ois Basic LE see Japanese 4 Grammar Oo 2. aiESS HS MEO e BE | Fundamental Structure of Japanese Sentences1. Sentences in polite speech (1) Noun sentence > ~ & ~ CH ® DELBRECTS Tam a student. Tam a student of Osaka University. @ RARE CT © “My father is a doctor. we My mother is a high school teacher. 5D salar ACT. ‘My elder brother is an office worker. © RIPZETH. My younger brother is a junior high school student. Bene banat @ ie FATT. ‘My younger sister is an elementary school pupil we Lata ® bKLOAVAYIIBMTT. ‘My PC is a product of IBM. ® LOWE bharCT. My father’s car is a Toyota. at DM VAZAITIEKEVRETH Microsoft is a big company. (2) Adjective sentence > ~ tk ~ CH ‘There are two types of adjectives in Japanese. One is the ws-adjeetive and the other is the 2- adjective, While v»-adjectives are said to be indigenous Japanese adjectives, 7-adjectives are said to be newly created ones.BULWEE (stem teacher). Bd LAH (amusing teacher) MLw yay — (new PC) Eo BULL (good food) aad Predicates and Sentences in Polite Speech SE LUGE kind teacher) pbvwkKOF (cute git!) uae WR (old house) ee Ma BEA (kind person) ine ot Bee (quiet room) fone HBG (famous person) BB: YAY hip (compact car) tat {v-adjective sentence RPS Lett. BREOLY CT. WILETHBS Lawtt. thitpbuwctt. ope DIELORVIAVIHELY CH. Be BONY AHH THo 8 AORN MIRE Lett. MAZE PIEA (convenient bag) aNVRE (pretty flower) ae VI bE (soft voice) wt etc. My father is kind. My mother is stern My elder brother is very amusing, My little sister is cute. My PCis new, ‘My mother’s PC is old. Japanese food is good,oe ® 8 © © ive sentence| BEART. EA-MIEE TH RACH. PRLOTA— bikie CF. HAORMILETS Nw. ae HAD SRM Z TH. Uhhh Bae 9198 = the bullet train, shinkansen (3) Verb sentence : ~ &F° o bk Liste@ha— ee EMAET ELC. HMERAET. SERS OMPICHHE D EF. ELT 4ipicit ) EF. SID BICHED ET ELG BTA ete D Eso 14, PREM ET. RBES BANE ELC, BH. BA-MERD ET. bLULKLSFVEERET. RVUTAA-AEWET. & yacees. ELGG Di EFS ET. A, WCWAERAEF. goes” os ROT, NYERAEF. FA, SMMC PRICKET. Beeb) UB EA sess 8 ELGG QR ANE E CHML FF 0 EDR, CXERFHAELET. nena Be 4 Japanese people are kind Enmail is very useful. My apartment is quiet. Japanese kimono is so beautiful. Japanese shinkansen is well known. Tdrink coffee every morning. And I read a newspaper. ‘School starts at nine o'clock. And it ends at four o'clock. Tcome home at five o'clock. And I cook dinner. sometimes listen to music. ‘And I send E-mail every day. I sometimes watch TV. usually watch news broadcasts. 1 go to bed at twelve at night. And I get up at seven in the morning. Teat breakfast every day. Tusually eat bread. Tome to school at eight thirty every day. And I study from nine to four, After classes I sometimes play tennis.Noun sentence and %-adjective sentence bELIZ H JARO FETT ie DILE-CIA DEA. FEM, Ph LILRIO ET Like i OKC DETATLED DRLOTA— bial cH RBOT his Clhd 0 EA. AOANE ANE oe SHAICTo MODI Alea £0 HA THEBYLEATL IES [# Predicates and Sentences in Polite Speech Non-past/past and allinmative/ negative endings of sentences in polite speech Lam a Japanese language teacher. T am not an English teacher. ‘I was an English teacher five years ago. Twas not a Japanese language teacher. My apartment is quiet. ‘My friend’s apartment is not quiet. My new bag is very convenient. My old bag was not very convenient non-past past i affirmative eT ~ TLE . ~ Clkd DEA ~ CUS) ELATLE negative | (~ Uvev EA) (~ Ur) EXATLE) | a-adjective sentence BRSULW es. Eb. LEBOLLBVCHo PELWTH. FROLEL, HUST LdORCT. ELC, LIPS LECH. RILETHBELAUWTT. ae Th, FOE RIA, SEHHLLAL GH okTtF. My mother is stern. ‘But my father is not stern. He is kind. Tn my childhood my mother was stern. And my father was kind. ‘My elder brother is very amusing. But he was not very amusing in his child- hood.non-past past bok tT affirmative ~(w) er (rule: Delete -v» and add baht) ~Q)RVCT ~() eh oRCE (rule: Delete -v» and add (rule: Delete -v» and add VCH) emoeeh) negative (~(X) BVERA) (~(X) BVERA TLE) (rule: Delete Vs and add (rule: Delete-v> and add -AAW CT» My elder sister has long hair, I have a oe a short hair. © MEARKAL CH. HRLILAMANS VCH. My younger sister has round eyes. L Se Se mee have small eyes. ® DAMS OTT br Lowa tvs ‘There are a lot of cars in Japan. There are not so many cars in my country. the ¥ crs in my coun © AKERAWABY CH. bE LOBNAL ow w> wo > £ No, I’m not. Tomorrow is Saturday, > + What time do you usually come home? > HET SREY ET B : Tusually come home at five. BE @ 1 TE OA NPAR I FE HEL. SLT. 4 [took the one o'clock shinkansen, And 1 hbk 3 ep-geue Peached Tokyo at four. And I met my friend BIC SELL. ELT. SHRM a tve, I saved at ahotel Kane Lio Belk FMA DE uke at night. *69PHHL= the bullet train, shinkansen @ PELIMPEERMICEA THES live in a foreign students" residence. yesatevanie © ic in these sentences indicates the destination or terminal point of the movement/action. Note that ~ can replace (= only in going, coming and returning, ie., ~ is used only in ~AF8 E Peek iD ET. ie SET. REF, BOET. AES. ROSS, BEES, Lay Pa ED ET EDR BaAeT “my et, Ques© movement on/in/along a place : [ Person | {x [Place | & verb D PELIA-N—OME HoT. MEV —Lwent by the supermarket and over the bridge BRO eb BL be he station. RIHRELE. to get to the station Bey @ HLIWOWAMOMEHY EF. LT Tosually rum aong the path Te ae in the park. It’s so enjoyable. SABMVWCT. es { % in these sentences indicates the route of the movement. & Ce ® 1 eft home at seven today. : ( A 2 ® I was absent from school yesterday. © PROWT2SMY ELI T got off the bus in front of the school. © DELIELAHICARERRL ELE. graduate from university evo years ago ‘ % in these sentences indicates the point of departure of the movement/action. nue HES, HALT. MOET. BRLET, PHET, ote. @ changing into something : [ Person | (3 [ Another thing | (< verb g ® B WAT UTM 71D EL Ie My brother became a professional golf player. © LIME, SBD ELI My father became the dean of the faculty last te San scabs year.Ill Verb Sentences @ RORAAP MBCA DELL ‘The green leaves turned red or yellow. ae) Dah Rn (HDS REKED YET. ‘The traffic signal turns from green to yellow. ae sm . “483 = waffic signal @ { in these sentences indicates the resultant state of the change. une wVET. Boyes, ete. @ joint action :{ Person | jt [Person ] & verb D MAG Oo ERLE Lio My younger sister got SOE Re een sce married with her professor. @ &D5, BROLE ORBE RE Lio meta friend from my high school days yesterday. 3 + & in these sentences indicates the partner of the action. Seca REL ED, RML ET. BVET MNES. TAMLES, ete. noe (3) Verbs with three complements © moving a thing to a place : [ Person ] x { Thing | & [Place | ic verb OM bELIF FAIL YEANELE. FT poured wine in the glass. And I put it on the 7” ible LO EREF-THODEBEELI QD PRULAMECAPUET TH Lo SLT, threw out the paper in the trash box. And 1 a Es put the books in the bag. RE WITA (Orb) KANE Lite @ ARE SOW MELDELE. My friend parked his car in front of my house. eons sa tateslag AMES, BERT, REET, FCHEI, HELEF, LBEF, te. @ changing a person/thing into something :[ Person | {x [ Person/Thing | & [Something ] (= verb @ Be 7ITVIT—-KLELES My mother made my younger brother nad become a professional golf player. @Q Rar-FH 20M) ELL. My father cut the cake into halves. as mo @ PEMA ETELELK. Our sensee reduced the assignment into half. hate Ue BAe ue LED, MOET. BUF, etc. © imparting a thing to a person : [Person | ( | Thing | & [Person ] {< verb D beELIGHIKT LEY b RY EL. Tsent a present to my mother, ® DRLIECUVT VERSE LE T gave an old TV to my friend, @ THEA. PLDC) BRERLT Excuse me, but will you lend me some money? CNETAD. ® bir LSE ERE BUELL 1 showed pictures to my friend. ® PRL weet ee Sassen HEMACWE To Ltesch Fglish toa high school student, Cota BES. BLES, HED, CHES, BLES. BLES, Be zt, BAES MILES, etc.UL ¢ Verb Sentences @ getting a thing from a person : | Person } {x [Thing ] % | Person } 1/2 verb © bre issete Watt b HWE LZ I got a watch from my father. Eine , @ br Lika rein) XL. 1 borrowed money from my elder brother, ike BOVESF. WEAREET, HYET, ote. Ded Uke eee E E TE en sees ; “Lasked a question about ~ to the teacher” is simply said in Japanese as “bi: LIJeHEI~O RMSLELE”, EP ORLA OMMELE LED E OQdR LUCE ORME LE LI. 2. Special uses of verb sentence: use of 4% in place of (x In the following uses of verb sentences, {x used in normal verb sentences is changed into as. ({) Directing another person’s attention to a fact : ~k D AL NAMRELEKS A : Here comes the bus. > Bild. G. fTRET. B : Okay, I’m coming right away. woe @ A: BeMPEO ETL. A: Class is starting now. torn) ae Bild. 4. FEET. B ; Okay, I'm coming right away.@ ALMA CHET E. A/: It’s raining outside. Bi bd, TH CIH. Cv, PSeHO Bs Oh really? 1M take an umbrella. . THEETS © AL PEAPMWY THES ES A: Your bag is open. ’ Bi hd, 4 CV. EF FHYMNL AS Bs Obyitis. Thank you. SEF. (2) Directing another person’s attention to a fact sympathetically : ~#a D A: HidthoTHEti. A: Its still raining. sek Bit5CtA, VCR. B : Yes, itis. It’s not pleasant, is it? ® Haas Lita, AL Is stopped raining, Bitj tHe kdoktH ie B : Yes, it has. It's great. @a 1 BE ORR THES to A: The classroom lights are on, als tke Bit5 CHa LELED B : Oh, they are. Shall T turn them off? (3) Beginning a story by reporting a fact/event/etc. @ HHO, 4 BE AEMKE Lo ELT, A fiiewd of mine came to my house lat 5 beck epee t Lick evening. And we drank together. mo @ HAO, HOA S RRA YE LZ. 1 got a phone call from my mother in my fos 28 Cr uk ee SLC, LmPWERE LE LI country. And we talked for an hour. © ae Casmigee a @ SLA, V-SAMFSICREFS VOL — Lec-san is coming to my house tomorrow. ERICA ERED, = We are going to have dinner together. *1. Additional sentential particles (1) t indicating the time of the action/event QD AH Mi KHE ETD. Brome b Bi 7hKBS ET. A: AIRF FRI RET Po Bi OME RE To A: APRESS bETH. B 1 ONFCRE DET. @ bRLIZIWNSAKAAKRELZ. wonon ake @ be 1998 SCARE RRL E Like ‘A What time do you usually get up in the morning? + [get up at seven. ! What time do you come to school? 2 Leome here at eight thirty. + What time does class start? o> oO >e 1 Ttstarts at nine. I came to Japan on October fifth T graduated from university in 1998. ‘ Note that Fe eH OBC JT AEE. oA SLI, (eH, ae wee GH, AAI. Spo IR Jetc: do'not require (2. (2) °C indicating the place of the action/event @ MA, BA CAKERAELZD 303 Eure unt @ wor, LUTE ERAE So ta tres 08, © ES, BETHNAL GERAET. aL @ KH, RRCKBL AVES. beled 25829 EGE @® DELIA, KMICRE LR REC Tek fee BORE EA TOE Like YoReIET 8— bic HEA TUE Lite ships’ Goi cei Tread books in the library yesterday. Tusually have lunch at the cafeteria, I some- times eat lunch in the classroom, T'm going to meet my friend next week in Tokyo. T came to Osaka last year. I lived in Tokyo until last year, [lived in an apartment while [ was in Tokyo.(3) Other sentential particles oc Usage 1 : Indicating means/method D HAMERLTCRAERAET. ® FRIANETA TET A-7CHAEF. @ HELIER WAY CHEFS ® HD SAME C(td). IRATHET LFS Byars haem Bede cake Fo HRT 3 MCT. Laihete “ibs. = the bullet train, shinkansen ® Beers eecunas CEL ET. woe CR LET. HAAD EMACA Usage 2 : Indicating material ® ACF ELEY ELK AUNZETHED EF Japanese people eat with chopsticks. ‘Americans eat with a knife and a fork. Tusually write with a ballpoint pen. It takes an hour from Tokyo to Osaka by plane. It takes three hours by shinkansen. T usually talk to my sensee in English. I talk to my Japanese friends in Japanese. Tmade a chair with wood, Bread is made with flour. @ @ COVVAREDYYY—b CTE TWEF. This building is made of iron and concrete. ® BEATIA VED ET. Usage 3 : Indicating necessary money/time/ete. to get something @ SORIEKED 5 OAM CHU Like ® BRLINMCCE ET. EP Har oARE CISD DY ET. 20 I bought my present car from one of my friends for one hundred thousand yen. ‘The picture will be ready in an hour.Usage 4 : Indicating cause D Ales, WA CHUTE LS Beatie) Gabe dete eh @ PLGA, PEC 20 HEMKAE Lo 23 oF Bo: ® *| ROA CHEMIE THEF. whee * J R= Japan Railways ic (go/come/return) to do ~ @® Nobody is home but me. BESA: BRS AML? see ® be PBL AIL? LHIPTIFERE LIC DBRSAIL? a¥YTKTRELKS BRSK: ahs Atk r F th Me ICTS ELAS @ BOUAERAITHFEEL EF. @ AB. thaicsps dev. kite @ ALIS Atk? Bt MEGICBAA E35 EMITS ELE wand * * “E18 = co-op O E(WoLEIK) : (together) with D BBE MoLEMFAAELELKD tees ® bie Lise (Bole 1) RABAT & ELA. 21 IV « Particles My elder brother didn’t go to work last week because he was sick. Tdidn’t go to school yesterday because of a cold. ‘Train service has been suspended because of the strike by JR workers. ‘The visitor : Where is your mother? ‘The child: She went out to do shopping. The visitor : Where is your father? ‘The child : He went out to sing karaoke. ‘The visitor : Where is your elder brother? ‘The child: He went out to jog. ‘The visitor : Where is your elder sister? ‘The child‘ She went to see a movie, Let's go to eat lunch, Shall we go for a drink this evening? A: Where is Yamada-san? B : He went to buy lunch at the co-op store. [played tennis with my friend. 1 went to Kyoto with my elder sister.@ BMA CIRE (Oo Late) BME RIC &ELK O 5: from © WEA. HRS REARE LZ Bos. inn eee © BWW, OMS SMECCH. Q RRPSARE TD. HET 3 IFT CT to $1 = the bullet tain, shinkansen @ vt VEE POD ET. BAO SIA BPSD ET. © ¥C: asfaras, until ° WOORETHEET. BL BOTH. ttle 5 Lig ECC. RIS 12 E THE LOMBKVELLES eons e Se © © 8 Weald, SON YE CHAE LE. Bla 1008-YETHAET. © *CiK : by, before DQ V#R- bra SMOSH ECCMLTS RSW. @ emacs KET K BEV. wate 8 22. T went to see a movie with my friend last Sunday. One of my friends came to my home from Tokyo yesterday. ‘The post office is open from nine to five. It takes three hours from Tokyo to Osaka by shinkansen. ia . Pee) Pe Saal L2 Wine is made from grapes. Japanese sake is ‘made from rice. 1 walk to the station every day. It takes ten minutes. Work ends at five. My friend stayed in my room until twelve o'clock I read as far as page fifty yesterday. I'm ‘going to read up to page one hundred today. Please submit the report by next Friday. Please come to my office by six.LV © Particles ~24/~4 is used for time of an action, and its meaning is “around.” ~<{5i/~€5v> is used for quantity, and its meaning is “approximately.” Study the following examples. @D MH ORIXLKCS (i) PE LZ. went to bed at around one o'clock last night. vor He % @® wELABALaA¥Y ELE. Log every day. { usually run about ten kilome- ea ters. It takes about forty minutes, VOb WFUCHVED ET. MBFCSWTT. ‘You can’t say “~REE% CH" im response to "4, (AEC TA.” @ A24y faeces a. B:x3 BoB CH. @D pb LOA (my book) di LOE (my country) diz L OZER (my school) ue ce 3 biz LOR! (my major) Taba @ BAAD SAE Capanese teacher) HARAROSEAE Capanese language teacher) ikea eee FEO HE, (university professor) HAO KEEO SEH Ceapanese university professor) ial HALO) Hi Gapanese car, car made in Japan) at ® WEHOF A b (yesterday's exam) 2 IFO FEAT HE (seven o'clock airplane) Be ooa8 3 shoes (three o'clock train) S we td a ee @ Ay hYOY xy Cotton shirt) YD — F — (woolen sweater) YMIDAN—7 (silk scarf)® 4¥) xOw~Y ¥ y Condon, England) TFYAON)) (Paris, France) [8] DALI (Beijing, China) wee RED (2) &, 4, and yy @ A&B REI—b DADE NES vowenty RE @ APBRC(RE) WIEN DICIEARD 7 — b ORE (BE) AF th ee ete SVET. B z Bid, FAG VYVFa-AEMAET. ae EPAPER A ETA Soke 2 DELEVILU-—VEMBEF. VLA FP ARIMA Ett A. EuaLe @ APB L AYIA WAY THOT CRS. RA VOEo TH. b DLEON-F 4 KEK A MPRA E oboe FoT& TC RSW : (3) < indicating range of time / space /etc. D PRIA A SHI-L— HAA ET. ® DRL LEY a¥Y7ELET. ® DPELIAA 1 OMRCTE ET. 24 aoe he abe WER wae ae I have books, notebooks, a dictionary, and some other things in my bag. T drink milk or orange juice in the morning. 1 don’t have coffee or tea. Tusually drink beer. I don’t drink whisky or sake. Please write with a marker pen or a ballpoint pen. Please don’t write with a pencil Please bring some food or drinks for tomor- row's party. Thave four to five cups of coffee a day. jog two times a week. Igo to Tokyo once a month.IV © Patticles © ieee 3N4 IAT S Et. ‘My father goes abroad three to four times a year. a8 ae mee E@® 2A AW RE EH oT ET. One out of two persons has a cell phone. i, BEY OLY UeKure b @ You may say “1580012”, “ia Alc", and “L4F(2” instead of saying “gi”, “41” and “4e4=" respectively. ‘3. Discourse particles (1) (& : topic marker ia is an extra-sentential particle, i.e., a discourse particle, (d indicates the theme or the topic, roughly meaning “as for ~” or “talking about ~.” F(2) Bt also @ Ar beELI- EAM CT. A! Llike coffee. Bi bRLSA- EAMES THO B ! [like coffee, too. @ HRLIA-U—HVEA TH. MISS — Ulike coffee. 1also like tea. + rise TH. @ MsekwCra-L-EMRAET. FLY — Lusually havea cup of coffee in the morning. AH ABIMAETo 2 Lalso drink some orange juice. @® MAF aAe LEUée aH BF=AREL | played tennis yesterday. I played tennis 20 fs) 5 ‘ — again today. I'm going to play tennis again EL. HLEBFARELEF. tomorrow. I like playing tennis very much. DIALILFAARKIES TT. at (3) hand 28 Itis difficult to understand the use of jz and %. Actually, it seems unfeasible for elementary Jeamners to try to Jearn all the complicated rules of use for these two particles. So, simply learn to use the following four rules and one exceptional rule. They should resolve most of your problems with it and 28. 25® ® Rule 1] Use 7% in the following sentence patterns. ~ld~A8 structure (See 1-3 of this Part) ESV ET /OET Examples : D HlLPABRO CT. ab ee @ iar rs BLECT. ont @%7 bows Rt D Ete. © MOLKBIAVET. ER OR ‘There is a cat on the desk. [Rute 2 | Replace % or 7s with i in negative sentences. Examples : © WIA KYERNET, SHARE * © AEA. ® Bd, RUTWEREME ET. Fvew HEA. @ beELEES EA-MEBY Et. Feit Ey am be) BS Eth. © PAF-ABLECH, Hy A-wLF ae cor 85) EAw OQ FSO. CMM AAS OTT, Mite ba wauaas< Bass, DEAS © PRLEIA VAR TH. Coit ; THY ETA. 26 1 usually have bread for breakfast. I don't (Gee 1X of this Part) My sister has long My younger brother is good at playing tennis, ‘There is a post office close to my house, have rice. I usually listen to music at night. I don’t watch TV. Toften send E-mail. I seldom write a letter. ‘My brother is good at playing tennis. He is not good at playing soccer. ‘There is a post office close to my house. ‘There is not a bank nearby. . Hike wine. I don't like beer.a IV © Particles Rule 3 | Use 4 in the response to “question word + 4% ~" questions. Examples : @ A: ¢Rbols, HANES CH Ar B: DACUMFS THe @ A:GHON—F4 Wk, ENAKET A: What fruit do you like? B : like apples, A: Who are coming to today’s party? Bi Alls he WE SAE My SAMRE To B : Ookawa-san, Yamada-san, and Nakayama- i ra He san are coming. Rule4] Use {& to compare two (or more) things. | Examples : DM pe, E-VIES THA, 74 AF like beer, but! don’t like whisky. + HE OMA TISY) ETA. @ bei, RHACA ETA, FREES Ree eae RETA. @ wits, PREMSETI, FVEBAET be Bae es Ko ® Sik. DH CEBHERAL TAS eC ie KA KAA ® BALE ByRHOETAL Fb HV ETA. 1 can speak English, but I can't speak Chinese. My sister listens to music, but she doesn’t watch TV. My father drinks at home, but he doesn’t drink at other places. Thave a PC at my office, but I don’t have one at home. Additional rule | {x replaced by 7° In the special uses of verb sentences explained in IIl-2 of this part, (d is replaced by #8. a7As in many other languages, there are many question words in Japanese. As shown below, Japanese question words are very often used with different particles, which means that many of them are NOUNS. WORBLALE DK, KEE HAR OREMEL CEO THR DNET, bet. 226 BAOWMAMD DES, TOME BRIS 2: + DARORM EROS CRE RIEL 2. Question words and their uses A‘! When did you come to Japan? BI XE 10 AieE Lke B ! Leame here last October. Nae te @Q AF mMED ETD. A: When is school going to start? toss ae Bi 4A Ib AemeD ET. B © Itwill start on April fifteenth. vee es ALWDETTI MD. A! When will it end? B B ! Itwill end on September fifteenth. 9H ISHECCH. (2) && : where, which place O A: ¥oPoRELED, ‘A: Where did you come from? > Bi 4H 6RELES wo ! Leome from Thailand. 2 Where did you go yesterday? @ THEEURE CIS FE Lied A Bs RABAT S & LI A B + Lwent to Kyoto, 1 MBO ETAT EE LAM Wee HA IGFORS cid gon g0? DSM CTS ELL Bare *42ii)9 = the Golden Pavilion, the Kinkakuji oO > w > + Twent to the Kinkakuji.@ Arvo, EO CMMLETH. B RACHEL ET 3) #2dvt who OA! Re F-OLEER THEM. Bi Y-SATH. @A BRE (WoL EK Bite (ob at ba FEE LEM. FiFELKO @A: AIRE LELEA. B: Hide iy Like Abd, FIFTH RACBVE Lim Bixd ORBICROSE Like The polite version of 72h is P%z.. AL HORKEEE CIA ine Bt RBAZOM PEACH. SDE howe aoewenen (4) fi] = what D AMARECKHAELAM BIRPAILE CK STS EVA TLE JRCWELKS A ELE Liki. BIUFFERE LE. ELT BA-ME EC BAIRD E Lio ‘V © Question Words + Where do you usually study? B : [study in the library. o wu > wD : Who is the woman in a red sweater? 1 She is Lee-san. + Who did you go with? 1 Twent with my elder sister. +: What did you do yesterday? 2 Twent out. +t Lsee. Who did you meet? 1 Imet a friend from Thailand. + Who is that gentleman over there? B: He is Professor Kawanaka of Kyoto University + Where did you go yesterday? 2 [didn’t go anywhere yesterday. I stayed home. ! What did you do? watched a video. And I sent a lot of E- mail@ A: B e@ > Sb Old, {athe s CHA. DOATEAVY YAS TH. NAT? TMOESTTH. 1 SNE, WERE Lich. BIANYERBNELLS ELT, NFFS (5) 29 UC /%F: why @ A: HRORWIEIEE CHA. Bivwr, SEOMA CHIH) ETA. AL ERLTCT A. Bi beat) FoORPHCH. HELMVE DEVEAMBUTE THe @ Arey LCBAERE Lit B: BROKE CH LIV b CH (6) &3 thow @ A: BAOBZOMELI MVE I Bi AAOBOAR, BICT A SEB SLAC HOTT. @ A: ELREDHE ETA B EXELK. MERAE Licdo LEVY YA AEMAE LK HTC REV. CH CH. B: > B: w > B: What fruit do you like? B: like apples and oranges. T also like pine- apples. + What did you eat this morning? Tate bread. And T also ate some bananas, : What did you drink? ! Thad some orange juice. 