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GA S
TRAINING MODULE
ELECTRICAL
(BASIC)
TITLE
:
MODULE NO :
TEST INSTRUMENTS
E03
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TABLE OF CONTENT
1.0.0 Introduction.............................................................................. 5
2.0.0 Safety........................................................................................ 6
2.1.0 Causes of Electrocution..........................................................................8
2.2.0 Use of High voltage protection equipment ...........................................8
2.2.1 Clearances ..................................................................................................................9
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6.0.0 Earth tester, Loop tester & Residual Current Device (RCD)
tester................................................................................................ 42
6.1.0 Earth resistance .....................................................................................43
6.2.0 Principle of Earth resistance testing ...................................................44
6.3.0 Earth resistance test methods .............................................................46
6.4.0 Earth Loop resistance ...........................................................................47
6.5.0 Earth Loop resistance test....................................................................48
6.6.0 Digital Earth Loop resistance tester from Megger (L T5 and L T6) ..48
6.7.0 Applications & Use of Earth Loop resistance tester..........................49
6.8.0 Residual Current devices (RCDs) ........................................................50
6.8.0 Residual Current devices (RCDs) ........................................................51
6.9.0 Testing of RCDs .....................................................................................51
6.10.0 Digital RCD tester from Megger (CBT3 and CBT4)...........................52
6.11.0 Safety Precautions...............................................................................54
7.0.0 Attachments........................................................................... 55
7.1.1 Fluke multimeter manual.......................................................................55
7.12 Megger Manual BM80 .............................................................................55
7.13 Fluke Clamp on meter Instruction sheet ..............................................55
7.14 Megger Digital Earth Tester ...................................................................55
7.15 Megger Digital Loop Tester....................................................................55
7.16 Megger RCD Tester.................................................................................55
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1.0.0 Introduction
Testing is performed to verify the integrity of electrical systems. Most of these tests
are non-destructive in nature and can be used to provide a complete look at the status
and age of the equipment. In this module, we will concentrate on the following
electrical tests instruments:
Multimeter (Digital & Analog)
Insulation resistance tester
Clap on Ammeter
Earth resistance tester
Earth loop impedance & RCD tester
In this module included the some specific OEM instruction manuals for the above
mentioned test set. The module basically prepared to train the technicians to read and
interpret the OEM manuals of the test instrument, which is the required to perform the
some of the tasks prescribed in POSS under duty no. 15. In the process, it covers the
basic underpinning knowledge required to perform the required tasks. For gaining the
expertise in the activities, detail study of the Operation & Maintenance manual of
respective test instrument and hands on experience is necessary.
Note: Testing of electrical distribution equipment requires experience and an
understanding of the hazards involved. The test equipment used at your workplace
may be different or from different manufacturer than the one discussed in the
module. You are therefore advised to read and understand the manufacturer's
specifications/ guidelines and make yourself well conversant before attempting any
testing work or operating the test equipment.
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2.0.0 Safety
In the interest of safety, all test equipment should be inspected and tested before
being taken to the job site. There is no need to get to the job and find that the test
equipment does not work.
A thorough visual inspection (i.e., checking for broken meters or knobs, damaged
plugs, or frayed cords) is important.
Always perform an operational check. For example:
On an ohmmeter, short the probes and ensure that you can zero the meter.
A voltmeter can be checked against an AC wall receptacle or a battery.
If a meter has a calibration sticker, check to see if it has been recently calibrated.
For precise measurements, a recently calibrated meter is a more reliable instrument.
Every person who works with electrical equipment should be constantly alert to
the hazards to which personnel may be exposed, and should also be capable of rendering
first aid. The hazards are electric shock, burns, and related hazards.
Safety must be the primary responsibility of all personnel. The installation,
maintenance, and operation of electrical equipment enforce a strict safety code.
Carelessness on the part of the technician or operator can result in serious injury or death
due to electrical shock, falls, burns, flying objects, etc. When an accident has occurred,
investigation almost invariably shows that it could have been prevented by the exercise of
simple safety precautions and procedures. Each person concerned with electrical
equipment is responsible for reading and. becoming thoroughly familiar with the safety
practices and procedures contained in all safety codes and equipment technical manuals
before performing work on electrical equipment. It is your personal responsibility to
identify and eliminate unsafe conditions and unsafe acts which can cause accidents.
You must bear in mind that de-energizing main supply circuits by opening supply
switches will not necessarily de-energize circuits in a given piece of equipment. A source
of danger that has often been neglected or ignored, sometimes with tragic results, is the
input to electrical equipment from other sources, such as back-feeds. Moreover, the
rescue of a victim shocked by the power input from a back-feed is often hampered
because of the time required to determine the source of power and isolate it. Therefore,
turn off all power inputs before working on equipment, tag and lock out, then check with
an operating tester to be sure that the equipment is safe to work on.
Take the time to be safe when working on electrical circuits and equipment.
Carefully study the schematics and wiring diagrams of the entire system, noting what
circuits must be de-energized in addition to the main power supply. Remember, electrical
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equipment commonly has more than one source of power. Be certain that all power
sources are de-energized before servicing the equipment. Do not service any equipment
with the power on unless absolutely necessary. Remember that the 115V power supply
voltage is not a low, relatively harmless voltage but is the voltage that has caused more
deaths than any other medium.
Safety can never be stressed enough. There are times when your life literally
depends on it. The following is a listing of common safety precautions that must be
observed at all times:
Use only one hand when turning power switches on or off.
Keep the doors to switch and fuse boxes closed except when working inside or replacing
fuses.
Use a fuse puller to remove cartridge fuses after first making certain that the circuit is
dead.
Ensure that you are qualified and authorised to work on an electrical circuit (LV or HV).
Do not work with energized equipment by yourself; have another person (safety
observer) that is qualified in first aid for electrical shock present at all times.
The person stationed nearby should also know which circuits and switches control the
equipment, and should be given instructions to pull the switch immediately if
anything unforeseen happens.
Always be aware of the nearness of high-voltage lines or circuits. Use rubber gloves
where applicable and stand on approved rubber matting. Not all rubber mats are good
insulators.
Comply to PTW and inform those in charge of operations as to the circuit on which work
is being performed.
Keep clothing, hands, and feet dry. When it is necessary to work in wet or damp
locations, use a dry platform and place a rubber mat or other nonconductive material
on top of the wood. Use insulated tools and insulated flashlights of the moulded type
when required to work on exposed parts.
Do not work on energized circuits unless absolutely necessary.
All power supply switches or cut-out switches from which power could possibly be fed
must be secured in the OPEN (safety) position and perform LOTO.
Never short out, tamper with, or block open an interlock switch.
Keep clear of exposed equipment; when it is absolutely necessary to work on it, use only
one hand as much as possible.
Avoid reaching into enclosures except when absolutely necessary. When reaching into an
enclosure, use rubber blankets to prevent accidental contact with the enclosure.
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Do not use bare hands to remove hot vacuum tubes from their sockets. Wear protective
gloves or use a tube puller.
Use a shorting stick (discharge rod) to discharge all high-voltage capacitors.
Make certain that the equipment is properly grounded. Ground all isolated and discharged
circuits of the equipment under test to prevent accidental charging.
Turn off the power before connecting alligator clips to any circuit.
When measuring circuits over 440V, do not hold the insulated test probes with bare
hands.
Unsafe conditions:
a
Inadequate maintenance.
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rated for electrical resistance, eye protection, safety shoes, and long sleeves.
Gloves that are approved for protection from electrical shock are made of rubber.
A separate leather cover protects the rubber from punctures or other damage. Gloves are
rated as providing protection from certain amounts of voltage. Whenever an individual is
going to be working around exposed conductors, the gloves chosen should be rated for at
least as much voltage as the conductors are carrying. Rubber sleeves are used with gloves
to provide additional protection. The combination of sleeves and gloves protects the
hands and arms from electrical shock.
Rubber blankets and floor mats have many uses. Blankets are used to cover
energized conductors while work is going on around them. They might be used to cover
the energized main busses in a breaker panel before you begin working on a deenergized
breaker. Rubber floor mats are used to insulate workers from the ground. If a worker is
standing on a rubber mat and contacts an energized conductor, the current cannot flow
through the body to the ground, so the worker will not get shocked.
2.2.1 Clearances
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Voltage Range
(Phase-to-Phase) Kilovolts
2.1 to 15
2 ft. 0 in.
15.2 to 35
2 ft. 4 in.
35.1 to 46
2 ft. 6 in.
46.1 to 72.5
3 ft. 0 in.
72.6 to 121
3 ft 4 in.
138 to 145
3 ft. 6 in.
161 to 169
3 ft. 8 in.
230 to 242
5 ft. 0 in.
345 to 362
*7 ft. 0 in.
500 to 552
700 to 765
* For voltages above 345 kV, the minimum working and clear hot stick distances
may be reduced provided that such distances are not less than the shortest
distance between the energized part and a grounded surface.
Table 1. OSHA Working And Hot Stick Distances At Various Voltages
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appropriate .to the type of electrical installation, covering the safe access for the purpose
of maintenance to, and the operation of, the equipment on his premises. (See typical
example in appendix D.) Where the employer or occupier is not competent to do this, the
formulation of a set of safety rules may be contracted out to a competent authority.
Where switching or maintenance work has to be done on equipment fed directly
from a source of supply not under the control of the employer or occupier or the persons
actually carrying out the work then special care is required.
It will. Be necessary for all parties to mutually agree procedures and methods of
work in order to ensure the safety of persons carrying out the work, and for these. agreed
procedures to be incorporated in the rules and procedures for the installation.
Care should also be taken to prevent equipment being worked on becoming
energized due to the automatic or inadvertent starting of standby or emergency
generators. In addition, the employer or occupier should ensure that precise instructions
exist, based on the manufacturer's handbook for the safe handling, maintenance and
testing of the equipment. The employer or occupier should also make .arrangements for
monitoring to ensure that the foregoing procedures are effectively performed.
Those concerned with the maintenance of equipment should familiarize
themselves with the plant it controls and report any changes which may affect the
equipment. During maintenance work all personnel should pay particular attention to
warning notices or instructions incorporated on the equipment or set up temporarily
during the maintenance procedures.
2.3.3 Isolation and access for maintenance
2.3.3.1 General
The policy to be followed in making equipment available for maintenance should
always be that it should be isolated and proved dead where possible and immediately
earthed.
2.3.3.2 Procedures
No electrical conductor should be regarded as being safe unless it has been
isolated and discharged to earth and, where necessary earthed at all points of supply.
Precautions should be taken to ensure that the isolated equipment cannot be reenergized from a high voltage or a lower voltage source of supply.
Voltage indicators should always be proved before and after use. It is good
practice to inspect earthing devices before every use. Earthing connections including
leads and associated terminations need to be of adequate capacity for the duty at the point
of application.
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Working space, entry ways and exit ways provided to apparatus and to equipment
which is to be maintained should be kept clean and free from obstruction. Spare parts,
tools, instruments insulating screens, insulated tools, portable earthing devices and gloves
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associated with the equipment or the work to be performed should be housed in proper
receptacles provided for the purpose, and kept in proper condition.
Adequate lighting either fixed portable, or a combination of both should be
provided as necessary to ensure safe access and working.
Portable electrical tools and inspection lamps should preferably be operated from
a system with a voltage no greater than 110 V with either the star point of a three phase
or the mid-point of a single-phase transformer low voltage winding earthed. If mains
voltage portable tools need to be used, they should be of all-insulated or double insulated
construction and the use of a residual current device is recommended. All portable
electrical equipment should be regularly inspected and tested.
NOTE. Further advice on the safe use of portable tools is contained in HMG
publication guidance note PM 32 available from HM Stationery Office.
The ingress of moisture, dirt, vermin etc. into electrical equipment can cause
malfunction and danger. Care should be taken to prevent such ingress whilst work is in
progress, and covers should be replaced as soon as access to the chamber is no longer
required. Before final closure of any compartment is effected, a careful inspection should
be carried out to make sure no foreign matter or loose material is present.
Before work is undertaken in any chamber containing high voltage conductors,
tests using suitable voltage indicators should be carried out. These should include tests
between .each phase and earth to ensure all conductors are dead. Voltage indicators
should always be proved before and after use.
When work is being carried out with adjacent pneumatically operated or air-blast
circuit breakers in service, due precautions need to be taken to protect personnel from the
effects of noise caused by these circuit breakers should they operate. Where circuit
breakers are fitted with silencers, no problems should, occur but if they are unsilenced
consideration should be given to the use of ear protectors.
