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A141709
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Lecturers Name :
Dr. Norhana binti Arsad
Date of submission
CONTENT
1.0 INTRODUCTION
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5.0 CONCLUSION
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6.0 REFERENCES
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1.0
INTRODUCTION
We can see that many modern fixed microwave communication systems are based on the
quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM). It is widely used in many modern communication
systems because it offers advantages over other forms of data modulation such as PSK, although
many forms of data modulation operate alongside each other. QAM or quadrature amplitude
modulation is a digital modulation technique by combining the amplitude modulation and phase
modulation.
The main idea of this type of modulation is to use both phase and amplitude modulation
to try and get more information through a channel of a given bandwidth. The technique QAM, to
be specified, a system of modulation in which data or signal is transferred by modulating the
amplitude of two separate carrier waves, mostly sinusoidal which are out of phase by 90 degrees
(sine and cosine).The phase difference of 90 degrees between the carriers is referred as the term
quadrature which,we know the sine and cosine are 90 degree out of phase.
The used of QAM is motivated by the fact that a straight amplitude modulation signal i.e.
double sideband with a suppressed carrier occupies twice the bandwidth of the modulating signal
which the available frequency spectrum is wasted. The balance is restored by placing two
independent double sideband suppressed carrier signals in the same spectrum as one ordinary
double sideband suppressed the carrier signal. QAM involves sending digital information by
periodically adjusting the phase and amplitude of a sinusoidal electromagnetic wave. Each
combination of phase and amplitude is called a symbol and represents a digital bit stream.
QAM may exist in what may be termed either analog or digital formats. The multiple
analog signals are allowed to be carried on a single carrier by using the analog versions of QAM.
The other versions of QAM is digital formats of QAM or also often known as Quantized QAM.
The quantized QAM are being increasingly used for data communications systems.
QAM is the most widely used form of conventional data modulation. However, in most
practical communications systems, FSK and BPSK modulation operate alongside QAM. This is
to enable the system to dynamically adjust to link conditions and requirements such as signal
level, noise, the data rate required, and so on. QAM is much more complex scheme than any
ordinary amplitude modulation (AM). Until recently, its main applications have been in data
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2.0
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is both an analog and a digital modulation scheme. An
optimal non-uniform QAM constellation is designed to be adaptive to the actual probability
distribution of the received symbols. Both analytical results and simulation results show that
non-uniform constellations are superior to uniform constellations in the presence of phase noise.
QAM schemes are also proposed for future broadband wireless communication systems.
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) is a form of modulation that uses two carriers offset
in phase by 90 degrees and can be varies the symbol rates to increase throughput. But there is
pros and cons when using Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM).
Here are some of the advantages that we obtained by using Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (QAM). Firstly it will transmit more bits per symbol when moving to the higher
order formats since there are more points within the constellation. Then, it will increase the
efficiency of transmission for radio communications systems by utilizing both amplitude and
phase variations. In addition, an attractive alternative to Single Side Band Suppressed Carrier
(SSB-SC). The sharp cutoff band-pass filters are not required. Bandwidth Efficiency because it
transmit two signals (each of bandwidth B) at 2B. Improve bit-error-rate performance because
QAM assigned more bandwidth and larger amount of signal power. Power efficiency of QAM
can be improved by using non-uniform constellations in the presence of phase noise (to avoid
performance degradation). Finally it also have good spectral characteristics because QAM are
made of combination of Phase Shift Keying (PSK) and Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)
Other than that, there are also some of the disadvantages by using Quadrature Amplitude
Modulation (QAM). That is, more susceptible to noise because the states are closer together so
that a lower level of noise is needed to move the signal to a different decision point. Then, linear
amplifiers are less efficient and consume more power so that it will be less attractive for mobile
applications. After that, when we compared with SSB, QAM is more exacting in terms of the
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carrier frequency and phase or the requirement for a distortion-less transmission medium. It also
requires coherent demodulation with exact phase and frequency. QAM also will encounters a
performance degradation when using a nonlinear amplifiers. Apart from that, it will increase the
complexity of the receiver because of the minimum distance criterion is are not suitable for
received symbols detection of non-uniform constellations. It also are not energy efficient since it
have to transmitted by linear amplifiers for more spectral efficiency.