2 Do you like Japanese foods? No, not really. : Why? Because they are so plain. I like hotter foods. : Why did you come to Japan? + Because I want to study at a Japanese university. + What do you think of Japanese men? ‘They are kind, but they are not so amus- ing, : How do you hold chopsticks? + Please look at this. This way,B PHOvery hOATT B: }) &d which one (among three or more) @ A: ENA ES THA. AL BP SOHVORVVCH, B: @ AL ENE OTREEL EI A: B: VEEARV DEH Th TK KEM B: ) #5 % t which one (between two) D ALVATEAVYYE, LobMM STI A! + Bitvv YOU ASTI. BFHLUYTH Pe Th, PHOREDIEI ASV CH. @ The polite version of ¥o% is HHH. 31 (7) &®~ + which ~ (among three or more) D AL EOL OES THI A: BI SOAW wD > [HSER TT. PIV IFO ur Hehe Vv ABIES TH ARRIVE TT + TRA, BETH. LEAGAR-VELETH. Ley AKL FAAS TH, *BF BLES. *%8 = karate (i) 2% 6st how far/much/many/ete. ® wre > o> > Abi HERE TENS Bvdp) ETH. SPREE) 3 BETH o febstd che Dwa ! 1 like soccer and tennis. I also practice karate. > How long does it take from Osaka to Tokyo? * It takes about three hours by shinkansen. + How much does it cost? + It costs about fourteen thousand yen, ! How much does it cost if I go by plane? w > ew > + It will cost about the same. A: How much are Japanese workers paid’? B : It differs. 1 think people at the age of thirty get three hundred to four hundred thousand yen. (1) NE 4 Aad / ete. : what time/how many people/how many sheets (of paper, etc), etc. OD AS4 PICT A. val ake B10 CH. 32 A: What time is it now? B : It’s ten o'clock2 PBLMTRP CHAE Y ETA. #2) che RE 2 SRF5O IME DET. THEHON-F 4 KIM ARE LE ee heh § Do 5 WAKE LZ TS SARE LZ TRA ETH ERDEN-F14-T Lio (3) <6 : how much ® “& see WR have & iB & ii POR 9 1d G BCTP. : 2B STHtT. WES dado RA ETHOWEOTT AD. 3 CORE Fw? SEMEL SFADLOCTA, > N-Y TCIBATT. “ Urb, CHECKS. Rol Al PTCT&RE-F—TCHhao THYME COSVES. nara b CHE LK : AIWDL BTL Bi RAIL BSTONCTA N-¥ve eee Tk nae LBACLL Al thltkpokttias 33 V-* Question Words A. What time does class begin? B ! It begins at eight fifty. AS How many people came to yesterday's party? B : Ten people came. A! Alot of people came. B : Yes. It was a very lively party. Customer ‘ How muciis that ned sweater? Clerk It’s twenty-five thousand yen. Customer : Wow! It’s so expensive. Clerk Yes. I's of good quality. Customer : How much is this blue one? Clerk + It was originally fifteen thousand, but it’s now ten thousand as it’s on sale Customer > Ail right. Pll buy this one, At It's a pretty sweater, B: Thank you. J bought it at a department store yesterday. ‘A: How much did you pay? B ! Originally it was fifteen thousand yen, but I got it for ten thousand because it was on sale, A Oh, that’s a good buy.(id) <9: how many, how old } i ® A: SEPSAK, BOK OCT. A: How old is your son now? ee B: B : Heis five. A: A: How old is your daughter? e Bi Ms 3IRCT. B : Sheis three. i be | OQ AL FORME L050 ETA, ‘A: How many rooms do youhavenow? | wok Ne { Bi 30TH. 3LDKTT. B:T have three. My apartment has three . rooms and a living-dining-kitchen room. | As hut tia. A: It'sa big house. j Biwwd, KwCHo LYT bORISH BI don’t think so. My house in Egypt has 1 a ten rooms. BAW SVE.Things you can say using ¥3--forms ~ED/~ ETA 41) Customs, practices, habits, etc. @ Arwos, 3. (ARF S ETA. Bi SINKS ETS Al RWtt Aa. BS Ra wos BMD eLEF. ‘880 ~prayer “ ADwob. ws fig Ae & Eth. Bi SRM S ET. ABW CHA, BOUAERNEDD, Biwa, RLREA. ttt EK CH @ brits (EMNETA. BRA EE @ DRARULTIUAERAET. euKce * FAMED AD ERS HY COBAER AEF. (2) Future action, activity, event, etc. D ALSLEWMELETHS Bi RECROET. TLC, MEET. AL HLAUME LETA Cid LETA. FEEWET. 35 " ‘A: What time do you usually get up in the morning? B : Tusually get up at five A. You get up so eatly. B : Yes. I say prayers every day A: What time do you usually get up? B ¢ Lusually get up at eight A! You get up so late, Do you have breakfast? B : No, I don’t. I simply have a cup of coffee. I don’t eat meat. I don't drink either. QL Be Japanese people cat with chopsticks Thai people eat with a fork and a spoon. A: What are you going to do tomorrow? T'm going to meet my friend. And then we're going to see a movie. A: What are you going to do tomorrow? C : Nothing in particular. I will be home.2 ~ELE (1) Past action, activity, event, etc. eS o>rw > Pu SHEERS LE Litas KGRCROR Le ELC. BEE Lite B! TRED ee LE LEAS . 1b LETATLE FSKVELES (2) Completion of an action ® ® A: BIBCBAERAE LEM LAR, BIRSELA SOFUH-bERSELEM RAY OIHSELA PBFHLE LEM. Dewar, ERCH. SLAMLEF. A: AL o: w AL Bi AL BY What did you do yesterday? I met my friend, And we went to see a movie. ‘What did you do yesterday? Nothing in particular. T stayed home. + Did you eat lunch yet? Yes, I did, Did you write your report yet? Yes, 1did. Have you already submitted it? No, not yet. I'm going to submit it tomor- row. The negative response to“ 3 ~L¥ Liew" is NOT “&A~ LER A" BUT "ERA CA EA”. Also see H-2-(5) of Part Two.

we > DatA, Everio Ay PLRU CH. & HSE LEGw POWA, KOC F HCH. “fea. ~” means “probably I/he/she will ~.”

OA OLR, PRCRET Po LREBAREC Ae SLKIF 6 CUM Aa LET. LSA NS AIRE TIN” TRAE Ae UMS ARB oe SMEoMU CS. ee ‘#85 = condition 39 > 3 > > > w ‘Vi Things you can say using #F-forms {It’s a little dark in this room, isn’t it? ! Shall I tum on the light? Yes, please. 1s your bag heavy? 1 Yes, it's alittle heavy. Shall L carry it? !Thank you, but I'm all right, AC: Are you coming to school tomor- row? See B Probably not: Iwill study at home ~ tomorow. = A‘: Is’ Yamakawa-san cominig today?! | “B: Probably ‘not Yamakawarngn’ is, sick now. :necting Adjectives mo) How to connect adjectives In connecting adjectives, the connective forms of them are used. In the case of v»-adjectives, ~< -C is used, and in the case of 7-adjectives, ~-¢ is used. Study the examples below. PORENOOIROE AL, HEWOBREEMVET. UMEMOMSI, [~ @ HABEPLEVUE OR. FRSEY ®@ EPLOMGE TEMMRo%s aot HE OM TILEVERI. @ BEEMSBETH Look. Thy Fk ae i need Vo " @ AFA EXRok? BLiGEVETHE eM oR. negative eee ‘Clk or noun + © RFROTHLOERVET. think kanji are difficult. mee ae @Q WERE TRMAKERVET. I think the subway is very convenient. Daes Roni @ A: BUS Atk BRET. A: Is Nakayama-san coming today? Bika, REEMWETF. MEA, RSE B: Yes, [think so. Yesterday she said : ial she would come today. Bes Larb. ALC), ERBERA Me A: But she hasn’t appeared yet. 46While existence of things is expressed by %) €+, existence of persons / animals / etc. is expressed by wes. WOME HOLT) LROTT. Be, APMUBOHT HET) LavEt. 2. Positional nouns: _E. F. 4H. Wi, 24, BL LED, SI, IK, ete. JE, Fa HL i, 84, HH Ered, Ei’, 5HE¢ etc. indicate positions. They are NOUNS. Therefore, they are connected to other nouns with @, as in “Yo”. Ded OFS Tb) Qi) Pik) HU CE YI CE) EK) REO RTO MERL EF, NODLELARMCT. CTS, CNGDS EI, PMOL OLIK [0] Eto THO WT ORD a MEWS D HES / EE oe om And as they simply indicate positions, they are followed by different particles, e.g., (2. °@, %. 2 5, ¥C, ete, in different sentences. ‘ SD LAC EMME RL ES. CHS. KHOA [EL FCI P| FG) ES) REO AAE ORACLE TS 46LALO LIA MVE oh OR MOLCho Mest. MO Lib iae IS ELT. SBOE AID ET. SOU CAMA) ELI. » FOU CEPA THEFTS 3. Examples @ A post office o> wD LTAEtAS BEBLEOTH A. TRROWIBYTAS YD EFI. de gk) 8AS3 Lao SBERRBUTOL EY TH. @® Ataparty vPro > wo > wD AD Howes. KBOAMVOET do taRe BONEN TT Mo 5 SATE TH 2 SG 7 TAR 1 bOKE? : SPUN EET To TKO MAWES to bate 47 IX # Expressions of Existence ‘There is a cat on the desk. A cat is sleeping on the desk. A cat fell off from (the top of) the table. There is a school near my house. ‘There was a fire near my house. A train line runs near my house, ‘A.! Excuse me, but where is the post office? B You know there is a bank in front of the station, AL Yes. B : The post office is next to the bank. A: Sce that man by the entrance door, wD 2 Yes. 1! Who is he? A B : He is Tanaka-sensee. A! See that woman beside Tanaka-sensee. B Yes. A: Whois she? B + She is Nishikawa-sensee.@® My picture KOA: 3 BOM EMA Y ETI. BOK: KERIAYHSV EV. KOK: Fuyenik? BOK: MOBS Bld VET. TY YHHED KIEDD Et. KOK: MILA OWUATAS YETI BOK: PUELOIICIAL J-hESOA REYES. KOK: SVHAOM CAMBS) EFA BOX: BEEAVI hA- FRODE So KOK: DRLOGMILECIHSD? WOK RO? os ® _1see something moving in the pond. :COit COMI PBOSwWET. IWWA, MTHPOTEHNETA. b PEKEWTH. BIKE 34 EPEV TIM. ALOR, BOEKEVOMWEF, 2% A B a AlMwaz, CCIE D FRA B A be owet, Bidz, CARKEVOIo ‘iw tortoise, 224 = carp 48 Woman : What do you have on your desk at home? ! Books and aPC. ! Where do you place the printer? ! There is a small table beside the desk. The printer is on the table, ‘Woman : What do you have in your bag? Man — : I have some books and notebooks and a wallet in my bag. ‘Woman : What do you have in your wallet? 2 [have some money and a credit card, Woman : Where do you have my picture? Man: What? + T'see something moving in the pond, There are fish in this pond, 1 It's not a fish. ce > we > ! There are also tortoises. > No, it’s neither a fish nor a tortoise. It's bigger. B : Isn't ita big carp? A: No, something bigger is there. It’s about two meters. B : What, such a big thing?Demonstrative Words. ~ Zit, ZH, di are demonstrative words. They point to an object. [noun | place Be = HEE i direction cob 455 bob Yob eae) cbS 465 bb65 ebb ~kind of CAR tAte dA EAR way of doing things £5 bb a) way of doing things ENDER HOLIK HOEK (polite style)@ Keys Ad THETA. BLOLF thle LTC BSW. Di se Tw, 25% AL lOMET “aD FT OMS ET Al led, ERORLT OE rhwecy de Th, MLAS ILI & 0 = a DVwWA, TOMS TAME ETA. BH OPSILINTT. v5 th ko tho? ane kts THETA, KISS MPREDD ES. “$98 = book storage room, **48F 2 = basement @® Atapary At BORAT PAODNIEENTCI DD “s ar LHMLLYT OF VEATH. SRE DEO AIS? zs 1 bd, THETA SS bEEO) — o3E6 SATCTo 50 BE Yes, here you are. 2 Bxcuse me, but let me use the key for the resource room, please. 2 Can [ open the door to the storage room with this key? No, you can’t. ‘This is the key for the storage room. : Please let me use that one, too. No problem. But there is nothing in the storage room now. + What? ! The room is not used now. Ali the books are in the basement. ! Who is that man wearing a red necktie? ! That is Ali-san from Egypt. Who is the person beside you? 2 Oh, P'm sony. This is Lee-san from ChinaRHI STST SE Be BOB Introduction to Different Forms of the Verb1. Three types of verbs First, just take a brief ook at charts 1, 2 and 3 in the appendix at the end of the book. There are three types of verbs in Japanese: inflectional verbs (usually called u-verbs or group I verbs), stem verbs (usually called ru-verbs or group II verbs), and irregular verbs. When forming verb phrases or other grammatical constructions, inflectional verbs change their end- ings in accordance with the a-i-u-e-o line as shown in chart 1. Stem verbs, whose examples are shown in chart 2, do not change at all but different grammatical elements are simply added to the stem in forming verb phrases or other grammatical contructions. And there are only two irregular verbs, ic., #3 and LX¥, whose inflections are shown in chart 3. ET ROAM BRONMCSS Fb, Fb, Fe PE SOL ATES HARRIS, HOWE ARADICIS uverd BBWAA —7 OW ALP THS), TGP (ARIK ruserd BS ARIAT OBALILNE), BAMA, L093 2094 ORANG, MBL EDD RARER SRC, HMM, Fe MICAT LE [HVA 2 OWI CMRERLE TT. © HICHL, FNAL RMR, BEMID TOMO KUM EE IRB, RoR BMEL I GAS EEEARE WaLoRET LUC, AAU, ART LET LES [DIO HTC, LOUMIF—VICRENTOTS, 2. Infections of the verb As explained above, stem verbs do not change at all. So, all you have to do with stem verbs is to learn the stem or stem +2 (plain non-past form or dictionary form) of them. As for the differ- ent forms of the two irregular verbs, simply learn them in prototypical uses. Examples of these uses are given below, Actually, the only difficulty lies in the inflection of the inflectional verbs. In order to learn the inflection effectively, it is not advisable to try to memorize the inflectional chart by rote. Rather, you are advised to study the following materials (particularly in Part Two and Part Three) carefully, while recognizing the meaning and the form of the verbs. LCRMLELI, MRMTIEE RTA Ett hs CHS, MOMVTIZOU TH, MRS (fate +2 EMI, b SVU) CRAIC AVS, ELC, PRMD GE OIG OU THR, MM THROM CL NENEH ATER, FES SLAMERLB Leo ELT RMOLEA, AMAOWMEIALANE OF DLOLE ALL ORG. EMEBRILT BME [, AMREREAT SLO MO TDL AML DI CRHVEH A. OLE. AIPORT ASA HONBLBEB IA) 2, HRLMOKIRE LHL oP DML CEO, 52D LEDFS.LEVWLT DP we > D> wD D> fiw LTUSATY A-ELETH. Hate, FS ERvET. LU-SARLETD. Y-SASTFSERVET. SMHS Atk ? WHS Ald Lee dt, SAME ALE TA. rd, ASAI LET. AMS Atk BOLE, HIN-ELTWE LR. @ RETREAT KT wre > o> oD PV SARKETM. idl, HAL Boet, SY SARE. DEV, U-SAORSERVET. 2 NLS Ata? TWH SABRE ERVE SS AMS AIT, TAMSARSINTOES. ERY ow ECHo THES. 53 eo > o> wo Pw D> wo > o> wD > wD 1 Types of Verbs and Inflections + Is Ali-san going to play soccer? + Yes, I think so. 1 Is Lee-san going to play? + Yes, I think Lee-san is also playing. + How about Yamada-san? 1 don’t think he is going to play. + Is Ookawa-san going to play? 2 Yes, he is, Ookawa-san played soccer ‘when he was in high school. 1 Is Ali-san coming? 1 Yes, I think so, : How about Lec-san? : Yes, I think Lee-san is also coming. +: How about Yamada-san? + Tdon’t think he is coming. 1 Is Ookawa-san coming? 1 He is already here. He is waiting in the next room,(OTE ger nceieieke olen ‘The formation of the potential form of a verb in polite style is quite siraple, Inflectional verb : Turn ~ i-&¥- into ~ e-24. BEES RAE. BLED MOET MOET cto.” + 4 4 { 4 BET MOET. MEET o NES BRET * = me 2 > Stem verb : ‘Insert 4 31 between the stem and. & >. RSET Magy BET BAST RET ote. 4 + + t 4 RNONES Baoney BONES BAGNET Bones Irregular verb : Simply remember. L $3 — C& 4 and RES > RENET You are-going to learn potential expressions fully in III of Part Five. 54 ,1, ‘C-form of the verb ‘The'C-form of the verb is very often used in constructing verb phrases as shown in II-2 in Part Three. It is also used to construct complex sentences as shown in I-1-(2) and I-2-(1) in Part Six. So, the €-form may be considered to be the connective form of the verb. For the ¢ -form of the verbs, see row VII of each chart in the appendix. DAOC HUMBOLMSLACECMNET, Th, BEBOIOIN2) MLEPRLELGMDNET. CHHS, CEBDORRIETH SES RCWWCLED, UAVAEDTOT BEMILVERE, MOGI +—POVIFIE TERS 2. Some uses of the C-form Six of the many uses of the -C-form are explained below. (1) ~C, ~ : Serial actions @ wWod, WM7HKBAET. MST. MH Lusually get up at seven in the moming. 1 bath a. this meee. ae sie wash my face and brush my teeth. Then I ° NE as change clothes and eat breakfast, I usually AEF. MTWADL AIL, KUTOFLED — watch news broadcast on TV while I eat -AEBET. ELT, BHI BEMET, breakfast. And J leave home at eight. @ ewWS BED BERD ET. TK, La Lusually come home at six. I immediately ~ cook and eat dinner. I usually watch TV = Catto, aaet, MEVLADE Stk. ie Teat dinner. Then I study for about RUTRFL veeet third 3 i <5Vs three hours and take a bath at around ten. 1 usually listen to music after taking a bath, SLT. Lome I BADIA EF Bb ‘Aad Tico aibea st ound wrelves ii. Ree CEE DS = ye eLG 22 WCE Fo ®(2) ~CwEFO: Indicating that the action is in progress OD ALY-SASHNSALIHEA SWE A: I don’t see Lec-san, Nakayama-san, or seer een ® bd (3) ~ Milde Bi U-SARHEEMLTOET. eeen Be ILS ALLA CHER L THE To Unis aba AL WHS Ale? Bi WHSAne eo OBE CETOES. AL E5CTH "eH OR. 3 BIRR ARE Like t9L& Fe LIS Re Me TS Lite ‘TWE FO: To tell what one does @_ Hon-san’s family Cre re > oD > oD Db > : RY EAOBLEARMEL THETA. 1 REKFORETT te ieee | eke 1 Cec T A. EAGA the 1 RECT. one : BERS AMAT LTWEFA DREYER OSE CT. Wa Utes e BRS ATE LTWETAD. : fale VAP FYE RELIES. : Bs MUTE LTRETD DBL Y VAT CH. IBMKOLH TW ET. 5 Bie Aut? LMIEROVA LI YeFiRo THEFT. ALPS AIL? wwe 86 ‘Yamada-san here. : Lee-san is talking to sensee now. ‘And Nakayama-san is studying in the library. : Where is Yamada-san? + He is sleeping in the next room. Ise. One of my friend came to my home last night, I was listening to music then, + Hon-san, what does you father do? + He is a university professor. + What is his field? + It’s mathematics, +: What does your mother do? + She is an elementary school teacher, + What does your elder brother do? + He runs a restaurant. + What does your younger brother do? + Hee is an engineer. He works for IBM. : How about your elder sister? B : She helps out at my brother’s restaurant. + How about your younger sister?B: RAKPETT YOURE OTHE $. MERAH L CORT. 1 “28d 4 = run, manage HL Introduction to -form of the Verb and Its Use B : She is a university student, She goes to Seoul University. She studies history. (4), ~Cw¥4@ : To tell the state/situation of a person/thing ®d BILITY KET Ye AMES TH aAS. YrVREWOTRET. TLD Tyee TRET. ® BRVOOE-F- EM TVET. ADIN LEA. Thy WEBI, A-VERTOEL tee ELT, APIA ELTWE LER ©. WH. lk UES 9 So THE LLe PU THE Like Sw @® PRAISE C bHEI TUE Lo Rin, BS BELL. @® Marital status A: SS ALERIE LCE Tr. Bi ky BML THIET. FHM2ZAD ET. Eee RRO A: BRS AIL? Bi RISE CRML THERA, Thy HL THES. © B BRETHPU TELE. Tb, Fld, RL oTHET. © FEDER OKAEDTTVELK. F ih, BYP RLYAELTAET. 87 My younger sister likes to wear jeans and ‘T-shirts. She is wearing jeans today. And she is wearing a T-shirt. My younger brother always wears a sweater. He doesn’t wear a tie, But he wore a suit yesterday. And he wore a tic, My father came home around eleven o’clock last night. He was a little drunk. L was very tired yesterday, s0 I went to bed early. + Ts your elder sister married? + Yes, she is. She has two children, : How about your younger sister? wp ww > 2 She is not married yet. But she is engaged. My elder brother used to be very slim, But now he is fat. I wore glasses when I was a student. T wear contact lenses now.(5) E~ Te RA : Indicating that the action has not been executed yet D ALOGREUAERAELLD. B: weds ERISCHRAS bo UR-hEBS ELEM. Lands BEBO COREA, 2 9B L LA. Land, BELCHRRAL BITEL ft o> oO > 358 = experiment Ast © wp wm > Have you eaten lunch yet? + No, not yet. : Have you finished writing your report? 1 No, Thaven’t. + Have you done the experiment? 1 No, Lhaven’t. I'm going to do it soon. (6) ~CS BSW /~Th ELAM: Giving directions @ _ The teacher gives directions to students. +*“T” represents “teacher.” aT {A LORPt HS Et E SCRE Vo FLT BOT CRSV%. DTI BBOMBELES. LMU TC RE oma | tate 2 eT. Rote, @® Astudent asks the teacher to do something. %&S” represents “student.” a SIFAERAS BIRR T CREW. Wo BUT RS, DS ITARHAS BIT OTK RE Wo NROT RS. @® Inaroom. AL COME, AV TT ido Bi %3 CHa. ALTARTAAS BEM NStAd 58 + [will write a new kanji, Please careful- ly observe how I write it, And then write yourselves, : Now we will practice pronunciation. Listen to me carefully. And then please say the word, 2 Excuse me, Could you please write it again, Please write it slowly. 1 Excuse me, Could you please say it again, Please say it slowly. 1 It’s hot in this room, isn’t it? 2 Yeah. + Excuse me, but will you open the window?Tle Introduction to °C-form of the Verb and Its Use DAS COME, HTH e A : It’s cold in this room, isn’t it? B: zthn, B: Yeah, ALTAERPAD, ZF AYEOTTL ARE As Excuse me, but would you tum on the thir, —_ See See ene) ~ cud Am is a politer version of ~c ¢ HSV and ~C we D> (5) Ata government office, bank, post office, etc. (write) CO, AOC AML ERS EMOTO RS. teil: BER CA bUASD OF © Officer 2 #73 22% b> HE ASR, 5D EDA. wus ceaedaciey A Die, HSOET. (show) Officer > FAT K HS. */t27R— b= passport, **S}E A SESKHE = alien registration card 2. Study the following sentences. (~C vs #4) (playing) D MADR, 5 bICKEMKE LE. TOL RDA LIMOFULBA CAE Lito boo 2s eens ah bee ae (cooking) @® EH OB 9 BICRBARE Lite FOL Sd LIB IA Eto THE Lk (eating) ® "HB OR 3 BER BIRE Like EDL EDK LAME EAERATOE Like 62WHO, vemess OR B03 28 FH OR, 305 88 WEE OE, 303 82 WEA OBE, 30) 38 HOR, iret. OB aod IL ¢ Introduction to ~C-form of the Verb and Its Use (washing) DOCMEIRE LZ. TOL SHLLUGHEME Po TE LZR eons conta . (reading) DBCKEARE Lo TOL Sd LIGHMEBA THE Lite ets 8 lash OE (teaching) J BIKEMRE Lite TOE Sd7e LLM RBEKA TOE Liew eine 8 vane kee BL (studying Japanese) JECMEMRE LR TOLEHELISARMOMRE LTWE Leo Foret MAS A323 (watching) 9 BicKBIRS Like FOL HE LIF VEER TOE Like (taking a bath) 5 Bick aes Lke DL SHE LEBSAEAo THE Lie (singing a song) 4 SICK eE Lite NL Eb Lidtiee ito THE LI. (Grinking) ¥ BIRR IRE Lite ENE RDELILE-—VEMA THE LEO (talking) FBIREMRE LR TOL SHE LIGHEMLTVE LED wens 8 BOL Be (listening) 3 BERRIES Lie EME SE LILC DERM TOE Lite (reading) o BE BEIRE Like NL Sb Like ita TOE Like i cs (writing) DECREPKE LK TOL DRLIZFMEBYE THE LZO ete 8 Ti (ovaiting) DECMEURE LL. TOL SDE LIGAD ORME HOTOE LK eis 8 Be “pF (sleeping) 9 Bi MeAaRE Like ENE SHELLS DHTHE Like 631. Plain forms of the verb Plain forms of the verb, i.e., plain non-past (or dictionary form), %vs-form (or plain nega- tive) and 7:-form, are infinitive forms of the verb. These are used in casual speech (or plain- style speech) and also in different grammatical constructions as shown in I in Part Three. For plain forms of the verb, see rows I, It and VI of each chart in the appendix. BROW, Of) ARE IviRAIEE EOI (SLR MMM & 1d, BHOBEBTH. SSLAIIE, VEU ELH (SUL TEOELH) PHIMOLESEL REESE AMAT ON ET, BOE EMYLVERL, AOE bOUA, I, VINER. THES 2. Some uses of the plain form (1) Casual speech D ABE? A; Shall we walk? he Ay 9 LELEF. @® A: thts? ce Biza, 5 LELEF. @ AVR 1, Bee? BijA, vr. FHA. Baz? Bi dAy Blvz%eo B : Yes, let's. + Would you like to have a rest? 1: Yes, let’s have a rest. +: Have you written your report? : Yes, Ihave. + Did you listen to the tape? 2 Yes, Idid.III « Introduction to Plain Forms of the Verb and Their Uses, (2) Within a quotation @ A: B A: B FHTHRELEDH rea, FH LEVERWES. Urb, SLA? THLE, FSLBVET. PGB. ISAK RET Po [FHRADEVERVETS SHIH WY AkaMPR ICRA Ve ELK [BLA, BVETMD. LAR, BLAUAICBCEF. SL RIIRS E CRIS Ald) BE Lie (3) Within a noun-modifying clause @ AEH 72D ie. ETHBELAPORTT. HEH fio RG (ORB) IZ, BULPORTT. WEARATEIT vid, ETHBULI ORTH. WHRoRA, FORHOTRSEATHS ees ot OQ EC FREBLASVED. SEY HHT VALET. @ BATCHES ERIAME OCH. HE LOBITIREISE ERI AED TH 65 +: Are you going to play tennis today? 