines 6 and 9, with significant
dispersion halos on lines 3, 4, and 7. Gold concentrations
generally decrease towards the eastern boundary of the
concession. Though Ni concentration is considerably
strong yet Au, Cu and Pb gave very strong response
ratios on the concession mineralization especially on line
9. Interpretation of the results data had identified
approximately two trends of gold mineralization striking
NNE SSW and NE - SW (Figure 2) correlating fairly
well with multi base elements nickel (Ni), lead (Pb),
cupper (Cu). Other secondary deposits in the central and
south-south eastern corner of the sampled area of the
Essase concession had also been identified. The
thickness of the overburden varies from 3 to 7 m or more.
DISCUSSION
The results suggest that either MMI leach dissolves more
than just the mobile ions in the soil particles, or mobile

Amedjoe and Adjovu

gold ions are produced from the residual native gold in

the surficial conditions. The quantity of clays or clay
minerals in the samples influence the concentrations of
mobile metal ions (Kabata-Pendias, 2000) as their
surfaces increase the adsorption ability for mobile ions in
soil samples. According to Heikkinen (2000) samples with
a lot of clay, hydrated metal oxides and organic material
have a great adsorption capacity. Since samples taken
avoided organic materials the clays influence ions
concentrations mostly, followed by the hydrated metal
oxides in moist samples. The ionic potential
(charge/radius) of the mobile metal ions also affects their
adsorption properties (Kabata-Pendias, 2000). Metal ions
with low ionic potentials are soluble as cations, whereas
ions with high ionic potentials are mobile as an oxyanion.
Metal ions with intermediate ionic potentials are immobile
due to low solubility and strong adsorption to surfaces
(Rose et al., 1979). This explains the high concentrations
of Ni, Zn, Cu and Pb in the results. Being of low ionic
potentials (2+), they were very mobile under the
prevailing environmental conditions and a lot more were
adsorbed onto clays or soil particles surfaces. Whereas
Au, As, Bi and Te having high ionic potential (3+ or
more), their movements were somehow slow or sluggish
under the prevailing environmental conditions compared
with previous ions, therefore not much were adsorbed
onto surfaces of clay or soil particles.
The response ratio measures the degree of enrichment
in each element per sample. The sampled area is
generally highly enriched with lead (lines 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and
11 in Appendix 1) with sporadic zinc spikes (lines 4, 6, 8,
9 and 10 in Appendix 1). The significance of this
elemental enrichment highlights the mineral associations
with the gold mineralization. From mineralogical view
point, elements such as Pb, Zn, Ni, Cu, As etc. might
have originated from sulphide minerals such as pyrite,
asenopyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, etc.
associated with the gold sulphide mineralization. So even
though the natural environment on the concession
contains virtually all elements, the strongest sources of
detected high concentrations of these mobile metal ions
in the sampled soils were from the buried gold deposit
(Lefa Gold Project (2006) of SGS MMI Case Studies).
This is because areas with high metal concentrations
mostly depicted spacial relationship with brecciated and
hydrothermally altered faulted sheared zones striking N-S
and NNE SSW, suspected to host structurally
controlled gold mineralization. The resulting distributions
compare favourably with the corridor of gold enrichment
outlined in the regional metallogenic province of the
Birimian Formation (Kesse, 1985) within which
concession is located. The buried gold deposit(s) is/are
likely to occur in shear zones and discontinuous quartzcarbonate-sulphide veins parallel and cross cutting the
main foliation trend (Kesse, 1985). The observed
distribution of gold values at sampling points 50 m apart
on lines 200 m separation (Figure 2) suggest that, possi-

151

bly the gold content in the bedrock varies greatly over

short distance. The most probable source, based on the
MMI multi element anomaly are the weathered brecciated
and hydrothermally altered rocks associated with the
buried deposit(s) on the concession. These then migrated
into soils remote from the deposit itself. Alternatively
below the water-table in the area, groundwater
surrounding the gold deposits possibly contains a mixture
of dissolved metals component, colloidal material, and
secondary reaction products (Kelley et al., 2004). The
aqueous mobilities of these metals in the groundwater
are most likely being controlled by pH, Eh (oxidation
potential), the speciation of the metals, presence of other
dissolved species, the composition and reactivity of solid
phases in contact with this aqueous solution, and
probably the interaction with microbes. The groundwater
therefore provided a medium for the dispersion of the
metals (gold inclusive) away from the deposit. Under the
prevailing environmental conditions (possibly acidic),
these metals (Ni, Zn, Cu Pb and Au) are rather soluble
thus were mobilized, transported into the soils at/or close
the surface before being adsorbed onto soil surfaces
instead of being adsorbed on surfaces of solid particles
close to the deposits. This explains the observed high
concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cu, and Ni at a number of
sampling points. However, Hamilton (2000) is of the view
that if the sulphide deposit and groundwater table are
near the surface, electrochemical processes may
dominate migration of metals vis--vis other forms of
transportation, resulting in the redistribution of redoxactive elements and carbonates. No single mechanism is
therefore capable of adequately explaining all
geochemical processes that lodged the metal ions in the
sampled soils at the subsurface (Mann, 2009), yet it was
obvious that mobile metal ions vertically migrated to the
surface to be detected during the soil sampling exercise.
The higher response ratio for the analysed metals on the
concession was an indication that the metals (Ni, Zn, Cu
Pb and Au) were present in high concentration at depth
and possibly associated with the gold deposit.
Although a broad gold anomalous zone had been
identified (Figure 2) with the established threshold of 3.1
ppb, the response ratios on lines 4, 6 and 9 had
highlighted the potential locations of the deposits by
sharply and accurately delineating on surface, the subsurface higher grade primary mineralization areas within
the sampled portion of the concession. Zn response
ratios in some instances is over 70 times background
value (Lines 4, 6, 8 and 9) and Au, Ni, Cu, and Pb
response ratios are over 10 times background values
(Lines 1, 2, 9 and 10) (Appendix 1). However, in areas of
deep lateritic weathering profiles elements mobility (gold
in particular) could be substantial, yet the elevated
anomalous responses at or near the surface might not
necessarily reflect primary or higher grade mineralization
at depth. This might be due to reworked (secondary)
transported materials. The ability of MMI geochemistry to