2.3.5 Fire extinguishing equipment
All personnel carrying out maintenance on equipment where there is a fire risk or
using flammable materials in processes requiring flame or other sources of heat should
have fire fighting appliances available for ready use. These appliances may be installed
permanently by an occupier or employer for use in the premises or they may be
temporary appliances provided for the period of work. Employees should be trained in
the use of portable appliances and know how to summon further assistance.
If a fixed automatic fire extinguishing installation is installed, a prominent
warning notice should be displayed at the entry to the protected area. The notice should
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also include instructions for preventing automatic operation when persons are working
within the protected area. The prevention and restoration of automatic operation should
be subject to appropriate safety procedures, for example by including a reference on the
relevant permits to work. The type of fire extinguishers provided for use on or near
electrical equipment should be compatible with the equipment and safe to use. Further
advice on fire prevention and fire fighting may be obtained from the local Fire Prevention
Officer.
2.3.6 Testing
2.3.6.1 General
Care should be taken when applying test voltages to ensure that they are the
lowest value required for the purpose with the minimum current output. Where
equipment is capable of storing a charge this should be safely discharged after every test.
NOTE 1: Further advice on electrical testing is available: one publication is
Health and Safety Series Booklet No. HSG (13) 'Electrical testing' available from HM
Stationery Office.
NOTE 2: Electrical equipment may be damaged by the application of test voltages
and currents of incorrect value and polarity. Some electronic equipment is particularly
vulnerable (see clause 40).
2.3.6.2 Use of test instruments (oscilloscopes, etc.)
Instruments should be of a type suitable for the measurements that are to be made
so that a malfunction or the introduction of transients and/or reversed polarities into the
connected circuits is avoided. The manufacturer's instructions should be observed.
An earthed instrument lead may create danger if it is applied: to an active signal
circuit which is normally floating. It is recommended that the instrument casings are
earthed at all times but, where the nature of test precludes this, specific care should be
taken by the operator to secure his own safety and that of others by the adoption of a safe
system of work. It is recommended that suitably protected test leads be used at all times.
2.3.7 Disposal of scrap
Care is needed in the disposal of removed items or materials since some give rise to
health or environmental danger unless properly handled, e.g. polychlorinated biphenols
(PCBs) or asbestos. In case of doubt, reference should be made to the manufacturer's
instructions or the appropriate local authority
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3.0.0 Multimeter
A multimeter measures electrical properties such as AC or DC voltage, current,
and resistance. Rather than have separate meters, a multimeter combines a voltmeter, an
ammeter, and an ohmmeter. Electricians and the general public might use a multimeter
on batteries, components, switches, power sources, and motors to diagnose electrical
malfunctions and narrow down their cause.
It is a black box of electronic circuitry that allows to troubleshoot just about any
type of electrical wiring or device. Simply dial the proper function and scale, touch the
two test leads to the wiring or device in question and check the meter reading. Depending
on the setting, the multimeter will give indication to suggest a broken connection, no
power, poor connections, faulty parts and more.
The two main kinds of a multimeter are analog and digital. A digital multimeter
has an LCD screen that gives a straight forward decimal read out, while an analog display
moves a pointer through a scale of numbers and must be interpreted. Any multimeter will
work over a specific range for each measurement. Select one that is compatible with what
is required, from low-voltage power sources to high-voltage car batteries. Multimeters
are specified with a sensitivity range, so make sure to choose the appropriate one.
Multimeters are handheld devices. Analog multimeters are very cheap but
sometimes difficult to read accurately, especially on resistance scales. Digital output
devices are much easier to read but in general, cost more than analog meters. All
multimeters will have a switch that allows to select the type of test or measurement to be
performed. In addition, they always have two wires with metal tips called probes, one red
and one black.
As a voltmeter, a multimeter can measure the amount of AC or DC voltage
flowing through a circuit. Voltage is a difference in potential energy between the two
points. As an ohmmeter, a multimeter finds the resistance in a circuit, which is given in
ohms. The multimeter actually passes a small amount of electricity from its own battery
through the circuit to measure resistance by comparing the voltage sent out to what it
receives. When used as an ammeter, the multimeter measures current flowing through a
closed circuit by interrupting that circuit. The multimeter can only be connected in series,
which means that all the circuit's current will flow through the ammeter's sensors
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The permanent magnet moving coil analogue multimeters are based on the
galvanometer invented by Arsene dArsonval. This device possesses a stationary
permanent magnet, a moving coil, a spring, and a pointer attached to the coil. Figure
below illustrates the way the equipment works. When a current flows through the coil,
there is an induced force on it due to the created electromagnetic field, and the coil
rotates around its central axis until the induced torque is equal and opposite to the spring
torque. The rotation torque, and consequently the angle the pointer rotates is proportional
to the current. The rotation angle is measured on a calibrated scale, and the amount of
current flowing through the meter can be measured. The dArsonval movement is used
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Set the function/range switch to either DC volts in the upper left, or AC volts
in the upper right.
If you do not know the approximate voltage about to be measured, use the
largest voltage range available.
Connect the free ends of the red and black test leads ACROSS the device to
the measured. Voltage is always measured with the meter in PARALLEL with
the device.
If the LCD displays either "1." or "-1." with all other digits blank, the voltage
is beyond the selected range. Use the switch to select a larger range.
Once you know the approximate voltage across the device, then use the switch
to select the lowest voltage range that will still accommodate the voltage
across the device. For example:
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Turn the power off to the device and discharge any capacitors.
Plug the black test lead into the COM jack.
Plug the red test lead into either the 200 mA jack for small current
measurements, or the 10 A jack for large current measurements.
If you do not know the approximate current about to be measured, use the 10 A
jack.
Set the function/range switch to either DC amperes in the lower right, or AC
amperes in the middle right.
Break open the circuit at the point where you want to measure the current by
removing one of the wires.
Connect the free end of the red test lead to one place at which the wire was
attached.
Connect the free end of the black test lead to the other place at which the wire
was attached.
Current is always measured with the meter in SERIES with the device.
Using the current meter incorrectly will blow the fuse or damage the meter
Reapply the power to the device.
If the LCD displays either "1." or "-1." with all other digits blank, the current is
beyond the selected range. Use the switch to select a larger range.
Once you know the approximate current through the device, then use the
switch to select the lowest current range that will still accommodate the current
through the device.
Turn the power off to the device before removing the meter from the circuit.
3.2.3 Resistance Measurements
Turn the power off to the device and discharge any capacitors!
Plug the black test lead into the COM jack.
Plug the red test lead into the V jack.
Set the function/range switch to ohms in the lower left.
If you do not know the approximate resistance about to be measured, use the
largest range available.
Connect the free ends of the red and black test leads ACROSS the device to the
measured. Resistance is always measured with the meter in PARALLEL with
the device.
If the LCD displays either "1." or "-1." with all other digits blank, the
resistance is beyond the selected range. Use the switch to select a larger range.
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Once you know the approximate resistance of the device, and then use the
switch to select the lowest range that will still accommodate the resistance of
the device.
Important note: The most common mistake when using a multimeter is not
switching the test leads when switching between current sensing and any other
type of sensing (voltage, resistance). It is critical that the test leads be in the
proper jacks for the measurement you are making.
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The moving element of the ohm meter consists of two coils, A and B, which are
rigidly mounted to a pivoted central shaft and are free to rotate over a C-shaped core.
These coils are connected by means of flexible leads. The moving element may point in
any meter position when the generator is not in operation.
As current provided by the hand-driven generator flows through Coil B, the coil
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will tend to set itself at right angles to the field of the permanent magnet. With the test
terminals open, giving an infinite resistance, no current flows in Coil A. Thereby, Coil B
will govern the motion of the rotating element, causing it to move to the extreme counterclockwise position, which is marked as infinite resistance.
Coil A is wound in a manner to produce a clockwise torque on the moving
element. With the terminals marked "line" and "earth" shorted, giving a zero resistance,
the current flow through the Coil A is sufficient to produce enough torque to overcome
the torque of Coil B. The pointer then moves to the extreme clockwise position, which is
marked as zero resistance. Resistance (R1) will protect Coil A from excessive current
flow in this condition.
When an unknown resistance is connected across the test terminals, line and earth,
the opposing torques of Coils A and B balance each other so that the instrument pointer
comes to rest at some point on the scale. The scale is calibrated such that the pointer
directly indicates the value of resistance being measured.
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Megohmmeters are available in several varieties. Some are powered by a handcranked generator, while others are battery powered. Some use power supply voltages as
low as 50V, but the most common is 50OV, with some going as high as 10,OOOV. The
power supply, in all cases, is DC.
4.3.1 Components of DC leakage current
When a megohm. test is made, three components of current flow. The insulation
between the two connection points can be thought of as a dielectric, thus forming a
capacitance. A phenomenon known as dielectric absorption occurs whereby the
dielectric soaks up current and then releases it when the potential is removed. This is in
addition to the current that charges and discharges the capacitance, and it occurs much
more slowly. It is dependent on the nature of the dielectric. Two types of items where this
is of concern are capacitors and motors. Such current is referred to as dielectric
absorption current.
The current required to charge whatever capacitance is present is known as
charging current Like the dielectric absorption current, it decays exponentially to zero,
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but much more quickly. It is this current which in most cases determines how long it
takes to make an accurate megohm measurement. When the reading appears to stabilize,
it means that the charging current has decayed to a point where it is negligible with
respect to the leakage current.
The current that flows through the insulation is the leakage current. The voltage
across the insulation divided by the leakage current through it equals the insulation
resistance. Thus, to accurately measure insulation resistance, we must wait until the
dielectric absorption current and the charging current have decayed to the point where
they are truly negligible with respect to the leakage current.
The total current that flows is the sum of the three components just mentioned. It
decays exponentially from an initial maximum and approaches a constant value which is
the leakage current alone. The megohm reading is dependent on the voltage across the
insulation and the total current. It increases exponentially from an initial
4.3.2 Determining The Polarization Index
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30 C, we should multiply the result by the correction factor of 1.98 shown on the chart
o
below. This implies that at a temperature of 20 C the insulation resistance would increase
to 198 MW. These correction factors will normally be provided by the equipment
manufacturer. The main point here is that all readings, past, present and future should be
compared on the same basis
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In order to obtain reliable test figures, windings should be free of dirt and
moisture as both of these contaminants result in a lower value of resistance being
indicated. If a machine has recently been taken out of service, it is likely to be hot and
therefore free from moisture.
However, the windings may be quite dirty from dust and oil in the atmosphere.
Conversely, if the machine has been out of service for some time, the winding insulation
may well have absorbed a certain amount of moisture. Indeed, if the insulation resistance
is indicated as low, it may be necessary to dry out the windings. All of these items must
be taken into consideration when assessing the reliability of insulation resistance readings
This is a short time resistance test. The megohmmeter is connected directly across
the equipment being tested and a test voltage is applied for about 60 secs. In order to get
a stable insulation resistance reading in that time, the test is performed on low
capacitance equipment.
This is a simple and quick test to indicate the instantaneous condition of
insulation. Mostly used as part of the commissioning process for a new installation.
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Various test voltage in steps of (in increasing order), usually for the same period
of time (60 Secs). The insulation values are recorded on the graph. The insulation is
exposed to increased electrical stress that can reveal information about flaws in the
insulation such as pinholes, physical damage or brittleness.
4.4.3 Time resistance test
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TE ST
1kV
500V
250V
100V
50V
O FF
V
AVO
ZERO
XXXX
M EGGER
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Clamp meters are also known as tong testers or Amprobes (after Amprobe
Instrument Company, one of the first vendors of such devices).
The most common forms of clamp meter are:
A probe for use with a multimeter.
A self-contained unit.
A built-in part of a specialised multimeter used by electricians.
In order to use a clamp meter, the probe or clamp is opened to allow insertion of
the wiring, and then closed to allow the measurement. Only one conductor is normally
passed through the probe, if more than one conductor were to be passed through then the
measurement would be a vector sum of the currents flowing in the conductors and could
be very misleading depending on the phase relationship of the currents. In particular, if
the clamp were to be closed around a mains extension or similar cord, no current will be
measured at all as the current flowing in one direction will cancel that flowing in the
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other direction.
Only one (1) conductor can be measured at a time, and the cable can either be
bare or insulated. The current in the conductor to be measured is (carefully) segregated
from other current-carrying conductors, and shifted enough so that the jaws of the clampon ammeter can be opened, slipped around the cable, and then closed. As soon as the
jaws close, a clear and accurate reading is registered on the scale. The jaws are insulated,
and the Bakelite handle and shield protect the technician from shock.