1 No, I don’t think so. : So how about tomorrow? we > wD + 1 think I will play tennis tomorrow. ‘A: Are you going to see Nakayama-san today? B : Idon’t think so, Theard that Nakayama-san will not come to school today. A : Are you going to see her tomorrow? B : Yes, I think I will see her tomorrow. She said she will come tomorrow. ‘The movie I saw yesterday was very interesting. ‘The food 1 ate ata restaurant yesterday was good. ‘The wine I drank yesterday was very good. ‘The guy Imet yesterday is my boyfriend. Some people write a lot of letters. Some peo- pie don’t, Many people smoke in Japan, Fewer people smoke in my country.PRACTICE 1. Practice reading the following conversations. [Retna @® Offering a book to read ALLOA, Bits? a Bijky WetT. ® Atapary LDAT, BRB? tJ ke ‘ DE, tiki? L35ky CoM Bhs wp o> > LEBEDRS? Bigay SF ie @ Talking to a sick person TEA Ma, FBC ere ? IDA, BK Bk Booby MAT ? bo, Birk. a o> wD @® A forgetful person Al*77 9D A, Bok? me Bido, EKBoTRM. "Troy rs tax 2. Practice reading the following conversations. OQ ALSWEREES ETH. hn em BIvW2, PPRVERWET. a 66® LL # Introduction to Plain Forms of the Verb and Their Uses A: FAMTIA RIED ETM PVA, PORWEBVETS SREB EHS ET. AIELBAA 8 Pwd, Bla E VET. | MBAS Hide 3 Fah. PVA, ERO RV ETS A: SWB ERAET A bith Bt TOWRA, MEZVCROET, be Al PHBHACAD ETM. paws, ASBBVERVES, Alé Lec & ETM. POV A, FAMEVE RET. ALOLEFSAELETM. PWOVA, LEVEMV ET. Me HIRE BRE RUE Tah. BES EGE PMA, RDRVERWE To : HLEPRERBET Io Pewa, WEBVERVES. BLEKEBLEFH PVA, BSRVERVET. Atvtyva YERVETH. Phtea, HDRUERVET. A 1 HRSA TV EY bem ETD. wo Dawa, BORVEMVET 673. Practice reading the following sentences. 2° EC FMEBL ASV ET. DEVBPROARVETS cen OE ® & CHM EMEA VET. HEVBEEAVVET. 9 & CBREMC ABU ETS SEVMPRVAGVET. © ROBE AvVET. HEVBHPEVOACVET @ ® ECR ABET. PAEAWMPEVACCETS a SBF AOVAT. HEVMSZVAGVET. x KHEAROE Fo EAEAMBEBVAROETS © 8 6 z< AEREAEVETS PAEAREBOASVET. @ BHSHEREALVET PAEAME EVA BWET. noes et Ay ea FEBIAGOET. EAEMEDEVA LV ET. Boe zs BRU BILWET. EAEAKECADEVAGVETS £ SMENG AOE To PHEARDEVABRVET. wobd HEVSLGWVET. PAA HIVEWASOEFS & -form + For an explanation of the %\»-form of the verb, study row I of each chart in the appendi () terewre 80 @ Please don’t write memos in the library books. HSMOAC ILA ELBE TK ES 6 Euibh ak e RodleRoed av, @ Please don’t open it. A: BEMTTOOV THM BitAETA. PELOUTHEFOT, BITRE CS ESV. ALt4CHM bYELE. AL B: Please don’t write. ‘What do you usually do on Sunday? 11do cleaning and laundry (and some other household work) in the morning. And enjoy reading books, listening to music, and so forth in the aftemoon. T some- times go to see movies, and mect my friends Please don't write memos in the library books. And please do not draw lines. B: : May [open the window? I'm sorry but please don’t open it because Thave a cold. 2 Oh, Isee. (qq) Berenizevaen (or BABE TRAVERA) Thave to write. @ Ihave to write a report tomorrow. Al adlry Me MCAT S ETA. BithdtAs SLI, LVR-b teh TEWFMILE YEA 72 AL “B Shall we go to see a movie tomorrow? :T'm soy but T have to write a report tomorrow,1+ Expressions Using #2-form, 2'+-form, and Dictionary Form AL E9CIHD Ue, HSoTH? A: Isee, So how about the day after tomorow? Bi SS oT, WRB AFBI MLE Y B : Thave to goto the lab the day after tomorrow. Eth, ALB3 CHM. Kite, @® have to read a lot of books. ALBEE D CTP. VERLOETIH DS A: Howare you doing these days? Are you busy? eae Biddy ECBVEMLECH. KK SA Bs Yes, I'm so busy. I have to read a lot of ReMREURUTE NERA RS h books. | attend many classes. Ihave to give 2 a presentation, And I’ve received a lot of E- & khbD xT. BRS Limite) mail, so I have to write many responses. I BUA, SLC, BAIA EA have te clan my room and do the : Jaundry. THETONT BBE Be ipadeD KA. MEDS DUE Kid Leh ERY) EAD ALREVAATT Bo A: You've got so much to do. Bi do, SITHCHA. EATAMSR Bs Ohit’s already seven. I's time to go home, WEE) RA. TL ER BLE, — PVoulomomowe ee LH wt BREET Brew choc ET. wee ee AWo WRI E SCAT JERE. REO SLE BOET. ® ALFARTISAEKET Bi, ROERVES, 6©e0e 78 T want to visit Nara some day, I'm planning to go to see a movie on Sunday. think kanji are difficult. A 1s Ali-san coming today? © B: Yes; think he is,IL Expressions Usi @® I want to copy them. May 1? ALTE-ELEWATTA C5%. VOTH Ho Birr, @® [want to use the PC. May I? g #9°form, €-form, and Plain Forms ‘A: I would like to use the copying machine, May 1? B: Yes, sure. Aaya 7 eVEWATER, Wie A! Twould like to use the computer. May 1? oP CHM Bizz, £9% B: Yes, sure, I i ss | (@ #aH How to waite ) @ Howto write a kanji A: [ah 8 JOR OF aRMbHY EtAe HAC nEeAD. B: PM TRIE TACT. @ _ How to read kanji (or the reading of kanji) A: MEORMA acd db moe ei, BS Lath BLE CHAET. Cc: DRLED KADER Be ET. wack toes @® How to use the copying machine ALTAEtA. FT E“Bo the date ) EtA. Bok, BAT REV. Bivweth ho @ Japanese way of thinking DE LIES FHKE AAIRE Like HAA DEBE SAVET. TUAPLEKAD ERAMDDY RT. 73 A: don’t know how to write “aki” (fall) in kanji. Will you show me how? B ; “Aki” is a combination of “" and A: What do you do when you don’t know the reading of kanji? B : [consult a dictionary. C: Lask a Japanese friend. A: Excuse me, I don’t know how to use the copying machine. Will you show me how touse it? B: Sure, Teame to Japan three years ago. I have many Japanese friends. Now I understand. the Japanese way of thinking a litle(o BaREELE went to write. ) @ went out to drink with Yamada-san WEA ORISMHSALRAKTE ELIZ 20> ae REE oe PHS A EWM E RIFTS ET SL RUPE AL ADA TEES. eeux @® Shall we go to eat lunch? : BOBAERS TREAD. os . DRA FTRELED. DAMS Ald? baee DRINS AI, BRAED eMvicis x Like o> oe > I went out to drink with Yamada-san yester- day evening. I’m going to see movies with ‘Tanaka-san today. I'm going to karaoke with Yamashita-san tomorrow, A: Shall we go to eat lunch? B: Yes, let's. ‘A: Where is Ookawa-san? B : He went to buy a packed lunch, C8) eet cr /maees ® HOAVILE TEBEPTPORTH. e b AZORES EOLBSRL OTH. @ asx APFABERTWTT A, DSA BSC OTH. @ FRAY T Ya REETHBERTO CH. D BEOEFAF I FER RE TEE Cho Eb, Kroes Cues. ® BAPTVRE SHI ET. BAC OBE FoSVET. Easy to write / difficult to write y) ‘My old pen was very smooth, But my new ‘one is not so smooth. Katakana are easy to write, but hiragana are difficult to write, ‘Walking shoes are very comfortable to walk in, Recent VCRs have so many buttons. So, it is somewhat difficult to use them. ‘Some kanji are easy to remember. Other kanji «are difficult to remember,AL» Expressions Using $form, C-form, and Plain Forms (0) FSEVCH @® Doctoral dissertation DELIGHTS EA. K , BAEF. Ch. TI SAUSTHSS 3H. eta— ALIA GSE L CWE So oLalinanerabs ® _Mlooks like rain, A LSPS CHA. ae wo B TAR, MOYES CHa. Rio DE Elo Tho kiah BVT The TRA, TILAEIAVUTLE Fo @® How many people are expected to come? ALFA 1 A COVES THY B 1€5 CHa. 10 AS BVIERS eR EF. @® Aninjection bk LGB aie CF 0 HB. DPE OSE Like tne. Be TSeELK. E lt oAwOL MECH & ave Like ELT DELEEMELE Ut. breLit MSEF CLE. 81 (He/she) seems to write. (He/she) is about to write. ) I'm not going to write a doctoral dissertation this year. T'm going to write one next year. But Ali-san is apparently going to write a dis- sertation this year, He is working very hard. A + It's s0 datk outside, B : Yes, it looks like rain, A: Yes, I think we'd better bring umbrellas with us, B : Yes, I think we'd better do so. A:: How many people do you think are com- ing to the party? B : Well, [think zbout ten people are coming. Thate injections. I had a cold last month, so I went to see the doctor. She said I had a bad cold. And she gave me an injection. I almost cried,Phrases are formed by combining v-adjectives and %-adjectives with-a=& 3 C4 and at 3 -C, respectively. Study the following examples. «exp © A:BHHL CEELI LS A: Dinner is teady now. A Bibd, BULEF. VEKEET. FA, Bs Wow; it look delicious. Let’s eat. ‘Mmm, it’s so good. BVLV. @ ALLEA, PELE THI. ‘A: Your husband seems very kind. BIPSLED TIVE, Alt, PSL Bi He seems kind, but in actuality he pee anes is not so kind. ETT. ‘These phrases again form another 7-adjectives. <=> | BVLED RT ¥ delicious-looking cake PELTIGA ‘kind-looking person BLES x ‘a book that seems interesting REG teint a bag that looks heavy iam He BRA weather that looks like rain Be aware that this -@ 5 “¢- is completely different, in both meaning and form, from another ~£9 Ct, which is explained in I-38) below. BSMDELZ I began to write. { (7) Hawg eL*E I continued writing, \ BSRDVELE I finished writing. a @ Graduate thesis brik 1 AEC BES hijedE Lito began to write my thesis one year ago. And AQBRBTCOET. UO SABARUICH rm still working on it, Lee-san began to aA 2S neue write his thesis six months ago. And he fin- Stine LI FLT EH BSR) ELA ished writing i ast month ‘fest © Wild, Hy MO REELAS BO wstebted ok oe ® BME HMoECT. Thy VRIES LI XD REEL 83 It continued raining all day long. ‘felt bad pain in my legs. But I continued running,(8) HaPeeLE I wrote too much. 3 ® WHERE RST SS Lko EPS, FSHEERHE TH. seek on @ MEH DBldy RAT SE Lko RMS, FHEBEPO*RIVEV TT. ve taal be “BEF = condition 1} eH Eko ERAT SE Like oH lage DAT HEN CH. “iF = condition T wrote too many letters yesterday, So I feel pain in my wrist today. Tate too much last evening. So my stomach hurts today. I drank too much last evening. 1 don’t feel well today, Co) tetas + Also see ITi-4 of Part Six. @ HEB OR, HOI Fe HS E Lite AMA CAREL CHET. Fit MS Ht By MOTE RBRE Lo Q FREMSLMSMMISOLIECHE mae muse) Fo Th. FLETMEAS MMT SC LIS THERA. © PRLAVOOE, WHREMERMEAE Batt. ® WEA OWE 3 AEE. BHEMALNG LE LE LK. ETHRL ORTHO ® HELUVOBAET EMVEMELRE + ion Fo EAFBL. WOTAFTMBEFS a4 (I did ~), while I wrote, ) I wrote a letter to my mother in my country last night, She is sick and in a hospital now. While I wrote letter, I thought of her. Tean study while I listen to music, But I can’t study while I watch TV. T usually read a book while T listen to music in the evening. I talked with my friend while drinking till three o’clock last night. We had a very good time. ” [usually think over things while I smoke. I get many good ideas that way.Il ¢ Expressions Using ¥-form, ‘C-form, and Plain Forms % For an explanation of the “C-form of the verb, study row VII of each chart in the appendix. 1) Fe twEs Tam writing. ) + Also see [1-2- (2)~{4) of Part Two for different uses of ~ Tw 4. @ Pm writing a letter now. ALPAERAs SEDEVWET AS A: I'm sorry, but may T talk to you? Bis, brok, FMEBOETLET. 4H Bs I'msory, but I’m writing a letter now. aaa i Would you please wait a little while? Ufo TCE, @® _Lee-san is talking to sensee now. ALY-SASPIUSASMHSA SWE As 1 don’t see Lee-san, Nakayama-san, or aes bras ‘Yamada-san here. Ao Biy- S Ata geHe E ae LTWET. Hl Bs Lee-san is talking to sensee now. And tes . 3 Nakayama-san is studying in the library. é Ate BBA RE CHER LTe ET. Al WHS Ald ? ‘A: Where is Yamada-san? BIMASAALRDOMETHTU ET — B: He is sleeping in the next room, b ALERCHR Ar Ise. € (2) BU CES BN EAD Please write,/ Will you please write? ) 4% Also see 1I-2-(6) and Practices of Part Two for different examples of ~C < 2 &V. number. f : E OO PMLA L BMPS EHO TI RS. Please write your address, name, and phone. Gli BER TEAS @ FRELAM, REMIT NEA Excuse me, but would you open the window? Phar @ Becbowcsa May write? /AmTallovedio wie?) @ May I write in roman letters? SI B-VECHE THRU TT AD S : May I write in roman letters? ze 85TiMwara, BOTT. TH(OTA BD td, ve Oba ER CHT CHEV. @® May Lopen the window? A: REMIT CEOUETHD Biaa, (AGTH) YOUTH EL. 4) Mecevecy G @ _ May I write in roman letters? Ti BAGO RE THOT BOTH. SIU VETHE TEU THA Titas GAOFA NI O-eECH WTEUUCH. @® = May I tum off the air conditioner? A: FT ALEDo TOOTH A, BiRzA, HoT) Volt she (# HE TIVIT ECA @ You are not allowed to write in roman letters. SIT VECHOE TAH te Timer, oH (OFAb)IA U- VET BO TEVU EtA. Dod eRET BTC BSW. 86 T: No, you may not. Please use hiragana and kanji in answering today's quiz. A: May Topen the window? B: Yes, sure. You may write. / You are allowed to write.) T : You may write your answer in hiragana, S : May I write in roman letters? T ; Yes, you may use roman letters in answer- ing today’s quiz. ‘A: May I tur off the air conditioner? B : Yes, certainly. ‘You may not writ ‘You are not allowed to S ; May I write in roman letters? T : No, you are not allowed to write in roman letters in today's quiz. Please write in Riragana and kanji.11 « Expressions Using form, form, and Plain Forms @® Smoking and drinking BATIA, 20 mets BoBwMA BE ACRE. EL Flee eho CRU ERA. Th ops Bia CHEF. KIC Mo TET. (@ socal cr Tn Japan people under twenty years old are not allowed to drink. They are also not allowed to smoke. However, many university students do drink, And they also smoke, want you to write, ) @®__ I want him to write to me more often. be LISFRED ( OAUES THe ae 2. SSE To La FMET < Ont E DUES Clad) EtA. EPS, Sip OF ALA 1M Seth, bok FMEBO TEL REBWET. Tike to write letters. I write two to three let- lers a week. My father doesn’t like to write Tet- ters. He usually writes to me only once a ‘month, I want him to write to me more often. @® _Lwish people would use E-mail or the Internet more. SWRA YI-RY bE DDE BOT ELELResT, Ch, Atomic, 3 we mole ee YER IIHVABVETS Be oe I wish people would use E-mail or the Internet more. But (I understand that) some people in our company are not accustomed to using computers. (@ avcanay oO bELOAR I — Hci eB. Stee CHVET. @ BRROBMIIEA-WT FLA beet SVE. @ BBOFTE, [lOMBIK Ao THO ETA! ERO tTHD ELK. a7 ~ is written. ) My name is written in all my books and note- ‘books. Recent business cards usually bear the person’s E-mail address. A notice forbidding entry was on the door to the room.QD WHFEAADFS BICATR EL. MBORI visited my sensee’s house yesterday. A beau- - SRUDAOHNTC A) Evite | __ Mifilainting was.on te wal of the room, oe C (8) WCBS EF ——_ Twill write (now) (in preparation for future convenience). ) ~ C45. & EF docs not add any substantial meaning. It simply implies that the action is performed for future convenience. @ Please also write down your fax number just in case. AS BME SIAM KRY THY ET. A: My phone number is written on the busi- cen WAS ae : 5 a 3 * re 4 ness card. BETH Rs Thy 77 IFATHET wy ves Deel wy mR Ul you Dy BE SPLNEtA. ED, TPIIA So please also write down your fax num- ber just in case, BEB TBE TC REV. @® Ihave stored wine in the refrigerator. BUD 74 VeME LTS ELE. 74 [have chilled some wine in the refrigerator. hoe) ° : ne . For those who prefer wine, please feel free to YAP Re NS eae HLT, BACK IE get it out and drink it Slay @ She packs everything in the bag the night before depature. HMNIVDSMHMAVW TH. HATOL AB, My elder sister is atways well prepared. Be eoKo anes a " ‘When she goes on a trip, she packs every- MOH OREM MEAN TBE EF. thing in the bag the night before depature. @® Please keep it on, A:z7ay wo ETL A: I’m tuming off the air conditioner. Bi boy LTA DFTEUTK Sv. Bs Oh, please keep it on. I'm still using this COMBI, ELE TPS, ‘oom @® Please keep it on the desk. o Aj: Shall I put the dictionary back on the Bi do, MOLKRY THO TCHS, HOH? OR OR OB B : Oh, please keep it on the desk. I’m still EAMETS DB. using it. 88IL Expressions Using £4-form, “C-form, and Plain Forms Co BeCARd I will try writing it. ‘) 4 ~TAET does not add any substantial meaning. It simply implies that the action is performed as a trial. @ don’t know whether Ican write it or not, but I will try. (RMIOUFIL ST LTH. TH, ‘The kanji for “junbi" is complicated. I don’t UEREDPDINY REAM BUCAT. Fe ether Kean vite orn, PT Will (For ~sL 5am YEAA, see T-3- UW ofthis Par.) @® _ P'mnot sure whether it’s good or not, but please try it. ALBRLELEL A. MMAR EL 7. As Tm sory to have kept you waiting Biewega, 7 cee ALBVULURED PRY EAD HX As P'mnot sure whether it’s good of not, but TAT CEEUS . ae (For ~ £3 ba) EA, see [-3-(t2) of this Part.) @® Lreally want to try it some day. ALDRLET LEMAR EMH DED A: Thave never eaten sushi, [ really want to ho LORRAIN CT eee Bie5 tthe Led, FIRS LEIR Bs Isee. Well, let’s go to cat sushi sometime. ae THELED. ® really want to see it some day. AL DELIENEE RS Lath) EEA, A:T have never seen Not. Lreally want to YOR CAR CT. Sate BiZd CH Led, Stevo Lr ek HEEL EG. “fe =Nok play w 1 Tsee. Well, let’s go to see Nok sometime, ® _Lreally want to listen to it some day. A LAY ERY T OBBEBMV ES Ltd Az Thave never listened to Indonesian music, — # Treally want to listen to it some day. EA COE TARA CHS Bidz, BOBO TATC RE Sv, B : It's good. Please listen to it sometime. 89Co HecLEeEt I will finish writing, :) D HS oTHOMTTTKC OC SLELET base LR hESBHOTLEVET. ese @ PURBcLvoLsibrkLOBwetam moe bons sy eae MA CLEWE LK Co) BwcLEVELE Because I'm going on a trip the day after | tomorrow, 1 will finish writing the report by tomorrow, My younger brother has drunk all my sake with his friends, stakenly /unfortunately I wrot ) * ~CLEWEF docs not add any substantial meaning, It simply implies that the action/phenomenon is beyond the person/speaker's control, OD MAK, DELUMLWAKYMEBS yoo fa bee Gk BER Elke ELC. MAMOK b Ail em TLEVELAL @ PAFERLLTLEWELA Ed, GRETA BEAN DEAS oa @ 3av€s-—7PODNTLEVELZ DE. CACAMTRCE EA eek eeuekcue ens (COMET T wrote down my name on my new books, And I mistakenly wrote my name also on the fibrary book as well 1 (unfortunately) lost my wallet. So I have no money now. “The computer has (unfortunately) broken down, So I cannot continue my work. Verbs which are used with ~% are called transitive verbs (vt.). And those which are not used with ~ % are called intransitive verbs (vi. Simply said, transitive verbs describe human actions toward or with the object indicated by ~-%. Intransitive verbs, on the other hand, describe what happened to the object or person in question. Listed below are examples of transitive and intransitive pairs. 20TL + Expressions Using form, C-form, and Plain Forms @® -ervand-arw RENDS — BIRD ; WEEKS —WEVRES BEI S. SEEMED BREAD —RRAEDS PETROS — PEIRTS FREER S — FEV S BEES REDS —MEBSREES s¢ Verbs that end ih -ert are mostly transitive verbs. Verbs that end in -ara are mostly intransitive verbs. = O-erusndn BEMIS — BAM C BRET S — MAAS SMe cS —— RB AIZO. BEE He % — ahmASe tS @. -swand-ru LVR T— E-WARBAS eS — BOCAS eels y Fontes Fo SEBLT 29 THEE BEIT — ARS Verbs that end in-sw are usually transitive verbs. @® -asuand-u MeAPRE TILT — AFTRA APES T — DHE © -eswand -ieru BRET — BRE RS ®© -wand-eru RY ERE, — STDS SERED. — MRA HP REDE HFABDNS [As you see in the examples, many transitive and intransitive pairs share the sime or similar stems, On the other hand, we unfortunately cannot find a common set of transitive and intransitive markers at the end of the verbs. 13. Expressions using plain forms + For an explanation of the plain forms of the verb, study rows I , It and Vi of each chart in the appendix. (1) BSTERLELE I decided to write. BPEVCLKLELE I decided not to write, @) Doctoral dissertation ® ~ I finally decided to write it. WE: ML, SARS ETD. ‘Yamada ; Are you going to write a disserta- SEE ACL aOR, SEL 7Y PACED MBRE LEA RIED tion this year? Ali + T have thought over the matter, and T BC CEE LELK WHS AIL? finally decided to write it (this year). ‘How about you, Yamada-san? WH: DAL OEAELAAK BWC — Yamada: I also have thought over the mat- (WLELI #3 = doctoral dissertation , ** 14) = finally (and choosing the original idea) @® Haruko and Akiko @ —I finally decided to go to Hawaii. ter, and I decided not to write it. aT: PYACACECUTAETH. Akiko : Where are you going to go for < . 