152

J. Geol. Min. Res.

identify mobile metal ions released from mineralization,

before becoming bound in other components (iron oxyhydroxides in lateritic profiles), allows the technique to
precisely locate primary mineralization at depth in
contrast to conventional geochemistry that highlight
anomalous zones without not being able to accurately
locate the mineral deposit. As MMI technique has
minimal nugget effects, high Au values (25.1 ppm etc.)
could not be due to nugget effect in the sampled media.
The response ratios show that Ni, Zn, Cu and Pb
(Appendix 1) have high concentrations and correlate well
with Au on the concession, therefore these metals could
serve as pathfinders for Au in that environment.
Gold threshold value of 3.1 ppb represents the low
anomalous value, with medium anomalies ranging
between 4.1 and 4.8 ppb and strong anomalies are
considered to be values above 4.8 ppb. Within the broad
delineated anomalous zone for gold, four strong
anomalous (> 4.8 ppb) areas had been clearly outline
(Figure 2) to suggest accurate location of surface or the
sub-surface primary mineralization on the sampled
portion of the concession. Three of these appear to be
trending NNE SSW on the western side of the sampled
area. This strike is interpreted to be a signature of a
structural corridor hosting mineralization on the Esaase
concession. It is therefore inferred that mineralization
style on the concession is structurally controlled by some
deep seated tectonic structures worth investigating. The
Ashanti metallogenic belt of which the Essase
concession is part, and adjacent meta-sedimentary
formations were intruded by granitoids (felsic and mafic)
and separated by major faults basically strike NE-SW
(Kesse, 1985), but some splay faults from these major
faults trend NNE-SSW or N-S (Figure 1). The inferred
NNE-SSW structural corridor on the Essase concession
could therefore be one of such splay faults. Gold
deposits in the Ashanti Belt of the Birimian System occur
as veins and stockwork systems with disseminated
sulphides are related to regional NNE to NE trending
structures. This style of mineralization features extensive
steeply dipping vein systems, with multiple stages of vein
development.
Considering the central strong anomalous zone and that
at the south western corner of the sampled area, the two
zones again define NE SW trend. This trend is
substantiated by the direction of medium anomalies east
of the identified central strong anomalous zone (Figure
2). It is possible that this major structure either has gold
deposit(s) located at extreme depth(s) such that +stretch
of lengths along its entire length. Whatever the situation,
the indications are quite promising for long distances
along strike and deserve further investigation. The
medium anomalous zone between the two identified
structures and that at the south-south eastern end of the
sampled are possibly secondary mineralization due to
remobilization. Drainage is generally in the SW direction
with the water shed areas in the NE on the concession.

The response ratios (Appendix 1) show the high gold

anomalies to be enriched in Pb, Zn, Ni, As and Cu but
depleted in Te and Bi. These trends, although preliminary
in nature, suggest an affinity to massive sulphide
deposits are hosted by volcaniclastic and/or metasedimentary rock types, with alteration signature.
The suites of elements available in the MMI analysis
from the concession are capable of mapping changes in
the bulk chemical composition of bedrock and unique
lithologies in the subsurface in areas of transported or
residual overburden. Therefore alteration facies developed around the mineralized zone can be identified since
these alteration systems are almost always larger than
the deposit itself such that primary and secondary
geochemical haloes can be distinguished. This situation
will lead to focus exploration and reduced conventional
(diamond drilling) exploration expenditures. Also the
suites of elements suggest that a broad anomaly pattern
with a number of elements (Pb, Zn, Ni, and Cu) is a more
reliable indicator of an underlying gold deposit(s) than a
single peak anomaly with one element. However, some
of these indicator elements (pathfinder elements) for gold
were not anomalous over the alteration zones, although
in an ideal case the anomaly pattern for pathfinder
elements is wider compared to gold anomalies. This
probably suggests that MMI is not highly sensitive to
some of the gold pathfinders on the concession, or that
these pathfinder elements are not highly mobile in this
kind of environment.
Conclusion
On the Esaase concession there is a spatial relationship
between surface anomalies and gold mineralization in
bedrock, despite the sapolitic cover. Mineralization
seems to be strongly structurally controlled with defined
strike of NNE SSW in the west and NE SW strike for
the rest of the concession. Four potential target areas
had been delineated and other zones for detail
investigation also highlighted. The MMI geochemistry
method of exploration had led to precise location of
clearly defined primary mineral deposit in the metavolcanics which appeared to be structurally controlled
and some others that are likely secondary deposits. Ni,
Cu, Zn and Pb have been identified as possible
pathfinder elements on the concession to aid future
exploration activities. The delineated anomalous zones
are target drill areas to proof the continuity of the deposit.
Though the mechanism for effective migration of ions into
the soil was not immediately known, and many factors
may have affected ions movement. There is sufficient
encouragement in results from this case study to indicate
that MMI geochemistry may be a successful gold
exploration method in the terrains in and around the
Esaase concession as well as elsewhere in the
metallogenic provinces in Ghana regardless of the

Amedjoe and Adjovu

surface cover.
Over the past three decades, the gold mining sector in
Ghana has been an increasingly important sector for
poverty alleviation nationally. Mining activities in general,
which take place in numerous regions of the country, play
a significant role both as a direct source of employment in
mining communities and in generating additional jobs and
revenues in the rural economy. The location of Essase
concession stands to enhance the livelihood of
communities within its environs with the discovery and
establishment of a producing mine by bringing development infrastructure (road networks, schools, electricity,
portable water, better healthcare facilities, etc.) and job
opportunities for both skilled and unskilled labour.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to express their gratitude to the
management and owners of Esaase concession for the
kind permission to use the MMI-M data for this
publication.
REFERENCES
Cameron EM, Hamilton SM, Leybourne MI, Hall GEM, McClenaghan
MB (2004). Finding deeply buried deposits using geochemistry,
Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis. 4:7-32.
Dickson KB, Benneh G (1988). A New Geography of Ghana, Longman
Group Ltd., London.
Hamilton SM (2000). Spontaneous potentials and electrochemical cells,
in Geochemical remote sensing of the sub-surface, Hale, M. &
Govett, G.J.S, eds, Handbook of Exploration Geochemistry, Elsevier,
Amsterdam. 7:81-119.
Heikkinen P (2000). Haitta-aineiden sitoutuminen ja kulkeutuminen
maaperss. Report of Investigation 150. Geological Survey of
Finland, Espoo. P. 74.
http://www.sgs.com/~/media/Global/Documents/Case%20Studies/SGSMIN-WA156-Lefa%20Gold%20Project-EN-11.
Kabata-Pendias A (2000). Trace elements in soils and plants. 3rd
edition. CRC Press.Boca Raton, Florida. P. 413.
Kelley DL, Cameron EM, Southam G (2004). Secondary geochemical
dispersion through transported overburden. Society of Economic
Geologists 2004 Perth. Extended Abstracts Volume.
Kelley DL, Hall GEM, Closs LG, Hamilton IC, McEwen RM (2002). The
use of partial extraction geochemistry for copper exploration in
northern Chile, Geochemistry: Exploration, Environment, Analysis.
3:85-104.
Kesse GO (1985). The Mineral and Rock Resources of Ghana, A. A.
Balkema Press, Rotterdam.

