Communication system

Communication systems is a system which to transmit signal from one point to another by means
of communication link.

Figure -1- a) the Block diagram of a communication system

Figure -1- b) the Block diagram of a digital radio system

- Information Source:
Information can be either Analog or Digital such as Voice, Music, Picture and Data every one has
a predefined Bandwidth.
BW (Voice) = 4 KHZ, BW (Video) = 5 MHZ, BW (Music) = 20 KHZ
The mathematical formula of the Angle analog information is:
Em(t) = Am Cos(2fm t)
Am - Peak magnitude of modulating signal (Amplitude).
fm - Frequency of modulating Signal.
Em (t) - Message signal, base band signal, modulating signal, desired signal or information signal.
- Input Transducer:
The wide variety of possible sources of information results in many, different forms for messages
Messages may be analog or digital.
The message produce by a source must be converted by a transducer to a form suitable for the
particular type of communication system employed for example: in electrical communications,

speech waves converted to voltage variations such as a converted message is referred to as the
message signal.
- Transmitter:
The article function of transmitter is to perform a modulation process; there are two type of
modulation:
1) Analog modulation 2) Digital modulation

- Modulation Technique:

Ec(t) = Ac Cos( c t + )
It is the carrier signal
Em(t) = Am Cos( m t)
It is called information signal, message signal, desired signal or modulating signal

- We use the modulating by carrier to:

1- Reduce the power of the transmitter so reduce the cost of the transmitter.
2- Reduce the length of the antenna because the antenna is direct proportional to the wavelength
and the length of the antenna must be approximate L= /2.
3- For easy radiation.
4- To reduce noise and interference.
5- For multiplexing or transmission of several message over a single channel.
- Channel:
The channel can have many different forms:
The most familiar is the channel that exists between the transmitting antenna of a commercial
radio station and the receiving antenna of a commercial radio station, free space radio channel
in this transmitted signal propagates through the atmosphere, or free space, to the receiving
antenna a commercial radio station.
Other forms of antennas are:
1- Transmission lines (such as open two wire system and Co-axial cable).
2- Optical fiber channels.
3- Guided electromagnetic wave channels.
4- Free space radio channels.
- Receiver:
The receivers function is to extract the desired message from the received signal at the
channel output and to convert it to a form suitable for the output transducer. Although
amplification may be one of the first operations performed by the receiver, where the received

signal may be extremely weak, the main function of the receiver is to demodulate the received
signals.
Often it is desired that the receiver output be a scaled, possibly delayed, version of the
message signal at the modulator input.
- Output Transducer:
The output transducer completes the communication systems; the device converts the electric
signal. At it's input into the form desired by the system user.
The most common output transducer is a loud speaker, there are many other examples such
as CD, Tape recorders, Personal computers, Meters and Cathode ray.
- The Modulations have two types:
1- Analog modulation.
2- Digital modulation.

1- Analog Technique:
Operate on analog signal which is the nature signal in this process some characteristic of the
carrier signal is varied with respect of the carrier signal is varied with respect to the
instantaneous value of the information signal. So there are three type of analog modulation.
a- Amplitude Modulation (AM).
b- Frequency Modulation (FM).
c- Phase Modulation (PM).

a- Amplitude Modulation (AM):

In it the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied with respect to instantaneous value of the
information signal and it equivalent.
EAM (t) = Ac (1+mCos m t) Cos c t,

= 2 f

Where:
m- The modulation index for (AM).
If, m=0, there is no modulation or drooping modulation.
If, m=1, is the maximum modulation that can occur without distortion.
If, m<1 the envelope of the modulated signals has the same shape as m (t).
If, m>1 the carrier signal is said to be over modulated and the envelope is distorted.

Figure - 2 the modulation index for (AM)

- And there are three form of (AM).

1- Double Side Band Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) modulation.
2- Single Side Band (SSB) modulation.
3- Vestigial Side Band (VSB) modulation.