5, SRI Zde Christmas? BT TANTANAE SI TT BICC Oy Zz Natsuko : I was wondering whether I should RELEM PIN ATIA EHC TE go to Hawaii or Guam, but I finally ELELR. NIA KibfPoRT EA decid fa gota Haoalt Slealy, T've never been to Hawaii. How BVETAPG. KFSAI? about you, Akiko? RF bELDS BATE AT RRWCTA ae Akiko; Tlove to goon a trip, but I decided ws Bese LELELE. to stay home this year, BF bd. T5.0 OFOLVTCT Natsuko ; Really. That doesn't seem like you, @ But this time I decided to go by plane. AM : ER i (SRE CHT SETA. Ookawa : Are you going to Tokyo by shin- Pe en - kansen’? BP MORRMMETTITC, SRIEIT outa) TF unually go by shinkansen, bot MCHC CLELELK. MRO : BRC BS CHP be “98 = the bullet train, shinkansen 92 this time I decided to go by plane, because the appointment time is ten o'clock in the morning.i ( G I+ Expressions Using $form, *C-form, and Plain Forms BC CERRO ELE BPS TECSY ELE @ _Itwas decided that T would write. It was decided that I/he/she will write. . Tt was decided that I/he/she will not writes Are you going to submit a paper to the next journal? | didn’t want to, But as all the other students decided to write papers, I finally decided to write one, too, ‘Thank you for your kindness. (It was decided that) I'm going to Stanford University this September. : Really? Congratulations. ‘What are we going to read at our UML: aEO* BASIC ESS ETA. —_ Ookawa : seul: DELIGHEEK BdoRTH. Th, Nakayama ¢ (EPOZEMANEB COT HE Faw te Ry bDELOHBS TERE) EL. ‘825g = academic journal, #355 = research paper, ***f/aj =finally @® (It was decided that) I'm going to Stanford University this September. ARAL te KW OELL. 9HA Kimura: 2ts ae gee eb w BAYT 4 BREAK CkKee bELKS Hn LEACH Ehid, BOCEICS — Tanaka WET. @® _ It was decided that we are going to read a journal article. Fs FROMMER CLM e AE To Yamada : TEE che ahaa OED Kil MEOMTE RET LKEBVELS TERA BOT— ZO EIciite Uae 3a, Ookawa + aoe next reading group session? It was decided that we are going to read a journal article. The copies are placed on the table of the CHET research room, Benes Tintend to write./I will write. BBD CT Lintend not to write. /L-will not write. ) @ _ Doctoral dissertation @ —1 intend to finish it by March. AML: 7) SAREE D ETI Gnas TULA HY RVEROTHET. Ali - Ookawa : 93 Ali-san, are you going to visit your country this spring? + Yes, I’m planning to do so. What are you going to do with your dissertation?7) : en, BAS TCMLOB ott. Ali + Tintend to finish it by March. AMM E34 CH A Ookawa : Good, TY AAe CHPBABT SOAS LIE Ali: Yeah. T might not be able to com- i te . . plete everything. In that case I will | Ao TOES, 3 ARRMS eV aisranen Oar, i TC WAKHFOSY TH. | (Por ~ab LEA, see (tg below.) KMS E59 CHM. PELAT eM Ookawa : I see. By the way, are you going to Bele ate SKheedD aitend next week's conference? TU LOWA, FPEOEMW ET. KE Ali 1 don’t think so, I will work on the be Ho EMRE CLERC ORO TH EVEBDAEILD ELAL EXCITA. PIED, eh BROTH I. SAB CT EK BANEY EFI 124%, BAIS I~ “3930 = dissertation 3H EC Yamada 95 Ookawa : Yamada : Ookawa : T saw Ali-san working in the lab every day last week. Did you? So it seems that he is com- pleting his dissertation by March. It does seem so. He works so hard, +t Talso have to work hard.@ _ Haruko and Akiko @ —I heard that you are going to Singapore. TETSA, YYAR-WIAEC EFT Sia. TAR, SHOMDY TEES. TW CF Aa. a+: WA. EAD 1M CT. Letina Haruko Natsuko : Haruko Natsuko : : Natsuko-sam, I heard that you are going to Singapore. ‘Yes, I'm going at the end of March. Is great Not really. I will be there only a week, @® Haruko and Akiko @~I heard that you are going to Singapore. adi: ap BT: Bill: ET: all BF: BM AR. RKTT VEY b CHM. noes RF aad: BTSAy 3A ZICH BR. Rae kilo THE TI, 2A, Eb, ENT, Baok, Eo WEBN THOU TH thro RR WUTT Lo MTF AM. YHRMOSBE MO TETELOA THK YRAWOSECT PM. VY AR MILT SK RR, Edo Furukawa Natsuko : Furukawa : Natsuko : Furukawa : Natsuko : Furukawa Natsuko : Furukawa + Natsuko-san, T heard that you are going to Singapore on March, Yes. How did you know that? Well, Tdon’t know. And may I ask you to do some shopping for me? Yes, no problem, What do you want? T'd like to Chanel No. 5. sk you to buy some Chanel No. 5? Yes. Is ita present for your girlfriend? : Well, it’s something like that. © _ Haruko and Akiko @ —It seems that Furukawa-san has got a girlfriend. UF: aa AL: 50S AF: BF: AF: FINSA, RABCELARUTT Lo awh wots ZACH. BL SASK Y YR MC L&o Gor ~tL z, see Column 18 below.) RA, FIBLUCT AL ENT, WISARF SEAR Y YA MOS HERA TH ELI. a a ee 96 Akiko Akiko Fuyuko : Akiko Fuyuko : 1 It seems that Furukawa-san has got a girlfriend. Has he? 2 You know Natsuko-san is going to Singapore next month. Yes, that’s what [ heard. +: Tsaw Furukawa-san asking Natsuko- san to buy some Chanel No. 5.AF: IT Expressions Using #4-form, ‘C-form, and Plain Forms, ey ee | THIS 2 CMRANO TLE YETLEF Be FIBITL ED Fuyuko : Really? I guess that’s a present to his girlfriend, Akiko: I guess $0, too, @ Haruko and Akiko @ ~I heard that he is going to leave this company. RF: > = ny HSA, oH BRCWHE CAR. Rive Re LEFLEATLED. 0 TINS A, RAE CHS GLUT CAENTI LRA, SH LVMEBE SALTS BS wea BSE sh Lett. 19 BOB LRA MRO TH 5 Io 1E9CTAo HIISA, FRI HEMET & a i TRAIL BRGATCT AD HAE? 1 Sdeve LY RAMO 5 RODRIG ? TE ZHAC AKT, LILTHIISAD Ck, FARIEE Hla TH SO? I R20 $54) 1 OD DELRBEREMA LT. Yr AEB Listen to music-every evening Tike to | RES. “ listen to jazz. | | @ Becusrcwemes zz. asked a person waiking by to tell me || the way. | © RICA LER PE SEBEL’ 1 asked Ookawackun whether he will” | write his dissertation or not. BCEGCROELE told him /her to write, BOEVERRVET Ttold him / her not to write. @ Yamada-san’s dissertation @) Sensee : 1 heard that Yamada-kun will not Ke : 1 < Athy “MX EB EWS Le THe AM DRA RBABPEORS IF EBWETS See : BS BVA RBUVO CR KIM A DEB EZ ‘3 TREADS AM: a, Led, Bo tTAET. “aX = dissertation ® Yamada-san’s dissertation @) AM: WHS Ao bine | ae WS kv, PCL EF. AML: eH, HEL BOT, WHEADEE Re WH: 5, £5 CHA. 104 Ookawa : Sense Ookawa : Ookawa : ‘Yamada : ‘Ookawa + ‘Yamada write his dissertation. Yes, I think he will not write. : I think it’s better to complete it. So will you tell Yamada-kun to write his dissertation? ‘Yes, I will talk to him Hi, Yamada-san. Hi, Ookawa-san. I met sense yesterday, and we had a conversation about you. Really?IL ¢ Expressions Using #-form, °C-form, and Plain Forms KM RR THC HAHEI, “ERC HES EGKHOTHELTE. IU: HS, HCH A AMES By BOB RIES Awe Bye ETo WH? 23TH. TH, 813K = dissertation @® _Yamada-san’s dissertation @) Sate: £9-C Litas Halll BCLS BVE LADS eon. ZATTP BACT ido THEW PLD Sete t @® Sensee talking about the students BLMELEVEFCGVEL Ceeiny bee ual RAS BEL SIO ORE Leet # RP CREE Hebe ka Lica, VOOMMEDM TET. EK, RRO ih STAY eWoT, MEMOS HICH ELEA ENSLECA. DEWEETT. ® Students talking about their sensee % ELIA ew EAE LAV ESIC vet Thy FED BMD Mb Ve & cs RECMS ET. Sc ARO Rare EReFcz WET. Thy BRD» Bae aid, eegart. Er, eR miei. aravepoc. SEMSS EFI KHIGOET A DObEACLEWET. 105, Ookawa : Yes. And sensee asked me to tell you to write your dissertation, ‘Yamada : Really? Ookawa.; And I myself recommend you to complete it as soon as possible. Yamada : [agree with you, but .... Sensee ; Did you talk to Yamada-kun? What's his response? Ookawa : Yes. I told him to write it, but it seems that he still will not write it. Sense + 1see. I'm sorry to hear that. Told the students not to talk among them- selves during the class, but they always talk to each other. I also told the students not to consult a dictionary, but they always do so. And I told the students to turn off the air con- ditioner and close the window after class, but nobody does. They are such bad students. Sensee tells us not to talk among ourselves uring the class, But I ask my friends to explain when I don't understand sensee’s explanation. Sensee also tells us not to con- sult a dictionary. But T do so when I don’t understand a word. And sensee tells us to tum off the air conditioner and close the win- dow, but we always forget to do so.1. Volitional form and imperative form (1) Volitional form For an explanation of the volitional form of the verbs, study row V of each chart in the appen- ° dix. (2) Imperative form Imperative forms of stem verbs, irregular verbs, and inflectional verbs are formed in the follow- ing way. @ Stem verbs : Simply add 4 to the stem of the verb. eas get 1 \ A BA : : BARES ' aoe @® Irregular verbs : The imperative forms of L #4 and HF are LS and Ive respectively. RET BSED 4 J RAB BES BES DET t + PAIS PADS > c Let RET J t La aes @®_Inflectional verbs : Change i- F into -e as shown in the examples below. Baay 4 80 KAET 4 Sed BEES 4 sit me MOET 4 tire we 108 BLES EET 4 4 Bet FT ADET Bees 4 t An az ae °2. Expressions using the volitional form ILL » Expressions Using Volitional Form and Imperative Form j@ ®@ = HOALLELA Tried to write. if! BOFELELLAY BU ERA/TL Ro Cor potential expressions, see II of Part Five.) BOF ELELRAS Fai TC, BIE tATLRo BOPELELAA, Laie c, BIE eATLEo . Mo IELELRA FAURE 6 T ew EUATLED L REF LLELEAL PVA WAH T. Shy EA CLR - WAFELELEM, “ILC TS Qnee ATL talus = hard, | MRIASIELELEAS ASC TC, se ae oe bs ANEXATL Eo . RAKFELE Liza, rae TC. MAb EEATLICo | MEF ELELEM Sd, HONE BAT I i PIEAOMKANE ELELEAM KS tee roy SRT ANGNRECTATLES | URL AGELELEA FSSC TC. 5. BCE EMA TLR. I tried to write, but as T got a pain in my hand Tcouldn’t write, Ltried to walk, but as I got a pain in my legs, Icouldn’t walk. Tuied to read, but as the print was so small, I couldn’t read. I tried to drink, but as the liquor was so strong, I couldn’t drink. I tried to cut it, but as it was so hard, 1 coulda’t cut it, T tried to go into the room, but as it was so crowded, I couldn't go in. T tried to eat, but as it was so hot, I couldn’t cat it. Tried to wear the clothes, but as they were so small, I couldn't wear them, Tried to put it in the bag, but as it was so big, Teouldn’t get it in the bag, T tried to study, but as it was so noisy, I couldn't study. MEFELTS, WTA. (For potential expressions, see HL of Part Five.) + RITES T. MEXELTR. UTETA. 107 As [have a strong pain in my legs, I can’t get up even if I try very hard.b HEOMvibid, BREFELTR. BH on bee be BREA. & ADM, BREDELTO. Rive PER SHEA “tf; = personality e Th. HONEA. | ATOM OME, FRLC T BEIGE Even if I try very hard, F just can’t forget the memories of time I spent with him. Even if one try very hard, one cannot change his/her personality easily. As I get very excited the night before a trip, I can’t sleep even if try very hard, (a) #zaeBocoRsE Iam planning to write. ) ® Tm planning to write many of them this year. Al MEBRER< SABSETD. an sice) * Biars, GREATS < SABLA tHe Tok Fo Reich & QHBSEVATLED DS. “SEER = New Year's card ® _'mplanning to go to see « movie. At HME LE ti. BIOSLAY IC, MEH THET. AL E5TCIM HELIUFARELEGL BotvEte Bi Hd, THEVWTCH A. @® I’m planning to cook pasta with seafood. A: SHRM EHED EF BIGHIY—I7— VF NAY ESI EM 2TREF. AlWOTCT Ro DKLIAGAUIHCHNE eee JFEMoTREF. A: Are you going to write many New Year's cards? B : Yes, I'm planning to write many of them this year, as I didn’t write many of them last year. ‘A.: What wre you going to do on Sunday? 2 I'm planning to go to see a movie. It's been a long time since I last saw a movie. A: [see. I'm planning to play tennis. B : Oh, that also sounds great, A : What are you going to cook today? B : I'm planning to cook pasta with seafood. A:: Good. I’m planning to eat out today.TIT + Expressions Using Volitional Form and Imperative Form Bi tj CH Crd, LEKRNER AM. Al Roy VUATTA. Bika, YETI Le thokb, Wo B : Tsee. Would you like come to eat dinner at my house? A: Well, may 1? B: Sure. No problem. A: Twould love to join you. Aled, T6tIKZVET. (CG) HoZPE(B)BeSLE Tt had occurred to me that it might be a good idea to write. ALE, UMREBE ETP. Biwwa, BEECA, MEHL IDE MVE LAN RAB HBVE EEL Hoaze ELK. ‘pga =New Year's card, **#4 10 = finally @ _Ithad occurred to me that it might be a good idea to write them this year, but .. A: Do you write New Year’s cards every year? B : No, I don’t write them. It had occurred to me that it might a good idea to write them this year, but I finally decided not to write them, @® _Ithad occurred to me that it might be a good idea to go abroad, but ... ADDIE LIAIEY 7H WIFTEET. Lanett he PELOAAIATC IME Eat Ae LEA, RIED. WODERE EDK, MRI C CLI LE LZ hee ALENOOU THR. 4012) =finally (and choosing the original idea), ++ aL = hot spring resort A.: Tam going to Singapore this spring. B : That’s great. Ithad occurred to me that it might be a good idea to go abroad, but finally I decided to go to a hot spring resort as T usually do during a vacation, A: That also sounds great. @® _Wsometimes occurs to me that it may be a good idea to eat out, but... ALMA Ob BD CHED ETM. uh ERA 3k Birr, BCD ET. LSLS, HR SEGMEBWETA, Ea, corer’ tones CHAE + HANTS OMICS 15 0 *#8Fi = finally 109 A: Do you usually cook dinner by yourself? B : Yes, Ido. It sometimes occurs to me that it may be a good idea to eat out, but T usually end up eating at home, It is trou- blesome for me to go cut.Imperative forms by themselves are almost never used in normal conversation. Simply remem- ber the following formulaic expressions. Cm & SbNIUE. ~(LYET If it is imperative to do so, I will do it. ) @ Latmbnnd, LET HEDLEY ROCF, @ tke, RBERbNNIE, RAETA bE DHFS Clk Y EttAS *22c. = octopus ® BH, MweAdANI KASTA. STL D ELA. © Azar KA cabins, Key WS WES Tldt YD KA. © LMA. ROLRbrA RETA, Yee = ° . Tf it is imperative to do so, I will do it, But still I don’t want to do it. If you insist that I should eat octopus, T will. But I really don’t like it, If you insist that I should drink sake, I will. But [really don’t like it. Tf you insist that I should sing karaoke, I will. But I really don’t like it. If it is imperative to come to the office on Saturday, I will. But if possible, I prefer not to come on Saturday. CEMIRALU TT. (® o> o> wD : Mares Lapa awk, HBRAECEWCH. : BRINCAV EW CH re PMOWA, TUCDRWE CBC. DIALED ? TTD LIEK BOTH. D bed, (ECE SG TIMULOVD ? 1 BEIM TOT CRE. @ Anemply room A B : BUIRICZEN AWE Lit. Dar, RMBVECA TLE ELT fe HYVEEATLED @® Alost wallet A [4 7, HSVELED Bie’, PEAOBY, BLOWS EHLEL RAL HOES) EtAc (3) E4C : by oneself @ Took it by myself. A B @ RVAv OVA AD CMIRLE L720 oh ae) Pood, BEALE LEdD. LBS CHEY ET. TR 3k (4), +A¢ ¢ by oneself or alone @® Tthink Ican do it by myself. A B PERE Ji LHVMEATSVEFS Ths TASTES EROEF. 115 > w > wD > Te Usages + Shall we eat something? + No, I don’t want to eat anything. + Would you like to see someone? + No, I don’t want to see anyone, +: So what do you want to do? B : Idon’t want to do anything. A + So what shall I do then? B : Please go anywhere you like. A: Did you sec anytody in the room? B : No, I saw nobody there. And there was nothing in the room, ‘A: Did you find the wallet? B : No, [looked in the bag and in the desk, but it was nowhere, ‘A: What do you usually do for dinner? B ; Lcook it by myself. Lleamed how to use a PC by myself. A: Shall Thelp you? B : Thank you for your offer. But I think I can do it by myself,@ Foe Bi, SED BECHOREAT Le When I was a child, I didn’t play with my ho ‘— NORE ACR uz friends a lot. Tusually read books by myself. pena ® RCRA ERNE OI, &koOLSUL It seems somewhat lonely to eat dinner wet alone, (5) H&~ : ~are left @®_ Reading assignment A: Ht108- YC OAD) Et. A : Ten pages are left to finish this book, ane Bi kok tT hae B : You worked so hard. Ald, EKHELMSHV ET. A : But I still have another book to read. wae Q SL AWM CHRO FAHY ET. Only two weeks are left to conclude the om Sino aor, 7 Japanese class. Six months was very short tp nee (6) ~DLZ4 : ~’s office/place/ete. @ Please come to me after the class, Aibdzro esa) LF. BRORT, 7 A: Ihave something to tell you. Please come OLLZERTL RAV, ase to me after the class, 2 B: lay B: Yes, Twill. GRP Please don’t say “bots LSC ¢ HS". His ungrammatical @® Ihave to go to see my sense. AS BILLA, RAs ELEGo A : Let’s go to eat lunch. be coe BithETA. DELILE LOLHAOLTA B: I'msony. Ihave to go to sce my sense. eae KTP BIMULE Y EEA. 116Le Usapes ence ek) ABMEEAEO CT Asan is a womanlike person. pee DBEABKOLG Cho B-san is a womanlike person. : © CEARKSLU TT ‘C-san is a womanly person. ! ‘When you ear these three sentences, which person do you think is a man, A-san, B-san or C: i san? And whrich person do you think is a woman? The answer is that A-san and B-san aré men, and C-sanis a Wonian: “XikY ACH” and “XikYOLI TH" can roughly be translated as "=X istike ¥(bubnot YY". And “KikY5UWC4" means that X has prototypical characteristics of E ‘Y¥. So iniusing-Ysis(; vs-C-F,, there exist socio-culturally agreed characteristics of Y. These three expressions are also used in the following way. PABABLARWEATS. Asana womaiic eon, | SW BSAEKOLI EAT. B-san is a womanlike person: eC BAdEK LOATH. ‘C-san is a womanly person. ‘The diferen s between ~ayrei> and ~-K>te is that while ~4uzov> is normally ets HOLE 2. Particles and particle phrases (1) ~CS@ : ~or something like that @ Shall we have a cup of tea (or something like that)? Ai kpoks, BRTOMAE TAD. A: Ifyou like, shall we have a cup of tea ; (or something like that)? DRA 9 WUE ESTE TA, BiRR eas. ‘emo FFD. B : Yes, let's. Do you know any good place? Re seftic— Bx OY Lua WE A: Yes. There is a good coffee shop near + aeee the station, WwW@ _ Shall we eat soba (or something like that)? Al broe BEAM SELLER A: Weare hungry, aren't we? Birr B: Yes. A? "ETOH RAE Lathe A: Shall we eat soba (or something like thal)? BUxks £9 LELESs, B : Yes, let’s do so. * (d= buckwheat noodles, soba (2) ~CS@ i even~ ® CABAL OTE CS Et. bok, iF Even a child can answer this question. PLUFRPELT CHEW, Please give me more difficult test. @ CAGETVBOI, ATS RAETA. Even a dog do not cat such bad food. (3) ~CO : ~(will be fine) @ You may submit it next week. Mee HE, DR bh, GRICE SIMUL Student : Sense, do I have to submit my chen chteitod aan sania ah seport within this week? HEAD. FEE OWA, RECHT Lo Sensee + No. You may submit it next week. eee Bl bd, Kipoke Student : Oh, I’m relieved. ® Beer will be fine, ALI4Y HVETH ‘A: Do you have wine? BitaktAs 74 viddbv EtA. B ; I'm sorry, but we don’t have wine. Al UPd, EHV GZ OUT, A : Okay, beer will be fine. (4) ~78ty : simply~ @ _Isimply have a cup of coffee for breakfast. A: BWI MERE Fr. ‘A : What do you usually eat for breakfast? B: Mlsa—e—-RU CH. B : [simply have a cup of coffee for breakfast. 18@ AHI AMA A SEMA SCY FF. tale cere Eee (5) ~La + only~ L* Usages We work from Monday to Saturday. Sunday is our only day off. + Please note that ~ La is used with a negative expression in the predicate, ® WEA Id 3 REM LPB EE AC Lio Rab, FARE TR ALU TH. es @ RKa-ay NCH SE LR Cd, 1 MIL PVELAT LIE (6) ~t& : at least~ @ _ It takes at least three hours by plane. A: Ali bay ay ETE TL £0 Biaay CRAMTET 3 EE LRe ETL. ® Itcosts at least a hundred thousand yen. A: RTCA a IPRETI, WC PDD E th B: 10 Bete) EF. T slept only three hours yesterday. So am very sleepy today. T went to Europe last summer. But I spent only one week there. A‘Tt’s a short distance from Osaka to Hongkong, isn’t it? B : Yes, but it takes at least three hours by plane. A : How much does it cost to fly to Europe? B : It costs at least a hundred thousand yen. (7) ~® :as long as~, as many as~, as much as~, etc. ® MEE SMITE ELTo vod, Hie Keane. Ch MERE, ihate ATWOT eee) ELK. ® bkrovvvavik, 2DKOHSETIY avTF. TH. 4,000 FHS LELK. 19 L went to Nagoya yesterday. Usually it takes three hours to go to Nagoya. But it took as long as five hours to reach there, because the traffic was so heavy. My condo is a small one with two rooms and a dining-kitchen room. But T paid as much as forty million yen for that,(8) ~tkoT : for~ ® ARMA CH 5 BPs, FEA Eo THAOUIELNA CT. ® RUREDE LICE oT SIEAKM TT (9) ~@7exte : for (the sake of)~ OD PELIMMORWEDAY7Z ELCHET, D LIMO ROICE < OCH o @ BABOMBOROWICBA TEL THETS AbS aoe * ERec () ~toV'c : about~ @® oH thbie Lomigicou cis LES. @ MEDI, MELT ROBO THMLELE. aoa Pete EEC aad a (il) ~&t95 | noun @ _ We gota phone call from a person called Akiyama. Al S08, KILEWS Ad SMR) ELE beeen ee ko Bi bd, TI CHDY AR, ERMMTSL Bo THE Lite noun | named/called~ ® Do you know a philosopher named Foucault? At POA EW MAB Elo CHET IM Bi ary MotTwEto REE I 2 Lah BLE Like #444 = philosopher 120 Prices are so high in Japan, So it is very hard for foreigners to live in Japan. ‘My family is the most important thing for me. T jog for the sake of my health. ‘Smoking is very bad for the health, watch TV every day to improve my Japanese, Today I'm going to tell you about my research, My friend and I talked about children’s education yesterday. A: Just a few minutes ago we got a phone call from a person called Akiyama, B : Well, Tsee. A : He said he will call you again. A: Do you know a philosopher named Foucault? B : Yes, I've heard the name before. I stud- ied Foucault just a little when I was in college.(1) UT Oré5 UT) OD RABHCH SLT. Hii oe ete ae BROKE CT 5323 than @ RAPSLOTH ELT HSVLOTH. ®@ HAAR TH ELT HACE CT. DELILHAUAIES TH @ BORAT ERNET, ELT FEM = z EKAET. | @ PRAIICME VET SLT. AMICI vet. (2) $e @ Strange behavior of Kurokawa-san PAI DPLAMEL EERE LI END BITNFICRAIATARL Co Far, BSB S As RWELRe DELIUASEM CT BULIOSV ale BELT sok, PUES AAERE WY T, br LOGEREL Re. ELT BUCA CO BM EMOLIBSELED DELIAWDERIITSA ORES Ro FHL. MINSALM FOL YaYEILELA. EL SORT BELG eBOELKS “gH = documents, **%> L = quietly 121 My father is a doctor. And my mother is a high school teacher. My father is kind. And my mother is stern. Japanese people are kind. And Japan is such @ rich and safe country. I like Japan very much, Teat bread for breakfast. And Ihave coffee. School starts at nine o'clock. And it ends at four. T planned to do some work this morning. So I went to the office at seven in the morning. Kurokawa-san was already there, T said “Good moming” in a loud voice Kurokawa-san was surprised by that, and Tooked at me. And he hurriedly put the document that he was reading on the desk. I walked to him slowly. Then Kurokawa- san closed the PC quietly. And he said “Good moming” in a quiet voice.