153

Mann AW (2009). Ligand Based Soil Extraction Geochemistry, MMI

Journal Articles, Online www.sgs.com/~/.../SGS-MIN-WA205-LigandGeochemistry-EN-11
Mann AW, Birrell RD, Mann AT, Humphreys DB, Perdrix JL (1998).
Application of the mobile metal ion technique to routine geochemical
exploration. J. Geochem. Expl. 61:87-102
Rose AW, Hawkes HE, Webb JS (1979). Geochemistry in mineral
nd
exploration. 2 edition. Academic Press, London. P. 657.
Rutherford N, Cohen D (2002). New Approaches to Detecting
Geochemical Anomalies, A short course presented at the: AIGSMEDG SYMPOSIUM.
SGS Group Report (2006); MMI Case Studies - Lefa Gold Project,
Online
http://www.sgs.com/~/media/Global/Documents/Case%20Studies/SG
S-MIN-WA156-Lefa%20Gold%20Project-EN-11
SGS Group Report (2009); MMI Sampling Guide, Online
www.sgs.com/~/media/Global/Documents/Flyers and Leaflets/SGSMIN-WA002-MMI-Sampling-Guide-EN-11.pdf
SGS Technical Bulletin TB19 (2005). MMI Orientation in Temperate to
Tropical
(Non-Boreal)
Environments,
Online
http://www.sgs.com/~/media/Global/Documents/Technical%20Docum
ents/SGS-MIN-MMITB19-MMI-Orientation-EN-11-10
Smee BW (1998). A new theory to explain the formation of soil
geochemical responses over deeplycovered gold mineralization in
arid environments. J. Geochem. Expl. 61:149-172.
Wang X, Xie X, Cheng Z, Liu D (1999). Delineation of regional
geochemical anomalies penetrating through thick cover in concealed
terrains a case history from the Olympic Dam deposit, Australia. J.
Geochem. Expl. 66:85-97.
www.sgs.com/~/media/Global/Documents/Flyers and Leaflets/SGSMIN-WA002-MMI-Sampling-Guide-EN-11.pdf.

154

J. Geol. Min. Res.

Line 1

APPENDIX
45.00

60.00

Line 1
Line 1
Line 1

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

9 10 11 12 13
23 24Cu
25 26Pb
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
Ni14 15
Te 16 17
Zn 18 19
Au 20 21
As 22 Bi

Sample
Points
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
Ni
Te
Zn
Au
As
Bi
Cu
Pb
Sample
Points
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Sample Points

5.00
0.00
0.00

41 42

31

42

31

42
31

31

42

Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements
Ratios
Ratios
RatiosRatios
Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elemets
Elemets
Elemets
Elemets
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements

RatiosRatios
Ratios Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements

50.00
60.00
80.00
45.00
90.00
30.00
40.00
70.00
60.00
80.00
40.00
90.00
50.00
45.00
25.00
35.00
60.00
30.00
60.00
90.00
70.00
80.00
40.00
50.00
45.00
30.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
20.00
30.00
35.00
25.00
80.00
60.00
70.00
40.00
25.00
45.00
50.00
40.00
40.00
30.00
30.00
15.00
70.00
50.00
20.00
60.00
35.00
20.00
30.00
25.00
40.00
20.00
30.00
25.00
40.00
30.00
15.00
40.00
60.00
50.00
35.00
25.00
10.00
30.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
25.00
10.00
30.00
30.00
50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
15.00
5.00
15.00
10.00
20.00
5.00
10.00
20.00
25.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
30.00
10.00
10.00
15.00
0.00
0.001
15.00
20.00
0.00
20.00
10.00
5.00
30.00
10.00
20.00
5.00
10.00
10.00
15.00 1
0.00
10.00
20.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
1
5.00
10.00
10.00
0.00
1
10.00
0.00
5.00
0.00
5.00 1
0.00
0.00 0.00 1
0.00
0.00
1
100.00 1

42

36

35

36

40 41

4
4

Ni

Te

Zn

Au

As

Sample
Points
Line
1

Line
2
Line
3As
Au
Line2
1
Line
Line
3
Line2
1
Line
Line 3

Zn

Bi

Cu

Pb

Bi

Cu

Pb

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
Sample
Points

Sample Points
14 15 16 17 18 19

10 11 12 13
Sample
Points
9 Ni
10 11
13 14
16
Te 12 Zn
Au15
As 17Bi18

20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
19
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Cu 20 Pb

Sample
Points
9 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22
23 24Cu
25 26Pb
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
Ni
Ni
Te TeZn ZnAu Au As As Bi Bi Cu
Pb
8

Line 2
13 14 15 16

10 11 12 13 14
15 16 17
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Sample
Points

5
6
7
8
5
6
7
8
4
5
65 76 8 7 9
8
4 5 5 66 7
7
8
4
5
65 76 8 7 9
8
4 5 5 66 7
7
8
4
5
65 76 8 7 9
4

10 11 12

Line 3
2
Sample
Line 5 Points
Line
2
Line
3
Zn
Au
As
Cu
Line
4
Au
Bi Bi Cu
LineAs2
5
Line
Line 3
4
Line
Line 5
Line 3
Line 5

ZnLine
Au
As
Bi
Cu
4
TeTe TeZnZn
Au
AsAs
BiBi
Cu
Au Points
Cu
Sample

NiNi

Ni

10.00
0.00

Ni

Ni

Te

Te

Zn

30 31 32 33
33 34 35 36
29 34
30 35
3136
33
30
32 36
33
33 31
34 35
29
30
3136
33 34 35
30
32 36
33
33 31
34 35
29 34
30 35
3136
33

