Section 7.

2 Volumes

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

Volumes
DEFINITION OF A DEFINITE INTEGRAL: If f is a function defined on [a, b], the definite integral
of f from a to b is a number
Z b
n
X
f (x)dx = lim
f (xi )xi
max xi 0

i=1

provided that this limit exists.

DEFINITION OF VOLUME: Let S be a solid that lies between x = a and x = b. If the cross-section
area of S in the plane Px , through x and perpendicular to the x-axis, is A(x), where A(x) is an integrable
function, then the volume of S is
Z b
n
X

V = lim
A(xi )xi =
A(x)dx
max xi 0

i=1

EXAMPLE: Find the volume of the solid obtaining by rotating about the x-axis the region under the
curve y = ex from 0 to 1.
3

2.5

y 1.5

0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

-1
0.5

-2
0
0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

Solution: We have
2

x 2

2x

A(x) = R = (e ) = e

V =

A(x)dx =

1
2x

e dx =
0

1
e dx = e2x
2
2x

1
0

2
(e 1)
2

Section 7.2 Volumes

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

EXAMPLE:
Find the volume of the solid obtaining by rotating about the x-axis the region under the
curve y = x from 0 to 1.

Solution: We have
2

A(x) = R = ( x) = x

V =

A(x)dx =
0

xdx =

x2
xdx =
2

1
0

EXAMPLE: Find the volume of the solid obtaining by rotating about the x-axis the region bounded by
y = x2 4x + 5, x = 1 and x = 4.

Section 7.2 Volumes

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

EXAMPLE: Find the volume of the solid obtaining by rotating about the x-axis the region bounded by
y = x2 4x + 5, x = 1 and x = 4.

Solution: We have
A(x) = (x2 4x + 5)2 = (x4 8x3 + 26x2 40x + 25)
therefore
V

A(x)dx =

4
1

(x4 8x3 + 26x2 40x + 25)dx

4
26x3
78
x5
4
2
2x +
20x + 25x =
(x 8x + 26x 40x + 25)dx =
5
3
5
1
4

Z
3

1
EXAMPLE: Show that the volume of a cone of height h and radius r is V = r 2 h.
3

Section 7.2 Volumes

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

1
EXAMPLE: Show that the volume of a cone of height h and radius r is V = r 2 h.
3
Solution: We have
A(x) = R2 =
therefore
V

A(x)dx =

r 2 x3
= 2
h
3

h

 rx 2
h

r2
r 2 x2
2 dx = 2
h
h

r 2 x2
h2

x2 dx

r 2 h3
1

= r 2 h
2
h
3
3

4
EXAMPLE: Show that the volume of a sphere of radius r is V = r 3 .
3

Solution: We have
A(x) = R2 =
therefore
Z r
Z
V =
A(x)dx =
r

(r x )dx =

r 2 x2

2

= (r 2 x2 )

(r 2 x2 )dx


r




x3
r3
(r)3
2
2
2
= r x
= r r
r (r)
3 r
3
3
4
= r 3
3

EXAMPLE: Find the volume of the solid obtaining by rotating about the y-axis the region bounded by
y = x3 , y = 8, and x = 0.

Section 7.2 Volumes

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

EXAMPLE: Find the volume of the solid obtaining by rotating about the y-axis the region bounded by
y = x3 , y = 8, and x = 0.

Solution: We have

A(y) = R2 = ( 3 y)2 = y 2/3

therefore
V =

A(y)dy =
0

2/3

dy =

2/3

y 2/3+1
dy =
2/3 + 1

8
0

3
= y 5/3
5

8
0

96
5

EXAMPLE: Find the volume of the solid obtaining by rotating about the x-axis the region bounded by
y = x and y = x2 .

Section 7.2 Volumes

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

EXAMPLE: Find the volume of the solid obtaining by rotating about the x-axis the region bounded by
y = x and y = x2 .

Solution: We have
2
2
2
2
A(x) = Rbig
Rsmall
= (Rbig
Rsmall
) = (x2 (x2 )2 ) = (x2 x4 )

Note that x = x2 if x = 0, 1. Therefore

1


 3
Z 1
Z 1
Z 1
1 1
2
x5
x
2
4
2
4
=
=

V =
A(x)dx =
(x x )dx =
(x x )dx =
3
5 0
3 5
15
0
0
0
EXAMPLE: Find the volume of the solid obtaining by rotating about the x-axis the region bounded by
y = x3 and y = x2 .