2- Frequency Modulation (FM):

In it the frequency of the carrier signal is varied with respect to instantaneous value of the
information signal and its equation:

Figure - 3 (FM) signal and modulating signal

EFM (t) = A (t) Cos (t)
(t) = c t + (t) = 2 fc t + (t),

= 2 f,

i (t) =

EFM (t) = A Cos [2 fc t + (t)]

fi (t) =

1 d (t )
1 d (t )
1
= fc +
= fc +
kf . mf (t)
2
2 d (t )
2 d (t )

d (t )
= 2 fi t
d (t )

EFM (t) = A Cos [2 fc t + kf

mf

( ) d ]

f = fi (t) fc =

1 d (t )
1
=
kf . mf (t);
2
2 d (t )

f = max

1 d (t )
1
=
kf max mf
2
2 d (t )

EFM (t) = A {Cos2 fc t - [kf

mf ( )d ] Sin 2 fc t

Narrowband (FM) equation

EFM (t) = A

Jn () Cos2 (fc + n fm) t

Wideband (FM) equation (Bessel Functions)

mf - The modulation index for (FM)

fm - Is the frequency of the message signal.
= - Is the maximum frequency deviation.

And there are two cases of Bandwidth (BW) (FM).

1- Narrowband frequency modulation (NBFM).
2- Wideband frequency modulation (WBFM).

3- Phase Modulation (PM):

In it the phase of the carrier signal is varied with respect to instantaneous value of the
information signal and its equation: (t) = Kp. mf (t)
Epm (t) = A Cos [c t + (t)] = A Cos [2 fc t + Kp. mp (t)],
fi (t) =

= 2 f

dm P (t )
1 d (t )
1 d (t )
1
= fc +
= fc +
Kp.
2
2 d (t )
2 d (t )
dt

= max | (t) | = Kp max | mp (t) |, = m = p

Epm (t) = A [Cos 2 fc t - Kp. mp (t) Sin2 fc]

Narrowband (PM) equation

Where:
mp (t) The instantaneous phase deviation is proportional to the modulating signal.
Kp- The proportionality constant and is known as phase sensitivity of modulator.
- Is the phase deviation
Vm= Am - The modulating voltage

Figure- 4 (PM) signal

The different between (FM) and (PM) is by the modulation index, in case of (PM)
proportional to modulating = voltage only, while (FM) proportional to modulating voltage
and inversely proportional to the modulating signal frequency.
Kf Frequency deviation constant
Kp Phase deviation constant
Bandwidth of the message signal
Where m (t) = Am Sin (t)
1- Pulse Modulation it classified in to three types:
a- Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM).
b- Pulse Position Modulation (PPM).
c- Pulse Width or Duration Modulation (PWM) or (PDM).

a- Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM):

It's the samples of the signal and we obtained it by multiply the original signal by a
rectangular train of pulse and it's amplitude is one the output is the (PAM) and it's the
discrete signal of the continues signal .
If it coded so the output is the (PCM), pulse code modulation and pulse the (PAM + coded) is
called (A/D) conversation.

Figure- 5 (A/D) conversation

Figure- 6 Block Diagram for (A/D) conversation

Figure- 7 Exempla for a Sampling signal

Figure- 8 Exempla for a Sampling signal by mouthed electron switching

Figure- 9 Exempla for a Sampling signal by method Holding and savaging(S/H)

Figure- 10 the out put circuit a Sampling signal

Figure- 11 Transmitter & Receiver (PCM) signal

Figure- 12 the (PAM) signal

b- Pulse Position Modulation (PPM):
In it the amplitude and the width of pulse are constant and the position of the pulse is varied
with respect to the information signal.

Figure- 13 the (PPM) signal

c- Pulse Width Modulation (PWM):
In it the amplitude and position are constant and the width of the pulse is varied with
respect to the information signal.

Figure- 14 the (PWM) or (PDM) signal

- Digital Technique:
Operate on digital signal that we made it from analog signal using (A/D) converter here
there are three methods for convert the modulated signal to digital signal.
1- Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) or (ON OFF Keying)
2- Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)
3- Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
1- Amplitude Shift Keying:
In it the amplitude of the carrier signal is varied with respect to the information signal in two
states (1, 0).

Figure- 15 Amplitude shift keying (ASK) signal

2- Frequency Shift Keying:

In it the Frequency of the carrier signal is varied with respect to the information signal in two
states (1, any other value 0) with respect to the information signal in.