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
Sampling
points

55

66

77

88

99

Points
10
14
16
17
20
21
22 23
23 24
24 25
25 26
26 27
27 28
28 29
29 30
30 31
31 32
32 33
33 34
34 35
35 36
36
Ni
Zn
Au
Bi
Cu22
Pb
Sampling
Points
10 11
11 12
12 13
13Te
14 15
15
16Sampling
17 18
18As19
20 21
41
Sampling
Points
Sampling
points
Sampling
Points
Zn 16
Bi
Cu22
Pb
Te
Zn15
Au
BiBi
Pb 23
10 Ni
11NiNi
12Te
13Te14
17 As
18As19
20 Cu
21
Zn
AuAu
As
Cu
Pb 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
11
1514
16 15
17
18
2220
23 24
2825
29 26
30 31
3531
36 37
4136
Sampling
Points
10 12
11 13
1214
13
16 19
1720
182119
21 25
22 26
2327
24
27 32
2833
293430
32 38
33 39
3440
35
Sampling
points
Zn
Au
As19
Pb 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Te
Zn 16
Au
As
BiBi
Cu
Pb 23
10 11 Ni
12Ni 13Te
14 15
17 18
20nts
21Cu22
Sampling
Poi
11
12
13 14
1514
16
17 18
20
22
23Cu
24
25
26
27
2825
29 26
30 31
32
33
3430
3531
36 37
38
39
40
4136
Points
Zn
Au19
As2119
Bi
Cu
Pb
Te
Zn
Au
As
Bi
Pb
10 Ni
11Ni12 Te
13
15Sampling
16
17
18
20
21
22
23
24
27
28
29
32
33
34
35
Sampling points

1011
1112
1213
1314
1415
15
16
17
18
19
22
25
37 39
38 40
39 41
40
55 66 77 88 99 10
16
17
18
19
2020
2121
22
2323
2424
25
2626
2727
2828
2929
3030
3131
32 32
33 33
34 34
35 35
36 36
37 38
Ni
Te
Zn
Au
As
Bi
Cu
Pb

30.00
35.00
40.00

1 2 2 33 44 5
5 66 77 8 8 9 10
9
1 2 2 33 44 5
66 77 8 89 10
5
9

Line 8
Line 8

Ni

25.00
40.00

30.00
35.00
90.00

25.00
20.00
30.00
100.00
35.00
25.00
80.00
30.00
20.00
15.00
90.00
70.00
30.00
25.00
30.00
20.00
25.00
100.00
80.00
10.00
60.00
15.00
30.00
90.00
25.00
15.00
25.00
20.00
20.00
100.00
70.00
50.00
5.00
80.00
10.00
90.00
20.00
25.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
15.00
60.00

90.00
50.00
60.00

Te

Line
7 Points
Line 6
Sampling

Zn Line
Au
As
Bi nts
Cu
8 Poi
Sampling

Pb

10 Ni
11Ni12 Te
13
15 16
18
20 Cu
21
Zn
Au 17 As
As 19
Cu22
Pb 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Te 14
Zn
Au
BiBi
Pb 23
Ni
Te
Zn
Au
As
Bi
Cu
Pb
Sampling Points
Ni Ni Te
Zn
Au
As BiBi CuCu Pb Pb
Te
Zn
Au
As

Line 8

Line
Line
Line
Line
Line
Line

7
6
7
6
7
6

70.00

80.00
90.00
60.00
40.00
50.00

60.00

90.00
70.00
60.00
80.00
50.00
50.00
30.00
40.00
80.00
60.00
70.00

50.00
40.00
40.00
20.00
70.00
50.00
30.00
60.00
30.00
40.00
40.00
60.00
50.00
30.00
10.00
20.00
20.00

30.00
30.00
50.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
10.00
10.00
20.00
0.00
10.00
0.00
30.00
10.00
20.00

40.00
20.00
30.00

10.00
20.00
0.00
0.00
10.00

0.00
10.00
0.00

1
1

1
1
0.00
90.00

80.00
90.00
90.00

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
10 11 Ni
12 13Te14 15
17 18As19 Bi
20 21Cu22 23
Zn 16 Au
Pb 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

0.00

30.00
100.00

100.00

Pb
Pb

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

35.00
40.00

Pb
Pb
Pb

Ni 12Te13 Zn
Au 16As
Bi
Cu 20Pb
Sampling
points
9 10 11
14 Sample
15
17Points
18
19
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
8910 10
91111
10
11
13 16
14 17
1518
161917
19
21 25
22 26
2327242825
Ni
Zn15
Au
As
Bi
12Te
13 12
14
20 18
21Cu
22 20
23Pb
24
29 26
30 27
31 28
32
Sample
Points
Sampling
Poi
nts
Ni 11
Te
Zn Zn
Au
As
Bi 19
Cu
Pb 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Ni
Te
Au 16
Bi
Cu
Pb
9 10
10
12
13
14
15
17Points
18
21
Te
Au
As
Bi 20
Cu
Pb
9
11Ni
12
13
14 Zn
15 Sample
16
17 As
18
19
2120
22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Sampling
points
810 911 10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
12 13 14 15 16
17 18 6
19
20 nts
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Line
Sampling
Poi
Sample
Points
Ni
Te12 13
Zn 14 Au
As
Bi
Cu 21
Pb
9 10
10 11
11
15
17Points
18
19
24 27
25 28
2629273028
9
13
15
16
17 4
18
19
2120
22
24 23
25 26
31 29
32
Ni12
Te 14Zn
Au 16
As
Bi 20
Cu
Pb 23 22
Line
Sample
Sampling
points
Te
Au
Bi
Cu
Pb 24
810 9Ni
11
12
13
14
15As
1619
17
19
21 25
22 26
2327242825
Zn 16
Au
As
Bi
Cu
Pb20
11 10
12Ni
13 Te
14Zn15
17
18
20 18
21
22
23
29 26
30 27
31 28
32
Sampling
Poi
nts
Sample
Points
Ni
Te Te Zn Zn Au
As
Bi CuCu Pb Pb
Ni
Au
As 6
Bi
Line
Sample
Points
Sampling
points
Ni
Te Te Zn Zn Au
As
Bi CuCu Pb Pb
Ni
Au
As
Bi
Line
4
Ni
Te
Zn
Au
As 6 Bi
Cu
Pb
Line
Ni
Te
Zn
Au
As
Bi CuCu Pb Pb
Ni
Te
Zn
Au
As
Bi

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18Sampling
19 20 21 22Points
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

10.00

Line 4

10.00
0.00

Sample
Points
Sample
Points
Ni
Te12
Zn
Au
Bi
Pb
76 8 7 9 8
10 11
14
15 16
17
18
19
20As
21
2319
24Cu
25 26
27
28 23
29 30
33 27
34 35
3730
38 31
39 40
42
9 12
101311
13
14
15
16
1722
18
20
21
22
24 31
253226
2836
29
3241
33
Te
ZnAu
Au As As
Cu
Pb
Sample
Te
Zn13
Bi Bi18Cu
Pb
6
7
8
9Ni 10Ni
11 12
14Sample
15 16Points
17
19
20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Points
Sample
Points
7 8 9 10 11 12
17 18
19
20As
21 22
23 24Cu
25 26 Pb
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
Ni 13 14
Te15 16
Zn
Au
Bi