Solution: We have
2
2
2
2
A(x) = Rbig
Rsmall
= (Rbig
Rsmall
) = ((x2 )2 (x3 )2 ) = (x4 x6 )

Note that x3 = x2 if x = 0, 1. Therefore

1


 5
Z 1
Z 1
Z 1
2
x7
1 1
x
4
6
4
6
V =
=
A(x)dx =
=

(x x )dx =
(x x )dx =
5
7 0
5 7
35
0
0
0
EXAMPLE: Find the volume of the solid obtaining by rotating about the y-axis the region bounded by

x
y = 3 x and y = , where x, y 0.
4
6

Section 7.2 Volumes

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

EXAMPLE: Find the volume of the solid obtaining by rotating about the y-axis the region bounded by

x
y = 3 x and y = , where x, y 0.
4

Solution: We have

y=

x = x = y 3

y=

x
4

= x = 4y

therefore
2
2
2
2
A(y) = Rbig
Rsmall
= (Rbig
Rsmall
) = ((4y)2 (y 3)2 ) = (16y 2 y 6 )

Note that y 3 = 4y if y = 0, 2. We exclude the negative root, since y 0. We get

V =

A(y)dy =

2
2

(16y y )dy =

16y 3 y 7

(16y y )dy =
3
7
2

2
0

512
21

EXAMPLE: Find the volume of the solid obtaining by rotating about the line y = 2 the region bounded
by y = x and y = x2 .

Section 7.2 Volumes

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

EXAMPLE: Find the volume of the solid obtaining by rotating about the line y = 2 the region bounded
by y = x and y = x2 .

Solution: We have
A(x) = (2 x2 )2 (2 x)2

Note that x = x2 if x = 0, 1. Therefore

1
 5
Z 1
Z 1
Z 1
8
x
x3
x2
2 2
2
4
2
V =
A(x)dx =
[(2 x ) (2 x) ]dx =
(x 5x + 4x)dx =
=
5 +4
5
3
2 0
15
0
0
0
EXAMPLE: Find the volume of the solid obtaining by rotating about the line y = 4 the region bounded
by y = x2 2x and y = x.

Solution: We have
2
2
2
2
A(x) = Rbig
Rsmall
= (Rbig
Rsmall
) = ((4 (x2 2x))2 (4 x)2 ) = (x4 4x3 5x2 + 24x)

Note that x2 2x = x if x = 0, 3. Therefore

Z 3
Z 3
V =
A(x)dx =
(x4 4x3 5x2 + 24x)dx
0

3
5x3
153
x5
4
x
+ 12x =
(x 4x 5x + 24x)dx =
5
3
5
0
4

EXAMPLE:
Find the volume of the solid obtaining by rotating about the line x = 1 the region bounded
by y = 2 x 1 and y = x 1.
8

Section 7.2 Volumes

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

EXAMPLE:
Find the volume of the solid obtaining by rotating about the line x = 1 the region bounded
by y = 2 x 1 and y = x 1.

Solution: We have

y2
+1
y = 2 x 1 = x =
4
y =x1

therefore
A(y) =

Note that

2
Rbig

2
Rsmall

2
(Rbig

2
Rsmall
)

= x = y + 1

= (y + 1 + 1)

y2
+1+1
4

2 !

y4
= 4y
16


y2
+ 1 = y + 1 if y = 0, 4. Hence
4

Z 4
Z 4 
y4
dy
V =
A(y)dy =
4y
16
0
0
=

4
0



4

y5
96
y4
2
dy = 2y
=
4y
16
80 0
5

EXAMPLE: Find the volume of a pyramid whose base is a square with sides of length L and whose height
is h.

Section 7.2 Volumes

2010 Kiryl Tsishchanka

EXAMPLE: Find the volume of a pyramid whose base is a square with sides of length L and whose height
is h.

Solution: We have

y
L
s
=
= s = y
L
h
h

therefore
A(y) = s2 =
hence
V =

A(y)dy =

h
0

L2
L2 2
y
dy
=
h2
h2

10

L2 2
y
h2
Z

L2 y 3
y dy = 2
h
3
2

h
0

1
= L2 h
3