ST Erkenwald 338-352

St.
Erkenwald (338-352)
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Hctor Portela Albarrn
Text and Translation:

338 And with reverence a rowme he rat hyr for ever.
And with reverence he granted over them a place for ever.
339 I heere erof my high God and also e, bysshop,
Therefore, I praise my high God and also you, bishop,
340 Fro bale has brot us to blis, blessed ou worth!
From bale has brought us to bliss,be blessed!
341 Wyt this cessyd his sowne, sayd no more,
With this his utterance ceased, he said no more,
342 Bot sodenly his swete chere swyndid and faylid
But suddenly his sweet face faded away and disappeared
343 And all the blee of his body wos blakke as e moldes,
And all the colour of his body was as black as clods.
344 As roten as e rottok at rises in powdere,
As rotten as the decayed matter that rises in powder.
345 For as sone as e soule was sesyd in blisse,
For as soon as the soul was possessed by bliss,
346 Corrupt was at oir crafte at covert e bones,
Corrupt was that other matter that coverted his bones,
347 For e ay-lastande life at lethe shall never
For the everlasting life that shall never cease.
St. Erkenwald (338-352)
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348 Devoydes uche a vayneglorie at vayles so litelle

Eliminate each vanaglorie that avails so little
349 en wos lovyng oure Lord with loves uphalden
Then our loving Lord was raised up with loves
350 Meche mournyng and myrthe was mellyd togeder
Much mourning and mirth was mingled together
351 ai passyd for the in procession and alle e pepull folowid
They passed further in procession and all the people followed
352 And all the belles in the burgh beryd at ones.
And all the bells in the town rang out at once.
Phonological Analysis:
-AND (x3):
OE <and> >PdE <and>
OE [and]>(1)ME [and] > (2)ModE [nd]> PdE [nd] strong form/[nd] weak form
1.No lengthening because of homorganic consonant group because it is an unstressed
word.
2.1653:Fronting
-WITH:
OE <wi> > PdE <with>
OE[wi+>(1)ME *wi]>ModE [wi]>PdE[w]
1.Voicing because it is an unstressed word.
-A:
OE <a> > PdE <a>
OE[a]>(1)ME [a]> PdE[] weak form
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1.No lengthening because of homorganic consonant group because it is an unstressed

word.
-HE:
OE < h> > PdE <he>
OE[he:]>ME[he:]>(1)eModE[hi:]>PdE[hi:]
1.Great Vowel Shift (G.V.S.)
-HYR:
OE <hiere> > PdE <her>
OE[hiere]>(1) (2)ME[hir()]>(3)ModE[hr]>(4)[h:r]>(5)[h:]>PdE [h:]
1.Reduction of OE diphthongs (monophthongization
2. Weakening and loss of endings.
3. 18th century: Merger of er, ir, ur and wor into r.
4. 18th century: Tendency of the short vowels to be lengthened when followed by s, ss,
r, f, v, th, r, r+consonant.
5. 20th century: Loss of r in final position.
-FOR:
OE <for> > PdE <for>
OE[for]>ME [for]>(1)ModE [f:r]>(2)[f :]>PdE[f :]
1.18th century: Tendency of the short vowels to be lengthened when followed by s, ss,
2.20th century: Loss of r in final position.
-EVER:
OE <fre> > PdE <ever>
OE*:vre+>(1)(2)ME *:vr+>(3)(4)[evr]>(5)ModE[ev]>PdE[[ev]
1.Free change.
2.Loss of the vowel of the second syllable due to lack of stress.
3.Shortening because it is an unstressed word.
4.Epenthetic schwa.
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5.20th century: Loss of final r.