6
5

Sampling Points
1

80.00

Sampling Points

90.00
60.00

Line47
56
Line
Line
Line
Line45
Line
Line 7
Line 5
Line
7

0.00
5.00
0.00
20.00
0.00

0.00

2
2 3 3 4 45
3

2
3
4
2
3
112 2
3 3
4
12 23 3 4
1 2 23 3
4
12 23 3 4
1 2 23 3
4

10.00

40.00
0.00

1 2 3 4
5.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
0.00
30.00
10.00
20.00
11 22 33 44
1 2
2 3
3 4
4
5.00
1

atios
Ratios
RatiosRatios
se
Response
tsponse

35

Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
RatiosRatios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements

36

Ratios
Ratios
Ratios Ratios
esponse
Response
Response
Response
nts
lements
Elements

35

Te

Line 7
5
Line

100.00
80.00
80.00
30.00
90.00
90.00
30.00
70.00
100.00
70.00
80.00
25.00
60.00
80.00
30.00
90.00
90.00
25.00
100.00
70.00
30.00
50.00
60.00
80.00
90.00
20.00
90.00
70.00
30.00
80.00
60.00
25.00
40.00
20.00
70.00
30.00
25.00
80.00
50.00
50.00
30.00
30.00
15.00
80.00
60.00
60.00
70.00
25.00
20.00
70.00
15.00
30.00
40.00
20.00
25.00
20.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
50.00
25.00
60.00
10.00
30.00
10.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
40.00
25.00
50.00
30.00
20.00
15.00
20.00
0.00
40.00
60.00
30.00
50.00
20.00
5.00
40.00
15.00
10.00
10.00
5.00
20.00
20.00
15.00
20.00
10.00
30.00
30.00
50.00
40.00
0.00
15.00
0.00
10.00
10.00
0.00
5.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
10.00
5.00
40.00
20.00
0.00
30.00
10.00

atios
Ratios Ratios
nse
Response

36

Ni

2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
2
3
44 5 5 6 6 7 78
9
10 11 12
13 1413
15 14
16 15
17 18 19
20 2119
22 23 21
24 22
25 26
27
28
29 30 27
31 32 33
34
35
112 2
17
2327
2428
25
29 34
30 35
3136
3 3
4
5
6
7
8
9 810 911 10
12 11
13 12
14 15 16
17 181619
20 18
21 22 20
23 24 25
26
29 26
30 31 28
32 33
36
Sample
Points

90.00
90.00

35

20.00
10.00
0.00

70.00
100.00
80.00
80.00

Ratios
Ratios
Ratios Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements

41 42

30.00
20.00
0.00
10.00

0.00

RatiosRatios
Ratios Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements

Ratios
Ratios
Ratios Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements

Ratios
Ratios
RatiosRatios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elemets
Elemets
Elemets
Elemets
RatiosRatios
Ratios Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements

41 42

40.00
30.00
10.00
20.00

RatiosRatios
Ratios Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements

40.00

50.00
40.00
20.00
30.00

Ratios
Ratios
Ratios Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements

45.00

41 42

60.00
50.00
30.00
40.00

Line2
Line
Line
31

60.00
45.00

45.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
35.00
45.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
60.00
40.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
45.00
30.00
35.00
45.00
40.00
60.00
35.00
25.00
40.00
25.00
50.00
45.00
30.00
40.00
30.00
40.00
35.00
30.00
35.00
20.00
20.00
50.00
40.00
40.00
25.00
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
30.00
30.00
15.00
35.00
15.00
40.00
20.00
20.00
30.00
25.00
25.00
10.00
30.00
30.00
10.00
10.00
20.00
15.00
15.00
25.00
20.00
20.00
5.00
30.00
25.00
5.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
10.00
10.00
15.00
0.00
20.00
15.00
20.00
0.00 1 1
20.00
5.00
10.00
10.00
5.00
1
15.00
15.00
10.00
0.00
0.00
1
5.00
10.00
10.00
0.00
10.00
5.00 1
0.00
1
0.00
5.00
1
5.00 1
0.00
0.00
1
0.00
1
60.000.00
1
90.00

60.00
40.00
50.00

90.00

90.00
70.00
60.00
100.00
90.00
70.00
80.00
80.00
60.00
90.00
50.00
100.00
70.00
80.00
60.00
70.00
50.00
80.00
90.00
40.00
60.00
40.00
70.00
50.00
70.00
60.00
80.00
50.00
30.00
30.00
60.00
60.00
40.00
70.00
50.00
40.00
20.00
50.00
20.00
60.00
50.00
30.00
30.00
40.00
10.00
40.00
50.00
10.00
20.00
0.00
40.00
20.00
30.00
30.00
40.00
10.00
0.00
20.00
30.00
10.00
30.00
20.00
0.00
10.00
20.00
20.00
0.00
10.00

0.00
10.00

0.00

1
1

100.00
40.00
90.00
35.00
100.00
80.00
40.00
90.00
70.00
30.00
100.00
35.00
40.00
80.00
60.00
90.00
25.00
100.00
70.00
40.00
30.00
50.00
35.00
80.00
90.00
20.00
60.00
40.00
70.00
35.00
25.00
30.00
80.00
50.00
30.00
15.00
60.00
70.00
30.00
20.00
25.00
40.00
20.00
50.00
60.00
10.00
30.00
10.00
25.00
15.00
20.00
40.00
50.00
20.00
5.00
0.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
15.00
40.00
1
10.00
20.00
0.00
30.00
15.00
5.00
0.00 1 2
10.00
10.00
20.00
1
10.00
0.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
1 12
0.00
5.00
0.00
1 12
0.00
1 2
40.00
35.00
40.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
25.00
40.00
30.00
35.00
20.00
35.00
25.00
30.00
15.00

10.00
0.00

0.00

Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements

0.00
10.00
5.00

50.00
60.00

osRatios
Ratios Ratios
Response
tsonse

Ratios
Ratios
Ratios Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements

35.00
40.00
45.00
30.00
35.00
45.00
40.00
25.00
30.00
40.00
35.00
20.00
25.00
35.00
30.00
15.00
20.00
30.00
25.00
10.00
15.00
25.00
20.00
5.00
10.00
20.00
15.00
0.00
5.00
15.00
10.00

RatiosRatios
Ratios Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements

40.00
Appendix
1. Stacked elements response ratios (RR) graphs.
45.00

Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elemets
Elemets
Elemets
Elemets
Ratios
Ratios
RatiosRatios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elemets
Elemets
Elemets
Elemets
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements
Ratios
Ratios
RatiosRatios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements

40.00

1
1

6
6

7
7

8
8

9
13
14 15
15
16 17
17
18 19
19
20 21
21
22 23
23 24
24Cu
25 26
26Pb
27 28
28 29
29 30
30 31
31 32
3233
3334
3435
3536
3637
3738
3839
3940
4041
4142
42
Ni14
Te 16
Zn 18
Au 20
As 22
Bi
9 10
10 11
11 12
12 13
25
27

Sample
Points
Sample
Points
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18
19
20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
Sample
Points
9 10 11 12 13
15 16 17
18 19
20 21
22 Bi
23
25 26Pb
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
Zn
Au 15
As
Bi 24
Cu
Pb
Ni14
Au
As
7
8
9 10
11Te12 Zn
13 14
16 17
18Cu
19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Sample
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18 19Points
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42

Ni

7 38 39 40 41 42

7 38 39 40 41 42

0.00
10.00
20.00
5.00
10.00
10.00
0.00
5.00
5.00
0.00
30.00
0.00
20.00
5.00
0.00
10.00
0.00
5.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
0.00

30.00

30.00

7 38 39 40 41 42

0.00

Ratios
Ratios
RatiosRatios
Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements

7 38 39 40 41 42

20.00
10.00
0.00
0.00

25.00
30.00
25.00
30.00
30.00

8 29 30 31

Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements

Te

Ni

Te Te

2 33 34 35 36

2 33 34 35 36

Line 3
Au
As
Line
5
Line
3
ZnZn
Au
As
Line
Au 3
As

Bi

Cu

Pb

Bi
Bi

Cu
Cu

Pb
Pb

Bi

Cu

Pb

Cu

Pb

Amedjoe and Adjovu

Zn

Sample
Points Points
Sample

Au
As
Line
3
Line
3
Line
Line
25
Line
35
Line
Line 2
Line 5

Te

Zn

8
9
8

9 10 11 12 13 14
15 16 Points
17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Sample
10
16 15
17 16
18Points
19
25 23
26 24
27 25
28 29
34 31
35 36
9 11
10 12
11 1312141315Sample
14
17 20
18 21
19 2220232124 22
26 30
27 3128322933 30

9Ni 10 Te
11 12
14 Sampling
15As
16 17
18 Cu
19 20
points
Zn13 Au
Bi
Pb 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
Sample
Points
9Ni11
10 12
11 1312
14
17
18Cu
19 2220
26 30
27 3128322933 30
Te
Zn
Bi 20
Pb232124 22
10
141315Au
16 15
17As16
18Points
19
21
25 23
26 24
27 25
28 29
34 31
35 36
Sample
1011
11
15
17
19
21 23
22 24
23 25
24 26
25 27
2628
27292830293130
Ni1212
Te
Zn14
AsPoints
Bi 18
Pb 22
99 10
1313
14
15Au
16 16
17
18
19Cu
20 20
21
3231
33
Sample
Sampling
points
Ni
Te
Zn
Au
As
Bi
Cu
Pb
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
10Ni11 12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
Sample
Points
Sample
Zn13 Au
Bi 18Cu
Pb 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 3135 36
9 10 Te
11 12
14
15As16 Points
17
19 20

1 22 33 4 4 5 5 6 67 78 8
1
9
11 2
3
4 5
5 66 77 88
2
3
4
1 22 33 4 4 5 5 6 67 78 8
1
9
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

9 Ni
10

Ni
Ni

90.00

30.00
0.00

30.00

Line
Line
57 Bi Cu
Te12 13
Zn 14Line
Au
5
11
15 16As
17 18 19 20
Line
Ni
Te
Zn
Au 4As
Bi
Cu
Sample
Line
57Points
Line
Te
Zn
Au
As
Bi
Cu
Line
5
Line
4
Te
Zn
Au
As
Line
Line
57 Bi Cu
Line 4
Line 7

Pb

Pb
Pb

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
points
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Sampling
18 19 20 21
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Sampling points
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
6 7 8 9 10 11 12Ni 13 Te
14 15
16Au17 18
20 Cu
21 22
Zn Sampling
As 19
BiPoints
Pb 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
points
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16Zn17 Sampling
18
19 As
20 21
23 24 Pb
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
Au
Bi22
6 7 8 9 10 11 12Ni 13 Te
14 15 16Sampling
17 18
19points
20 Cu
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
12 13
13 14
14 Zn
15 16
16Au
17 18
18As
19 20
20
22
24
6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 1010 1111
15
17
19
21 Cu
22 23
23 Pb
24 25
25 26
26 27
27 28
28 29
29 30
30 31
31 32323333343435353636
Ni12
Te
Bi 21
Sampling
points
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
2725
28 26
29 30
35 32
36 37
Sampling
Points
Zn 16Sampling
Au
As 19Bi
Cu
Pb
Poi
6 7 8 9 10 11 12Ni 13 Te
14 15
17 18
20 nts
21 22
232624
27 31
28 32
2933303431
33 38
34 39
3540
3641
Sampling
points
Ni
Te
Zn
Au
As
Bi
Cu
Pb
Ni
Te
Zn
Au
As
Bi
Cu
Pb
6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 1010 1111 12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21 22
22 23
23 24
24 25
25 26
26 27
27 28
28 29
29 30
30 31
31 32323333343435353636
12 14
1315
1416
15
16
17
18
19
20 23
2124
Sampling
points
6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13
17
18
19
20
21
22
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
Sampling
Points
Ni Ni TeTe Zn
Au As
BiCu Cu
Pb
ZnLine
Au
Pb
7As BiPoi
Samplingpoints
nts
Sampling
Ni 13
Zn 16
Au17 As
As 19
Bi 20 Cu
Cu
Pb23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
TeTe14Zn
Au
Bi
Pb
5
6
7
8
9 10 11Ni12
15
18
21
22
Zn Sampling
Au
Pb
Ni Ni TeTe Zn
Au AsAs BiPoints
BiCu Cu
Pb

Line 7

Line
6 Points
Sampling
Line
7
15 16 17 18 19 20 21

10 11Ni12
Ni 13
Zn
TeTe14Zn

Ni

Te

Ni

Te

Au
Au

As
As

Cu
Cu
Au
As
Bi
Sampling Points
Au
As
Bi
Cu

Line
7
Line
Line 7
6
Line
Line 7
6

Zn

Zn

25.00

90.00
20.00
70.00
15.00
30.00
100.00
30.00
25.00
25.00
20.00
80.00
60.00
90.00
100.00
15.00
30.00
10.00
70.00
25.00
25.00
50.00
20.00
20.00
15.00
80.00
90.00
60.00
40.00
10.00
70.00
5.00
25.00
20.00
80.00
20.00
15.00
15.00
10.00
50.00
30.00
60.00
70.00
40.00
0.00
5.00
20.00
15.00
20.00
10.00
50.00
5.00
15.00
10.00
60.00
30.00
10.00
40.00
50.00
10.00
0.00
15.00
5.00
20.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
5.00
30.00
40.00
10.00
5.00
20.00
0.00
10.00
30.00
5.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
20.00