Figure- 16 Frequency shift keying (FSK) signal

3- Phase Shift Keying:
In it the phase of the carrier signal is varied with respect to the information signal in two
states (1, 0).

Figure- 17 Phase shift keying (PSK) signal

There are two basic limitations that affect the performance of the communication
system these are:
- Noise:

Electrical Noise

The Bandwidth Noise

Figure- 17 the signal

V IR

Figure- 17 the signal

Figure- 17 the Noise signal

V IR

- Noise voltage:

V2
P VI
R
VN 2
2 V2
N V 4 RKTB
N KTB
N
R

4R

Figure- 17 the circuit noise source signal

Noise is many unwanted voltage or current that added to the signal are generate very small
in magnitude usually in microvolt or mill volts, but it has a great effect on signal.
This is because signals that reaches the receiver is always severally attenuated so if the
desired signal at the receiver has the same magnitude of the noise signal the results will
unintelligible, to solve this problem we can:
1- Use a repeater to increase the signal level

2- The first stage of a receiver must be a low noise amplifier with high SNR

- The are two type of noise: External noise& Internal noise

1- External Noise(from the Atmosphere):
It's the noise that added to the signal and added to the signal at it propagate through the
channel its divided into:
a- Man-made Noise:
It's a random noise due to the industrial machine and equipment like engine agnation,
fluorescent light and motor, to reduce the effect of this noise the receiver station must be
located in the desert of no population area.
b- Atmosphere and Space Noise:
It is the noise that comes from space like sun or starts or in the atmospheric layers like storm
rain, lighting discharge it is called white noise become it spread over the entire rang of the
frequency spectrum.
2- Internal Noise:
It is the noise which introduce by the receiver equipment, it divided to:

a-

Thermal Noise (Whit Noise):

It is the noise due to the thermal interaction between free electronics and vibrating ions, in a
conductors, or due to the heat that generate by the flow of current through the electronic
element resistor are the major element that cause this type this type of noise, but noise is also
exists within all other electronic device.

b-

Shot Noise:
It is due to discrete particles nature of the DC carrier current in all semiconductor devices.
There are no valid formula to calculate its value, usually we refer to the data sheet, so it's
commonly regarded as a resistance element and use the thermal noise formula.

Noise Calculation:
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), it measure the signal power to the noise power.
S
N

P
P

P
S
dB 10 log s - In decibel
N
Pn

s
n

Ps - Signal Power (Watt)

Pn - Noise Power (Watt)

N KTB

3) Noise Power:

N dBm 10 log

KTB
KT
10 log
10 log B
0.001
0.001

N dBm @ 290k 174 dBm 10log B

N - Noise power (Watt)

B - Bandwidth (Hertz)
K - Boltzmanns proportionality constant (1.38 10-23 Joules per Kelvin)
T - Absolute temperature (Kelvin)

Example:
Calculate the noise power (thermal noise) at the input to a receiver that has a radio carrier
frequency of 4 GHz and bandwidth of 30 MHz (assume room temperature)?
Solution:
B = 30 MHz, K = 1.38 10-23 Joules / Kelvin, T = 290 Kelvin

N KTB
N dBm 10 log

KTB
KT
10 log
10 log B
0.001
0.001

N dBm @ 290k 174 dBm 10log B

N = - 174 dBm + 10 log B

N = - 174 dBm + 10 log 30 10 6

N= - 99.23 dBm.

Example:
Determine the noise power (thermal noise) for 20 MHz bandwidth of at at the input to a receiver
with an input noise temperature of 290C?
Solution:
B = 20 MHz,

K = 1.38 10-23 Joules / Kelvin,

T = C+ 273=290 + 273 = 563 Kelvin

KTB
N = 10 log

0 . 001

1 . 38 10 23 563 20 10 6
N = 10 log
0 . 001

N = - 98.1 dBm

4) Noise Factor and Noise Figure:

a) Noise Factor:

Sin
S N
N
N
F in in out out
Sout
N in Sout
Ap N in
N out

F 1

F - Noise Factor (no dimension)

I - Input for nosily device
O - Output nosily device

total output noise

that part of the output noise due to the source resistance

b) Noise Figure (NF):

It use to specify exactly know noisy is the device receiver we use the NF to determine, if the
Receiver noise or no.