-I:
OE <i> > PdE <I>
OE[it]>(1)ME [i:]>(2)eModE [ai]>PdE[a]
1.Loss of the affricate [t] because it is an unstressed word and compensatory
lengthening.
2.G.V.S.
- EROF:
OE < rof> > PdE <thereof>
OE< r> > PdE <there>
OE[:r]>(1)lOE [:r ] >(2)ME *:r+>(3) eModE *er+>(4)18th[er]>(5)20th[e]>PdE [e]
1. Voicing because it is an unstressed word.
2. Free change.
3. Succesful r: no G. V. S.
4. 18th century: r-gliding.
5. 20th century: Loss of r in final position.
OE [of] (doublet)
OE <of> >PdE <of>
OE [of] > (1)ME [ov] > PdE [v] strong form, [v] weak form. <of>
OE <of> > PdE <off>
OE [of] > (1)ME [of] > PdE [f]
1. No voicing because it is not an unstressed word.
-MY:
OE <mne> > PdE <my>
OE[mi:ne]>(1)ME>[mi:(n)]>(2)eModE [mai]>PdE[ma]
1.Weakening and loss of endings.
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2.G.V.S.
-HEGH:
OE <hh> (Dialectal form) > PdE <high>
OE[he:]>(1)ME [hi:]>(2)[hi:j] >(3)[hi:i]>(4)[hi:]>(5)eModE [hai]>(6)ModE[hai]>PdE[ha]
1. Palatal umlaut.
2. h-gliding.
3. Vocalization.
4. Monophthongization (Assimilation).
5. G.V.S.
6. 17th century: Loss of final h.
-GOD:
OE <God> > PdE <God>
OE[god]> PdE [gd]
-ALSO:
OE <ealsw> > PdE <also>
OE<eall> >PdE <all>
OE [all]>(1)[all]>(2)lOE [al]>(3)ME [awl]>(4) [aul]>(5) 18th [o:l]>PdE [:l]
1.Monophthongization and free change.
2.Simplification of geminates.
3. l-gliding.
4. Vocalization.
5. 18th century: Monophthongization.
OE<sw> > PdE <so>
OE [swa:] > OE sw *sw:] > (1) ME [sw:]> (2) [s:]>(3)ModE [so:]>(4)18th[sou] >19th[su]> PdE
[s]
1.Free change: Southern development.
2.Loss of /w/ next to a back vowel in an unstressed word.
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3.G. V.S.
4.18th century: Dipthonguization
5.19th century: Centralization of the 1st element of the dipthong.
- E:
OE <e> > PdE <the>
OE[e]>(1)lOE [e]>(2)ME []>ModE[]>PdE[]
2. Weakening because it is an unstressed word.
-BYSSHOP:
OE <bisop> PdE <bishop>
OE[biop]>(1)ME[bip]>ModE[bip]>PdE[bp]
1. Weakening of the vowel of the unstressed syllable.
-HAS:
OE <hf> > PdE <has>
OE[hf]>(1)lOE[hs]>(2)(3)ME [haz]>(4)ModE [hz]>PdE[hz]
1. Change of [f+ into *s+ due to Old Norse influence.
2. Free change.
3. Voicing due to weakening.
4. 1653: Fronting.
-BRO:
OE <brht> > PdE <brought>
OE[bro: t]>(1)ME [bro t]> (2)ME [brow t+>(3)brout+>(4)17th[br:t]>(5)[ br:t]>PdE [br:t]
1.Shortening of long vowels when followed by two consonants.
2. h-gliding.
3. Vocalization.
4. 17thcentury: Monophthongization.
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5. Loss of h.
-US:
OE <s> > PdE <us>
OE[u:s]>(1)ME [us]>(2)ModE [s]>PdE [s]
1. Shortening because it is an unstressed word.
2. 1640: Centralization and loss of lip rounding.
-TO (doublet)
OE <t> > PdE <to>
OE[to:]>ME[to:]>(1)eModE[tu:]>(2)ModE [t]>PdE [t]
1. G.V.S.
2. Post 1640: Late shortening.
OE <t> > PdE <too>
OE [to:]>ME[to:]>(1)eModE [tu:]>PdE [tu:]
1.G. V. S.
-BLIS/BLISSE:
OE <bliss> > PdE <bliss>
OE[bliss]>(1) ME [blis]>ModE[blis]>PdE[bls]
1. Simplification of geminates.
-BLESSID:
OE <bltsian>(verb) > PdE <bless>
OE[ble:tsian]>MeE(1)[bletsian]>(2)ME [blets(in)]>(3)[bles]>ModE [bles]>PdE [bles]
1. Shortening before two consonants.
3. Assimilation due to the law of the least effort.
-OU:
OE <> > PdE <thou>
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OE [u:]>(1)ME [u:]>(2)eModE [au]>PdE [a]