@® _ Tanaka-sensee and Nishikawa-sensee MEH OB. DELILE Yo Lk ICRA O 4 e058 eons Bek FIVT*VAbTY ae BELK. KEE DELAAHER AEA, BLT WE Lite F BL. FT MM CC. BORVKOALTONY a6 PA Be tae OL eke BOOT ELK. 2M L235 iil URS, REMATCH A2 TE EL EC B ak, RORVKOA IIIA T. HOBOS OREM IAT LRo bIELE BEBE RE betELE. (For~ &, see I]-1 of Part Six.) (3) Sie (or SH LHS) and SNT @® A pretty sweater HMB I ZGEE VoL EK RMIT EL ano ete eee fhe PERTH YY Chie Lik bore 7 EBOUE Lie ENT, DELILEHERB FERC. $4 7OMENE LES TLEB, 2,00 LPH etATLI THC DEL IGE REMY 8 Lie LG e-9-* Bud Lie @® Abroken copying machine FU-ELEFE BOT, HC OIvES BELA. FLED BEBO CEA Tlie ENT, DELUMOACME ELI MOA, 42 UB DNTOS LAWS L fro ENT, COHDELILTU-BCR ELA thks 122 T went io the Italian restaurant near the sta- tion to eat dimer with my friend last evening, My friend and I were talking while cating dinner. Then the door opened, and a ‘woman with long hair and a tall man walked into the shop. They walked into the shop arm in arm with each other while talking to ‘each other happily. When we looked care- fully, we found that the woman with long hair was Nishikawa-sensee and the tall man ‘was Tanaka-sensee. My friend and 1 looked at each other. T went shopping with my friend last Sunday. I found a pretty sweater at a small boutique. So I looked in my wallet, think- ing that I would buy that one. Then I found I only had two thousand yen. So 1 asked my friend to lend me some money. And I bought the sweater. I went into a nearby convenience store, thinking that I would copy some materials. But the copying machine was not on. So I asked the shop clerk about the machine, He said that the copying machine was out of order. So I couldn’t copy the materials on that day.Tl Connectives ® Going out Haid 5 ERot, EMEC EL. EI got on my bicycle to go out. Then I soon x Re . got a flat tire. So I took the bicycle back LEB. TOKE, VA KANYALTLEVWEL horneyand willed 6 Thien Re ENT HELIGHRBE RCE TC. RE foamy x CHAEELKS ba 2. SO-group (1) wb @ Apretty T-shirt HEELF7S— CHboOwolyxyEROUEL | found a pretty Tshirt at a department Os * store yesterday. T was going to buy it, but 1 tee WBIEBVELR. Cb, DELUBSEM gisurnave money. SoT did't buy it OTWERACLite Hib, MVSRATLI @® Adocument HHO NEA MRE ENTE HLS Zeta Um supposed to submit the dooument to Beles 827% eR Lae the section chief Friday of next week. So t he tit, SH Zau : : NERA. Kirb, Fill FEES pease give me the necessary data within +E = section chief, **#p§8{= document this week. @® Asingle person AML MAURIE GC. DIE LIZE THETIHo I'm very happy just with my work and an oe eal hobby. So 1'm not married yet. I would like EDD. DIELILTOMMLTV EA. bot ‘ ‘ as wn Mock to spend more time on my favorite things HS EBRTAR-IELEVTT 6 78%», A and favorite sports. So I don’t think 1 will FELIER EE REL EEA get maried soon,3. BUT-group While ‘Cé is used in usual style, LL is used in more reserved or formal style. (1) Cd (ortned) @_ Apperson who wants to get married. br Like < RMLEV TT. Tb. EDGED WAHL Ett Ao a ee "3 =meet @ My younger sister BADE S, MELEE (RINE Ho TOE ace WE track a Lite Cb, KFERRLAR TF CCRMEL E fea” tot) be Le (Por ~##, sce UI-2-(2) of Part Six) (2) Lab @® Japan is materially a rich country. But .. Hasta nS rs 7% Lal. ent Kike TORLOGL 0 DELOMLTHE CH PCL. LAL, AA AIO Se as BELTS. ® English BARA 6 RRO LIC 6 ERR IR EWKER bowie 593 BU nama “ABD FB. LOL, KEALOARREYREE IS 124 I want to get married. But it is very diffi- cult to meet the right person, When she was a student, my younger sister said she didn’t want to get married, But soon after she graduated from college, she got married, Japan is materially a tich country. But it is spiritually very poor. My country is not so rich. But people live a spiritually rich life, Japanese people study English for six years through junior high and high school. However, most of them cannot speak English,(1) Change of state: ~ (YET (-adjective), ~KCBYEFCz-adjective) Change of state is expressed by ~<%22F (\s-adjective) or ~EZVEF (%e-adjective). A. Forms ve-adjectives Zpadjectives ~~ RD ET ~e > ~~ ET KaKevey — DECBORS ERRSOET — FRESE UR eD ET ROGET Mae VES _ tei DET Boenay = ERD ET MAI DET FAMED ET Bievey ROBEY HOES O ST REPAIRED BKEVEF BRBVES ENOKCRY ED wiebey RU G0ET ABERVET MCOET = BED ET BS eves — BRR OES CADET = Biever ACen Sener EFPLCVET — PELCEDET B, Examples © Rai, BRET ORC EY ELE Recently the prices of vegetables have Meee ° gone up. QQ BRELEY ELE. ESTAS ketivetel} My hairhas grown long. I's time for me to aa ae ae g0 to a beauty parlor. te a 125Q@ 24H CHOTHIAVELA ETHKE ae ae Bee be {BoE LK @® F- bw BY ELE. FERRLOOER BF Eo Cust. @ BPLONIATRBDORTTA, BON Beak DIALECT HBS BOELES ® Bik, SHOAL IMK ED ET. > e rr D WFPLS TC BARK BYE LID a3 Bh TESRETF HK ACMOE Ko MME TOF wie Bk ie uae, car eDELA @ ve LED ICBROT CELELH. ETS ENVIR ELK @O A-N-KCHT, Home ch mace) ELke MYC RHIED ELZo (2) Changing the state: ~{L&$ (v»-adjective), ~ T saw the children of my elder sister after two year had passed since I last saw them, ‘They had grown much bigger. My coat has worn out. I’m planning to buy anew one this year. Old PCs ran very slowly, but recent ones run very fast. It gets dark around five o’clock during the winter. As I was ashamed, my face flushed. My younger sister began to play tennis last year. And she has become a very good player recently. I cleaned the room after not having cleaned it for a Jong time. And the room got very clean. . A supermarket wes built in our town, and shopping has become convenient. Our town has become lively. ZLEF (%-adjective) ‘Changing the state is expressed by ~ ¢ L£ (vs-adjective) or ~iz L EF (%-adjective). A. Forms Study the ~{ Lat and ~{ L: forms using v»-adjectives and Zp-adjectives listed in (1}-A above. 126 j | i i |B, Examples @ Acabbage oP ob PHHNI1O, 2001 HTH TPAERA : SIPLEC EEO? i Eed, SIPLEC LED, 190A WetTo ® Inthe library A ITAKTA. bEok, BPEL TC REM. Bilt, FREEAT LRG @® Floor planning of a house A: BRBMKET TET. % DeUNS we > w > A-BLEFOT VEYTREIDLKE RUT BSH. (For 0°¢, see 1-22) of Part Six.) TAL. LEPFUESIDUPDS< LTWOUTH, 2 kav. : “HBO D DDUPEC LTC ESV. TIE eo THs “BER to ter Cu? tho? * abit — smdy, ** E55 = bedroom, *** 5% = dear my customer 127 A >o > w IIL + Other Structures 1 One cabbage for three hundred yen! It’s s0 expensive. 2 Pm sorry. : Can you make it cheaper? : Okay, T'll make it cheaper. One for two hundred and fifty yen, 1 Excuse me, but please be a little more quiet. 1 Oh, I'm sorry. : The bathroom is too large. Please make it smaller. And the study should be made larger. + Yes. 2 The living room is small. As I often have parties, please make it larger. Se +: The kitchen may be smaller. 2 Yes. + And also please make the bedroom smaller. 1 Yes, but are you going be single for the rest of your life? 2 What?(3) Change of ability : #IFSEICEVELE/ BIR BVEL @ I would like to be able to write more kanji. BACKEE SI, OSH EDI DT OED EACLE. Td, ZRRV ET. FRED eet ES. Ok, MISLICRVAVTH. (For~ & &, see IM-1-(1) of Part Six.) @® _ would like to be able to speak more. HARICAE BU BAA LAINE EE ALR. Cb. REPRESS bo kat BEIKRD ROTH. @® _Now I’ve become able to do the laundry and cleaning. FRET, TATE L TVET. LOI, fe Cs EXATL TB, SSS EH v SCESEZCAV ELK. WSVS RAM SHE NEGEV ELK @ AtlastI have become able to use E-mail recently. wyay RATT HAS MOREVAKTTo WE, “POL ER-MHTEBE FI Elio MEERLEIMR BEA Thy AI Rok = at last ® ve become unable to speak it. PEOES LACHEY A-CHEAL E Le ZOE RIA RBOLET LI. ch. 8920 aE ORE Bo THETA. DELK 128, When I came to Japan, I couldn't write any hiragana or katakana. But I can write them now. I ean also write some kanji. 1 would like to be able to write more kanji. When I came to Japan, 1 couldn't speak Japanese at all. But I can speak some Japanese now. I would like to be able to speak more. Since I came to Tokyo, I live by myself. At the beginning, 1 couldn't do anything by myself, But now I've become able to do the laundry and cleaning. I'm able to cook different foods now. ‘Though PCs are very useful, they are diffi- cult to use at the beginning. At last I have become able to use E-mail recently. But I still cannot use the Internet well. ‘When I was a student, 1 studied one year in England. At that time I was very good at speaking English. But I haven't used it for twenty years. So I've become unable to speak it,IL# Other Structures (4) Change of customs or practices ! #CKICRDELIE/ WAAC VET @ [began to write Japanese in kanji and hiragana recently. SECU VE THAME RO TUE Lo Ch, BTRT LOBE CHC EIEEDE yeah wee Lite @ [began to eat them recently. FOE Sid, MAME TLE. TH. HIE ret see 36 eae KAS ELFKBYV ELE FLT Banants CLEA, BT EVAAEL EY ELE & ltd ED ADBRRVE Bodeho @ 1 began to drink whisky. FECRE-MEPIRATORLED, BIEL a ° Boek WARE VOT FV F—EMBE ICE ELI @ I’ve stopped smoking. biz Lik RAAT ABE LEELA. thmb, RALS EWS BOELKS ® began to read historical novels recently. diz LIKERE ORAS CTT. MLE “HEBD BLE LC BEA TELE RULE Fe ples Bee a MEMEO KFCED E Leo MMVNRILE THB BLAWTH. EBD ABE = detective story @® My husband began to climb mountains recently. DILLITUVEY ARES THs MNT oe ELA. Th, BUI UNE BFF < a5 aD ELE RGLILEAD WTS EFAY EL. 128 Thad been writing Japanese in roman let- ters until recently, But I began to write Japanese in kanji and hiragana recently. When I was a child, I didn’t like fish, But 1 began to eat them recently. And although T liked beef and pork, I began not to eat them recently. I don’t feel like eating them now. T have only drunk beer up to now, but T began to drink whisky and brandy recently. T became ill and was sent to a hospital last year. After that I’ve stopped smoking. Llike reading books very much. I read a lot of detective stories in the past. I began to read historical novels recently. They are so interesting. 1 like climbing mountains. I climbed low ‘mountains at the beginning. But I began to climb higher mountains recently. My husband began to climb mountains recently.(5) Promoting or refraining from customs or practices : HC EFCLTVEF/ SPREE @ make it a custom to look at ad posters beLbOL BARA LEC DOCH. RiPb, CEA AAM THT EIEL TOE So EY TPEROPORA— EMS ESIC LEWES, Sob MEMOS LICKER CH. us ® For the sake of my health, Ttry ... foc ei EBRG ta BEIHR ERERNS EFELTHET. Widdo & YVRABVEZEL TET. BAIS CHA, BEVEL EA GHERWEZELTOETS RAETIPDEL he ELT BAN SEDI L THEFT. @® I try to keep a diary as much as possible. ZBHAIEA THES BAK No, I don’t feel so cold. It’s far colder in my country. Japanese + Yes, I see, (3) Superlative : ENV A bAHACWOBEAB MICH. @ Mt. Everest is the highest mountain in the world, BLURS. FUL YY ed we BER hh oR CH. Ch. LAVA AARC IEA CH. . @® Like peaches best. dieLid< EBOMKIEE TT o DATRUFS TH. ADA DME TH. NA FY TVORST Fo Th, *SEMWBIEAME TH. 6b =peach 132 Mt. Fuji is a high mountain, Mt. Kilimanjaro is also a high mountain, But Mt. Bverest is the highest mountain in the world. 1 like fruit very much. 1 like apples. I like ‘oranges. I like pineapples. But I like peach- €s best,3. Partial negation : 2d EAT LI @ I couldn’t read everything. % He: ot PAE 2 apt A ® A B ® A HES BOA, Sissi Lie. Se RET hoe eae: eas ate 2 BAL 3. Eo) Id, REDE LZ. i DELASBRYE Lo DDE LIX, SABIE ETA TLE. TFRERCA. IK 1d, CAAT EE ATCLRe RbbPb ELIE. Hae, be) ELE. lbELEBILD HY EA TLIC DECI ATA DD) ECAC Thaven’t written everything. 2B by RUE Liki LRA, Beker ed LEAS ERS ETHECA BIPLTTo 1 will not give it to everybody. 1 BEAK FHS BEECH ETO. ie ee Bry B: RR, DUET. Thy WRITE he WBTALOHELL I IVECT AL, 29 BFR AKEKEVTT Rab, RNCBHITERA. IIT # Other Structares Sense: Could you read alll through the book? Student 1: Yes, Teould, Student 2 : [could also read everything Student 3 : Tcould not read everything. Student 4 ; P'm sorry, but I couldn’t read it atall. Sensee : Did you understand everything? Student 1: Yes, I did. Student 2 : Tdidn’t understand everything. Student 4 : [didn’t understand it at all. A: Did you finish writing your report? B : Yes, I’ve almost finished with it, but T haven’t written everything. I still have some more to do. A. Are you going to give New Year’s gift money to your sons and daughters? B:: Yes, [ will, But I will not give it to everybody, as the oldest one is already acollege student, A:: All my sons and daughters are already ‘grown-ups. So I don’t give gift money to anyone,«aay | E * | Grammar :| Points 3 HA1. Giving and receiving in Japanese Expressions of giving and receiving in Japanese may seem to be complicated, However, they are not so complicated if they are understood properly. Read the following explanations carefully, and get a proper understanding of 853, (71% and HIF. DAMORLARIPLOTPLUZIEM DNS DOLLY A. Th, RALACEMT HUY, £2 LE CRADET Ag KOBWEL RAT [EIN BIDS LOW IE LMT EE (1) Receiving (a gift/present etc.) 855 Receiving is generally expressed by £5. Please simply remember “to receive = 453 “Receiving (HOE BEIZE) "LMOE HHI JEBMLIT, “to receive =OEF"ERETCEAVG (2) Giving (a gift/present etc.) : <7 or HIS In the Japanese perspective, the act of giving is perceived in two ways. One “giving” is an action in which the gift, ete. comes inwardly, i.c., toward the speaker or speaker's side. This is expressed by (#4. And all other acts of giving, perceived in third-person perspective, are expressed by at}. Simply said, “giving inbound,” for example, “he/she gave me” or “he/she (who is not a family member) gave fo my brother/sister/ete.” is expressed by {#.%, and all other acts of giving are expressed by diy’. Remember that (7.2 is a particular case, and 17 is more general. Associate <#1.4 with ¢% (24), imagining that a gift is coming(i.e., <3) toward you as a speaker or your family members, etc. The rules can be summarized as follows. HABOWORICL, SMO “ziving” CHLSTBUZMCRENET LOL TUL MEUM Snwardly WHORE)" ASMECH CUE NS|LIMENLT, TOOT CO MOU, “giving” LVIFSEBIEM AUB HSL OT [HTSIERMENETS MICE DE “he/she gave me" “he/she (who isnot a family member) gave my brother/sstr/etc.” EDL) “giving inbound ASPOTH HAS)" MAL CNSILAY, LRMMOWWSET LT DTS LES VET BU BIOBHLY- BOTBONT. (NS | OBSRMEOR OB LEA LI WULF e MNS Jd, PLECHSH ENG AER ORBMLOAIMDRBE LE ASTUTE (HB) JEMOOU CHEE THEI BUD IAS IOMOFON— ML, KORITAEW Sheth 1361 # Expressions of Giving and Receiving Rule] Use 864 for every act of “receiving.” RUlGZ] Use StFS for every act of “giving”, EXCEPT “giving inbound’(< #14). Rule] Use < 4.4 particularly for “giving inbound,” for example, “he/she gave me” or “he/she (who is not a family member) gave to my brother/sister/ete.” 2. Examples @ My birthday HMR itb7t LORMAN CL VOVSEA bens o BALES oe POTVEY hESBWELKO Rik (be LIE) WALES ME Lo MMAELIN AZ 94 ES WELRe Held ELI) 94 7 ELE LI ERDONE CELINE MELE ETH GRLPORTT. {ne Kno giving inbound giving inbound Last Sunday was my birthday. I got pre- sents from many people. My father gave me a watch, My mother gave me a necktie. And my younger sister gave me a wallet Our neighbor gave me a painting. I was 60 happy. ‘@Bold lines indicate the internal-external border. #You can’t say ; * Ridtts LIME SHWE Lio x Midd LERY 94 CHIVES Lito x id LEI TEBE Lio x ERVOALDELKRESTE LR 137@® My younger sister’s birthday WEA ARO BAH CLite HWS WH MAM — Yesterday was my younger sister's birth- BILEY hEbDVE Lie DRLER 2225, day. She got presents from many people. T “ Reo AL LIRPRIENY ave her handkerchiefs, My father gave her AFEBIE Lio LAH 7 I—SHIFE L_ 4 muller. My mother gave her a sweater. ite Bhabhiee— 9 eR Lite ERVDOA Our neighbor gave her a scarf. She was (RICA — TE CME LR MIE THEA BCWE LES very happy. LENOA She siving inbound Bold lines indicate the internal-external border. @You can’t say ; x ERDOALRIEAN—-7EBTE LZ @® Our neighbor's son’s birthday BLUEBLAVOF LOBEL CH. ALU Tomorow will be our neighbor's son's (LBD OFMRI)DAY ERIE. LEME ALL Pithdav-Tam going to ive him a pen, My ° Ge ut wine parents and my younger sister are going to (ERVOFPU)EES FET. EAN OBES give him a flower. 1 heard that his mother Aad (FHI) 7 eat YebNEeS tH ve is going to give him a famicon. He is going ° to get a lot of presents. D DF Midd LEEK SAT VEY hESBWE to 138&). While wie#2< roughly means “to receive humbly” and &LdsiF% “to give humbly,” (SH means “to nobly give to me or my family members, etc. The rules can be summarized as follows. Pure Xe JS 5 JAB) [SLITS] (CHIT S EAI), SS MCCA} NHB) LVF RE PROVING RBUL OW TH RMON WAM CEEVET DETECIEW FORE H VATS PAA SLAUS MATA TSW SM ESS ETRE RSE MIRAE TS Use 2 (corresponding to 8 55) for every act of “receiving” Use & L&tFS (corresponding to 17) for every act of “giving,” EXCEPT “giving inbound (< #2) Use ¢ #2 (corresponding to < #2.) particularly for “giving inbound.” To memorize, associate & LHW'S with HS, and ¢ 728% with (nd. @ Shall we give a piece to sensee? PBVLEFRT—FTTH IS A: The cake looks so delicious. LRA both, 19. EUR B : Yes, it does. Please take a piece if you like. A: Thank you. : Shall we give a piece to sensee? 1HYMEZCSOEF. SHEED, 12, SLHTELILIM ror we > w LRA, WW THe Held EH OAISHF A: That sounds good. Sensee likes sweets + very much, &CIMS. @® The cake you gave me HAVRRVET—F, ETHBUVLA RT The cake you gave me the other day was so hue Fo HUMEAOSVELL. HHS 1M% L&E Lito HES LACA THE LK good. Thank you very much. I also gave a piece to sensee. He was also so happy. 1 © Expressions of Giving and Receiving 3. Polite versions of giving and receiving The same rules can be applied to polite versions of giving and receiving, ie, ve te HE ¢ (corresponding to 465), SLtFS (corresponding to HiFH), and ¢728% (corresponding to ¢ 139@® My birthday WEB ide LOMEHCLe WSWSEAA — Yesterday was my birthday. I got presents 03 Bao ae 35 Ps from many people. Ookawa-san gave me a WELZ 2 BNA PEE EAR OCDE: ‘Yamada-san gave me a keyholder. And SMELRo WHS AE —ARVY— ESE L sense gave mea pen case. ate The HLA 2% ERIE LI @ Actually ¢72&% is not very often used. v17=7¢, rather than <7, is more often used to express the same event. So the last sentence in @) will be “Hetemola74y— REVERE” Both {= and #5 caw indicate the source person. Study the following examples, OW UB ZEEE PURINE RHWELES gota presen fom trend. | OBESE SVE REDRDWELE. Se | © DELERME FEY REORESELE, Tydtapteenttiommysence, | @ PILE RO: PUey HENRI LI ~) Bothic st use inthe same way wih EF and ws. ‘say te low borrowed sgie money from my 140Actions can also “be given” and “be received” While ~C855/~CW#eH< means “to receive a favor of doing~,” ~CHFS/~ CNS /~TELOVE/~ CRESS means “to give a favor of doing~.” FB. [HUEY I[RGotD] FRCLMCRET. [~CHHII [COREL BOWMe BTL. LEMRLEF, ELT, [~THYSI [~TCNSI [TS LAVAL [~ ThHESS! UL, THOMMEMFIG LSS LE MRLET. 2. Examples @ When I left my country, everybody helped me. BEhS bela, VAVAEADWTTS ne Lite dle BAO RANE Vo Likfiotin EL. KER We Tio Ch NELES wild HAO IRYT ERR TK NE LED Bist Bor LELTC HELD IR3EO B, ek ee BAERS CH TKNELES We hifitt Held okOT RONELATLEo RBS BS SAREIOT SIE Like ® Kind brothers and sisters BSA | BLM ITE ELK HRORT a "ABE ao} a Peres I ETSWTALADETH. HL RAMBO e LMS) ETA TL Keo Pb, KIC Latte THITELES ‘When T left my country, everyone helped me. My elder brother kindly accompanied ‘me to the Japanese embassy. My younger sister helped me to do shopping. My elder sister helped me with packing my bags. My younger brother kindly cleaned my 100m, My parents and my younger sister and brother kindly drove me to the airport when [eft for Japan, My elder brother and sister could not come because they had to go to work. Many of my friends came to the airport to see me off. Elder brother : My younger brother left for Japan yesterday. He was very busy before the depar- ture, He had never been to the embassy. So T accom- panied him there.Ban : RBHACATC OG RK SARE Leute) EAT LICn Rib, DELERUMEF Ro THUS Lito Bes libre Lista ty XV7ERROT bE Lite Bitsy * YIREET kdb) ETA. BSA ECMO ES LE LTHIFE LR ® Akind station worker HARARE OE wid, WMO Barto PY ERAT Lo ENT, ROACH SE Like © etathiemtinteeaan L ibe ABRUUR OH OBR ENE Like di LISA RARBMDE CBWE Lito EWACA be * PlabaeAL {= automatic ticket checker, station gate @ When [ was sick at home FMD he LIRA CHE Hh Lite ate FMB: THA h eECS ne Like ett ‘D Aw CE ADAEBOCECK NEL Bulls At BULVA-TEtEo TS REL Aus Atk wee LTC HELE WBS AMARC AEM Le RNbRET > RXONETA ears > @S5NEF — HESHECA Bay + eney + HONEA &p-form potential (plain) potential negative (plain) RAEF > fi KXHHEO Bees > BS5nS — BSSnEO RET > Bone + Hon b. Inflectional verbs (u-verbs, Group 1) EF-form —_potentialpolite _potential+polite+negative Baad + aust — MTEC TEST > FET + TEA BAST > REF — MUETA 144II Potential Expressions ? Expressing Ability/Capacity/Capabitityfete. 4 RALST + hoOET Se eat BLay > Bees — Heke, ROSS > MNES oe Busy + BART eo RECA Haste 4 EF-form potential (plain) _potential+negative (plain) Baas > £4 - Fer Tass > TUS — Fite BART + iS + RaW KAET > hbS > hike BLES > RS - Mee ROSS > Fine —- Fibtuiew Beet > Hie —- Bate c. Iegular verbs ¥F-form —_potential+polite potential+polite+negative Let + taEd + CSECA RET +t RONET = RONEVA =F-form potential (plain) _—_potential negative (plain) LEF + T&S > TSE RET > RONG = Rona 1453.Basic practice Practice the following exchanges until you can perform them without hesitation. @ A: PRARVCTAN GRA BNEA. B Ee 7-H BAETI. CEMER SETA Bimakwtsay SAB EA AS RBMEISATS EFAS BiTekwetay BATT Et Ao ALCOR, WAST IP LRALWCTAL FiRMDETA. AL EM, KAETM SHARWOCTAR Jee EtA. ALD bIHRD ETH. RORWCTAS SINE TA. LHL VIy ea FER Eto. ane . PHVRO CHAS FIRMA Rt Ae INES YAY, LET. D LAW OTAS aes Eth. PHLEORETH. IREWCTAS HLEGRSMETA. 148 } Would you like to eat some cake? +: Yes, I'd love to, but I can’t eat it now. + Do you write letters in Japanese? + Twant to do it, but I can’t write in Japanese now, + Are you going to the library? +: Lwant to go there, but I can’t leave now. +: Would you like to read this book? B: Yes, I'd like to, but I can’t read it now. + Would you like to drink beer? + Yes, I'd love to, but I can’t drink it now. 1 Are you going home? 1 Td like to go home, but I can’t go home now. + Are you going to buy anew PC? 1 T'd like to, but I can’t buy one now. : Would you like to play badminton? 