NF 10 log F
NF - Noise Figure (dB)
But practically F > 1 general the noise
NF 0 the receiver will be very good

NF 0

5) Noise Factor and Noise Figure of Cascade:

Figure- 17 the Block Diagram of Noise Factor and Noise Figure of Cascade
FT - Total noise factor (dimensionless)

FT F1

NFT - Total noise figure (dB)

Fn 1
F2 1 F3 1

......
A1
A1 A2
A1 A2 An 1

NFT 10 log FT
6) Noise Temperature:
N KTB T

N
KB

T - Environmental Temperature (290 Kelvin)

N - Noise Power (Watt)
K - Boltzmanns constant (1.38 10-23 J/K)
B - Bandwidth (Hertz)

Te T F 1

F 1

Te
T

F 1

Te - Equivalent Noise Temperature

T - Environmental Temperature (290 Kelvin)
F - Noise Factor (dimensionless)

Example:
Determine the overall noise figure for a receiver that has two RF amplifiers each with a noise figure of 6 dB
and a gain of 10 dB, a mixer down-converter with a noise figure of 10 dB, and a conversion gain of 6 dB,
and 40 dB of IF gain with a noise figure of 6 dB?
Solution:

NF1 = NF2 = 6 dB, NF3 = 10 dB, NF4 = 6 dB

F1 = F2 = 3.98, F3 = 10, F4 = 3.98

G1 = G2 = 10 dB, G3 = 6 dB, G4 = 40 dB
G1 = G2 = 10, G3 =0.25, G4 = 1000

FT F1

Fn 1
F2 1 F3 1

......
A1
A1 A2
A1 A2 An 1

N FT 1 0 lo g FT

10 1
3.98 1
3..98 1
+
FT = 3.98 +
10 10
10 10 0.25
10

FT = 4.487

NFT = 10 log (4.487)

NFT = 6.52 dB.

Bandwidth (BW) Noise:

The other basic limitation of the communication systems performance is the bandwidth utilized
the system. The greater the Bandwidth, the greater the information that can by transfer.
- Bandwidth and information capacity:
Hartley's law - 1920

I Bt
I - Amount of information
B - System bandwidth (Hertz)
t - Transmission time (seconds)

- Shannon limit for information capacity:

S
S

I B log 2 1 3.32 B log10 1

N
N

I - Information capacity (bit/second)

B - System bandwidth (Hertz)
S/N - Signal-to-noise power ratio (dimensionless)

For AM system the standard BW= 10KHZ and for FM system BW=200KHZ.
(Information = Bandwidth . Time of transmission).
Example:

To transmitted a music BW of 20 KHZ Using AM of 10 KHZ BW, not all the information can
hear and any music of frequency above 10 KHZ will be Ignore, but if we use FM channel BW
of 200 KHZ, will allow all the frequency of music to be hear, at the receiver.
Some things if we want to transmit a video signal of BW=5MHZ, use FM channel BW = 8
MHZ. So any television station must have 5MHZ is frequency carrier or more because if it
has less than 5MHZ, the message signal will distorted and loss.
Example:
Determine the Shannon limit for information capacity for a standard telephone circuit with a
signal to noise power ratio (SNR) of 1000 (30 dB) and bandwidth of 27 KHz?

Solution:

I = (3.32) (27000) log (1 + 1000)

I =26.9 Kbps.

- Anther Types of Noise:

- Correlated noise: Related to signal
(Correlated noise, Non linear distortion, Harmonic distortion, Inter modulation distortion)
- Uncorrelated noise: Not related to signal
- External and Internal:
(External - Atmospheric, Extraterrestrial, Solar, Cosmic, Man-made, Impulse, Interference).
(Internal - Thermal noise or noise power (random movement of electrons), Shot noise (random
arrival of carriers), Transient time, Thermal Noise (white noise), Random, Continuous
spectral density, Additive, Present in all devices).