Pb22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
21

Line 4

30.00

Bi
Bi

22
Pb23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Pb

Cu

Pb

Ratios
Ratios
Ratios Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements

100.00

50.00
60.00
40.00

30.00
50.00
40.00
60.00
40.00
20.00
60.00
30.00

30.00
10.00
10.00
40.00
0.00
40.00
20.00
30.00
50.00

20.00
30.00
10.00
0.00

20.00
1
0.00
30.00
40.00
30.00
10.00
20.00
10.00 1

20.00
20.00
0.00
10.00
30.00

0.00
20.00
0.00
10.00
10.00

1
20.00 1
10.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
0.00
10.00 1
0.00 1
0.00
0.00
1
1

100.00

100.00

90.00

90.00
40.00

100.00

80.00
100.00
80.00
35.00
90.00
70.00
90.00
40.00
70.00
100.00
100.00
80.00
30.00
80.00
60.00
60.00
90.00
35.00
90.00
40.00
100.00
100.00
70.00
70.00
50.00
50.00
25.00
80.00
80.00
90.00
90.00
40.00
30.00
35.00
60.00
60.00
40.00
40.00
70.00
70.00
20.00
80.00
80.00
50.00
35.00
50.00
30.00
25.00
30.00
30.00
60.00
60.00
70.00
70.00
15.00
40.00
20.00
40.00
20.00
50.00
30.00
20.00
25.00
50.00
60.00
60.00
30.00
10.00
30.00
10.00
10.00
40.00
50.00
40.00
25.00
15.00
20.00
20.00
50.00
0.00
20.00
30.00
0.00
40.00
5.00
30.00
10.00
40.00
20.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
10.00
30.00
20.00
0.00
0.00
30.00
10.00
0.00
15.00
5.00
20.00
10.00
10.00
20.00
0.00
10.00
10.00
0.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
0.00
5.00
0.00
0.00

11

1
11
1
11

0.00
40.00

40.00

35.00
40.00

35.00

30.00
40.00
35.00
40.00

Pb

30.00
25.00
35.00
40.00
40.00
30.00
35.00

Line
Line 7
6

25.00
20.00
40.00
30.00
35.00
35.00
25.00
30.00
20.00
15.00
30.00
35.00
20.00
25.00
25.00
30.00
10.00
15.00
25.00
15.00
20.00
30.00
20.00
25.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

0.00

5.00
0.00
0.00
10.00

11 222 333 44
5
6
1
4 5
5 6
6

7
7
7

8
8
8

Sampling
Points
9
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
3939
4040
4141
9
10 11
11 12
12 13
13 14
14 15
15 16
16 17
17 18
1819
1920
2021
2122
2223
2324
2425
2526
2627
2728
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
9 10
10
11
12
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41

1 2 3 4 5 6
1
1 22 33 44 55 66

7
7
7

8
8
8

9 10
10 11
11 12
12 13
13 14
14 15
15 16 17
17 18
18 19
19 20 21
21 2223
2324
24 2526
2627
2728
2829
2930
3031
3132
3233
3334
3435
3536
3637
3738
38
9
393940404141
Ni
Te 16Zn
Au 20
As 22
Bi
Cu 25 Pb

Sampling
Points
Ni
Te
Zn
Au
As
Bi
Cu
Pb
Sampling
Points
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21Points
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
Sampling

Sampling
Points
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
14
16
18
20
21
22
24
25
26Pb
27
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
Sampling
Te 15
Zn17
Au
As
Bi
Cu
Ni 13
Au19
As
Bi23
Cu
Pb
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
13 14
15 16
17
18
19 20
21Points
22
23 24
25 26
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
18 19 20 21Points
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
Sampling

0.00
0.00

Sampling
Points
Ni
Te
Zn
Au
As
Bi
Cu
Pb
Sampling
9 10 11 12
18
22
Ni 13 14
Te 15 16
Zn 17
Au 19 20
As 21Points
Bi 23 24
Cu 25 26
Pb 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41

Ni

35.00
40.00

Ni
Ni

Ni

30.00
35.00
40.00

Te

Te

Zn

Zn

Au

Au

As

As

Au
As
TeTe ZnZnSampling
Au
As
Line
8

Te

Zn

25.00
40.00
30.00
35.00

Au
As
Line
8
Line 8

Bi

Bi

Cu

Cu

Points
Bi
Bi Cu
Cu
Bi

Pb

Pb

PbPb

Cu

Pb

20.00
35.00
25.00
30.00
15.00
30.00
20.00
25.00
10.00
25.00
15.00
20.00
5.00
20.00
10.00
15.00
1

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
Ni
Te
Zn
Au
As
Bi
Cu
Pb

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

Ni
Te
Zn
Au
As
Bi
Cu
Pb
Sampling
Points
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43

Sampling Points

10.00
0.00
5.00
5.00
0.00

37 38 39 40 41

100.00

70.00
20.00
40.00
10.00
20.00
50.00
30.00
40.00
50.00

Line 55
Line

Sample
Points
points
10
13
14
15
16
17
18
19Cu
20 22
21
222423252426252726
Ni12
ZnAu
Au
As 19
Bi20
Cu
Pb
Te
Zn
As
Bi
Pb
11 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 89 910Ni
11 11
12
13 Te
14
15
16Sampling
17
18
21
23
2827
29 28
30 29
31 30
32 31
33 32
34 33
35 36
Sample
Ni
Te
Zn
Au
As Points
Bi
Cu
Pb
Ni
Te
Zn
Au
As
Bi
Cu
Pb
Sample
Points
Sampling
points
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9 Ni
10 11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
Te
Zn ZnAu Au As As BiBi Cu
Pb
Ni
Te
Cu
Pb
Ni
Te
Zn
Au
As Points
Bi
Cu
Pb
Sample

Ni

37 38 39 40 41

100.00
80.00

70.00
40.00
50.00
30.00
80.00
70.00
50.00
90.00
60.00
40.00
60.00

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
1 22 33 4 4 5 5 6 67 78
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