1. Voicing of initial // because it is an unstressed word.
2. G.V.S.
-WORTH:
OE <weorn> >PdE <worth>
OE [weorn]>(1)(2)ME [wor(n)]>(3)ModE [wr]>(4) [w:r]>(5) [w:]>PdE [w:]
1. Reduction of diphthongs: South Western development.
3. 18th century: Merger of ir, er, ur and wor in r.
4. 18th century: Tendency of the short vowels to be lengthened when followed by s, ss,
5. 19th century: Loss of r when followed by other consonant.
-THIS:
OE <is > > PdE <this>
OE[is]>(1)ME [is]>ModE [is]> PdE [s]
-CESSYD/SESYD:
OF <cesser> > PdE <cease>
(1)ME [s:s()]>(2)eModE [se:s]>[si:s]>PdE [si:s]
2. G. V. S.
-HIS:
OE <his> > PdE <his>
OE[his]>(1)ME [hiz]>ModE [hiz]>PdE [hz]
-SAYD:
OE <sde> > PdE <said>
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OE[sjde]>(1)(2)(3)ME [said()]>(4)[sa:d]>(5)ModE [sd+>*s:d+>*se:d+>(6)*sed+>PdE *sed+

1. Free change.
2. Vocalization.
4. Merger: [ai], [ei],[a:].
5. G.V.S.
6. Shortening because it is in unstressed position.
-NO:
OE <nht> > PdE <not>
OE[na:t]>(1)ME [n: t]>(2)[n: wt]>(3)[n:ut]> ModE(4)[ no:t+>(5)17th[no:t]>PdE [n:t]
1. Free change: Southern variety.
2. h-gliding.
3. Vocalization.
4. Monophthongization.
5.17th Loss of h.
-MORE:
OE <mra> > PdE <more>
OE[ma:ra]>(1)(2)ME [m:r]>(3)eModE [m:r] >(4)ModE[m:]>PdE[m:]
1. Free change: Southern development.
3. Successful r.
4. 20th century: loss of r in final position.
-BOT:
OE <btan> > PdE <but>
OE[bu:tan]>(1)ME [bu:t(n)]>(2)eModE [but]>(3)[bt]>PdE [bt]
2. Before 1640: early shortening.
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-SODENLY:
OE <sudenli> > PdE <suddenly>
OE[sudenlij]>(1) ME[sudenlii]>(2)[sudenli:]>(3)[sudnli:]>(4)eModE [sudnli]>(5)[sdnli]>PdE
[sdnli]
1. Vocalization.
2.Monophthongization.
3. Weakening due to lack of stress.
4.Early shortening due to lack of stress: no G. V.S.
-SWETE:
OE <swte> > PdE <sweet>
OE[swe:te]]>(1)Me [swe:t()]>(2)eModE[swi:t]>PdE[swi:t]
2. G. V. S.
-FAYLID:
OF <faillir> > PdE <disappear>
ME [failir]>(1)[fail(ir)]>(2)[faijl]>(3)[fa:l]>(4)1500 [f:l]>(5)[f:l]>[fe:l]>(6)19th[feil]> PdE[fel]
2.Vocalization.
3. Merger: [ai], [ei], [a:].
4. 1500: Fronting.
5. G. V. S.
6. Diphthongization.
-ALL:
OE <ell> > PdE <all>
OE [all] > (1)lateOE [ll] > (2)[wll] > (3) [wl] > (3) ME [aul] > (4)18th[:l] > PdE [:l]
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1.Monophthongization and free change