1 Yes, I'd love to, but [can't play it now. + Are you coming tomorrow? : I'd like to, but [ can’t come tomorrow.II Potential Expressions ? Expressing Ability/Capacity/Capabilityetc. USES 1, Ability, capacity, capability, etc, (1) Examples D OELPMTAHABNET. AMS AA bet thee TPRABNERA. “#491 = fermented beans @ br Likasiebastike 3 Fo TY SAMBHAR DEA. ® br LID LEEAT ET DY EMER CART ECA. ® DELILI A AL —AHEME To DVENELI AAV AMER E AA © PRIMA —7ODBALT VOL sa NaI— 7a CHS ES. OQ PELUAROKAMRAET. BAOH 9 SADE TH o Lean eat nattoo, Qokawa-san cannot eat it Tecan drink. Ali-san cannot drink. T can write some kanji. Haku-san cannot write kanji at all. Tecan cook Thai curry. Kun-san cannot cook it, can use a Japanese word-processor. I ust- ally write a report with it. PLCS) I can sing Japanese songs. I like Japanese pop music. Note that the object of the verb is indicated by ~2¢ in potential expressions. (2) Practice @ Write an appropriate word or name in each underlined part. a WoLEFITADUMRLE LEAS [MB] OB FLEE, EtA, Rabo Py mee b LAK 3040 C SUEET ET. Th, SOFT E+ttA. cs BARRE Bid, AEA AAA 147 ETA TLEhi a. 4, bie Lidkteae L, Et. we wee ¥S e& beELIE WRAENETA. £ bELIED A AAAI _. Eth B BATS BIRD Eth. h SAM, ARMICREA. eras > i BAlh 94 DV AYEN ESS i HRENVCTSE Lika, BRM OROT, EAT LAG @ Write an appropriate potential expression in each underlined part. PL RAITSACITEVA neat 2 REABISA ERISA a Seaa* AE A. (to speak) b iis e_ A. (to drink) c ElieREIS Ak A. (wide) E thle d. RAT de A. (to buy/afford) oe TT & ayta—xy__sAe____A (touse) fat AEA. tossing) es A. (to goon) BS Ft AE____ + A (to-come/join) SEAS AEA (to c00k) mn 1482. Other uses Il ¢ Potential Expressions ? Expressing Ability/Capacity/Capability/etc. (1) Usability or unusability a CD EASY a-A/ee. ILBEAHOTHo B& sosi8s 9. Kw ETA. BLD ALR FAL ER AANT FG (ete td BIROTH. BI, KXoNEUAd « 20 AASRY/ IRM DA G/F-FVa AIH /RIAY / Bee. 1k CPNTOE we Fo BI, MARA. (2) Ican/could finish ~ing ‘This milk/juice/etc. is not good. We can’t drink it anymore. This meat/fish/cheese/tomato/banana/etc. is not good. We can't eat it anymore. ‘This chair/pen/ washing machine/camera/ tape recorder/PC/telephone/ete. is broken. ‘We can’t use it anymore. Practice the following exchanges until you can perform them without delay. aa : ae, BUELEMD Biwwr, SAAB EET LED ALHSLEECK, BIETH. TRA, REARS EROETS o 2 Bib ede Lika. TAWA, SABAH ECA TL TOLER, MDETA, TRA, REAMDSEBVET. D> wD D> BE Henk Lita. TWOWA, FEILER A TLR LHLAETK. NET RBMMENSEBWET. o> we b> TRA 149 + Did you finish writing it? : No, Lcouldn’t finish writing it. : Can you finish it by tomorrow? o> wo > 2 Yes, I think so, : Did you finish reading it? No, I-couldn't finish reading it. 1 Can you finish it by tomorrow? wo > ow > 2 Yes, I think so. > + Did you finish making it? B : No, I couldn't finish making it. ‘an you finish it by tomorrow? B : Yes, 1 think so.(3) Forbidding OQ [rommeiizAnzte| “No entry inthis garden” @ [esse MIA ETA] “Students are not allowed to use this copying een ae machine.” OTe MeL CaM Rerm LCS ele) ‘Intransitive verbs are often used as potential verbs. Study the following examples. CRAs «-.@. Sono one can fix it. k ® Lorrvaconcest. ‘This doot is broken. : ee a. So it won't shat. DARE be | CHDENERA. . Sono one can close it. | @ cogroncnesy, ‘This window is broken. | i DB. RMR EA. a. So it won't open. i i bipihetbhe | I CHU SREAS ¢. Sono one can open it. | ; Qe SOMEABAEO TH. ‘This bag is'smal].. I Biro, HEVKCEA ARDEA a, So it cannot contain a-lot of things. i & | boii? | CARGNERA. c:So wecan't put a lot of things in it. | m } ® COMET L-AMC DN CHEFS ‘This car’s brakes are broken, | | Ribs ik 20 Eth. a. So it won't stop. | eae | ; | | CIEDORETAS ¢. SoT can't stop it. | i @ copmmmat—9—rcbrcoss. “The inciot ofthe waslitng tachi $k | | ‘broken. | Rb B38 DSA. A So nean' be Fixed | : . | 150IL ® Potential Expressions : Expressing Ability/Capacity/Capability/ete RAS and BITRZ are roughly translated as “~can be seen” and “~can be heard” respectively. ‘They also describe the physiological capacity of a person as in “to7cLIZHH AWA EEA” or “HD PLAN ACS REAL.” The use of 1.5413 (potential form of 3%) and BETS (potential form of B<) is quite limited. 5452.2 usually means “~can be observed,” and fii3% usually means “~ can be heard or collected (as in sonic or verbal data). Study the: following examples,

BNE > ftXonse “ RE > Riv + b. Inflectional verbs (u-verbs, Group ) %ey>-form atic + atkhh > ie + Mkae + ibt + obkke + 3 + &tbeV + AbnS passive wp ENS HENS passive phrase + F-XERAGNS =a BERons passive phrase + ReEtATENS > BieMENS ChENS > HAE ODSENS’ StbnS 152 + RBIS SSR’ A 2 SES 9) EVI GHDHTV © Passive Expressions : Receiving Another Person's Action c. Inregular verbs Zev-form passive passive phrase FB > Lew + SHS > peas RE + WE + RENS > FHIORENS (2) Structure @ ~tk ~ te + passive phrase —+ See Land 2 in [USES] below. ® ~tk ~K oT + passive phrase = See 3 in [USES] below. USES 1. Receiving a mental or verbal activity © Receiving a mental activity : (3514, LA SNS, BSNS, RbNd, Hbins, etc. @ _Iwas often scolded by my mother. FOES, DELIEOT CL. THC. When 1 was a small boy, as a bad boy. EUR LMONE LE. LGBEV Ame LE At Lvs offen scolded by my mother. 1 ua me ee often had quarrels with my younger broth- Like ESUSBIES 9 bICHY EL. AMIS ex. And 1 sometimes came home late at Fane ee vee) EQ RHE LA BIE Lite AFAOE BEAT Wat Iwas so offen scolded by my moth- asst cer. I didn’t study at all when E was in ele- Asti LEA CLI FUT. L< BELA — mentary school. And I was scolded by my HE LB. WICLP SIC, EGUAEL I, Mother often cried when scolded by my @ mother. 153® Iwas often praised by my mother. FHDe & br LEROY ETL E. Ene 4 CARCI NE Like FUMES, DELL x < Ses L Like ELT. MRAEC TSEL he ENC EC BKEDONELK. HSH BE, ETHINL PORTH. TNT ERB BHLELL. ELT, ELEDSHELZW (Bor ~, see Il -2 of Part Six.) @ br LoBicispenaitas x0 “ROWS Ts BUA Cb, SKEMLGHEN THES. “HUIS S = respect @ WEEARFHABES TH. TH ETKF ECT. ENC FHAETF HLA, LAA BER_NET. ® [am thought to be a bad student by my sensee. Beek EUW RBEE dr: Lik HE YMRL THB Shae ite CMe LC ete, iL CHa FAS DIELILYIRAA ME | AKL Tues shares en et 154 When I was a small boy, I was a good boy. And I was often praised by my mother. I studied very hard when I was a boy. And I did well at school. And I was often praised by my mother. Being praised, 1 felt so happy. And X studied still harder. And I ‘was praised again. Politicians are not respected very much in ‘my country. But Miki-san is an exception. Yamashita-san likes to play tennis. But he is not so good at it. So when he plays, he is often laughed at by his friends EMDR CHET ERDNTHET.IV © Passive Expressions : Receiving Another Person's Action © Receiving a verbal activity WB. Bens, Bre, Wan}, ete. @ Iwas told to clean my room by my mother. WEOTS LetS apomeren) Bere TUAERNS Be Me HRS LjKBbDNELA. a zene C38 . HEH BABICAS Be BK BRS Be wee etc, ® was asked to make some copies by my sensee. au-% aOR #ENELK. HOF a 97% etc, *SHGR = interpretation, **343¢ = thesis @® _ I was invited to a movie by my friend. RIYA arte Be Betriz BdbnE LZR eens pied se TIAA we R-FAK ete.© BROT, LAMABIMTNE Lito Tt tess be Bhan nabs 2 ROBERVOT WIA bOWTL A. ® eB. KEOS SIMNENE LR TLE Be CURECKE\NEY ELK 2.Receiving a physical action Lwas called by my sensee to his office after class, It was about a job as a research assis- tant, I was invited to my friend’s house yester- day. And] was treated with dinner. @ Direct suffering : PENS, HENS, SHONA, cc. ®o br LIAIEEL. AE RE)PENT, THE LELE. @ BOC. ROACREMENELKD & Ale th Bhe OE HL TOP ORTH. ® BRORT BOACBLYOESHONEL Bo ETRWHT Lito ® FOR WA, MMOD, HIE oa gad ekue v Lito *Us¢ =mun over ® EVO FE WA. iced, HF PELE. © WETS E BK, DRLILFE) VF KMS SNE LI. tnF =bee, ap =sting @ “BES PRT ETH*PDWOOTTH. . "t= mosquito, **4pv»= itch 156 Twas injured yesterday when ft a dog bit me (on the leg), MW 6 Ne was stepped on my toe by a woman in the train, Ithurt so much, [was touched on my rear by a man in the train. I hated it, My dog was run over by a train and died yesterday. My neighbor's daughter was injured yes- terday when she was hit by a car. was stung (on the arm) by a bee while I ‘was walking in the forest. T was bitten by a mosquito, and the bite itches very much.IV # Passive Expressions : Receiving Another Person's Action @ Indirect (psychological) suffering : CSN, FEN Lb Mz, ete. @ My PC was broken by my younger brother. Nyave Tyv9—% Dili ge | wate zpSNELK Me ER (rSbENTLEWE LI) etc. *sRiHRERE = cell phone @ wees BHILSITI BAY EL. SLT. A thief broke into my house yesterday. see Os tion Lethal WERE peng, And my bankbook and credit card were MRED Vo BA PERBENE LI BD cote, My watch was alo stolen LbnELKS @ MAS SCRBHAKE LA TLC. MY — My friend visited me yesterday. And my “4 Seated eGR Ici ep 2Lx re expensive whisky was drunk by him. (Or KEN TLEWE LZ) ® x TERE! bic RE Lito ‘The cake I bought for myself was eaten by ; we i (ARAGNTLEVE Lo) AOE eS 3, Intelligent passive D BMA Lo CRMENE LE ‘The telephone was invented by Bell. +5305 % invent @Q SIF Ode LOAM HMSNET. “My book will be published soon, Bh Ueaite MUNEY% = publish @ = BOVERI REUGE SNE Like This drama was on TV last year. Meuse we 157® fH 400 BBORAAAC HERS HTo About four million automobiles are pro- es Ses ee ae | ah duced yearly in Japan. And about two mil- EF. TLC, M0 RMHADST AY HIE lion of them are exported to the U.S. “Hm SUT ET #9 = about, approximately, **4:iifF 4 = produce, “ofS ISS export 158| EXPLANATIONS 1. Meaning Causative expressions presuppose asymmetrical power relations between person A and person B; B’s action is under the control of A. Therefore, causative expressions are used to mean “A makes/has/allows/ permits B to do something.” MPABM, ASALBSALOS 2 FOWELTOAMHBD SSL, OF) BEAOTBA ASKORMT CASS E, CHWRL LET. ENC HRPM, [ASARBEACMPSTS RRL MEOMREAE)) Lvs tome tH. 2.Forms (1) Stem verbs (ru-verbs, Group IL) a. word level f+ KZ —_make/have somebody eat something JER + SEB —_-make/have somebody memorize something ae + SZ —__make/have somebody check something.(word ci ‘meaning, etc.) b. phrase level VYYERNSEE LIE made somebody eat carrots FRMASRELE had somebody lear kanji BRE BROMKEMNKSTELE had somebody check the meaning seu wa c. sentence level PHA VY YY EMASTE LR. My mother made my younger brother eat carrots. it ERE SEANLARAEICME EEA SALE Lit. The teacher made the students memorize kanji. tate en FANLBZANCBROBKE MSS EE Lito The teacher had the students check the words meaning, 159(2) Inflectional verbs (u-verbs, Group I) a. word level skis > KEE > KES Bi + dyke > apes HO > Kbhw + Rbes Es b. phrase level BERLE Le Lats eADTELE Wetkbwk Lic c. sentence level Kikbre LIBAERECE Liew HULIRDIE LABEL AK bEBER LI . BBD LIKED EE Lt. (3) Irregular verbs a. word level RS > RELS Th + StS b, phrase level BRBCRSES Liz WROTF LESRELE c. sentence level i Like EBIREICR EEE Lio DELIEMBBOT) LESEE LIE 160 make/have somebody drink make/have somebody write make/have somebody sing made/had somebody drink sake madefhad somebody write a report made/had somebody sing a song ‘My father made me drink sake. ‘The teacher made us write a report My friend made me sing a song. make/have somebody come make/have somebody do had somebody come to the office had somebody clean the room Thad my students come to my office. Thad my younger sister clean the room,'V © Causative Expressions : Having Someone Do Something USES 1. Force/oblige/make someone to do something ® Stories of strict parents and a sad big brother — part one uta" YRBSSWTLo Thy HAR ‘ VERNER Lite SAEELD 3 Be The Thy PHEMIFA ERATE Lio vegas & BwtLlite Thy LiaRievo Ls DIFARDV MAS AE Leo SRARCEUAT & 2 < BPoRCHo Ch, LITMEE Lise WIL MELB A & DMA Clk D EUATC LI TH, Ride HRD ESE Like FAERIE LIS § tay CETTo Th, LITMS TE Li. ® Stories of strict parents and my resistance DELIGUNEINATIMS GWT Thy Like br LIBR ER AG Lite DIZLUF—AKEHWCLE. Ch, HHSRASELILLELK DELIASEE ATL. DE L bases & BWC. Th. ie RUBR SEE gE LE Lite ote LASGaR LE RATCLR DE Likert’ R KEG + KESHS a + bt + SpPense # > Kb + hens b. phrase level BH EKEENELE Vik be BP SE LE KheKbSNELE c. sentence level dE LER SMERS SHELKSD DELEBELA— beMBPSNELED tote LISSGEI MRE Md SNE LKR. (3) Irregular verbs . word level RE < te > RSVONS StoNS o phrase level THE CPR R SES NE Le E75 LESUONELE sentence level HIE ACPRICR EE BNE LR MROTG LESESNELED be forced to drink be forced to write be forced to sing was forced to drink sake was forced to write a report was forced to sing a song T was forced to drink sake by my father. We were forced to write a report. was forced to sing a song by my friend. be forced to come be forced to do was forced to come to school at 7 o'clock was forced to clean the room was forced to come to school at 7 o'clock today. Twas forced to clean the room.V1 # Causative-Passive Expressions : Being Forced to Do Something USES 1. Examples @® I was forced to eat carrots for the sake of my health. “abot. RL WINATS La geceeond Lite be sore i 2 ee “fete shealth, “= YY carrot, “8125 NAZF =spinach, ML 76— = lever @® | was forced to drink milk for the sake of my health. aL, ens Re RYA-A HRV az WROTDIZ, br LIL & MESNELZ. 2.Practice : I didn’t want to, but I was forced to do~. Practice reading the following sentences aloud until you can read them without hesitation. (For ~ 012, see 1-342) of Part Six.) @ RAK BOOK, PROBMERNEU ONS Lite @ KARL BVO, BWERE SNE Lite @ BSR EVOK, FREBPSNE LE @ BAC BVO, EME SNE LZ. @ FERC BVOK, PRAT SENE LI © HED RK BVO. BOATS ENE LES 167O BYR BROOK, Rare Wb Sh Lite ® ers BVO, KERDENE LE. ® Bake KBwD, BME RES NE Like ® Bk (BVOK, BC RStONE Lk. O LEK BOI, RPOMAe SrHRELKD BLE ROOK, AMEESNE LI ‘The reverse of “@SPKLUOIZ, MASAGNELK" is “MATLVOK, RASEKHETA “CLR”: Practice this using the example sentences in the practice above. 1681. Politeness expressions in Japanese ‘There are two types of politeness expressions in Japanese, i.e. honorific expressions and hum- ble expressions. The usual explanation of these politeness expressions is like this: In describing or referring to an action/activity performed by a person deserving respect, the honorific version of the verb is used, and in describing or referring to your action/activity that is related to a per- son deserving respect (for example, visiting a person deserving respect), the humble version of the verb is used. A more useful and practical explanation is like this: “Use the honorific version of the verb in referring to an action/activity of a conversation partner with whom you are not very familiar. And don’t try to use humble expressions because they are not really neces- sary.” Remember that if you try to learn to use both of them at a time, you may very well fail to eam both, Forget humble expressions or at least delay to learn them until you have learned to use honorific expressions. FARSI, GRIT E RPE 5 2 MOTE RM ANS ET, HAMID JEMASHHET. FHbb, [ALOADTH PHM OUTMAS > Alt, MAAMEEY, BLEAROPSPTHCH LOAPMDSLE (MAM, HEOADIHEMMTS) KOT MCS LS, MRRMERII, bot SRA HABULKOL ICH. Feb, [EH DEVAL ROME LBL TOS ER, TOAD EHC OW THASE 8 MERLE HD. HARE, BEL EDR CUE VOT, Hibs CCU), HAAOLE MAATLONT E PACHA LS EP HES LMLPES SOMA SLIERSEOEOIMRESOTLEOTTS GRIME HOTS ECL, MGARMIE LIES CMT Be CE, 2. Honorific version of the verb Regular honorifics ‘You can obtain the honorific form of the verb from the £+-form irrespective of the group of the verb. #F-form honorific form question in honorific polite style ~sF + B~ ERE + B~ KRDETH hae ~ BRAKES + BRAKEVETD Base > BREE + BHAT ETE Ha > BMS KES + BHSKEDETD 169ROSE > BRAKES > BRAKRD ETD Bete > BHM ERS + SHOE ETD Ree + Bie kee + BERD ETH Hee > BHR KES + BARKER VESTE There is another group of regular honorifics, the ~#4./5#L% honorifics. Learn the 8~(22S honorifics because they are more commonly used. (2) Honorific verbs ‘Some verbs have their own special honotific versions. The following list is not exhaustive. $form honorific verb question in honorific polite style TSET + WbolLeS + WboLenketp RET + Whole + VboLevEte wet + Whole += WboLenEty BNET > BLEND > SLéAD ETA BEF > SbAKRS + CBAKEVETH BST + Boles + BoLewEta BoC ES aes CRMC A 3. Examples @® Talking to a new friend — part one Al DELI, EICHROIAETT. A :T'ma high school teacher in my country. B: E45 tIA WEBRCOGoLEURT B : Ise. What do you teach? hn ae aL AL *RPEBR TET. +A; [teach mathematics. nz e5crm ANE AAT RRL TO Bo LB: Ise. Do you study math in Japan now? eee 170ALWW2o RED ANPOWBELET. > ghee te Be we HARE ML TOE Te B: CEABFHAKO Go LEVET FUERA RAED 4 BIE BR RET. BLAL THEFT. AlWWRe *ie#-= mathematics @® Talking to a new friend — part two. At LF TFTA OAH FEE HEU TH Iho Bi ra, Ho TES BECKETT D 50 AL RASH LOHBETT. Bi bd. SICH THidvwo CH ha @® Talking to a new friend — part three A THOME CHAKEY ELEM. oe Bi arro Toko trina: LEA CT Ro EMA Loli) Sod=¢ @ Talking to a new friend — part four ALMA, J-VFAYT, COAKRBVEL Bi ar RE Lite RLY TS Ya T SH. © Inviting a new friend to lunch At BECWA, SIDLHAY ELK Dawnr, FECT. Ale, Volek mica dle 3 io Bi 2k FILELEF0 w © Inviting a new friend to one’s home Al SLR SKVGOLeVETM Bi za, VEERWED. oe im A: w VIL # Politeness Expressions No. I'm going to study it beginning next April, I study Japanese now. + Does your husband live in Japan now? No, he is not here now. He will come here next April. I’m looking forward to his arrival. Do you know Professor Kimura at the Laser Institute? Yes, Ido. He is a famous scholar. + Professor Kimura is my advisor. + see. That's great. + Did you read today's newspaper? B: Yes. It said that the Japanese prime uc > ew > minister is going to visit China + Did you watch the World Cup last night? 1 Yes, Idid. T knew that Brazil was such a great team. + Have you eaten lunch yet? 1 No, not yet. + Shall we go have lunch together? + Yes, I'd love to join you. + Will you be home tomorrow? B : Yes, [think so.A wre rw > o> oP LETH Lhokb, Be PELOZ BIVBoLevEtAdy 1 Ro, WECH A. DRA BLELIGSTN-F4-ELET. 1 bd, wweha, i BINABRAC AY ETD 1 RRs BUCH ity HBL L&ay Eta a 4Y RESRIEAIES CH & PAYEE Bo Leo EMH) ETD, 3 ats PEO’ Sint s st Lite LEACH LFCLEM. PWBKBAAVBZOT VBVALBRE HONE LK 172 > 2 I see. Would you like to come to my house in the evening? + Well, may 1? : Sure. Actually, 'm going to have a party tomorrow. 2 Oh, that sounds great. : Do you like to drink? B: Yes, Ido. But can only have a little, D> we > we D> : Do you like to eat Indian food? 2 Yes, 1like it very much. + Have you ever been to India? : Yes, I went there when I was a student, + see. How did you like it? 2 As I saw and mel so many interesting people, India made me think about life.(TE VII # Politeness Expressions ‘As mentioned above; you don’t have to learn hunible expressions (at least for now). However, just for your information, the humble form of the verb, and humble verbs are explairied below. (1), Regular humbles forms ‘E¥-form, ~ eS oe fee Boe Rte a 23-form aay RET : WET RAST RET Bovey * Best tS BoC ET humble form B~. tb BRE TS BEY TS BEY TS BR TS BRN TS humble verb BS ie BS BS WRK HESS BEKMS hy LES ert BUTS te 173 offering to do something in humble form SOBA LELES» + BHBLELIO» + BHD URLESD + BRYLELIGH > BRELELESP > BIRKLELEG> ‘Humble verbs (The following list is not exhaustive.) ‘humble verb in polite past. > BvELe + BVELE > BDELE = WhESeElLe > FRALELA + BHKADY ELE = WLEWELE i > WELELE + RUTMELEComplex | Structures He BoB1. AND-group 1) ~C or ~T : connecting form of noun predicates and adjective predicates ig Pr ij PI © Itemizing traits OQ REBEC atacy. ROME MIT AYN, io HECT o DHMECT 9 Balke 25 HC. fate @ HAOWTRASNOT, ECHEMTTo ® BRARLETORMT, PSLYTT. © bRLOTIS— Mae < CROTCH. HO: aa ae ce HLS THOTT. Oe © MLVOAYAVILHE C THOTT. are oe * WCF. ELTH @ Itemizing facts @ KEEHC. Beas BORAT ro ieee piety pet. BOIL AR 7 HEE Reessaeyures To Bia 9 DUES CT. RIE AMER C Fo REMUS T. WHAT. file eT SENvTH. @ PRLOFZ SIA BAETHARC SST AbCSo HELOFET/ EHO TVET 176 My father is a doctor and a university pro- fessor. My elder brother is now twenty-five years old, and he is a company employee. His wife is an American, and she is an English teacher. Japanese subways are clean and very con- venient. Japanese people are usually kind and warm- hearted. My apartment is old and tiny. My house in my country is new and spacious. My new PC is compact and very handy. And it runs fast, My father is a doctor, and my mother is a high school teacher. My younger brother is a junior high school student, and my younger sister is an elementary school student. Both of them like to play sports. My brother likes to play soccer and my sister likes to play tennis. I also have an elder brother and an ‘elder sister. My elder brother is a handsome guy, and my elder sister is very attractive. My mother is a pianist, and my father is a violinist. 1 am learning to play the piano now.1 Conjunetives © HA BRET. KBROCT It’s hot during the summer, and it's cold Ene ao mo ae ae during the winter in Japan, @® PELIKAARMATCR te CC. AILFEHHA® I can’t speak Japanese and my friend ‘ c ees ee doesn’t speak English well. So we some- HEY EET Y EEA. DET. times have problems. My apartment is s0 tiny, and the gee brary is always crowded. So 1 yeandnegative) yi, dz LAREN 5H ‘have no place to study. Birth) Behe © BRUIAAAMA CALL, KIA EI can't speak Japanese and my ps aie BEES. zeet, 205 friend doesn’t speak English well. DIP TAd YEA Av (negative and negative) 22> So we sometimes have problems. | Be Hees Ede @- FHSS LOL ES ORES re SRUTTo My sensee is kind and my friends | in the sominar-are also. kind. I t (positive and positive) @® DELVE BU THRICE EF. TH, [usually walk to school. But I took. le yesterday becat MAREN AD ROC, ENRICH RB Lite une ee pevivs @ BPE HEOHETEL TES, Please make eye contact, when = os 2 you talk to people. Q RADE SIV y bA- FEROTHRE I bring my credit card with me aS, % ‘when I go on a trip. I don’t bring Fo BERHENHoTHS ETA. a big amount of money. DAL F 4K, MEHTA EL EDA. A: What shall 1 bring to the j = A BECHARA YE LAHSA TK © p : Cod you ining a atl of REtD your favorite wine? AS PHY ELK. A: Okay, Twill. DE, WWI SKMOTEE Lz. Tame home at twelve siidnight 2. - an Jast night. 