90.00

0.00
15.00
5.00
10.00

60.00
70.00
90.00
90.00
70.00
80.00
80.00
90.00

50.00
40.00
80.00
60.00
80.00
60.00
70.00
70.00
50.00
90.00
60.00

40.00

37 38 39 40 41

70.00

80.00
80.00
100.00
90.00
90.00

50.00
60.00
80.00
60.00
90.00
70.00
90.00
70.00
80.00
70.00

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
18
19 20
22
27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41
Line
821Points
Sampling
Ni 13 14
Te 15 16
Zn17
Au
As
Bi23 24
Cu25 26Pb
Sampling
Points

37 38 39 40 41

155

0.00

90.00
25.00
20.00
30.00
100.00
30.00
80.00

2 33 34 35 36

Bi

30.00
70.00
20.00
80.00
60.00
40.00
50.00
50.00
30.00

100.00
25.00

2 33 34 35 36

Line
3
Au
As

Line 2
Line 2

10.00
0.00

8 29 30 31

Ni

Ni

20.00
70.00
30.00
30.00
15.00
30.00
15.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
80.00
20.00
20.00
90.00
60.00
15.00
30.00
25.00
25.00
25.00
20.00
90.00
70.00
10.00
80.00
10.00
20.00
20.00
15.00
15.00
50.00
10.00
25.00
80.00
60.00
70.00
20.00
20.00
15.00
5.00
20.00
15.00
5.00
10.00
15.00
40.00
10.00
70.00
50.00
5.00
60.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
15.00
0.00
30.00
10.00
15.00
5.00
0.00
10.00
5.00
40.00
60.00 1
50.00
0.00 1 22 33 44 55
15.00
10.00
5.00
20.00
10.00
5.00
1 2 3 4 5
0.00
10.00
30.00
50.00
40.00
5.00
0.00
10.00
10.00
5.00 1 2 3 4 5
0.00
5.00
1
2 3 4 5
40.00
20.00
30.00
0.00
5.00
1 2 3 4 5
0.00
0.00 1
5.00
2 3 4 5
0.00
30.00
10.00
20.00
0.00
1 12 2 3 3 4 4 5 5
0.00
1 12 2 3 3 4 4 55
0.00
20.00
0.00
10.00
1 12 2 3 3 4 4 5 5
1 2 3 4 5

8 29 30 31

Zn

Ni Te
Au 15As
As
Bi 18Cu
Pb
ZnZn
Bi
Cu
Pb 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
9Ni 10
11Te12
13 Au
14
16 17
19 20

Ni

25.00
20.00
20.00
30.00
80.00
30.00
25.00
30.00
25.00

8 29 30 31

Te

Sample
Points
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18Sample
19Points
20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
Ni 11Te12 Zn
Au 15 As
Bi 18Cu19 20
Pb 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
7
8
9 10
13 14
16 17
Ni
Te Sample
Zn
AuPoints
As
Bi
Cu
Pb
Sample
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
17 18Sample
19Points
20 21 22
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42
Points

Appendix
1. Contd.
45.00
45.00
35.00
40.00
30.00
40.00
45.00
30.00
45.00
35.00
35.00
25.00
40.00
40.00
25.00
45.00
30.00
45.00
30.00
60.00
30.00
35.00
35.00
20.00
40.00
40.00
25.00
20.00
45.00
30.00
25.00
25.00
50.00
30.00
60.00
30.00
15.00
35.00
20.00
35.00
40.00
30.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
25.00
20.00
25.00
10.00
60.00
30.00
15.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
50.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
10.00
25.00
10.00
20.00
5.00
60.00
30.00
20.00
25.00
15.00
50.00
15.00
30.00
10.00
40.00
20.00
5.00
15.00
0.00
25.00
20.00
20.00
5.00
50.00
15.00
10.00
10.00
5.00
15.00
0.00
40.00
20.00
10.00
20.00
15.00
30.00
5.00
15.00
0.00
0.00
10.00
10.00
40.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
10.00
30.00

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

20.00
0.00
50.00
30.00
10.00
40.00
1
10.00
10.001
20.00
0.00
40.00
20.00
30.00
10.00
0.00
0.00 1
0.00
30.001
10.00
10.00
20.00
0.00
1
20.00
0.001
10.00
90.00
0.00
1
10.00
0.00
80.00
90.00
90.00

Respo
Elements
Elements
Elem

5
5

Elements
Elem
El

4
4

Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements

0.00
45.00
0.00

3
3

Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements

Elements
Ele

Res
Elemets
Elemets
Ele

5.00
0.00
0.00
5.00

Sample Points
1
1 2
2

Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
RatiosRatios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements
Ratios
Ratios
Response
Response
Response
Elements
Elements
Elements
Elements

10.00
20.00
15.00

0.00
10.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
15.00
0.00
20.00
5.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
5.00
0.00
10.00
15.00
0.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
5.00
10.00
0.00

Sampling Points

0.00
1

Ni

Te

Zn

Ni

Te

Zn

Sampling
Points
Au
As
Bi
Cu
Au

As

Bi

Cu

Pb
Pb

5.00
10.00
20.00
10.00
15.00
25.00
15.00
20.00
0.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
10.00
20.00

10.00
15.00

0.00
10.00
0.00
5.00
15.00
5.00
10.00

11 2

5.00
0.00

10.00
0.00
5.00

0.00

5.00
0.00

1
0.00
1

156

J. Geol. Min. Res.

Appendix 1. Contd.
80.00

Line 9

Elements Response Ratios

70.00
60.00

50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00
10.00
0.00
1

11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71

Sampling Pionts
Ni

Te

Zn

Au

As

Bi

Cu

Pb

Line 10
70.00

Elements Response Ratios

60.00

50.00
40.00
30.00
20.00

10.00
0.00
1

9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77

Sampling Pionts
Ni

Te

Zn

Au

As

Bi

Cu

Pb

Line 11

Elements Response Ratios

30.00
25.00
20.00
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46

Sampling pionts
Ni

Te

Zn

Au

As

Bi

Cu

Pb

Amedjoe and Adjovu

Appendix 2. Contour map of MMI Au response ratios (RR).

Contour Map of MMI Au Response Ratios.

Contour map of MMI Ni response ratios.

157

158

J. Geol. Min. Res.

Appendix 2. Contd.

Contour map of MMI Zn response ratios.

Contour Map of MMI Te Response Ratios.

Amedjoe and Adjovu

Appendix 2. Contd.

Contour map of MMI As response ratios.

Contour map of MMI Bi response ratios.

159

160

J. Geol. Min. Res.

Appendix 2. Contd.

Contour map of MMI Cu response ratios.

Contour Map of MMI Pb Response Ratios.