2. l-gliding.
1. Simplification of geminates
3. Vocalization.
4. Monophthongization.
-OF:
OE <of> > PdE <of>
OE[of] > (1) ME[ov] > PdE [v], [v]
-BODY:
OE < bodi> > PdE <body>
OE [bodj]> (1) ME [bodii] > (2) [bod ]> (3) [bodi] > PdE [bd]
1.Vocalization.
2.Assimilation.
3.Shortening due to lack of stress.
-WAS:
OE <ws> > PdE <was>
OE [ws] > (1)ME waz > (2)eModE [wz] > PdE [wz] (strong form), [wz] (weak form)
2. Rounding influence of w.
-BLAKKE:
OE <blc> > PdE <black>
OE[blk] > (1)ME[blak]>(2)1653[blk]>PdE [blk]
1. Free Change
2. Fronting
-AS:
OE <as> > PdE <as>
OE [s] > (1) ME [az] > (2) 1653 [z] > PdE [z]
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2. Fronting.
-ROTEN:
OE <rotian> > PdE <rot>
OE[rotian]>(1)ME[rot]>PdE[rot]
-AT:
OE <t> > PdE <that>
OE [t] > (1) ME [at] > (2) 1653 [t] > PdE [t], [t]
2. Fronting.
-RISES:
OE<rzan>>PdE<rise>
OE[ri:zan] > (1)ME[ri:z] >(2)eModE[raz]> PdE[raz]
1. Loss of endings
2. G.V.S.
-PAWDERE:
OF<pdr()>>PdE<powder>
OF[pu:dr] > (1)ME[pu:dr] > (2)eModE [padr] >(3)20th[pad] >PdE[pad]
1. Epenthetic schwa.
2. G.V.S.
3. Loss of r in final position.
-SONE:
OE <sne> > PdE <soon>
OE[so:ne]>(1)ME[su:n]>(2)eModE[su:n]>PdE[su:n]
1. Loss of final e.
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2. G.V.S.
-SOULE:
OE <swol> > PdE <soul>
OE[sa:wol]> (1) (2)ME [s:ol] > (3)[s:l] > (4) eModE [so:l] > (5)18th[soul] > (6)19th[s l]>
PdE[sl]
1. Free change: Southern variety.
2. Loss of w next to a back vowel in unstressed syllable.
3. Assimilation.
4. G.V.S.
6. Centralization of the first element of the diphthong.
-IN:
OE <in> > PdE <in>
OE [in] > ME [in] > PdE [n]
-OIR:
OE <er> > PdE <other>
OE[o: er] > (1)ME[o: r] > (2)eModE[u: r] > (3)Pre1640[ur] > (4)1640[r]>
(5) 20th[]>PdE[]
1.Weakening of the vowel of the 2nd syllable.
2. G.V.S.
3. Early shortening.
4. Centralization and loss of lip rounding.
5. Loss of r in final position.
-CRAFTE:
OE <crfte> > PdE <craft>
OE[crfte]>(1)ME[kraft]>(2)1653[krft]>(3)18th [kr:ft]>(4)19th [kr:ft]>PdE[kr:ft]
1.Weakening and loss of endings
2. Fronting.
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3. Tendency of short vowels to be length when followed by s,ss,f,u,r,r+cons.

4. Velarization.
-BONES:
OE <bn> > PdE <bone>
OE[b:n] > (1)ME[b :] >(2)eModE [bo:n]>(3)18th [bon] >(4)19th [bn] > PdE[bn]
1. Free change:South variety.
2. G.V.S.
3. Diphthongization
4. Centralization of the first element of the diphthong.
-FOR:
OE <for> > PdE <for>
OE [for]> ME [for]> (1)18th[f:r]>(2)20th [f :] > PE [f:]
1. Tendency of short vowels to be lenghtened when followed by s, ss, f, v, th,r, r+cons.
2. Loss of final r.
-LASTANDE:
OE<lst> >PdE <last>
OE[lst]>(1)ME [last]>(2)1653[lst]>(3)18th[l:st]>(4)19th[l:st]>PdE[l:st]
1. Free change.
2. Fronting.
3. Tendency of short vowels to be length when followed by s,ss,f,u,r,r+cons.
4.Velarization.
-LIFE:
ME <lif> > PdE <life>
ME *lf+ > (1) eModE *laif+ > PdE *laf]
1. GVS
-SHALL:
OE <sceal> > PdE <shall>
OE[al] > (1)ME[al] > (2)1653[l] > PdE[l]
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1. Reduction of diphthongs.
2. Fronting
-NEVER:
OE <nfre > > PdE <never>
OE [n:vre] > (1)ME[n:vr] > (2)[nevr] > (3)20th [nev] > PdE[nev]
1. Loss of the vowel of the second syllable due to lack of stress.
2. Early shortening pre-GVS because it is a grammatical word. Epenthetic schwa.
3. Loss of final r.
-VAINEGLORIE:
OF <vaine> > PdE <vain>
ME [vain] > (1) & (2) [va:n()+ > (3) ModE *v:n+ > *v :n]> [ve:n] > (6) 19th [vein] > PdE [ven]
1. Merger of /ai/, /ei/ >/a:/