The clamp on current probe works on the principle of current transformer. The
conductor is the primary coil of a current transformer
The clamp on probe are composed of permalloy split core with the winding coil
which connects to the meter (Analog or digital) circuit. First the conductor current
determines the strength of the magnetic field around the permalloy core. Then at the end
of the winding, the magnetic field induces secondary out-put which drives the current.
through the meter (Analog or digital) connected. The meter is calibrated to indicate the
current in the primary.
A clamp-on current probe, shown in the above diagram, converts the primary
current of the conductor to a current output whose value depends on number of turns of
secondary winding (N2). If N2 is 1000 turns, the output current is 1/1000 of the primary
current, which can be expressed as 1 Milliampere per Ampere. Such a clamp is referred
to as having a ratio of 1000:1. The output of this current clamp can be read by any AC
ammeter (Analog or digital) whose input impedance is compatible with the specifications
of the current clamp.
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When the Hall device drive current is held constant, the current is directly
proportional to the current in a conductor. Thus, the hall output voltage (Vh) is
representative of that current.
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taken into consideration, it is of less use with non sinusoidal load applications such as
fluorescent lamps, modern computers, electronic equipment, or high-intensity discharge
lamps.
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Before using the Meter, inspect the case. Do not use the Meter if it is
damaged. Look for cracks or missing plastic. Pay particular attention to
the insulation around the connectors.
Verify the Meters operation by measuring a known current/voltage. Do
not use the Meter if it operates abnormally. Protection may be impaired.
When in doubt, have the Meter serviced.
Do not apply more than the rated current or voltage, as marked on the
Meter.
Use the proper terminals, function, and range for your measurements.
Do not operate the Meter with the case (or part of the case) removed.
When servicing the Meter, use only replacement parts recommended by
the manufacturer.
Page 41 of 55
By Ohms Law, there will be a current of 100 A through the fault (from the motor
frame to the earth). If someone happen to touch the motor frame and are grounded solidly
to earth, could be subjected to 1000 V (10 x 100 A). This may be more than enough to
kill a person instantly. If, however, the earth resistance is less than 1 , the shock person
would get could be under 100 V (1 x 100) and probably survive that shock.
Earth resistivity has an important bearing on electrode resistance, as does the
depth, size and shape of the electrode. In this module, the principles and method of
testing and use of earth resistance tester are covered. This applies to lightning arrester
installations as well as to other systems that require low resistance ground connections.
Such tests are made in power-generating stations, electrical-distribution systems,
industrial plants, and telecommunication systems.
Also an Earth loop impedance testing is essential since if a live conductor is
accidentally connected to an earth conductor in a faulty appliance or circuit, the resulting
short-circuit current to earth can easily be high enough to cause electric shock or generate
enough heat to start a fire. Normally, the fuse will blow or another circuit protection
device will trip, but a situation may arise where the actual short-circuit current in a faulty
Electrical test instruments Module 03 (Basic)
Page 42 of 55
installation is of insufficient level and the protection device would thus take too long to
activate. The delay can be disastrous for life and property. It is therefore necessary to
know if the impedance of the path that any fault current would take is low enough to
allow sufficient current to flow in the event of a fault and that any installed protective
device will operate within a safe time limit. The earth loop impedance of each individual
circuit a path from the point of use back to the incoming supply connection point. As
measurement of circuit loop impedance is made with the supply normally on, precautions
must be taken to avoid the possibility of electric shock and danger to personnel working
in the vicinity of the circuit under test.
In IEC 60364, fault loop testing falls under the category of Verifying protection
by automatic supply disconnection. This covers verification of the effectiveness of
protective measures (such as test on RCD), and the test methods applied to measure the
fault loop impedance.
Conventional techniques for measuring loop impedance can often trip RCDs,
preventing further measurement. Often the only way around this is to bridge the RCD
or replace the RCD with an equivalent rated MCB for the duration of the test both of
which are potentially dangerous and time consuming practices. To overcome this
manufacturers of earth loop tester have applied innovative technology to ensure that both
electromechanical and electronic type RCDs do not trip during earth loop impedance
measurements.
An advanced range of combined loop and RCD testers is available and it is
designed to fully test RCDs and measure loop impedance and prospective short circuit
current, (PSCC), on single and three phase systems rated up to 300V ac r.m.s. to earth.
Page 43 of 55
rusted through, the part below the break is not effective as a part of the earth electrode.
Resistance of Surrounding Earth: An electrode driven into earth of uniform
resistivity radiates current in all directions. Think of the electrode as being surrounded by
shells of earth, all of equal thickness. The earth shell nearest the electrode naturally has
the smallest surface area and so offers the greatest resistance. The next earth shell is
somewhat larger in area and offers less resistance. Finally, a distance from the electrode
will be reached where inclusion of additional earth shells does not add significantly to the
resistance of the earth surrounding the electrode. It is this critical volume of soil that
determines the effectiveness of the ground electrode and which therefore must be
effectively measured in order to make this determination. Ground testing is distinct when
compared to more familiar forms of electrical measurement, in that it is a volumetric
Where is the resistivity of the earth in ohm-cm, L is the length of the conducting
path, and A is the cross-sectional area of the path. More complex formulas for the
calculation of the resistance to earth for any distance from various systems of electrodes
are drived. All such formulas can be simplified a little by basing them on the assumption
that the earths resistivity is uniform throughout the entire soil volume under
Electrical test instruments Module 03 (Basic)
Page 44 of 55
consideration.
Because the formulas are complicated, and earth resistivity is neither uniform or
constant, a simple and direct method of measuring earth resistance is needed. This is
where Earth Resistance Tester, a self-contained portable instrument is used. This test
instrument is reliable and easy to use. With it, one can check the resistance of the earth
electrode while it is being installed; and, by periodic tests, observe any changes with
time.
To understand the principle of earth testing, consider the schematic diagram in
Fig. below. As explained earlier with the earth shell diagram, with increased distance
from an electrode, the earth shells are of greater surface area and therefore of lower
resistance. Now, assume that there are three rods driven into the earth some distance apart
and a voltage applied, as shown in Fig. The current between rods 1 and 2 is measured by
an ammeter; the potential difference (voltage) between rods 1 and 3 is measured by a
voltmeter.
Page 45 of 55
The series of resistance values can be plotted against distance to obtain a curve as
shown in Fig. below. Note that as rod 3 is moved away from rod 1, the resistance values
increase, but the amount of increase gets less and less until a point is reached where the
rate of increase becomes so small that I can almost be considered constant (20 in Fig.).
The earth shells between the two rods (1 and 3) have so great a surface area that they add
little to the total resistance. Beyond this point, as rod 3 approaches the earth shells of rod
2, resistance gradually picks up. Near rod 2, the values rise sharply.
Now, lets say that rod 1 is the earth electrode under test. From a typical earthresistance curve, such as Fig. above, what is the resistance to earth of this rod? We call
rod 2 current-reference probe C and rod 3, potential reference probe P (simply for
convenience in identification). The correct resistance is usually obtained if P (rod 3) is
placed at a distance from the center of the earth electrode (rod 1) about 62 percent of the
distance between the earth electrode and C (rod 2). Finally, rod C should be far enough
away from the earth electrode system so that the 62 percent distance is out of the sphere
of influence of the earth electrode.
For the test, the electrode should be isolated from the electrical system that it is
protecting; otherwise, the whole system is tested which (depending on local practices)
may include the pole ground, system neutral, and transformer ground. This obscures the
specific effect of the local ground.
Page 46 of 55
X to the earth electrode. it may be better to use all four terminals by a lead from the P1
terminal to the test electrode (connecting it inside the lead from C1). This is a true four
wire test configuration which eliminates all lead resistance from the measurement.
The driven reference rod C should be placed as far from the earth electrode as
practical; this distance may be limited by the length of extension wire available, or the
geography of the surroundings. Leads should be separated and not run close and parallel
to each other, to eliminate mutual inductance.
Potential-reference rod P is then driven at mid point on a straight line between the
earth electrode (X) and C. The subsequent two readings are taken moving the rod P closer
to the earth electrode, say 1 meter and away from the earth electrode by same distance (1
meter). Resistance readings are logged for each of the points and average of the readings
are taken, if the three readings do not differ from each other (within 5%) by large margin.
Otherwise, the rod C has to be driven further away from earth electrode and the
procedure is to be repeated.
Page 47 of 55
the earth return path back to the supply transformer and its winding; the phase conductor
back to the point of the fault.
6.6.0 Digital Earth Loop resistance tester from Megger (L T5 and L T6)
The MEGGER@ L T5 and L T6 Digital Loop Testers have been designed for
quickly, accurately and reliably testing newly established and existing wiring
installations. They are simple to use, both with the standard lead for socket tests and with
the optional safety leads for performing tests on lighting installations and testing earth
bonding.
The L T5 has two measuring ranges: 20 with a resolution of 0.01 and 200
with a resolution of 0,1 . The L T6 also has two ranges: 20 with a resolution of 0.01
and 2000 with a resolution of 1 .
Both instruments will operate on installations with a phase-to-neutral voltage 230
Page 48 of 55
V a.c. 10% and automatically compensate for supply variations. The test current, up to
25 A, is dependent on the impedance of the phase-earth loop being measured and flows
for two half cycles of the supply voltage. The circuit is fuse protected and fitted with an
internal thermal switch to prevent excessive heating caused by tests repeated too
frequently.
Testing is very simple as there is no initial setting up to be done and no
pushbutton to operate. A test is automatically executed in about 4 seconds after the
selector switch is set to a measuring range and connection made to the circuit under test.
(Either step may be performed first.) Neons illuminate to show that there are no open
circuits in the installation wiring and that a correct phase conductor connection exists. If
the earth connection is not present, the test will not be performed.
Use of a large, 3 digit L.C.D. makes measurement readings easy with less
chance of ambiguity. It also results in a much more rugged and robust test instrument
that, because of its strong plastic case, will withstand the rough treatment expected of an
installation engineer's tool.
The lightweight, hand-held tester also incorporates a fold-away support
stand/suspension hook for use when the operator requires both hands for using the "flying
leads".
Page 49 of 55
Page 50 of 55
Page 51 of 55
pressed even though a real ground fault may not cause it to trip.
RCD testers are designed to simulate a range of fault currents, with restrictions on
the duration of the fault current, and to time the operation of the device. This will indicate
the ability of the RCD to interrupt a particular fault current within time certain limits to
ensure protection against fire, damage and electrocution.
Page 52 of 55
Membrane push-buttons are used to select the type of test. The 'ABC' key selects
type of breaker to be tested. The phase key selects the point on the a.c. waveform from
where the test will start, i.e. the positive or negative zero crossing point. The 'I' key, will
allow one of three current multipliers or a 150 mA specific test to be selected. The test
key will initiate a test.
The 4 digit LCD shows the time value that the RCD takes to trip. For a successful
'no trip' test the maximum time of test current flow is given. For unsuccessful tests on 'B'
and 'C' type devices the display shows the word 'FAIL' as the test result.
The instrument circuit is microprocessor controlled and will always assume the
default setting when switched on or when the rotary switch is moved out of the stand-by
position. The maximum current that can flow is 500 mA. The instrument has a thermal
cut out to prevent overheating caused by rapidly repeated tests at high current. Also, it is
hardware and software protected against hazardous live voltages. If in the event prior to a
test the earth neutral potential is greater than 50 V,' or a test current causes earth potential
to rise greater than 50 V above neutral, the instrument will then turn the test current off
within 40 ms and show >50 V on the display. The rotary switch has a 'Standby' position
which, when selected (with the instrument connected to the supply), renders the LCD
blank but the microprocessor in the reset state.
Page 53 of 55
Page 54 of 55
7.0.0 Attachments
7.1.1 Fluke multimeter manual
7.12 Megger Manual BM80
7.13 Fluke Clamp on meter Instruction sheet
7.14 Megger Digital Earth Tester
7.15 Megger Digital Loop Tester
7.16 Megger RCD Tester
Page 55 of 55
80 Series III
Multimeters
Users Manual
2/02
Fluke Corporation
Everett WA
98206-9090
The Netherlands
Table of Contents
Title
Introduction....................................................................................................................
Safety Information .........................................................................................................
Your Meters Features ...................................................................................................
Power-Up Options ....................................................................................................
Automatic Power-Off.................................................................................................
Input Alert Feature ................................................................................................
Making Measurements ..................................................................................................
Measuring AC and DC Voltage.................................................................................
Testing for Continuity................................................................................................
Measuring Resistance ..............................................................................................
Using Conductance for High Resistance or Leakage Tests .....................................
Measuring Capacitance ............................................................................................
Testing Diodes..........................................................................................................
Measuring AC or DC Current....................................................................................
Measuring Frequency...............................................................................................
Measuring Duty Cycle...............................................................................................