2. SO-group (1) ~°C (or ~°@) t indicating the cause for physiological or phychological reaction © WALSLAERNT, BEPECDLTLE Thad a stomachache yesterday from eating “Le mED * DELICE Lathe ep, sbi It sooms that sashimi is not good for me. @ beEL (HOI & FUT *285 1 L¥ Lf. Iwas disappointed when I saw the lab. The WREO* RII LOSOCI CT, bee Ftilites were not advanced, but were the fou ane same as the ones Tused in my country. OBLOm ses El UbOCLZ. ce * om) 4F% = be disappointed, * SLi = facilities 179@ TYSAOMEAT. DELUROTLEVE Lite TY SAINTE *Zo TLEVE LI *£=shave ® "MRO 2 —2EBOT ETEBSELZ. ELC RBOT EME TH LIER D ELKe ERT TORE RMLE LL. DELEK OMEN. CL EWEL ZL "uf = earthquake (2) ~@°G: cause — consequence, or reason — result D WHY RRE ROT EAE FIRE VO > © teen = LEKiC O4 is @ KWAETHOSMLYOKOT, TMH ete Parcaraaes 3 & CHE LK oe HUBER ROC, SB BIE LRo @® br LEN ERMEVOT HACIA wlt DLMV ET. ers ®© FERSLEHOTHRVOT SLLECH 23 eet * VERET. ® BAWCHBOC HLUWKAEST Leto D FAIA CAMELOT, KETE ET. Bae LT AYEOMELKS 180 Seeing Ali-san, I couldn’t help but laugh. Ali-san had shaven off his mustache. 1 was astonished to hear the news of the earthquake. And I became so anxious about my friend. So I made a phone call to him. 1 couldn’t help but cry when T heard his voice. As it was a fine day yesterday, I went to a nearby park with my husband and son. As I was so busy all through last week, I slept all day long at home on Saturday. As it was rainy on Sunday, I stayed home all day. As I don’t eat meat, I sometimes have trou- ble with food in Japan. As I don’t have any money today, I will come to buy it tomorrow. As stars are shining in the sky, tomorrow will be a fine day. As I lived in the U.S. for six years, I can speak English. As it was hot, I turned on the air condition- er.(3) ~ab ® @® 2 presenting reason or ground A: GREOKPERUE Lie. B: VOBERW BPG THo ELT. Be BOUMSTT. Al diets? CL BRRAIKV PS TT. 0mm oF 47VEaT~: BEET EN ER WEL E Liem uw & LENRWEPS CT. APES T= Sony ALES AE RGMEL EL ki * EF {BEHSRDS TT. cexamples, Dr OMMUURRE ROT Fhe wo L RAMI RRL. SUPRA Roh b, FHL L EAMES ELL. QD QBVOe TTI eWEL BORG ET AY EWE LIS ‘sive used properly, 7 6 often’ sounds arrogant. It is advisable to limit the use of b- within responses to z-# (Wwhy)-questions, In all the othet cases, please tse -C. Study the T# Conjunctives ‘A: Why did you choose this university? B : Because it has good professors, and it also has good facilities. A: How about you? C 2 Because the tuition is low. A: What? Interviewer : Why did you choose her? ‘Yamashita : Because she is so attractive. Interviewer ; Well .... Why did you choose him? Hanako — : Because he is rich. Interviewer : Well, well. 1813, BUT-group (1) ~28: indicating general BUT relations @ bt Lis POSES CHAS RAREST HY EA. @ TAR OE EMS AMS TION SLAY FLUEB LOL. @ WROK Dae eee Chiks ® VOLEFTAMORAE LEA Dad Ee ATCLRe @© BARRE ECT AS RRL GWE AL WCF. TRELLA, REEL EA [like meat, but my wife doesn’t like it. Tike cempura and sukiyaki, but I don't really like sashimi and sushi. 1 arrived there on time, but [ couldn't meet my sensee. read the book seriously, but I couldn't ‘understand it, Japan is a ich country, but the life here is so busy. (2) ~@i¢ 5 indicating BUT relations with blaming or disappointed tone OD rR SARL HED OK, &, TCNMEVA TLRS @® biz LIAAMIES OW, RAAB EEL EAMES TK MERA, Rib, BRCES ce (LELKS ® WNSARAABOLALOIW, dE) Beas ease RuAT ehan Bae BETA. y @® Vols3 Ad WfER LILO, Herve FIP GM TE ERATE Ro a 6 *Eted & = pass (an exam) Though 1 cooked a lot of food, they did not eat much. Though I like meat, my wife does not cook meat for me, So T decided to cook it by myself. ‘Though Yamakawa-san is a Japanese language teacher, he can’t write many kanji ‘Though I studied very hard, 1 couldn't pass the exam for the university I wanted tocnter.® AEB RBIL EOI, Riese EA. (3) ~Cd(or~CB) : even if ¥ teat D VoL sEdTASVMBL TS, DEA SNETA. @ wolsd Amite Ltd. “aE BY Fhe “Ho slay @ COR Wools DTW ATH. EA AbD EAC Lo ®D VoLesvAmnys cy hELTB, EA PAPEETE. @ COFFE EC SEARSTH, KV EUAc MOMMA RHABR CLOT 04 4U7IE Rie eee Bk FEERATLE. SLRIMAES TH, FFE EF. © AftoTd, WHOBMERN EEA. 183 T* Conjunetives ‘Though I explained many times, my father still does not understand it. Even if I work very hard, I still can’t remember kanji. Even if you work hard, your salary will not be raised. Even if I read this book seriously, I still could not understand it at all Even if I keep to the diet seriously, I don't lose weight. Even if you eat a lot, this cake doesn’t make you fat. As it rained last Sunday, we didn’t go on a hike. But tomorrow we will go on a hike even if it rains. Even if you leave now, you can’t catch the ten o'clock train.1. Conditionals in Japanese ‘There are three conditionals in Japanese: ~, ~7z and ~{x. Roughly speaking, [~t, ~] describes more or less general cause-effect relationship between two phenomena or events, and [~z6, ~ Jdescribes a particular case of cause-effect relationship. [~ix, ~J is used to indicate a condition under which something can be realized. As ~72 can be used in any situation and thus can replace every ~t and ~iz, please first learn to use ~725. And then begin to replace ~#28 with ~& and ~{¥ in proper cases. UAHA [~E I~R6 IL 22MRIMMaDSH, KATIE OT. ~E, ~1d2 DOBRA ROMO ALN BAER WIR LET. TUT [~~ JBN AL ROMRERL ET, SH, [~UL, ~ Ih, MADER SLDOMELRLET [RD IRE ater — ACOIE, WOTH/~EIP I~ ITEM TEED T, EF] ~LdI EHEC EI. EL TERPS HAL, MHRESHT~ Neb | OPED [~E PLUMB BIFELT ES. we (1) Describing a phenomenon @ Basic concept : natural phenomenon ® HICRS kL, SEED EIET. When spring comes, it will be warm, @ BERSE BCEDET. ‘When summer comes, it will be hot. ® KKERBE, TFLS EVES. ‘When fall comes, it will be cool. @® ai BR HS BvOET. ‘When winter comes, it will be cold. © MewSE, MCRD ET. ‘When the night comes, it will be dark. 184© Extension @: natural phenomenon QD MCRSE, *Miikld 21K VICI ES. ae tae +4 = temperature @® HRGSL, “HOUEAKS EF ac5 ue +82 = cheny tree QD MCRSE, MOKA AWMCEY EF. ae et 8 ew aeD © REBEL ES CSBRIKET. Bicese, 2 “Wa = cicada “ADM SDE TS. © KBE, AOMAMPMBeD ET. Be oan Bee @ KEESE, as add. BOLUS K&OMEC SAT RGD E, SAE ES. ae ok BkuaE, SC Wolce) ET. BIRBSE, VAS BEMRE ET. Ten HCE, RAE TH SAVED ET. +P = field @ Breese, BRAKES. BMARS E. LO THKMREEY EFo AMAMSE, MNlO* bam ab oF BPHSNET. *H iS = overflow 185 T1# Conditionals When spring comes, the temperature will be as high as twenty degrees. ‘When spring comes, the chery blossoms will bloom, When spring comes, the forest will be green, When summer comes, typhoons sometimes hit this country. When summer comes, cicadas begin to sing in the trees. When fall comes, the leaves of the trees turn red or yellow. ‘When fall comes, the trees will bear lots of delicious fruits, ‘When winter comes, it begins to snow. ‘When winter comes, the mountains will be covered with snow. When spring comes, different flowers will begin to bloom. And when different flow- ers bloom, the field becomes so beautiful. When summer comes, typhoons come. And when typhoons come, they bring lots of rain, When it rains heavily, the river over- flows,© Extension ®: social phenomenon ® Bia RRS BROAMED = 7 YR AXYIATE ET. TEES. BEOTEIIR SE. ATER oe e RERS BRS SAD AAP BEE My Eto @ Breese, BNELT TL EMOET 6 e ney BAAD e< BVETF. * #2) v= mun short of ~ ® MERGE, BULV LOAECMVIET. a sees & ® KEE, KK SADAAP MRED a am Eto “SLUR = colored leaves @ ARSE, Fh, SAOKBAX— UATE E Fo RAFAT KA THOLOEEY EF ‘When spring comes, a lot of people go on a pienie or hike. When the cherry blossoms bloom, people go to sce them. When summer comes, a lot of people go to the mountains and the beaches. ‘When summer comes, people use air con- ditioners, Therefore, the electricity runs short When fall comes, delicious fruits will be put on sale at fruit shops. ‘When fall comes, a lot of people go out to see the colored leaves. ‘When winter comes, a lot of people go ski- ing, And the station will be crowded with skiers, @ Extension ® : psysiological or phychological phenomenon ® BEM, BAA < BVEF. @ bKLI, BMeHKie, REROR CED = Eve @D BLE, MAMET. ae tate += tears 186 ‘When (or if) I drink, my face will flush, ‘When (or if) 1 drink, { feel like singing a song. When I'm sad, I begin to cry.®Q PEELE, RASS. PAINS ES MK OELET. HAR -O EF SE, UR BCEERA. . Ho EFS = feel dizzy ® FREEIE, ETHINLWTI. © wutbaarca se, ETHINLUTH. @ BREPLKEE, HE BONET, DELI OMS Co BVLEGE FRERSLE, FORA EVEF. TH, WebOERASE, FUEKSTLEVEF. IL* Conditionals When I have a cold, I get a fever. When I get a fever, I feel dizzy. When (or if) Ifeel dizzy, Lcan’t study. When (or if) I receive a letter, I feel very happy. ‘When (or if) I can do a good job, ¥ feel very happy. If I drink a little, I can sleep well at night. I like sweets. When (or if) I see a good cake, I soon feel like eating it. But if 1 eat sweets, I easily get fat. (2) Describing the function of a machine, the effect of a medicine, etc. D Roxy yeMTe, HALT, BRIE AOL bED ES. @ Hk sy 7 EASE, BEALET. Bory vest, BABES. @ex PEBEKEL, AEC BVET. Gyo 187 If you push the red button, it begins to operate. If you push the black button, it stops. If you push the white button, it will serve hot water. If you push the blue button, it will serve tea If you take this medicine, your fever will be relieved. Cold medicines make you sleepy.(3) Describing customs and social practices D TRERBE, PULBWMERIT ERT ELC IMIS E, PERIATE ETS @ RVCVHOAL, KECASL, BIE AIME a ee feo ae wEt. @ SCS OL Tome ENSe, th EROTLEVET. ® PELOMTA, 2ZABOFHMEENSE, Go ake eee So BEMDERET. @ Gomicese, MRA ART. #442 = pension © BKLOMCABOAL 20MICRSL, AA Oh Be PRBS AB ITU Y BXAw SRE army At the age of seven, children begin to go to elementary school. And at the age of thir- teen, they go to junior high school. People usually start drinking when they enter college or university. Even now many women quit their jobs when they have a child, People get some money when they have a second child in my country. People begin to receive pensions at the age of sixty. Every man is required to join the army at the age of twenty in my country. (4) Action—discovery (past), or action—> unexpected event (past) @o Hic thras & BMRA ET 0 ELC BUT OWE EOF LC &, AY EaRHVET. 8 BBREOE MY CH. ® SES ey IEA D Hind & L&e @ FSKMSE, BEOBRMAOWTHE Lito F7OPS BY THE Lke FFet DERI BL BROW: Adve gk Lite @ MBIT. FYEHEFASADWEL Ko 2AE SHARD MBE LCOE Lio 188 Tf you turn right, you will see a bank. And if you pass by the bank, you will find a convenience store, The post office is next to it. ‘When I went out, it suddenly began to rain, When I got home, the light was on, and the door was not locked. When T openned the door slowly, I found someone in the room. ‘When I went to the library, I found Chin- san and Kimu-san. Both of them were studying Japanese.~k®% (or ~75) IL Conditionals ({) Completion of an action or realization of a state/situation—next step OQ FRCHRLAS, Getkit) $C ales Geen NELZ. ATS @ BAAS Sh LUBE Lieb, bRLIL bnEtA. © BEARDS, DELOLCACRTCE tena ® SH, ® KPERELES, WRORHHSRVEM ie 238 Gua sels Une a 2THET. @ BRETCERG. Bec KBE. 8 WF MERWE, BHRLTC RS. 2 ue 8 BIRioRb, KREOTECEY ET. cE aR fate eke @ Bikmtcteokb, BUCHED EI. When I asked a question to my sensee, he/she immediately answered it, When my sensee asks a difficult question, I am not able to answer it. ‘When the class is over, please come to me. I would like to work in a Japanese compa- ny after I graduate from university. Please show me the pictures after you get them developed. Please give me a call when you arrive at the hotel I will be a university professor when T return to my country. I'm going to make a visit to my country during the summer vacation, (2) Activity—>unexpected change of the state (past) © WHMOPEPRIOT CHES, He SHAH sox ak oe we LelA TELE. @ MOLOAE*BBLTRG, BeHOARA Rome ew Late WTSELIO REE % = arrange @ BCR LCR, RW CEE LI Haken 9290 189 When I was arranging things in the desk drawer, I found an old picture. When I was arranging the books on the desk, I found a library book, ‘While I was cooking in the kitchen, my wife came home.(3) Action— obtaining the expected result (past) ® ZEKE b. TCKbd) ELE OQ WHACToRS, DRRBBE CELL. ELT MBL TC HELL @ F4rybELEB, FHKE 3B FILE LAO ® BAYa¥V7FELRD, TARY ELE ery tee ® REKARG. FEED ELRe @O BTIVEWES. FUKCFFL< GOEL Re (4) Case—resolution D HLEUVRAEoRG, WCE RT. HE oko. AEKWET. ® SERIE LAR batt ok by SL eRe ERTS ET. RbbepPokB. FHKE te ® LATTE RPOKS, Both RS FR ep . zon WET. O SLoO_LIBEHEKoRG, KE BEDS BREARW TT © SLAB Ea-FERVUTEED. Ko RO. REF. Cd, HbokS, Mkt heo 190 It was easily made clear, when [ asked my sense. T went to the office, and they gave me the necessary forms. And they also explained to me how to fill them out, I went on the diet, and I soon lost three kilograms. T got in good health as a result of my daily jogging. Ttook medicine, and soon recovered. It soon got cool after T turned on the air conditioner. If it is fine tomorrow, I will go to the beach. If it rains, I will stay home. If L can finish the report today, I will go to see a movie tomorrow. If not, T will stay home. If you can’t do it by yourself, please tell me, and I will help you. If T were a rich person, I would live in a house with a big garden. Til go to buy a computer tomorrow. If I * find a cheap one, I will buy it. If I can’t find a cheap one, I will not buy a computer.(5) Asking for directions @ SLES OMn nas ® PATNA E Ho TH OE BUOU THI be ae 5 Cone Chokbuncin. @ vR- havoOE TIM LEB A. 4, ~k ‘What time should I come tomorrow? What should I bring with me for the trip? How much money should I bring with me? ‘When is the due date of the report? For the conditional form of the verb, see row TV of each chart in the appendix. (1) Condition->consequence (non-past) QD ST OORMICRNET. QD SICA BURA ET. © “BOWE EC aoIE, bh) EF. ** 32018 operation manual © DRAB LVTHHAT NET. © Baars, MTS TAEFo (2) Asking for directions O SLARMIFRNOW THD ® HPCE Fo CHIEU THM. BIE Wh 5 COV Ro THEO THD. @ Lik-bitwo ECHR TH 191 If you leave now, you will be able to catch the nine o'clock train. If you leave immediately, you will be there before the closing time. ‘You will know how to use it, if you read the operation manval carefully. If you ask a Japanese person, anyone will be able to answer it. If you have money, you can do anything. ‘What time should I come tomorrow? What should J bring with me for the trip? How much money should I bring with me? ‘When is the due date of the report?(CT Re LULL ca cK CAMERA CLA CLLELOOM LS SUR rather than (x, examples. ® BMBTVSOC SLEAVVEATL £50 @ BRK Poko. HELOLIACHT REV @ BREE, BET RSV. Beans MCoCEET. DELARML TODA, MABMEW NT NET. . Sdy the following oe 1921. Indicating time (1) ~2& : time DO PRDER, HELEBOTL HYDRA CH EL feo APOE By EAE AMERL EWC 6 ORR CHA COE Li HP EEDE 8, PO ABEAYE Ls ELC, HERO 848 Bata. FIA-MIPYLTHELK. KPH, BES Cid, EMER AEENT LR PHOERY. FON ERIE Le WE FROLIC, BbLBOHEHWE Lite DREN OFAC HO THE Lt S58 DELIHEC, [ACREDLEALIBEL BoP] LMS ELL. FSL, IIE TA BY MECHADDLOS ELBE CR EA. AIS ABBE SET LETS IEE MHMELTC HEF! LBVR LI. ELT LMOAE CHE Le Etubb, DILIRERAMNOE Lite JO BOE SIR, WILD) BA TOE LI sso BIUAOMARARCORT: JlkNT ot LOI RUDLLOMEE EEL TCE L * MES life, Mihi =rich 193 When I was a child, I always played with boys. When I was a school gitl, I didn’t study at all, and had fun at the park or the pond in this neighborhood, When I was a junior high school student, I joined the soc- cer team, And I played soccer all through the three years of junior high school ‘Therefore, I didn’t read books at all before I went to high school. Tcontinued playing soccer in high school. When I was in the second year of high school, 1 met an interesting sense. He always carried a book in his hand. One day Tasked him, “Is reading books so interest- ing?” ‘Then he said, “We can experience just a few things in our own lives. Through reading books we can have different expe- riences. Reading books makes our life rich- er.” And he gave me a book. After that I began to read books. When I was in the university, I spent most of my time reading books. I always carry a book in my bag even now. As my sensee told me, reading books made my life richer.® lew se Sid CaM FIC Th. BERETS EtA. Th, LL EF FED CHET. ® Riki Se Std, WOOMFEDSY ET. @ BAAS ERI AVEC, AI HAEL EFo Thy KADY ETI ICH. ® HARE E Bid, EAREA BARRED & EAE NCLKo THFWPLTE EF. (2) ~fJ : during~, or while~ DO AS BKAOMKK, PREY 41TSELKO Boh ee ES * Bi beLEEHKAOMIL, Ei HD ELK a @® bELARME L-CHaliie, lds Ie-< TCHEFS FLT RE ROM RAL T CHEF. ELC KAMER TCHS De LIST HELA THE To eae @ ber LOGABECHE TSM, Mlaso ELAR WCKRELRo (3) ~3 ble! while D DELAMS THES I BI, MHIED BIE flo CLEVE Lie @ KEBATHD IB, DEK BOT BTL EwWELZ 194 When T was in my country, I often went to see movies. But now I don’t go to see movies at all. However, I often rent videos and watch them. My father wears a hat when he goes out. I wear a suit and a necktie when T go to the office. But on holidays I simply wear jeans and a T-shirt. When I first came to Japan, I could not speak a word in Japanese. But now I can speak the language a little. A: 1 went to China and Thailand during the summer vacation. B : I went back to my country during the summer vacation, While I cook, he sets the table, And he also does the dishes after meal. And while he does the dishes, I play with our daughter. While I was sick in bed in a hospital, he, stayed beside the bed. ‘While I was drunk and in bed, she went home. While 1 was reading a book, 1 became sleepy and finally asleep.@ PAVMUVEE SI MORI BIE SF MbAN ELE. ® HARES B85 Bic, ROELEI. 2. AFTER ~ (1) ~Carb (or ~ Cab) D ALDELIEPITUARL ATG, BEAM ET. Bi be LUMEADWO THO, ATUAER AES. rela, 3 bIctito TB, Me LET Bi BRtHve), UEFTENED LED Bae * WHER HEC Eiko Tw Lk 4 ETP BUD, RHE Lise H BEI, KC ty hW-eLELEAK BACH THOILIEEAEL EAA ERA 8 « ® Mis, PEDERI ETOBELAVATL Re Th. Bit Ao THOU), DEOEWA KRoTLEWE LK (2) ~t @ tyva— i = best RLEROE-— MIS RMTT be auc} 195 Ie Time -related Structures ‘When I was in the U'S., I gained five kilos while I don’t know. Let’s go home before it stars raining, A : [brush my teeth after have breakfast. B ; Lhave breakfast after I brush my teeth. A: What do you usually do after you come home? 2 I sometimes listen to music, and other times watch videos. I smoked when I was in my country. After came to Japan, I stopped smoking. T often played soccer when I was in my country, but I seldom play it after coming to Japan. He was such an interesting guy when he ‘was a student. But he became an uninter- esting person after he began to work for a ‘company. Drinking beer after playing soccer is just great,QD CORE, TWAT RNLBIMKA TK ES Please take this medicine after meals. < nat DQ FSEOFMICTUATLALARIC, 4-FEAE My son eats a piece of cake after dinner. zee ree a ‘ And after that he di i if milk. AT TOBI, AME LY 9 Davie. er that he drinks ater of ml moe ° ~ C5, rather than ~é, is used more often. The use of ~f# is quite limited. 3. BEFORE ~ (1) ~OW or~F Sit QD BAHcvoOLmMeARS ET. I always brush my tecth before going to Bak ri ted. @ HACRSMI, HRDS LILA AMY ¥ Before I came to Japan, T had no knowl eet & i ® edge about Japan. @ MAS SAMIL, VOB EC TwE L_—_ Before I got married, I usually worked till Mock ER 2Bbe URS > Jat After I ried, I ul Teo UELTH DIL. SAFES DICAED EF. ee abalght After Lg maried. Duswally c we go home at five. ® AMOI. KBKHEA CHE LE. ZOHe lived in Hiroshima before I came to live Bush 22 wele + in Osaka. And before that I lived in Tokyo. HEA CWE Lito FOR ar) © PABOGAOWL, ROGET LI» FO 1 was an Buglish teacher before I became a HST IB THE Lito Japanese teacher. And before that I worked BALA Ok for a bank. 4. OTHERS (1) ~2%atS = simultaneous actions OD PRVRKEMSRAMRL CHET. — my younger brother listens to music while PRLBSARCLIECS ERA. he studies. That is the last thing 1 can do. 196“oF outoy 21409 2 useYy ue “Burwow Aepraisok sno awam tA AW Asoys Aur 0} ways pur poreas wyeuras asealq “sosnoy uROLOULY UL UO Sooys Ho IMs asnoy xp OWE oF aqdoog yey v Sureans aytya a|doad 19018 01 uedee ur pod you say -hopsoysok yaw ye We] TY Supp op spuony Aw or porte T “rae peg e st yey yur | yaans amp UE Supjem ofiyas Bupfours apdoad awos 908 qeour Baavy nok aAYM ALL YoTEA 1 OOS 30U Say Saunjonuig poxeyox-9UUT, © TT 46h OU REND es bie ah ae CAVMEVS “FELNGHIBONUE OD CARH) AMMAHOTUEDR ELH © °4 GYR EUANSC > ‘HOOK x¥L @ PLAN > FHOE £2CRNG “RELL ERLM FOKH © uonemis 10 a1e1s wuasad amp Buuren : FE~ (2) CATES aan 4793 ous saat as PRET ICREWAMS “D8 HLTA © o$ RA RAY) TENE g *$BUeY CALA GMAT DEL © ans. A) THOWBRVNLGLNRALL @"APPENDIX (Chart 1: Inflectional Verbs and Inflections (eoerbs or Grp ters) Wine | ele [Sie | ine | ike | ime | ime | Sine 7 a Tala foveal ino faota-2 fois fatal) wrafom roi 24 loveai-a+ [pmaniT-24 macs 2 7|sha-2+ laohit-2- fomil-#+ oka) o£ fom Fh compe) SLs "SSh epe) Bayete ‘rectvers ek) | eves) | manna) | masa) | tiga) scbfal | som) | wok) tl raigiz | poet |b | maSeix | aisiz | eonlir | rome [emis | eee vica-9 | ovonta-> |taaet-9 | mmis-9 | atigo-> | soba» | eomta)-> |rhaca-» faite twokaiazs | tt (ttrot bax tevtg | baie C20 BG gonelme [ex pa lao ge [pe ma. BG 3. de Fm ew. en Bt, |32. s, fac. fe. a, a. a. ipa.