5. Great vowel shift.
OF <glorie>> PdE[glor]
ME [gl:ri] > (1) ModE [gl:ri] = PdE

1. No Great Vowel Shift because successful r.
-LITELLE:
OE<lytel>/ <lyt(e)lan> / <lytlan> Oblique case > PdE<little>
OE [l:tlan] > (1)&(2)ME [li:tl(n)] > (3) [litl]> (4) [litl] = PdE [ltl]
1. North Eastern development of y.
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3. 14th Shortening because long vowel + 2 consonants (no lengthening group).

4. Epenthetic .
-EN:
OE <en> > PdE <then>
OE [en] > (1) ME [en] > ModE [en]> PdE [en]
1. Voicing of [] because it is an unstressed word.
-OURE (from < re >):
OE <oure> > PdE <our>
OE [u:re ] > (1) ME [u:r()] > (2) ModE [aur] > (3) 18th [aur] > (4) 20th [au] > PdE [a]
1. Weakening and loss of ending.
2. G.V.S.
3. R-gliding.
4. 20th Loss of final r.
-LORDE:
OE<lorde> > PdE <lord>
OE [hl:vord] > (1) (2) (3) ME [(h)l:v()rd] > [l:vrd] > (4) [l:rvd] > (5) ModE [l:rd] > (6) 19th c.
[l:d] > PdE [l:d]
1. Loss of h in initial position.
2. Free change.
3. Weakening and loss.
4. Loss of v close to a consonant group.
5. Successul r.
6. Loss of r when followed by a consonant.
-LOVES:
OE<love> > PdE <love>
OE [luvian] > ME (1) [luv] > 1640 (2) [lv] > PdE [lv]
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1. Loss of ending.
-HOLDE:
OE <holde> > PdE <hold>
OE <healdan> West Saxon.
Anglian dialect: OE [hldn] > (1) lOE [h:ldan]> (2) & (3)ME [h:ldn] > >(4) 15th [h:ld] > (5)
ModE [h:ld] > (6) 18th [hould] > (7) 19th [hld] = PdE [hld] <hold>
1. Lengthening due to homorganic consonant group, /a/ +/ ld/.
2. Free change: southern development.
3. Weakening
4. Loss of endings.
5. G. V. S.
6. 18th Diphtongization.
7. 19th Centralization of the first element of the diphthong.
-MECHE (from <myel>):