Determining Pulse Width ..........................................................................................
Page
1
1
4
11
11
12
12
12
14
16
18
18
21
22
25
27
28
80 Series III
Users Manual
Analog Bar Graph ..........................................................................................................
Model 87 Bar Graph..................................................................................................
Models 83 and 85 Bar Graph ....................................................................................
4-1/2 Digit Mode (Model 87) ..........................................................................................
MIN MAX Recording Mode ............................................................................................
ii
28
28
29
29
30
32
32
32
33
33
33
34
35
35
36
41
List of Tables
Table
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
Title
Page
2
4
5
6
9
20
26
31
38
40
42
43
44
45
47
47
48
49
50
iii
80 Series III
Users Manual
iv
List of Figures
Figure
Title
Page
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
8
13
15
17
19
21
23
27
34
37
39
80 Series III
Users Manual
vi
Introduction
Introduction
WWarning
Read "Safety Information" before you use
the meter.
Except where noted, the descriptions and instructions in
this manual apply to Series III Models 83, 85, 87, and
87/E multimeters. Model 87 is shown in all illustrations.
WWarning
Safety Information
EN61010.1:1993
ANSI/ISA S82.01-1994
CAN/CSA C22.2 No. 1010.1-92
1000 V Overvoltage Category III, Pollution Degree 2
600 V Overvoltage Category IV, Pollution Degree 2
UL3111-1
80 Series III
Users Manual
Table 1. International Electrical Symbols
AC (Alternating Current)
Earth ground
DC (Direct Current)
Fuse
AC or DC
Battery
Double insulated
Safety Information
Caution
To avoid possible damage to the meter or to
the equipment under test, follow these
guidelines:
80 Series III
Users Manual
To protect yourself, use the following guidelines:
Table 2. Inputs
Terminal
Description
Page
22
mA A
22
COM
NA
V eG
V: 12
e: 16
G: 21
E:18
Frequency: 25
Duty cycle: 27
Function
Page
AC voltage measurement
12
DC voltage measurement
12
d
mV
12
R Continuity test
14
e Resistance measurement
16
E Capacitance measurement
18
Diode test
21
mA
A
22
22
ReE
80 Series III
Users Manual
Table 4. Pushbuttons
Button
Function
U ReE
(Blue
button)
Page
Selects capacitance.
18
mA/A, A
22
Power-up
11
Starts recording of minimum and maximum values. Steps the display through
MIN, MAX, AVG (average), and present readings.
30
position
Power-up
30
M Any switch
K Any switch
position
Power-up
Switches between the ranges available for the selected function. To return to
autoranging, hold the button down for 1 second.
Manually selecting a range causes the meter to exit the Touch Hold, MIN
MAX, and REL (relative) modes.
See ranges in
specifications.
NA
Touch Hold captures the present reading on the display. When a new, stable
reading is detected, the meter beeps and displays the new reading.
32
MIN MAX
recording
30
Frequency
counter
25
I Any switch
position
Button Function
b Model 87:
yellow button
Function
Page
Any switch
position
NA
For Model 87, hold the yellow button down for one second to enter the
4-1/2 digit mode. To return to the 3-1/2 digit mode, hold the button down
only until all display segments turn on (about one second).
29
Continuity
ReE
14
MIN MAX
recording
30
b Models 83,
85: gray
button
T
Button Function
Power-up
NA
Disables the beeper for all functions.
C
(Relative
mode)
Any switch
position
32
Power-up
For Models 83 and 85, enables zoom mode for the bar graph.
32
Any switch
position
25
27
NA
Power-up
80 Series III
Users Manual
5
4
10
10
3
2
1011
1
12
13
iy1f.eps
Feature
B
C
D
Page
28
32
14
Indicates negative readings. In relative mode, this sign indicates that the
present input is less than the stored reference.
32
The battery is low. WWarning: To avoid false readings, which could lead
to possible electric shock or personal injury, replace the battery as soon
as the battery indicator appears.
AUTO
100 ms
MAX MIN AVG
H
I
Indication
AC DC
35
The meter is in autorange mode and automatically selects the range with the
best resolution.
NA
30
32
12, 22
80 Series III
Users Manual
Table 5. Display Features (continued)
Number
Feature
A, A, mA
V, mV
F, nF
nS
%
e, Me, ke
Hz, kHz, MHz
10
Indication
Page
22
12
18
18
27
16
25
Feature
4000 mV
0L
Indication
Displays the currently selected range.
Page
See specifications
for ranges for each
function.
28
Duty cycle: 27
Power-Up Options
Automatic Power-Off
11
80 Series III
Users Manual
Making Measurements
The following sections describe how to take
measurements with your meter.
12
Making Measurements
The following are some tips for measuring voltage:
AC Voltage
MIN MAX
RANGE
HOLD
REL
41/2 DIGITS
1 Second
Switch Box
Hz
mV
mA
A
OFF
mA A COM V
400mA MAX
FUSED
10A MAX
FUSED
CAT II
1000V MAX
DC Voltage
87 III TRUE RMS MULTIMETER
MIN MAX
RANGE
HOLD
REL
41/2 DIGITS
1 Second
Hz
mV
mA
A
OFF
mA A COM V
!
10A MAX
FUSED
400mA MAX
FUSED
CAT II
1000V MAX
iy2f.eps
13
80 Series III
Users Manual
14
Making Measurements
MIN MAX
RANGE
HOLD
REL
4 1/2 DIGITS
1 Seconds
Activates
continuity
beeper
MIN MAX
RANGE
4 1/2 DIGITS
1 Seconds
Hz
mV
mV
mA
A
mA
A
OFF
OFF
mA A COM V
!
10A MAX
FUSED
HOLD
REL
Hz
400mA MAX
FUSED
CAT II
10A MAX
FUSED
1000V MAX
400mA MAX
FUSED
CAT II
1000V MAX
ON
(closed)
OFF
(open)
iy4f.eps
15
80 Series III
Users Manual
Measuring Resistance
Caution
To avoid possible damage to the meter or to
the equipment under test, disconnect circuit
power and discharge all high-voltage
capacitors before measuring resistance.
Resistance is an opposition to current flow. The unit of
resistance is the ohm (). The meter measures resistance
by sending a small current through the circuit. Because
this current flows through all possible paths between the
probes, the resistance reading represents the total
resistance of all paths between the probes.
The meters resistance ranges are 400 , 4 k, 40 k,
400 k, 4 M, and 40 M.
To measure resistance, set up the meter as shown in
Figure 4.
16
Making Measurements
Isolating a Potentiometer
Circuit Power
OFF
3 2
Disconnect
2
1
87 III TRUE RMS MULTIMETER
3
MIN MAX
RANGE
HOLD
REL
4 1/2 DIGITS
1 Seconds
Isolating a Resistor
Hz
mV
mA
A
OFF
mA A
COM
10A MAX
FUSED
400mA MAX
FUSED
CAT II
1000V MAX
Disconnect
iy6f.eps
17
80 Series III
Users Manual
Measuring Capacitance
Caution
To avoid possible damage to the meter or to
the equipment under test, disconnect circuit
power and discharge all high-voltage
capacitors before measuring capacitance.
Use the dc voltage function to confirm that
the capacitor is discharged.
Capacitance is the ability of a component to store an
electrical charge. The unit of capacitance is the farad (F).
Most capacitors are in the nanofarad to microfarad range.
18
Making Measurements
The meter measures capacitance by charging the
capacitor with a known current for a known period of time,
measuring the resulting voltage, then calculating the
capacitance. The measurement takes about 1 second per
range. The capacitor charge can be up to 1.2 V.
nF
MIN MAX
RANGE
HOLD
REL
Select
Capacitance
Hz
mV
OFF
mA
A
mA A
COM
10A MAX
FUSED
400mA MAX
FUSED
CAT II
1000V MAX
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
iy10f.eps
19
80 Series III
Users Manual
2.
3.
4.
5.
20
Expected Capacitance
Suggested
Range*
F/second
of Charge
Time
Up to 10 F
4 Me
0.3
11 F to 100 F
400 ke
101 F to 1000 F
40 ke
30
1001 F to 10,000 F
4 ke
300
10,000 F to 100,000 F
400 e
3000
Making Measurements
Testing Diodes
Forward Bias
Caution
To avoid possible damage to the meter or to
the equipment under test, disconnect circuit
power and discharge all high-voltage
capacitors before testing diodes.
MIN MAX
RANGE
HOLD
REL
4 1/2 DIGITS
Typical
Reading
Hz
1 Seconds
mV
mA
A
OFF
mA A
COM
400mA MAX
FUSED
10A MAX
FUSED
CAT II
1000V MAX
Reverse Bias
87 III TRUE RMS MULTIMETER
+
MIN MAX
RANGE
HOLD
REL
4 1/2 DIGITS
Hz
1 Seconds
mV
mA
A
OFF
In a circuit, a good diode should still produce a forwardbias reading of 0.5 V to 0.8 V; however, the reverse-bias
reading can vary depending on the resistance of other
pathways between the probe tips.
mA A
COM
10A MAX
FUSED
400mA MAX
FUSED
CAT II
1000V MAX
iy9f.eps
21
80 Series III
Users Manual
Measuring AC or DC Current
WWarning
Never attempt an in-circuit current
measurement where the open-circuit
potential to earth is greater than 1000 V. You
may damage the meter or be injured if the
fuse blows during such a measurement.
Caution
To avoid possible damage to the meter or to
the equipment under test, check the meters
fuses before measuring current. Use the
proper terminals, function, and range for
your measurement. Never place the probes
across (in parallel with) any circuit or
component when the leads are plugged into
the current terminals.
Current is the flow of electrons through a conductor. To
measure current, you must break the circuit under test,
then place the meter in series with the circuit.
22
2.
Note
To avoid blowing the meters 400 mA fuse, use
the mA/A terminal only if you are sure the
current is less than 400 mA.
Making Measurements
Circuit Power:
OFF to connect meter.
ON for measurement.
OFF to disconnect meter.
4
87 III TRUE RMS MULTIMETER
AC DC
MIN MAX
RANGE
HOLD
REL
4 1/2 DIGITS
1 Seconds
Hz
mV
mA
A
A
mA
A
OFF
mA A COM V
!
10A MAX
FUSED
400mA MAX
FUSED
CAT II
1000V MAX
5
iy7f.eps
23
80 Series III
Users Manual
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Turn off power to the circuit and discharge all highvoltage capacitors. Remove the meter and restore the
circuit to normal operation.
24
Making Measurements
Measuring Frequency
25
80 Series III
Users Manual
Table 7. Functions and Trigger Levels for Frequency Measurements
Function
Approximate
Trigger Level
Typical Application
4 V, 40 V, 400 V,
1000 V
0V
Most signals.
400 mV
0V
400 mV
40 mV
4V
1.7 V
40 V
4V
400 V
40 V
1000 V
400 V
ReEG
\
AC current signals.
AF
400 A
40 mA
AF
26
Range
All ranges
4A
Making Measurements
frequency function, you can change the slope for the
meters counter by pressing T.
+Slope
Trigger Point
-Slope
Trigger Point
30% Above
+Slope
70% Below
-Slope
100%
iy3f.eps
27
80 Series III
Users Manual
1.
2.
3.
28
29
80 Series III
Users Manual
30
Enter MIN MAX recording mode. The meter is locked in the range displayed before you
entered MIN MAX mode. (Select the desired measurement function and range before
entering MIN MAX.) The meter beeps each time a new minimum or maximum value is
recorded.
Scroll through minimum (MIN), maximum (MAX), and average (AVG) values.
T
PEAK MIN MAX
Model 87 only: Select 100 ms or 250 s response time. (The 250 s response time is
indicated by "1 ms" on the display.) Stored values are erased. The present and AVG
(average) values are not available when 250 s is selected.
Stop recording without erasing stored values. Press again to resume recording.
Exit MIN MAX mode. Stored values are erased. The meter stays in the selected range.
Select 1 s high-accuracy response time. See text under "MIN MAX Recording Mode" for
more explanation. MIN MAX readings for the frequency counter are recorded only in the
high-accuracy mode.
31
80 Series III
Users Manual
Relative Mode
Selecting relative mode ( C) causes the meter to
zero the display and store the present reading as the
reference for subsequent measurements. The meter is
locked into the range selected when you pressed
C. Press Cagain to exit this mode.
32
Maintenance
Maintenance
General Maintenance
2.
3.
33
80 Series III
Users Manual
87
MIN MAX
RANGE
HOLD
REL
mA
A
WWarning
To avoid electrical shock or personal injury,
remove the test leads and any input signals
before replacing the battery or fuses. To
prevent damage or injury, install ONLY
specified replacement fuses with the
amperage, voltage, and speed ratings shown
in Table 9.