“ has m os. ae. “ote ot "Also er aor ay may Semen he, A a we veChart 2 : Stem Verbs and Inflections Chart 3: Irregular Verbs and Inflections (racverbs or Group verbs) ingen oes ome aoe aeee | [Tie eke [ane om wears eas [ones mas | [x tpton wat aces Prone Freon Eltpen "Eee "Pence Pitino Bicete Eee a ood / ‘cantoceet plain non-past form | tabe-& ne okie mid MM plain non-pastform | kuru suru orator ' eda on cmdicndiom | abent nent otieit misnet | |v conomlfom | twede voidomitom — faders | ont3/otte3 mens | |v vatnal tom | kot om re Pr) me 0 ftom we een nie [se nie a tom we es ge [gee gs me [=e Woe os. ove | PRA PA we Bes. ea, gna, | aa 1. He. wae, Wma, Be 2B | EAs. Aha, oe ih oe. Foner, qormer es wagers, wePREFACE This book is not a course book for elementary Japanese classes. This is not a grammar reference book in the usual sense of the word, either. ‘This book is in a sense a “hybrid book” for Japanese language learners. When leamers proceed with the study of Japanese, whether they take a Japanese course or they study by themselves, they are given opportunities to study specific grammatical features in a cumulative fashion but they are not usually given instructions or information that will help them understand the system of the language. Though a typical grammar reference book may deepen leamers’ understanding of each gram- matical feature, they do so at the expense of simplicity and at the risk of losing sight of the broader picture of the language system. “Understanding Basic Japanese Grammar” is a new kind of book which has over- come these problems that conventional approaches to Japanese grammar share. It provides materials with which learners can learn to use specific grammatical structures and understand each grammar point prop- erly while broadening their understanding of the language system. Supplemented with appropriate additional materials and classroom activities, this book can function as a main book for an elementary Japanese course. It can be a useful supplement for any elementary Japanese course or can be used as a grammar reference book by any learner of elementary Japanese. It will also be very helpful review material for post-elementary leamers and those who plan to take level 3 of the Japanese Language Proficiency Test to summarize and consolidate their knowledge of basic Japanese grammar. The author hopes that this book will prove to be a valuable resource for different leamers of Japanese and be an additional asset for Japanese language teaching circles. January, 2000 Koichi Nishiguehi International Student Center, Osaka University Lic ABILOBAARED— ADL DORAL CLV EA. Ei, VEWBLUESECHAYE UA COAL, HoCAN, DRAFHENZOROO(MBOR] TH. AHH AAMOI—ACMIATSELTS, AF ARS SELTH. FAMZENENOLEER ERA LITA MMT SRBIGFASNET A, HRBOYA | FOAM TES LEER SE EDM FAONADT SCLGMBULBVEL Aro MIN LESS | PMA OLEBROMMERYTNSDELNLEAM TILAPIA TH LILA PACS OT L Lit, ERE AM OY ATADSIMRE UR OCL EVE Te [EEF ARBCIMA I ih, CAE COIO RBA PHBL BOIL RIRLIEML UIA TORTI» CORT, FARRELL TR IARI (SCA) ORV FA AL, We OEMS EL UR LENS, FOB CAROLE AFA OW CORRE ROSIEMCASLI“EFRAADEREN COEF. OU) eB & EAE STL, ALE AGI AOEBMELTHILEM TART. EK DBAARA— 2OMDSA LLC, HSVALMRFEMKOLKSSEELCURICESTSES, SHICHKBIS, H EH RHEE ML EM SU SLO ILE TC, DAMT FABS OVE ABEND RRIRERE FELTWOS A OROOVEE Pe CMB IK ESVET. ABNSESEREBR LOCH EERRH LEY, ELH KOH AMO TATE O FE RM ELC SENSES MOTE TS | | 20004515 wax i KRAE geet 9 ili@ Introduction to Understanding Basic Japanese Grammar Shown below is the fundamental organization of this book. ———— } Introductory Stage nding Stage Part Five : Grammar Points ‘Advanced Stage Part Six : Complex Structures Fundamental Organization of This Book This book is divided into three stages and six parts. These three stages correspond with the stages of grammatical development that are strategically assumed in this book. In order to understand the special features of this book, please read the following introductory remarks carefully while taking a look at the list of contents of the book. Introductory Stage _| ‘The grammatical contents that are usually covered in most standard introductory Japanese course, or the equivalent part of a textbook are explained and summarized in Part One and Part Two. Part One is the main body of this stage, and Part Two is a bridge to the next stage. [__ Expanding Stage Sentence patterns and smaller grammatical items that express different meanings are comprehensively covered in Part Three and Part Four. The grouping of the sentence patterns according to the different forms of the verb (ie, ?-form, %1-form, dictionary form, &-form, ‘C-form, and plain forms) in Part Three is one of the paramount features of this book. iced Stage Different grammar points and complex sentences that are usually covered in later stages of the elementary Japanese courses or the equivalent part of a textbook are explained in Part Five and Part Six. The strategic explanations that are given to the grammatical features in these parts are another paramount feature of this book. ! | Other useful information about Japanese grammar and word usages are provided in the “Columns.” | ‘They are inserted in appropriate places to add some other important information related to the preceding points. All the grammatical features, except a few advanced structures such as ~ 132, ~ DUE, ~bOH and ~%& 5, that are usually covered in a elementary Japanese course or textbook (equivalent to level 3 of the Japanese Language Proficiency ‘Test) are explained in this book. iv1. Additional sentential particles —~- 19 (1) i indicating the time of the action/event --- 79 (2) -¢ indicating the place of the action/event-- 19 (3) Other sentential particles ~.- 20 OT 20 @ Iz: (go/come/return) to do ~ @ & (WoL Ele) : (together) with —- OMS : from— 22 © E°C: as far as, until 22 © ECI : by, before. 22 CAITA VS ~{ BOI COW 23 2. Non-sentential particles 23 (1) O23 (2) 2, and a -- 24 (3) i indicating range of time/ space/ete. —- 24 3. Discourse particles --- 25 (1) && : topic marker— 25 (2) & : also 25 (3) i& and #825, ar ) Question Words p : 2 28 1. Question words in Japanese 2. Question words and their use (1) eo : when 28 (2) B= ; where, which place - 28 (3) 288: who 29 (4): what 29 (5) B35 LCE : why = 30 (6) B3 show 30 (1) BO~ : which ~ (among three or more) 31 (8) £% : which one (among three or more) 3/ (9) ¥0% : which one (between two) += 31 (0 2A%~ : what kind of ~ 32 (i) ER < 6: how far/much/many/ete. 32 (02) UNE / ALA He/ etc. : what time/how many people/how many sheets (of paper, etc.), Cte. 32 (18) v9 & & : how much «33 (4) <2 : how many, how oldAdequate amount of grammatical consciousness-raising example sentences and conversations are provided for each grammatical feature. They are written using the most familiar topics or themes to the leamer. The vocabulary used is restricted within the level 3 vocabulary of the Japanese | Language Proficiency Test. English equivalents are provided to the words that are beyond that level. They are marked with asterisks. Illustrations that will help you understand the example sentences or conversations are also occasionally deployed. Ml Usage of Understanding Basie Japanese Grammar Some possible usages of this book are suggested here. + Asa main book of an elementary Japanese course + Asa supplementary grammar book + Asan alternative grammar book to the one that accompanies the course book. + As review material for post-elementary learners or those who plan to take level 3 of the Japanese Language Proficiency Test ‘This book can be used beneficially both by independent learners as well as learners under teacher's guidance. Prior acquisition of hiragana and katakana is assumed in either case. Some knowledge of kanji is also preferable. Suggestions for Effective Use of Understanding Basic Japanese Grammar ‘The following are some suggestions you should be aware of while you study with this book. 1 Please use the list of contents to find the item you want to understand. And please also take an occasional overview of the list of contents. It will help you gain a broader picture of the language system. 2 The translations are intended (o help you understand the example sentences and conversations. However, translations can never be equivalent to the original Japanese. You may make use of the translations when you don’t understand the example sentences or conversations. But, after you have understood them, please read them aloud over and over until you can capture the flow of meaning that is expressed by them. 3 The explanations in English are kept concise. You are, expected to use analogy to figure out the semantico-grammatical meaning of cach grammatical feature based on your understanding of what is said in the example sentences or conversations. ‘Though I could give you an intricate explanation of each grammatical feature, I didn’t do so } because I don't think it will really help you understand the grammar of the language. I believe that unless you use your imagination and intuition, you will never understand the grammar of a | foreign language. And I also believe that it is the subtle collaboration between you as a learner | of Japanese and me as a educational linguist of Japanese that best promotes that goal. T have provided what I think to be the best materials for that purpose in this book. And now it’s your turn to work for your goal of Understanding Basic Japanese Grammar.CONTENTS Part One : fundamental Structure of Japanese Sentences @ Predicates and Sentences in Polite Speech 1, Sentences in polite speech ~~ 2 (1) Noun sentence : ~12~ C3 (2) Adjective sentence : ~ti~-CF --- 2 v-adjective sentence -—-3 Z-adjective sentence 4 (3) Verb sentence : ~ #94 2. Non-past/past and affirmative /negative endings of sentences in polite speech —- (1) Noun sentence and %-adjective sentence 5 (2) vs-adjective sentence» 5 (3) Verb sentence 6 3. ~ld~2* structure 7 (1) Topic -t& + comment 7 (2) Likes and dislikes, abilities, skills, ete. 7 BSED om7 a Noun and Adjective Sentences 1. Descriptive uses of noun and adjective sentences § (1) Description 8 (2) Special uses of noun and adjective sentences» 9 2, Replacing verb predicate 10 © Verb Sentences 1. Different verbs and sentences ~--- // (1) Verbs with one complement —~ 11 (2) Verbs with two complenents ~~~ 72 (3) Verbs with three complements ~~ 15 MIM 72 LRAT LE OHINSLE LKR om 7 2. Special uses of verb sentences : uses of 2 in place of I~ (1) Directing another person’s attention to a fact : ~& - (2) Directing another person’s attention to a fact cympalctitly NM a 18 (3) Beginning a story by reporting a fact/event/ etc.» 18 viii a7(D> Things you can say using ¥3-forms a5) 1. ~E9/~ ERA 35 (1) Customs, practices, habits, ete. -—- 35 (2) Future action, activity, event, etc. ~~ 35 2. ~E Lim 36 (1) Past action, activity, event, etc. (2) Completion of an action ~~ 36 BRE(BTBAB) RATE tthe — 36 3. Interactive functions of different %-3-forms--- 37 (1) %&# FA Would you like to drink? 37 ) Bes ¥AEAD> Would you like to drink? 37 ) HAE LEIA Shall we drink?.... 37 (4) @SELEF Let's eat! — 38 (5) SEW ELF Shall I open the window? ~~ 38 TEBE Ag 39 (QD) Connecting Adjectives ~~ 1. How to connect adjectives 40 2. Examples 40 (2 3 1. °C}-endings within quotations ---- 42 2. Examples 42 Plain past endings of -C-$" : -f€>%e and -Dofe ~~ 44 End-quote marker (Gy Expressio ter 1. Existence of things and persons/animals/ete. : 9 5 and WES» 46 2. Positional nouns: :. Fs ths Wis @B. BL EBV. SA HEL, eterna 3, Examples 47 (QQ Demonstrative Wor » | Lon, th, SR, EN 49 2. List of demonstrative words 49 3. Examples. 50 BOTPLEERLUET. 45Part Two : Introduction to Different Forms of the Verb 52 1. Three types of verbs ~~ 52 2. Inflections of the verb 52 HEXIMMIEM Potential form of a verb in polite style- Introduction to °C-form of the Verb and Its Use sa) 1. ‘C-form of the verb ~~. 55 2. Some uses of the "C-form- 55 (1)~C, ~: Serial actions 55 (2)~*C EF : Indicating that the action is in progress “56 (3) ~-CV¥F@ : To tell what one does 56 (4) ~-Cw ETO : To tell the state/situation of a person/thing = 57 (5) $#~TWEALA : Indicating that the action has not been executed yet -—- 53 (6) ~-C¢ SV/~TCK NEAR : Giving directions ~~ 58 BME C22 EAA 59 Blo CO ETD? 50 = PRACTICE 60 troduction to Plain Forms of the Verb and Their Uses. a) 1, Plain forms of the verb - © 2. Some uses of the plain form-- (1) Casual speech 6¢ (2) Within a quotation —-- 65 (3) Within a noun-modifying clause 65 ® PRACTICE. 66 Part Three : Expressions Using Different Forms of the Verb 1d Dictionary Form. 1. Expressions using %-form 70 (1) HAT EMH YET Lhave written (one)(before).—~ 70 (2) #V2tEF AAV CH You had better write. --- 71 (3) RSA VRAEY LELZE We ate and drank.» 71 2. Expressions using %¥9-form —--72 (1) Bawees< HSV Please don’t write, 72 xi(2) TMA Y EA (or Bw The Y EEA) Thave to write. 72 HOB and HEL Bp -— 73 (3) FPR TRO TH You don’t have to write. o— 74 BPN LA, PUES LA and HHENELE— 74 3. Expressions using dictionary form ~~ 74 (I) BK DAMES CHIC CLAM CH Mike to write./T like writing. 74 (2) O1LVAATH It is tough to write, 75 (3) < CEMTSEF Tcan write. 75 (4)46 CIE Before writing 76 © Expressions Using ¥4-form, ‘C-form, and Plain Forms 1, Expressions using #-form ~~ 77 ()B8eF Twill write./T write. (2) SAW CH Lwant to write. Best vs Bote t 78 (3) 8&2 how to write 79 (Q&T ELE Lwentto write. 30 (I) FSPTOTH BAI TH Easy to write/difficult to write 80 (6)#&2%5 CH (He/she) seems to write./ (He/she) is about to write. --- 87 BOLEG CH iam 82 (1) ¥& tix SLA began to write. BHU LL Icontinued writing. | HSH Y ELA [finished writing BA, ABE DHA E Lt (8) $8FFE LL [wrote too much. (9) @& wae did ~), while I wrote, ~~ 4 2, Expressions using ‘C-form—- 85 (1) dete ks Tam writing. 85 (2) #vCC RS Please write. Fwc< RECAD Will you please write?» 85, (3) BTS ww Hy May I write 2/Am 1 allowed to write? 35 (4) BveTSOwCH You may write./You are allowed to write. ~~ 86 (3) STO EA You may not write./You are not allowed to write, 86 (6) BT LWCH want you to write. () HCHO EY ~ is written. a7 (8) #vC88XF [will write (now)(in preparation for future convenience), --- 88 (9) SueTAKH [will try writing it. 39 (0) FveTLEWF will finish writing... 90 (i) #ueT LEELA Mistakenly/unfortunately I wrote. MEINE Transitive verbs and intransitive verbs---- 90 87+ 3. Expressions using plain foms- 92 (BK CEKLEL Idecided to write. Boe WOEILELZ I decided not to write. 92 (DHL SEI ALA It was decided that I/he/she will write. BHEVIEY ELA Twas decided that I/he/ she will not write.» 93 (3) #289 -CH Tintend to write./I will write. Hye 3H V TH intend not to write./I will not write. --- 93 (4) 44S LTH This said that he/she will write. HhRVG LWT Its said that he/she will not write. 94 (5) <3 -CH [heard that you/he/she will write. HPL TH [heard that you/he/she will not write. (60) BC ARMS It seems that he/she will write. HaewAL TH It scems that he/she will not write. —- (7) # <£5TH Itseems that he/she will write. #AGOLICH Itscems that he/she will not write, —~ 94 MEME £5 CF LECH SS CHART with nouns and adjectives--~- 98 (8) a ¢ EfveFF I think I/he/she will write. HPRVERLET think I/he/she will not write. ~~ 99 (9) <8SIEMWEF Probably I/he/she will write. Boe WEBI EMEF Probably I/he/she will not write. ~ WEL HSLASLA Tmight write./Itis possible that I/he/she vl write. Haw ODS LAEA. I might not write tis possible that [/he/she will not write. 99 (1) CLF Aba Y FLA Tdon't know whether I/he/she will write or not.» 99 (DBC AL eRYMEROST [guess I/he/she will write. BREOALPROPEMOET [guess I/he/she will not write, 99 ~ERUET/~RBI EBVET/~Mb LABLA/~ HEI HD BEAL ~AUStome BES with nouns and adjectives 00 BC TLEF VS BK CLE 107 94 (9) < BvELE He/she said he/she would write. ones M&e LA ete, Theard } { he/she would write. ~~ 102 WE mLIm DHY)ETA Idon’t know whether I/he/she will write or not. bdy ken I don’t know BCPESD {a DERA Tdon’t know } whether he/she will write. BlSE Lez etc. — Lasked him/her BCWEFD flo THETA ete. Do you know whether he/ she will write? 102 xiii(15) Mee & GRA, ~(L)XF If itis imperative to do so, I will do it. 14 (2) ESbNTH. ~(L)“EA Even if it is imperative to do so, I won't do it. 170 Part Four : Grammatical Items (Q _Usazes 1. Word usages «J /- (I) woe), BOTS, ATH, (CO : anytime, anyplace, anybody, anything 11 (2) fs—fif : something—nothing ind»—EIS : somebody—nobody ECM UOE somewhere—nowhere - 4 (8) FAC : by oneself 115 (4) vac : by oneself or alone ~~ 125 xiv(2) ~}i: during ~, or while ~~ 194 (3) ~3 Bie: while. 194 i 2, ARTER~ ~~ 195 t (1) ~*Cae 6 (or ~ TAB) 195° (2) ~ hom 195 3. BEFORE~ (1) ~o i or (1) ~%286 : simultaneous actions ~~ 196 (2)~# : maintaining the present state or situation —-- 197 Appendix ~~ 198 Chart 1 Inflectional Verbs and Inflections ---- 198 Chart 2 Stem Verbs and Inflections-- 199 Chart 3 Irregular Verbs and Inflections —- 199 xix(5) SE~ : ~ are left 116 (6)~DECS : ~’s office/place/ete. 116 ~HRVR, ~DEI%, and ~ GLO 117 . Particles and particle phrases~-"- 117 (1) ~C8@ : ~ or something like that. 117 (2)~CB@: even ~~ 118 (3) ~C8O : ~ (will be fine) 18 (4) ~2804 : simply ~~ 08 (8) ~ Ua: only ~ 119 (6) ~t& : at least ~~ 119 (7) ~® : as long as ~, as many as ~, as much as ~, ete. «= 179 (8) ~~ kot: for ~ 120 (9) ~@#28Kc : for (the sake of) ~ (1) ~i2-OuC : about ~~» 120 () ~ £v95[noun] : [noun| named/called ~~ 120 np 20 pS Be 1. AND-group—~ 12 (QQ ELT (or fF UT) wm 124 (2) FB Emm 27 (3) €L#6 (or £9 Litb)and LHC 122 ; 2. SO-group ~~ 123 (1) 286 123 3. BUT-group ~~ 124 (1) CB (or FREB) -— 124 (2) Lae Ln t24 :- Other Structures ae 3 Bs) 1. Expressions of Change of State/ Ability /Customs/ Practices» 125 (1) Change of state : ~< % 9) $5 (-adjective), (2) Changing the state : ~{ L&¥ (v--adjective), (3) Change of ability : 12 £5 te) ELH CRY ELT (4) Change of customs or practices: #< £5) ELAS Be LY ELE — 129 (5) Promoting or refraining from customs ot practices : #4 E3CLTVES/ Batre EFIKLTOET 130 2. Comparison ---- 130 (1) Comparative structure ; (2 -E—£ D)MPOWEI AWS CH 130 2) Bok~ LEY I HORE BWTH, on 137 (3) Superlative: ESLA hAMERE TIBIA BUNCH oom 152 3. Partial negation : S8ptdia FEAT Lie 133 125, a= 126 xvPart Five : Grammar Points @ Expressions of Giving and Receiving 1. Giving and receiving in Japanese ~~ 136 (1) Receiving (a gift/present etc.) : 8 65 136 (2) Giving (a gift/present etc.) : < #%% or HIYS ~~ 136 2, Examples ~~ 137 3, Polite versions of giving and receiving ~~ 139 indicating the source person with particles in receiving action: (c and D'S ~~ @ Verb + Giving or Receiving 1. Explanations —- 147 2. Examples /41 FI VS BHF B om 143 @o Potential Expressions: Expressing Ability/ Capacity / Capability /etc. = EXPLANATIONS -~- 144 1. Meaning 144 2, Forms «144 3. Basic practice -- 146 = USES ---- 147 J. Ability, capacity, capability, ete. -~- 147 (1) Examples ~~ 147 (2) Practice ~~~ 147 2. Other uses ~~ 149 (1) Usability or unusability —~ 149 (2) 1can/could finish ~ ing —~ 149 (3) Forbidding ~~ 150 EIMTEN Potential use of intransitive verbs ~~ 150 MOT BREST and POA EF wm 157 oO Passive Expressions: Receiving Another Person’s Action = EXPLANATIONS ~~ 152 1. Meaning ~~» 152 2, Forms and structure ~~ 152 (1) Forms 152 (2) Structure 153 = USES ~~ 153 1. Receiving a mental or yerbal activity 153 140 Wa; 144} 1522, Receiving a physical action 156 3. Intelligent passive. 157 itive Expressions: Having Someone Do Something = EXPLANATIONS 1. Meaning 159 2. Forms 59 (1) Stem verbs (ru-verbs, Group II) 159 (2) Inflectional verbs (u-verbs, Group I) ---- 160 (3) Iegular verbs 160 = USES 167 1. Force/oblige/make someone to do something —~ 161 2, Allow/let someone (to) do something --»- 162 3. Allow me to do something ---- 162 4. Cause someone’s psychological or mental activity -- 162 XD LACM EBR SAK LIP oom 164 159 ) -Causative-Passive Expressi Being Forced to Do Something "= EXPLANATIONS ~~ 165 1. Meaning 165 2, Forms.» 165 (1) Stem verbs (ru-verbs, Group II) ~~ 165 (2) Inflectional verbs (u-verbs, Group I) ~~ 166 E (3) Irregular verbs 166 = USES ~~ 167 1. Examples 167 _ 2, Practice: I didn’t want to, but I was forced to do ~. 167 “HRC ROOK, HSSEHNE LE" vs “RARVOK, MELT MELA TLE” 168 1. Politeness expressions in Japanese --- 169 2, Honorific version of the verb 169 (1) Regular honorifics ~~ 169 (2) Honorific verbs ~~ 170 3. Examples. 170 Humble expressions ~~~ 173 xvii 165Part Six : Complex Structures 1. AND-group—- 176 (1) ~* or ~'C : connecting form of noun predicates and adjective predicates ~~ 176 ~L- 17 (2) ~C (or ~€) : connecting form of verbs 177 BUTPRETE ET 179 2, SO-group--- 179 (1) ~¢ (or ~"€) : indicating the cause for physiological or phychological reaction ~~ (2) ~@°C : cause - consequence, or reason - result 180 (3) ~a» : presenting reason or ground 182 EUMTE 9°5 vs OC ~~ 181 3. BUT-group ~~ 182 (1) ~28: indicating general BUT relations 182 (2) ~O¥ : indicating BUTT relations with blaming or disappointed tone ~~ 182 (3) ~CB (or ~ CB) : even if 183 1. Conditionals in Japanese 184 2, ~E mm 184 (1) Describing a phenomenon ~- 734 (2) Describing the function of a machine, the effect of a medicine, ete. 187 (3) Describing customs and social practices ~~ 188 (4) Action—+ discovery (past), or action-+ unexpected event (past) ~~ 168 3. ~2B (or ~ 2B) 189 (1) Completion of an action or realization of a state/situation—+ next step 189 (2) Activity + unexpected change of the state (past) (3) Action obtaining the expected result (past) 190 (4) Case—+ resolution 190 (5) Asking for directions ~~ 91 4. ~12 191 (1) Condition + consequence (non-past) ~~ 297 (2) Asking for directions ~~ 191 Use of b* within clauses of reason, condition, and time---- 192 1. Indicating time ~-- 193 (1) ~2 8 s time 193 xviii