Comparison of various type of modulation
SUMMARY OF TYPES OF MODULATION WITH DATA CAPACITIES
MODULATION
BITS PER
SYMBOL
ERROR MARGIN
COMPLEXITY
OOK
1/2
0.5
Low
BPSK
Medium
QPSK
1 / 2
0.71
Medium
16 QAM
2 / 6
0.23
High
64QAM
2 / 14
0.1
High
3.0
APPLICATION OF QAM
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) may exist in what may be termed either analogue or
digital formats. QAM is used in many radio communications and data delivery applications.
However some specific variants of QAM are used in some specific applications and standards.
Analogue QAM:
The analogue versions of QAM are typically used to allow multiple analogue signals to
be carried on a single carrier. In the analog television system, it is used in Phase Alternating Line
(PAL) and National Television System Committee (NTSC) television systems, where the
different channels provided by QAM enable it to carry the components of chroma or color
information.
In radio applications, a system known as Compatible Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
(C-QUAM) is used for AM stereo radio. C-QUAM uses QAM to encode the stereo separation
signal. This extra signal is then stripped down in such a way that it is compatible with the
envelope detector of older receivers. Here the different channels enable the two channels
required for stereo to be carried on the single carrier.
Digital QAM:
Digital formats of QAM are often referred to as "Quantized QAM" and they are
being increasingly used for data communications often within radio communications systems.
Radio communications systems from cellular technology as in the case of LTE through wireless
systems including, WiMAX, 3G (WCDMA/HSDPA) and Wi-Fi 802.11 use a variety of forms
of QAM, and the use of QAM will only increase within the field of radio communications.
Higher-level QAM is used in fixed terrestrial microwave digital radio, digital video
broadcast cable, and modems. Similarly, 64-QAM and 256-QAM can be implemented. The more
the number of states, the higher the data rate that can be supported within a given bandwidth, at
the expense of higher probability of channel error.
For domestic broadcast applications, 64 QAM and 256 QAM are often used in digital
cable television and cable modem applications. In fact, 16 QAM and 64 QAM are currently used
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for digital terrestrial television using DVB - Digital Video Broadcasting. In the US, 64 QAM and
256 QAM are the mandated modulation schemes for digital cable as standardized by the SCTE
in the standard ANSI/SCTE 07 2000.
For communication systems designed to achieve very high levels of efficiency usually
employ very dense QAM constellations. For example current Home-plug AV2 500-Mbit power
line Ethernet devices use 1024-QAM and 4096-QAM, as well as future devices using ITU-T
G.hn standard for networking over existing home wiring (coaxial cable, phone lines and power
lines), 4096-QAM provides 12 bits/symbol. Another example is VDSL2 technology for copper
twisted pairs, whose constellation size goes up to 32768 points.
In wireless communicating, ultra-high capacity Microwave Backhaul Systems also use
1024-QAM. This system is very often used by a telephone company as a connection between the
cell tower and the rest of the world begins with a backhaul link to the core of the Internet service
provider's network. With 1024-QAM, Adaptive Coding and Modulation (ACM), and XPIC,
Vendors can obtain Gigabit capacity in a single 56 MHz channel.
For wideband satellite communication systems, modified signal constellation QAM is
used. Its constant envelops combats with non-linearity of the satellite channel. Besides, 16-QAM
modulation systems are used for satellite communications. But the fact is that when the
modulation level increases, the constant envelop M-ary PSK modulation systems are inferior to
the QAM systems. On the other hand, QAM suffers more distortion in the non-linear satellite
communications channels. QAM is suitable for geostationary orbit satellite channel with only
Gaussian impairments because of being amplitude and phase modulated signal.
4.0
BPSK
QPSK
8 QAM
16 QAM
10
32 QAM
64 QAM
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SYMBOL RATE
BPSK
1 x bit rate
QPSK
8PSK
16QAM
32QAM
64QAM
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5.0
CONCLUSION
Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) can be said as one of the preferable techniques in data
transmission as it can allows multiple signals to be carried on a single carrier and also exist in
either analog or digital format. As compare to other type of signal modulation, QAM can offer
more advantages over disadvantages and the main advantages is it can transmit more bits of data
in one transmission. For the analog type of signals, QAM is widely used in television systems
and radio communication (AM stereo radio). On the other hand, digital formats of QAM is use in
the cellular technology, terrestrial microwave digital radio, digital video broadcast cable, digital
cable television and many more of application depends on the level of QAM itself. It shows that
QAM is one of the famous signal modulation.
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6.0
REFERENCES
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