Hz
mV
OFF
mA A
COM
400mA MAX
FUSED
10A MAX
FUSED
87
CAT II
CA
10
T
II
1000V MAX
00
V
M
AX
MIN MAX
RANGE
HOLD
REL
Hz
mV
mA
A
OFF
mA A
COM
10A MAX
FUSED
400mA MAX
FUSED
!
CAT II
CA
10
T
II
1000V MAX
00
V
M
AX
iy5f.eps
34
Maintenance
WWarning
To avoid false readings, which could lead to
possible electric shock or personal injury,
replace the battery as soon as the battery
indicator (B) appears.
Replace the battery as follows (refer to Figure 10):
1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
35
80 Series III
Users Manual
6.
7.
8.
36
F1
F2
iy12f.eps
37
80 Series III
Users Manual
Table 9. Replacement Parts
Item
Description
BT1
Battery, 9 V
F1 W
Fuse, 0.440 A, 1000 V, FAST
F2 W
Fuse, 11 A, 1000 V, FAST
H1
Screw, Case
MP1
Foot, Non-Skid
MP2
O-Ring, Input Receptacle
TM1
CD-ROM (contains Users Manual)
TM2
Getting Started Manual
TM3
Quick Reference Guide, Fluke 80 Series III
TM4
Service Manual
WTo ensure safety, use exact replacement only.
38
Fluke Part
or Model
Number
Quantity
614487
943121
803293
832246
824466
831933
1611720
1611712
688168
688645
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
1
1
Optional
TL75
Test Lead Set
MP85
T24 Test
Lead Set
S1
TP1, TP4 Probes
AC20 Alligator
Clip (Black)
F2
AC70A
Alligator Clips
F1
MP2
TM1
C81Y
MP86
TM2
H1
BT1
MP1
MP92
TM3
H5, 6
iy11f.eps
39
80 Series III
Users Manual
Table 10. Accessories*
Item
TL20
AC70A
TL75
TL24
TP1
TP4
AC20
C81Y
C81G
C25
Description
Industrial Test Lead Set (Optional)
Alligator Clips for use with TL75 test lead set
Test Lead Set
Test Lead Set, Heat-Resistant Silicone
Test Probes, Flat Blade, Slim Reach
Test Probes, 4 mm diameter, Slim Reach
Safety Grip, Wide-Jaw Alligator Clips
Holster, Yellow
Holster, Gray (Optional)
Carrying Case, Soft (Optional)
40
Fluke Part
Number
TL20
AC70A
TL75
TL24
TP1
TP4
AC20
C81Y
C81G
C25
Quantity
1
1
Specifications
Specifications
Maximum Voltage between any Terminal and Earth Ground: 1000 V rms
41
80 Series III
Users Manual
Table 11. Models 85 and 87 AC Voltage Function Specifications
Function
K3
Range
400.0 mV
4.000 V
40.00 V
400.0 V
1000 V
Accuracy1
Resolution
0.1 mV
0.001 V
0.01 V
0.1 V
1V
50 Hz - 60 Hz
(0.7% + 4)
(0.7% + 2)
(0.7% + 2)
(0.7% + 2)
(0.7% + 2)
45 Hz - 1 kHz
(1.0% + 4)
(1.0% + 4)
(1.0% + 4)
(1.0% + 4)
(1.0% + 4)5
1 kHz - 5 kHz
(2.0% + 4)
(2.0% + 4)
(2.0% + 4)
(2.0% + 4)4
unspecified
5 kHz - 20 kHz2
(2.0% + 20)
(2.0% + 20)
(2.0% + 20)
unspecified
unspecified
1.
Accuracy is given as ([% of reading] + [number of least significant digits]) at 18C to 28C, with relative humidity up to 90%, for a
period of one year after calibration. For Model 87 in the 4 -digit mode, multiply the number of least significant digits (counts) by 10.
AC conversions are ac-coupled and valid from 5% to 100% of range. Models 85 and 87 are true rms responding. AC crest factor can
be up to 3 at full scale, 6 at half scale. For non-sinusoidal wave forms add -(2% Rdg + 2% full scale) typical, for a crest factor up to 3.
2.
3.
Models 85 and 87 are true rms responding meters. When the input leads are shorted together in the ac functions, the meters display
a reading (typically <25 counts) that is caused by internal amplifier noise. The accuracy on Models 85 and 87 is not significantly
affected by this internal offset when measuring inputs that are within 5% to 100% of the selected range. When the rms value of the
two values (5% of range and internal offset) is calculated, the effect is minimal as shown in the following example where 20.0 = 5% of
400 mV range, and 2.5 is the internal offset: RMS = SQRT[(20.0)2 + (2.5)2] = 20.16. If you use the REL function to zero the display
when using the ac functions, a constant error that is equal to the internal offset will result.
4.
5.
42
Specifications
Table 12. Model 83 AC Voltage Function Specifications
Function
Range
400.0 mV
4.000 V
40.00 V
400.0 V
1000 V
Accuracy1
Resolution
0.1 mV
0.001 V
0.01 V
0.1 V
1V
50 Hz - 60 Hz
(0.5% + 4)
(0.5% + 2)
(0.5% + 2)
(0.5% + 2)
(0.5% + 2)
1.
2.
3.
45 Hz - 1 kHz
(1.0% + 4)
(1.0% + 4)
(1.0% + 4)
(1.0% + 4)
(1.0% + 4)
1 kHz - 5 kHz
(2.0% + 4)
(2.0% + 4)
(2.0% + 4)
(2.0% + 4)3
unspecified
43
80 Series III
Users Manual
Table 13. DC Voltage, Resistance, and Conductance Function Specifications
Accuracy1
Function
L
F
Range
Resolution
Model 83
Model 85
Model 87
4.000 V
40.00 V
400.0 V
1000 V
0.001 V
0.01 V
0.1 V
1V
(0.1% + 1)
(0.1% + 1)
(0.1% + 1)
(0.1% + 1)
(0.08% + 1)
(0.08% + 1)
(0.08% + 1)
(0.08% + 1)
(0.05% + 1)
(0.05% + 1)
(0.05% + 1)
(0.05% + 1)
400.0 mV
0.1 mV
(0.3% + 1)
(0.1% + 1)
(0.1% + 1)
400.0
4.000 k
40.00 k
400.0 k
4.000 M
40.00 M
40.00 nS
0.1
0.001 k
0.01 k
0.1 k
0.001 M
0.01 M
0.01 nS
(0.4% + 2)2
(0.4% + 1)
(0.4% + 1)
(0.7% + 1)
(0.7% + 1)
(1.0% + 3)
(1.0% + 10)
(0.2% + 2)2
(0.2% + 1)
(0.2% + 1)
(0.6% + 1)
(0.6% + 1)
(1.0% + 3)
(1.0% + 10)
(0.2% + 2)2
(0.2% + 1)
(0.2% + 1)
(0.6% + 1)
(0.6% + 1)
(1.0% + 3)
(1.0% + 10)
mV
nS
1.
2.
44
Specifications
Table 14. Current Function Specifications
Accuracy1
Function
mA
\
(45 Hz to 2 kHz)
Range
40.00 mA
400.0 mA
4000 mA
10.00 A5
Resolution
0.01 mA
0.1 mA
1 mA
0.01 A
Model 832
Model 853, 4
Model 873, 4
Burden Voltage
(typical)
(1.2% + 2)6
(1.2% + 2)6
(1.2% + 2)6
(1.2% + 2)6
(1.0% + 2)6
(1.0% + 2)6
(1.0% + 2)6
(1.0% + 2)6
(1.0% + 2)
(1.0% + 2)
(1.0% + 2)
(1.0% + 2)
1.8 mV/mA
1.8 mV/mA
0.03 V/A
0.03 V/A
(0.2% + 4)
(0.2% + 2)
(0.2% + 4)
(0.2% + 2)
(0.2% + 4)
(0.2% + 2)
(0.2% + 4)
(0.2% + 2)
1.8 mV/mA
1.8 mV/mA
0.03 V/A
0.03 V/A
mA
[
1.
(0.4% + 4)
0.01 mA
40.00 mA
(0.4% + 2)
0.1 mA
400.0 mA
(0.4% + 4)
1 mA
4000 mA
(0.4% + 2)
5
0.01 A
10.00 A
See the first sentence in Table 11 for a complete explanation of accuracy.
2.
AC conversion for Model 83 is ac coupled and calibrated to the rms value of a sinewave input.
3.
AC conversions for Models 85 and 87 are ac coupled, true rms responding, and valid from 5% to 100% of range.
4.
5.
6.
45
80 Series III
Users Manual
Table 14. Current Function Specifications (continued)
Accuracy1
Function
A B
(45 Hz to 2 kHz)
Range
Resolution
Model 832
Model 853, 4
Model 873, 4
Burden
Voltage
(typical)
400.0 A
4000 A
0.1 A
1 A
(1.2% + 2)5
(1.2% + 2)5
(1.0% + 2)5
(1.0% + 2)5
(1.0% + 2)
(1.0% + 2)
100 V/A
100 V/A
400.0 A
4000 A
0.1 A
1 A
(0.4% + 4)
(0.4% + 2)
(0.2% + 4)
(0.2% + 2)
(0.2% + 4)
(0.2% + 2)
100 V/A
100 V/A
AF
1.
2.
AC conversion for Model 83 is ac coupled and calibrated to the rms value of a sinewave input.
3.
AC conversions for Models 85 and 87 are ac coupled, true rms responding, and valid from 5% to 100% of range.
4.
5.
46
Specifications
Table 15. Capacitance and Diode Function Specifications
Function
G
1.
Range
Accuracy1
Resolution
5.00 nF
0.0500 F
0.500 F
5.00 F
0.01 nF
0.0001 F
0.001 F
0.01 F
(1% + 3)
(1% + 3)
(1% + 3)
(1.9% + 3)
3.000 V
0.001 V
(2% + 1)
With a film capacitor or better, using Relative mode to zero residual. See the first sentence in Table 11 for a complete explanation of
accuracy.
1.
Range
Resolution
199.99
1999.9
19.999 kHz
199.99 kHz
>200 kHz
0.01 Hz
0.1 Hz
0.001 kHz
0.01 kHz
0.1 kHz
Accuracy1
(0.005% + 1)
(0.005% + 1)
(0.005% + 1)
(0.005% + 1)
unspecified
47
80 Series III
Users Manual
Table 17. Frequency Counter Sensitivity and Trigger Levels
Minimum Sensitivity (RMS Sinewave)
Input Range1
400 mV dc
400 mV dc
4V
40 V
400 V
1000 V
5 Hz - 20 kHz
70 mV (to 400 Hz)
150 mV
0.3 V
3V
30 V
300 V
1.7 V
4V
40 V
400 V
Accuracy
Within (0.05% per kHz + 0.1%) of full scale for a 5 V logic family input on the 4 V dc range.
Within ((0.06 x Voltage Range/Input Voltage) x 100%) of full scale for sine wave inputs on ac voltage ranges.
1.
48
Specifications
Table 18. Electrical Characteristics of the Terminals
Overload
Protection1
Input
Impedance
(nominal)
1000 V rms
10 M<100 pF
>120 dB at dc, 50 Hz or 60 Hz
>60 dB at 50 Hz or 60 Hz
F
mV
1000 V rms
10 M<100 pF
>120 dB at dc, 50 Hz or 60 Hz
>60 dB at 50 Hz or 60 Hz
1000 V rms
10 M<100 pF
(ac-coupled)
>60 dB, dc to 60 Hz
Open Circuit
Function
Test Voltage
1000 V rms
<1.3 V dc
1000 V rms
<3.9 V dc
1.
To 4.0 M
40 M or nS
400
4k
40 k
400 k
4M
40 M
<450 mV dc
<1.3 V dc
200 A
80 A
12 A
1.4 A
0.2 A
0.2 A
3.000 V dc
0.6 mA typical
106 V Hz max
49
80 Series III
Users Manual
Table 19. MIN MAX Recording Specifications
Model
83
85, 87
50
Nominal Response
Accuracy
100 ms to 80%
Specified accuracy 12 counts for changes >200 ms in duration (40 counts in ac with beeper on)
1s
Same as specified accuracy for changes >2 seconds in duration (40 counts in ac with beeper on)
100 ms to 80%
(DC functions)
120 ms to 80%
(AC functions)
Specified accuracy 40 counts for changes >350 ms and inputs >25% of range
1s
250 s
(Model 87 only)
M
BM80/2 Series
Multi-Voltage Insulation and Continuity Tester
User Guide
Guide de lutilisateur
Gebrauchsanleitung
Gua del usuario
Contents
Safety Warnings
Notes
General Description
4-5
Operation
Testing is automatically inhibited if...