OE<myel > > PdE <much>
OE [mtel] > (1) ME [mutl] > (2) [mut ()l] > (3) lME [mut] > (4) 1640 [mt] >PdE [mt]
<much>
1. Western development of y.
2. Weakening and loss of the vowel of the second syllable.
3. Loss of[l] closed to [t].
-MYRTHE:
OE<myrij> > PdE <mirth>
OE[mrij]>(1)ME [mirii]>(2)[mur(i)]> (3) 18th [mr] > (4)*m:r+>(5) 19th * m:]=PdE
[m:]
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1. Northern/Eastern development of y .
2. Assimilation and least effort law.
3. 18th century: Merger of ir, er, ur and wor into r.
4. 18th century: Tendency of short vowels to be lenghthened when followed by , s, ss,
th, f, r, r+consonant.
5. 19th century: Loss of r when followed by consonant.
-TOGEDER:
OE<togeder> > PdE <together>
OE t gdere, gaderian,
ME [togedere] > (1) ME [tgedr] > (2) [tgedr] > (3) 17th [tger] > PdE [tger]
<together>
1.Weakening of the vowel of the first syllable due to lack of stress. Loss of the
vowel of the last syllable due to lack of stress.
2.Epenthetic .
3.Fricatization due to proximity to r.
-PASSYD
ME <pass> > PdE <pass> From OF <passer>
ME [pass-] > (1) & (2) ME [pas(s)(-)]> (3) ModE 1653[ps] >(4) 18th [p:s] >(5) 19th [ps] =
PdE [ps]
1. Simplification of the geminate.
3. 1653 Fronting.
4. 18th century: Tendency of short vowels to be lenghthened when followed by , s, ss,
th, f, r, r+consonant.
5. 19th Velarization.
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-PEPULL:
OE<pepull> > PdE <people>
Fr. peple
ME [pe:pl] > (1) [pe:pl] > (2) [pe:pl] > (3) e.ModE [pi:pl] > PdE [pi: pl] <people>
2. Epenthetic .
3. G. V. S.
-BELLES:
OE <bell> > PdE <bell>
OE [bell] > (1) ME[bel (l)] > PdE [bel] <bel>
1.Simplification of geminates.
-ONE:
OE <a:n> > PdE <one>
OE [:n] > (1)ME [:n] > (2) [w:n] > (3)[wo:n] > (4) [wn] >Before 1640 (early shortening)
[wun] >1640 [wn] > PdE [wn] <one>
1. South
2. Dialectal development of [w]. W-formation. W develops before back vowels in
word initial position.
3. Rounding influence of [w]
4. GVS
Graphic Analysis:
-OE <>was substituted in ME by <a> by the Anglo-Norman Convention (ANC). <> appeared
for the last time in 1258 in the Oxford Provisions. i.e. OE <t> - PdE <that>
- In PdE, diacritic <e> was used to indicate that the vowel of the previous syllable
was long. i. e. <belles>-<pawdere>
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- After 1400, <> (thorn) and <> (eth), which represented [] and [] indistinctively, were
replaced by <th> according to ANC. In PdE, <th> represents both [] and []. E.g: <erof> <worth>
-By ANC, ME <f> came to be represented as <v>, between vowels. i.e. <lufian> - <love>
-In ME by ANC <l> in final position was represented by <ll> in monosyllabic words. In
polysyllabic words in word-final position it was represented by means of
<l>. i.e. <aul>-<all>
-In ME, by ANC, diacritic <e> was used to indicate that the vowel of the previous
syllable was long. i.e. <mra>-<more>
- In ME, the grapheme <> (yogh) could represent the phonemes [[, [g[, [j[, [] and [[. In PdE,
<ght> is used to represent ME [] and was introduced by by Anglo-Norman Convention. [. i.
e.<brot >- <brought>
Semantic Analysis:
Ne
Nowadays means not, that come from another word <ne-a-with>.
Until the 18th Century, the more negative particles they used the stronger the negation was.
In PdE we need an odd number of negative particles, two negations imply an affirmation.
But
O.E. butan, buton "unless, except, without, outside," Not used as a conjunction in O.E.
For
O.E. for "for, before, on account of,"
With
In OE <wi> had the meaning of against. We find in OE the word <mid> with the meaning of
the PE preposition with. In ME, mid is introduced from French with the meaning of
middle so, to avoid confusion, OE <mid> is lost and its meaning (with) is acquired by <wi>
which now loses its original meaning. Traces of the original meaning can be found in withdraw,
notwithstanding, etc. We find OE mid in the PdE word midwife that is whoever is with a
woman at the time of birth.
20
Celia Prez Gracia

Rosa Piuel Vega
Burgh
Originally, OE <burg> referred to what we nowadays consider a medieval Fortress or walled
town. Due to the fact that the structure of towns has changed over the last centuries, PdE
makes use of the words city and town. Whereas <city> has its roots in O.FR. <cit>, which
obviously derived from Latin <civitas>, <town> derives from OE <tn>, which back then carried
the meaning of enclosed land with buildings. Interestingly, we can detect Anglo-Germanic
roots in many current city names (i.e. Hamburg, Pittsburgh, Edinburgh, etc.). Furthermore, PdE
<borough>, which obviously derives from OE <burg> as well, usually applies to an
administrative district of a town or city.
Not
In PdE, <naught> is listed as an archaic form of <nothing> in the dictionary, being especially
used in poetic language. However, both words derive from different OE words. Whereas PdE
<naught> derives from OE <nawiht, naht>, PdE <nothing> derives from OE <naing>.
21

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