11
12-13
14-17
Accessories
19
Auto-shut Off
20
Mode demploi
22 - 43
Continuity Testing ()
Betriebsanleitung
44 - 65
Instrucionnes de Uso
66 - 87
Continuity Bleeper (
Battery Check (
Application Notes
Preventive Maintenance
10
Battery Replacement
10
10
SAFETY WARNINGS
Safety Warnings and Precautions must be read and understood
before the instrument is used. They must be observed during use.
The circuit under test must be de-energized and isolated before
connections are made except for voltage measurement.
Circuit connections must not be touched during a test.
After insulation tests, capacitive circuits must be allowed to discharge
before disconnecting the test leads.
The Live Circuit Warning and Automatic Discharge are additional safety
features and should not be regarded as a substitute for normal safe
working practice.
Replacement fuses must be of the correct type and rating.
Test leads, including crocodile clips, must be in good order, clean and
have no broken or cracked insulation.
U.K. Safety Authorities recommend the use of fused test leads when
measuring voltage on high energy systems.
NOTE
THIS INSTRUMENT MUST ONLY BE USED BY SUITABLY TRAINED AND COMPETENT PERSONS.
Notes
Symbols used on the instrument:
Users of this equipment and or their employers are reminded that Health and Safety Legislation require them
to carry out valid risk assessments of all electrical work so as to identify potential sources of electrical danger
and risk of electrical injury such as from inadvertent short circuits. Where the assessments show that the risk
is significant then the use of fused test leads constructed in accordance with the HSE guidance note GS38
Electrical Test Equipment for use by Electricians should be used.Users of this equipment and or their
employers are reminded that Health and Safety Legislation require them to carry out valid risk assessments
of all electrical work so as to identify potential sources of electrical danger and risk of electrical injury such as
from inadvertent short circuits. Where the assessments show that the risk is significant then the use of fused
test leads constructed in accordance with the HSE guidance note GS38 Electrical Test Equipment for use by
Electricians should be used.
3
General Description
The BM80/2 Series instruments are battery
powered Insulation and Continuity testers, with a
measurement capability from 0,01 Continuity
to 200 G Insulation.
Offering multi-voltage facilities, the instruments
take full advantage of microprocessor
technology and feature a large liquid crystal
display combining digital and analogue
readings. The analogue display has the benefit
of indicating trends and fluctuations in
readings, while the digital readout gives direct
accurate results.
The BM80/2 Series instruments have the
unique option of either a locking or non-locking
button which is user selected. The chosen test
button is easily pushed into the instrument
casing without the use of a tool. The procedure
for inserting the test button is provided on the
separate instruction sheet included with the
test buttons.
A customized connector on the top of the
instrument enables the optional Megger SP1
Switched probe to be used for two handed
probe operation.
General Description
results to a Palmtop, Laptop or Personal
computer via an RS232 serial lead. The
optional miniature clip-on current transducer
MCC10 enables the instrument to measure
a.c. currents from 1 A to 10 A.
Instrument power is supplied by six 1,5 V
alkaline battery cells, which are constantly
monitored. When battery power is nearly
exhausted, the
symbol appears on the
display. Remaining battery life can be
monitored at any time using the battery check
switch position. This is beneficial before going
on-site, to ensure enough battery power for the
days work.
Designed to IEC1010-1 the BM80/2 Series
are protected against connection to a 440 V
Category III supply. The instruments have a
basic accuracy of 2% at 20 C.
The instruments are waterproof and dustproof
to IP54. This helps maintain accuracy and
ensures maximum reliability in harsh
environments.
Operation
The circuit under test must be completely de-energized
and isolated before test connections are made.
Auto-shut Off
To conserve battery life, Auto-shut Off
(preceded by a series of bleeps) operates after
12 minutes of instrument inactivity in all
insulation test switch positions, and after 5
minutes of instrument inactivity in all other
switch positions. If desired, the 5 minute shutoff can be changed to 60 minutes (non
insulation test switch positions). To do this, first
perform a battery check, then press the TEST
button twice to show (60).
If an insulation test, or OFF is subsequently
selected, the shut-off time reverts to the default
times. It is therefore not possible to generate
dangerous voltages for more than 12 minutes,
even with a locking test button.
To restore operation after Auto-shut Off, select
OFF followed by the required switch position.
Note: Auto-shut Off has a small power
consumption and it is recommended that the
instrument is switched to OFF when not in use.
This is particularly important at the end of the
working day, since no battery power is used in
the OFF position.
6
Operation
Insulation Tests (M)
Insulation tests operate only when the TEST
button is pressed. (See the separate
instructions for fitting the TEST button). These
tests produce high voltages at the terminals
and are initiated when the TEST button is
pressed. When the TEST button is released,
the reading will be held for a few seconds, the
item under test will automatically be
discharged, and the capacitive charge decay
shown on the Live Circuit Warning voltmeter.
When the 1 kV range has been selected
(BM80/2 & BM82/2 only) and the TEST
button pressed, there will be a safety delay of
3 seconds and 1000 V will flash before the
test voltage is applied. This delay only occurs
as a warning the first time that the button is
pressed after the range has been selected.
The delay will not occur on subsequent tests.
test
switch
to
the
Continuity Testing ()
(BM80/2 & BM81/2 only)
The continuity tests are activated when the
probes make contact. The test operates
without the need to press the TEST button.
When the test leads are removed the reading
will hold for a few seconds and then reset.
This range is not suitable for diode testing
since the automatic contact detector will not be
activated when connected to a diode. The k
range can be used for diode testing.
1. Set the selector switch to .
2. Connect the test leads. The pointer will
appear when connection to <10 M is
made.
3. The test will activate automatically.
4. After the test probes are disconnected, the
reading will be held for a few seconds.
Continuity Bleeper (
)
(BM80/2 & BM81/2 only)
The continuity bleeper sounds continuously
when less than 5 is detected. Short bleeps
will sound for resistances lower than a few k
Operation
Resistance Tests (k)
This is a low voltage (5 V) low current (20 A)
test for sensitive electronic equipment. It
operates in the same way as the continuity
ranges. This range can be used for diode
testing.
1. Set the selector switch to k.
2. Connect the test leads.
3. The test will activate automatically.
Voltage Tests (V)
The measured a.c. or d.c. voltage is indicated
on the display. The analogue scale display can
be toggled between the default range of 0 to
500 V (1 V resolution) or the 1 to 50 V (0,1 V
resolution) range by pressing the TEST button.
When a.c. volts are detected the ----- symbol
will appear next to the 'V'. The presence of
negative d.c. is indicated by '-dc' on the
display, but no reading is given.
If the voltmeter operation is in question, test
the voltmeter on a known source.
1. Set the selector switch to V.
9
Battery Check
The instrument will automatically indicate a
battery low condition by the display of - .
Battery Replacement
When the low battery symbol
appears,
the cells are nearly exhausted and should be
replaced as soon as possible. Use Alkaline
cells IEC LR6 (AA) only. To install or replace
the cells, disconnect the test leads, switch
the instrument to OFF and loosen the captive
screws on the base of the instrument, holding
the battery compartment cover in place.
Remove the cover and lift out the cells. Ensure
that the replacement cells are fitted with the
correct polarity in accordance with the label in
the battery compartment. Replace and re-
10
Application Notes
Preventive Maintenance
The proverb A stitch in time saves nine
inspired the title of an Megger Limited booklet
on insulation testing, as it neatly sums up the
benefits of preventative maintenance. The
savings come in financial terms from costly
repairs, lost production, lost profits and in
human terms, from lives saved in the event of
dangerous electrical faults.
Regular insulation testing of electrical
equipment can help to detect deteriorating
insulation. The effects which cause insulation
to deteriorate include mechanical damage,
vibration, excessive heat or cold, dirt, oil,
moisture and localized voltage stresses - all of
which can arise on most industrial or utility
equipment.
Insulation tests are sometimes used in
isolation as absolute measures of the quality
of the insulation. This is most appropriate
when equipment is being installed and
checked for compliance with a specified Pass
level. For operational equipment the key
factors are trends in the insulation readings.
11
Application Notes
longer e.g. long supply cables. The absorption
current decreases relatively slowly compared
with the charging current. In essence it
depends upon the nature of the insulation
material.
The conduction or leakage current builds up
quickly to a steady value and then remains
constant for a particular applied voltage under
stable conditions. It is this current that is
affected by moisture, dirt etc. and the degree
to which it flows bears a direct relation to the
quality of the insulation, and consequently to
the value of the insulation resistance
measured. An increase in the leakage current
is a pointer to possible future problems.
13
Specification
All quoted accuracies are at +20 C.
Insulation
(BM80/2 & BM82/2 only)
Range
1000 V
Full Scale
200 G
Accuracy
2% 2 digits 0,2% per G
500 V
100 G
250 V
50 G
100 V
20 G
50 V
10 G
Notes:
All ranges measure from 0,00 M upwards.
0 - 10 G on analogue scale on all ranges.
Test voltage accuracy:
- 0% minimum on 1 mA load
< 2 mA
14
Specification
Continuity (BM80/2 & BM81/2 only)
Measurement:
Accuracy:
Open circuit voltage:
Test current:
Zero offset at probe tips:
Lead resistance zeroing:
Bleeper:
Resistance
Measurement:
Accuracy:
Open circuit voltage:
Short circuit current:
Voltage
Analogue Scale
0 to 500 V Range
0 to 50 V Range
Measurement
0 to 450 V d.c. or a.c. (50/60 Hz)
450 to 600 V d.c. or a.c. (50/60 Hz)
0 to 450 V 400 Hz a.c.
0 to 50,0 V d.c. or a.c. (50/60 Hz)
Accuracy(>1 V)
1% 1 digit
2% 1 digit
5% 2 digits
2% 2 digits
Default Voltmeter
Operates at >25 volts a.c. or d.c. on any range except OFF and Battery check. Reverse polarity
d.c. will cause '-dc' to appear in the display.
15
Safety Protection
The instruments meet the requirements for double insulation to IEC 1010-1 (1995), EN 61010-1
(1995) to Category III**, 300 Volts phase to earth (ground) and 440 Volts phase to phase, without
the need for separately fused test leads. If required, fused test leads are available as an optional
accessory.
E.M.C.
In accordance with IEC 61326 including amendment No.1
Interference
Error caused by 50/60 Hz hum:
Insulation ranges (100 k to )
Continuity range (0,2 to 50 )
Temperature effects
Temperature coefficient
<0,1% per C up to 1 G
<0,1% per C per G above 1 G
Environmental Conditions
Operating range
-20 to +40 C
Operating humidity
90% RH at 40 C max.
Storage temperature range
-25 to +65 C
Calibration Temperature
+20 C
Maximum altitude
2000 m
Dust and water protection
IP54
16
Specification
Fuse
Power Supply
Dimensions
220 x 92 x 50 mm
Weight
625g
Cleaning
17
&
18
Accessories
Supplied:
Part Number
6220-437
Test-&-carry case
6420-112
User Guide
6172-188
Optional:
Fused lead set, FPK8
6111-218
6420-132
6420-602
6220-606
6111-290
6111-216
Publications
A Stitch in Time
19
AVTM21-P8B
Megger LImited
Archcliffe Road
Dover
Kent CT17 9EN
England
Megger
Valley Forge Corporate Center
2621 Van Buren Avenue
Norristown, PA 19403
Tel: +1 (610) 676-8500
U.S.A.
Fax: +1 (610) 676-8625
On/Off
Specifications
V
ER
Instruction Card
Range
Accuracy
Warning
Read the 321, 322 Clamp Meter Safety Sheet
before using this meter.
Lisez la fiche de scurit 321, 322 Clamp Meter
Safety Sheet avant d'utiliser cet appareil.
Prima di usare questo strumento, leggere il
documento 321, 322 Clamp Meter Safety Sheet.
Vor der Verwendung des Megerts die
Sicherheitsinformationen zum 321, 322, Clamp
Meter lesen
Lea la hoja de instrucciones de seguridad "321, 322
Clamp Meter Safety Sheet" antes de utilizar este
medidor.
Leia "321, 322 Clamp Meter Safety Sheet" antesde
usar este medidor.
Lees het 321, 322 Clamp Meter Safety Sheet
voordat u deze meter gebruikt
Les 321, 322 Clamp Meter Safety Sheet fr
mleinstrumentet tas i bruk.
Man skal lse "321, 322 Clamp Meter Safety Sheet"
inden man tager instrumentet i brug.
Lue 321, 322 Clamp Meter Safety Sheet ennen
tmn laitteen kytt.
Ls skerhetsdatabladet "321, 322 Clamp Meter
Safety Sheet" innan du anvnder detta instrument.
MET
OFF
Range
ER
Accuracy
50 - 400 Hz 1.2%
322
MET
0 - 400.0,
400 - 600 V
Range
OFF
Accuracy
HOLD
AM
L
322
C
Jaw Opening
IP Rating
Storage
Temperature
Altitude
5 counts
< 30
1 inch or 26 mm
40
3
2000 m
ER
ER
EMC - EN61326
MET
P
OFF
HOLD
AM
L
1.0%
Operating
Temperature
600V
400A
CAT
322
MET
OFF
COM
600V MAX
CAT
Safety Sheet
HOLD
AM
322
C
5 counts
0 - 400.0
Continuity
Automatic Off
30 Min
1%
Range
Accuracy
600V MAX
CAT
COM
Safety Sheet
5 counts
HOLD
AM
Safety Sheet
Avg
50 - 60 Hz
1.8% 5 counts
60 Hz - 400 Hz 3.0% 5 counts
AC Response
600V
400A
CAT
0 - 40.00 A
40.0 - 400.0 A
0 - 400.0 A
Currents Cancel
Les courants s'annulent, Le correnti si cancellano,
Strme abbrechen, Se cancelan las corrientes,
Cancelamento de correntes, Stromen compenseren
elkaar, Strmutjevning, Strmstyrkeannullering
Strmstyrker udbalancerer, Virta pois, Avbryt strm
,
,
Hold
Continuity
Cleaning
Battery Replacement
600V
400A
CAT
600V
400A
CAT
V
V
30
OFF
2
OFF
HOLD
HOLD
322
Auto
CLAMP METER
322
Amps
AC
CLAMP METER
AAA
600V MAX
CAT
COM
600V MAX
CAT
COM
V
V
OFF
HOLD
322
V,
HOLD
0 - 600 V dc 322
0 - 600 V ac
0 - 400.0
CLAMP METER
600V
400A
CAT
600V
400A
CAT
600V
400A
CAT
OFF
V
HOLD
322
CLAMP METER
OFF
A
HOLD
OFF
322
COM
600V MAX
CAT
CLAMP METER
Amps
AC
HOLD
322
CLAMP METER
COM
COM
600V MAX
CAT
600V MAX
CAT
M
DET5/4R & DET5/4D
Digital Earth Testers
USER GUIDE
GUIDE DE LUTILISATEUR
GEBRAUCHSANLEITUNG
GUA DEL USUARIO
SAFETY WARNINGS
Special precautions are necessary when live earths may be encountered, and isolation switches and fuses
are needed in this situation. See page 9.
The earth spikes, test leads and their terminations must not be touched while the instrument is switched On.
When working near high tension systems rubber gloves and shoes should be worn.
The DET5/4D must be disconnected from any external circuit while its battery cells are changed.
Before charging the DET5/4R battery ensure that the correct supply fuse is fitted and the voltage selector is
set correctly.
Warnings and precautions must be read and understood before the instrument is used. They must be
observed during use.
NOTE
THIS
CONTENTS
Safety Warnings
Contents
Illustrations
General Description
Applications
Features and Controls
Live Earth Safety Precautions
OPERATION
General Testing Procedure
Display symbols
Setting-up the test spikes etc.
Basic test procedure
Battery charging (DET5/4R)
Fitting or replacing the battery cells
(DET 5/4D)
MEASURING TECHNIQUES
Testing earth electrodes
Fall-of-Potential method
The 61,8% Rule
The Slope method
Method using Dead earth
BS7671 (16th Edition IEE Wiring
Regulations) Requirements
Other methods
Determining Touch potential
Determining Step potential
2
3
4
5
7
8
9
10
10
12
13
14
14
15
16
18
21
25
26
27
28
29
30
34
35
40
Guide de lutilisateur
42
Gebrauchsanleitung
52
62
22
22
23
24
Illustrations
Fig.1
Fig.2
8
9
10
11
11
12
15
16
17
17
19
20
21
22
23
24
26
27
28
29
34
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The DET5/4R and DET5/4D Megger Digital Earth
Testers are compact portable instruments designed to
measure earth electrode resistance and perform four
terminal continuity tests. They may also make earth
resistance tests which lead to the measurement of soil
resistivity. The DET5/4R has an internal rechargeable
battery, with an integral charger unit. The DET5/4D is
powered from six internal, replacement alkaline cells.
TEST METHOD
The instruments use the well known four-terminal
method of measurement in which the resistance of the
current circuit test leads does not affect the result.
In the DET5/4R and DET5/4D the resistance of the
Potential circuit test leads can also be ignored because
a buffer stage is incorporated to prevent the measuring
circuit from loading the earth resistance under test.
Operation of the instrument is extremely simple. Two
modes of operation are selected by means of two push
buttons; one for a three terminal test and one for a four
terminal test. All other functions of the instrument are
automatic.
A reversing d.c. test current, generated electronically
from a floating constant current source within the
instrument, is passed via the C1 and C2 terminals
through the earth being tested. The potential
developed across the earth is compared with the
current and, after filtering and phase sensitive
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
decimal point automatically positioned. It also gives an
over-range indication if the resistance under test
exceeds 20 k.
This instruments has been designed to comply with the
performance specifications of BS7430 (formerly CP
1013 from BSI), BS7671 (IEE Wiring Regulations) IEC
364, NFC 15-100 French Specification and VDE 0413
Part 7 (1982) German specification.
The terminal C1 (E) is for the Current connection to
the earth electrode to be tested.
The terminal P1 (ES) is for the Potential connection
to the earth electrode to be tested.
The terminal P2 (S) is for the connection to the
remote Potential test spike.
The terminal C2 (H) is for the connection to the
remote Current test spike.
APPLICATIONS
The installation of satisfactory earthing systems is an
essential part of electricity supply, wiring safety and
installation economics. It is also of great importance in
many communications systems.
The primary application of the DET5/4R and
DET5/4D is in the testing of earth electrodes, whether
these take the form of a single electrode, multiple
electrodes, mesh systems, earth plates or earth strips.
All earthing arrangements should be tested
immediately after installation and at periodic intervals
thereafter.
CHOICE OF ELECTRODE SITE
For an earth electrode system to perform satisfactorily
it must always have a low total resistance to earth. This
value will be influenced by the specific resistance of
the surrounding soil. This in turn depends on the
nature of the soil and its moisture content. Before
sinking an electrode or electrode system it is often
helpful to survey the surrounding area before choosing
the final position for the electrode. It is possible with
these instruments to obtain the resistivity of the soil
over an area and at different levels beneath the surface
of the ground. These resistivity surveys may show
whether any advantage is to be gained by driving
electrodes to a greater depth, rather than increasing
the cost by having to add further electrodes and
associated cables, in order to obtain a specified total
earth system resistance.
Battery compartment
(and charger socket
cover DET5/4R)
C1
P1
P2
C2
ES
MEGGER DET5/4D
EARTH
TESTER
3 POLE
4 POLE
Condition
Warning l.e.d.s
Condition
Warning
Alert
C1
P2
ES
C2
MEGGER DET5/4D
3 POLE
EARTH
TESTER
4 POLE
,,,,,,,,
,,,,,,
,,,,,,,
MEASURE RE
under fault
1.
True earth
Earth
All persons conditions
involved must be trained and
resistance
competent in isolation and safety procedures for
OPERATION
voltage and current. The isolation switch must
be open whilst any personal contact is made
with the remote test spikes, or the connecting
leads, e.g. when changing their position.
2.
OPERATION
problem.
Fig. 4 High Current spike resistance warning
High Potential Spike Resistance (Rp)
If the resistance of the Potential circuit is too high for an
accurate measurement, the Rp LED automatically
illuminates, accompanied by the warning alert indicator
on the display. This may be caused by an open circuit,
poor test lead connections, or excessive resistance of
the soil near the electrode under test and / or the
remote Potential spike. Whatever causes the condition
warning to appear should be cleared before a test can
be regarded as valid. Moistening the soil around the
Potential spike; re-siting the spike in a new position or
using more than one spike may solve the problem.
Note that Potential spike resistance is only checked on
commencement of a test, and is not a continuous
process. To re-check Potential spike resistance, press
the appropriate push button to re-set the instrument
and commence a new test.
Excessive Noise Interference (NOISE /BRUIT)
During a test, if the interference voltage in the earth
being measured is beyond the level that can be
rejected by the Instrument, the 'NOISE' LED will
illuminate, accompanied by the warning alert indicator
on the display.
12
OPERATION
the instrument has commenced its test sequence.
Once the button has been released, the test will
continue for approximately 30 seconds.
To switch the instrument Off before the test period
has elapsed, press and immediately release
either of the two push buttons. If the button is held,
the instrument will reset itself, and begin another
test sequence starting at point 1.
Three Terminal Measurement
The basic test procedure is the same as for the four
terminal measurement except that the 3 pole push
button is used to operate the instrument. Only one
connection is then required from the C1 terminal to the
electrode under test. For greatest accuracy this
connection should be made with a short, low resistance
lead since this lead resistance is included in the
measured value.
14
15m to 25m
Electrode
under test
15m to 25m
3m
3m
Potential
spike
P1
C1
P2
ES
Current
spike
C2
MEGGER DET5/4D
EARTH
TESTER
3 POLE
4 POLE
MEASURE RE
15
16
15m to 25m
Electrode
under test
15m to 25m
3m
3m
Potential
spike
P1
C1
P2
ES
Current
spike
C2
MEGGER DET5/4D
EARTH
TESTER
3 POLE
4 POLE
MEASURE RE
,,
,,,,
,,,,,,
Electrode
Under Test
Auxiliary
Potential
Electrode P
Auxiliary
Current
Electrode
38,2% of EC
61,8% of EC
Resistance Areas
(Not Overlapping)
Electrode
under test
Potential
spike
P1
C1
ES
P2
C2
MEGGER DET5/4D
Current
spike
EARTH
TESTER
3 POLE
4 POLE
MEASURE RE
C1
P2
ES
C2
MEGGER DET5/4D
EARTH
TESTER
3 POLE
4 POLE
MEASURE RE
P2
P1
C2
Electrode
under test
EC
(R3-R2)
(R2-R1)
1)
21
6m 6m
22
Other Methods
There are other methods of earth electrode testing
among which are the Four Potential, Intersecting Curves
and Star Delta methods. Megger Limited have produced
a book entitled A Simple Guide to Earth Testing (Part
Number 6171-230) which explains all these test
methods and gives other helpful information about
earth testing. It is available from the instrument
manufacturer or one of their approved distributors.
,,
,,,,
,,,
SUBSTATION
1m
C1
P2
C2
Potential
spike
ES
MEASURE RE
P1
3 POLE
MEGGER DET5/4D
4 POLE
EARTH
TESTER
,,,,
,
Earth
Firmly connect the instrument as follows:1) Terminal 'C1' to the substation earth.
2) Terminal 'C2' to the Current spike inserted in the
ground some distance away.
3) Terminal 'P1' to the structure being tested e.g. the
perimeter fence.
4) Terminal 'P2' to the Potential spike inserted in the
ground 1 metre away from the perimeter fence
adjacent to the point where a person might stand.
5) Press the 4 pole test push, and take a reading in
the normal way. This is the effective resistance
between the point of test on the fence and the
Potential spike as seen by the test current.
Current
spike
23
,,
,,,
,
,,,
,,,,
,
A
C2
4 POLE
EARTH
TESTER
24
P2
1m
ES
MEASURE RE
4)
P1
3)
Earth
C1
3 POLE
2)
MEGGER DET5/4D
1)
SUBSTATION
Current
spike
Specific
resistance
in -cms
350
20 - 800
4500 - 20000
1400
4800
770
3300
400 - 2000
5000 - 15000
13000
300000 - 800000
5000 - 15000
1000 - 50000
Information
source
Higgs
Ruppel
Ruppel
Ruppel
Ruppel
Broughton
Edge & Laby
a
C1
P1
P2
P1
C1
P2
ES
C2
20
C2
MEGGER DET5/4D
EARTH
TESTER
3 POLE
4 POLE
MEASURE RE
CALCULATION OF RESISTIVITY
Assuming that the tests were carried out in
homogeneous soil the resistivity is given by the
formula:r = 2aR
where R is the resistance measured in ohms, a is the
test spike spacing in metres and r is the resistivity in
ohm-metres.
For non-homogeneous soils the formula will give an
apparent resistivity which is very approximately the
average value to a depth equal to the test spike
spacing 'a'.
Fig. 19 Resistivity calculation Nomogram
27
P1
C1
P2
ES
C2
MEGGER DET5/4D
EARTH
TESTER
3 POLE
4 POLE
MEASURE RE
CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
The instrument uses the four terminal method of
measurement. A reversing d.c. test current is injected
into the earth through terminals C1 and C2. The
potential developed across the earth is monitored with
P1 and P2. A three pole test is achieved by shorting
terminals C1 and P1 together through an internal
relay.
At the beginning of a test, the control logic initiates a
Potential spike resistance check, monitoring the input
over-range detector for the result. The instrument
autoranges by the control logic monitoring the output of
the over-range detector and switching the current
source to a lower current output. The instrument also
autoranges if the high current loop resistance detector
senses too much current loop resistance for the preset
range.
The instrument measuring circuitry is connected to
terminals P1 and P2. The voltage limiter and input
buffer prevent damage to the instrument and loading of
the resistance under test. Synchronous filtering and
detection are used to recover the test signal from noisy
environments followed by filtering and conversion to a
reading by the digital panel meter.
The test signal frequency is produced by dividing the
frequency of a crystal oscillator. This is then passed
through logic circuitry to produce the waveforms for
synchronous filtering and detection.
High Current
loop resistance
detector
C2
C1
Switcheable
current
source
Control logic
Frequency
divider and
waveform
generator
Crystal
oscillator
3 pole test
P1
P2
Over-range
detector
0V
Input buffer
and voltage
limiter
Filtering
and
detection
Digital
panel
meter
Input overload
comparator
Potential spike
resistance test
SPECIFICATION
Earth Resistance Ranges:
0,01 to 19,99
0,1 to 199,9
1 to 1,999 k
10 to 19,99 k
7.5% 3 digits (10% at >0.5 ohms and 0.05 ohm at <0.5 ohms for
KEMA K85B requirements.
7.5% 3 digits (10% at >0.5 ohms and 0.05 ohm at <0.5 ohms for
KEMA K85B requirements.
BS 7430 (1992)
VDE 0413 Part 7 (1982)
Test Frequency:
128 Hz 0,5 Hz
Test Current:
20 range
10 mA a.c. r.m.s.
200 range
1 mA a.c. r.m.s.
2 k and 20 k ranges
100 A a.c. r.m.s
Test current (= short circuit current) is constant throughout a range.
Interference:
30
BS7671 (1992)
IEC364
NFC 15 -100
50 V
Display:
Instrument Protection:
IP54
Temperature Effect:
Flash Test:
2,3 kV a.c.
Voltage Withstand:
31
SPECIFICATION
Power Supply:
DET5/4R:
DET5/4D:
Fuses:
DET5/4D:
DET5/4R:
Safety:
E.M.C:
32
Dimensions:
240 mm x 160 mm x 70 mm (9,4 in x 6,3 in x 2,75 in
approx.)
Weight:
DET5/4R:1,27 kg (2,8 lb approx.)
DET5/4D:0,82 kg (1.5 lb approx.)
0.14
0.12
Cleaning:
Wipe the disconnected instrument with a clean cloth
dampened with soapy water or Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA)
.
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0.02 0.04
0.06 0.08
0.1
33
ACCESSORIES
SUPPLIED
User Guide
Shorting bars (x2)
Power cord (for battery
charging DET5/4R)
OPTIONAL
Instrument carrying harness
Carrying Case
Publications
Getting Down to Earth
34
Part Number
6172-132
5131-365
6220 - 537
6431 - 585
AVTM25-TA
6310 - 755
6210 - 161
6210 - 160
U.S. OPTIONS
Standard Accessory kit
Canvas case containing:2 x 20 in rods, leads
(25,50 &100 ft)
Cat. Number
250579
250581
250586
35
0.40
0.41
0.42
0.43
0.44
0.45
0.46
0.47
0.48
0.49
0.50
0.51
0.52
0.53
0.54
0.55
0.56
0.57
0.58
0.59
0.60
0.61
0.62
0.63
36
0.6432
0.6418
0.6404
0.639
0.6375
0.6361
0.6346
0.6332
0.6317
0.6303
0.6288
0.6273
0.6258
0.6243
0.6228
0.6213
0.6198
0.6182
0.6167
0.6151
0.6136
0.612
0.6104
0.6088
0.6431
0.6417
0.6403
0.6388
0.6374
0.6359
0.6345
0.633
0.6316
0.6301
0.6286
0.6271
0.6257
0.6242
0.6226
0.6211
0.6196
0.6181
0.6165
0.615
0.6134
0.6118
0.6103
0.6087
0.6429
0.6415
0.6401
0.6387
0.6372
0.6358
0.6344
0.6329
0.6314
0.63
0.6285
0.627
0.6255
0.624
0.6225
0.621
0.6194
0.6179
0.6164
0.6148
0.6133
0.6117
0.6101
0.6085
0.6428
0.6414
0.64
0.6385
0.6371
0.6357
0.6342
0.6328
0.6313
0.6298
0.6283
0.6268
0.6254
0.6239
0.6223
0.6208
0.6193
0.6178
0.6162
0.6147
0.6131
0.6115
0.6099
0.6084
0.6427
0.6412
0.6398
0.6384
0.637
0.6355
0.6341
0.6326
0.6311
0.6297
0.6282
0.6267
0.6252
0.6237
0.6222
0.6207
0.6191
0.6176
0.6161
0.6145
0.6129
0.6114
0.6098
0.6082
0.6425
0.6411
0.6397
0.6383
0.6368
0.6354
0.6339
0.6325
0.631
0.6295
0.628
0.6266
0.6251
0.6235
0.622
0.6205
0.619
0.6174
0.6159
0.6143
0.6128
0.6112
0.6096
0.608
0.6424
0.641
0.6395
0.6381
0.6367
0.6352
0.6338
0.6323
0.6308
0.6294
0.6279
0.6264
0.6249
0.6234
0.6219
0.6204
0.6188
0.6173
0.6157
0.6142
0.6126
0.6111
0.6095
0.6079
0.6422
0.6408
0.6394
0.638
0.6365
0.6351
0.6336
0.6322
0.6307
0.6292
0.6277
0.6263
0.6248
0.6232
0.6217
0.6202
0.6187
0.6171
0.6156
0.614
0.6125
0.6109
0.6093
0.6077
0.6421
0.6407
0.6393
0.6378
0.6364
0.6349
0.6335
0.632
0.6306
0.6291
0.6276
0.6261
0.6246
0.6231
0.6216
0.6201
0.6185
0.617
0.6154
0.6139
0.6123
0.6107
0.6092
0.6076
0.642
0.6405
0.6391
0.6377
0.6362
0.6348
0.6333
0.6319
0.6304
0.6289
0.6274
0.626
0.6245
0.6229
0.6214
0.6199
0.6184
0.6168
0.6153
0.6137
0.6122
0.6106
0.609
0.6074
0.64
0.65
0.66
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.70
0.71
0.72
0.73
0.74
0.75
0.76
0.77
0.78
0.79
0.80
0.81
0.82
0.83
0.84
0.85
0.86
0.87
0.88
0.89
0.6072
0.6056
0.604
0.6024
0.6008
0.5991
0.5975
0.5958
0.5941
0.5924
0.5907
0.589
0.5873
0.5856
0.5838
0.5821
0.5803
0.5785
0.5767
0.5749
0.5731
0.5712
0.5694
0.5675
0.5656
0.5637
0.6071
0.6055
0.6039
0.6022
0.6006
0.599
0.5973
0.5956
0.594
0.5923
0.5906
0.5889
0.5871
0.5854
0.5836
0.5819
0.5801
0.5783
0.5765
0.5747
0.5729
0.571
0.5692
0.5673
0.5654
0.5635
0.6069
0.6053
0.6037
0.6021
0.6004
0.5988
0.5971
0.5955
0.5938
0.5921
0.5904
0.5887
0.587
0.5852
0.5835
0.5817
0.5799
0.5781
0.5763
0.5745
0.5727
0.5708
0.569
0.5671
0.5652
0.5633
0.6068
0.6052
0.6035
0.6019
0.6003
0.5986
0.597
0.5953
0.5936
0.5919
0.5902
0.5885
0.5868
0.585
0.5833
0.5815
0.5797
0.578
0.5762
0.5743
0.5725
0.5707
0.5688
0.5669
0.565
0.5631
0.6066
0.605
0.6034
0.6017
0.6001
0.5985
0.5968
0.5951
0.5934
0.5918
0.5901
0.5883
0.5866
0.5849
0.5831
0.5813
0.5796
0.5778
0.576
0.5742
0.5723
0.5705
0.5686
0.5667
0.5648
0.5629
0.6064
0.6048
0.6032
0.6016
0.5999
0.5983
0.5966
0.595
0.5933
0.5916
0.5899
0.5882
0.5864
0.5847
0.5829
0.5812
0.5794
0.5776
0.5758
0.574
0.5721
0.5703
0.5684
0.5665
0.5646
0.5627
0.6063
0.6047
0.6031
0.6014
0.5998
0.5981
0.5965
0.5948
0.5931
0.5914
0.5897
0.588
0.5863
0.5845
0.5828
0.581
0.5792
0.5774
0.5756
0.5738
0.572
0.5701
0.5682
0.5664
0.5645
0.5625
0.6061
0.6045
0.6029
0.6013
0.5996
0.598
0.5963
0.5946
0.5929
0.5912
0.5895
0.5878
0.5861
0.5843
0.5826
0.5808
0.579
0.5772
0.5754
0.5736
0.5718
0.5699
0.568
0.5662
0.5643
0.5624
0.606
0.6043
0.6027
0.6011
0.5994
0.5978
0.5961
0.5945
0.5928
0.5911
0.5894
0.5876
0.5859
0.5842
0.5824
0.5806
0.5789
0.5771
0.5752
0.5734
0.5716
0.5697
0.5679
0.566
0.5641
0.5622
0.6058
0.6042
0.6026
0.6009
0.5993
0.5976
0.596
0.5943
0.5926
0.5909
0.5892
0.5875
0.5857
0.584
0.5822
0.5805
0.5787
0.5769
0.5751
0.5732
0.5714
0.5695
0.5677
0.5658
0.5639
0.562
37
0.90
0.91
0.92
0.93
0.94
0.95
0.96
0.97
0.98
0.99
1.00
1.01
1.02
1.03
1.04
1.05
1.06
1.07
1.08
1.09
1.10
1.11
1.12
1.13
1.14
1.15
0.5618
0.5598
0.5579
0.5559
0.5539
0.5519
0.5499
0.5479
0.5458
0.5437
0.5416
0.5395
0.5373
0.5352
0.533
0.5307
0.5285
0.5262
0.5239
0.5216
0.5193
0.5169
0.5145
0.5121
0.5096
0.5071
0.5616
0.5596
0.5577
0.5557
0.5537
0.5517
0.5497
0.5476
0.5456
0.5435
0.5414
0.5393
0.5371
0.5349
0.5327
0.5305
0.5283
0.526
0.5237
0.5214
0.519
0.5167
0.5143
0.5118
0.5094
0.5069
0.5614
0.5595
0.5575
0.5555
0.5535
0.5515
0.5495
0.5474
0.5454
0.5433
0.5412
0.539
0.5369
0.5347
0.5325
0.5303
0.5281
0.5258
0.5235
0.5212
0.5188
0.5164
0.514
0.5116
0.5091
0.5066
0.5612
0.5593
0.5573
0.5553
0.5533
0.5513
0.5493
0.5472
0.5452
0.5431
0.541
0.5388
0.5367
0.5345
0.5323
0.5301
0.5278
0.5256
0.5233
0.5209
0.5186
0.5162
0.5138
0.5113
0.5089
0.5064
0.561
0.5591
0.5571
0.5551
0.5531
0.5511
0.5491
0.547
0.545
0.5429
0.5408
0.5386
0.5365
0.5343
0.5321
0.5298
0.5276
0.5253
0.523
0.5207
0.5183
0.5159
0.5135
0.5111
0.5086
0.5061
0.5608
0.5589
0.5569
0.5549
0.5529
0.5509
0.5489
0.5468
0.5447
0.5427
0.5405
0.5384
0.5362
0.5341
0.5319
0.5296
0.5274
0.5251
0.5228
0.5205
0.5181
0.5157
0.5133
0.5108
0.5084
0.5059
0.5606
0.5587
0.5567
0.5547
0.5527
0.5507
0.5487
0.5466
0.5445
0.5424
0.5403
0.5382
0.536
0.5338
0.5316
0.5294
0.5271
0.5249
0.5226
0.5202
0.5179
0.5155
0.513
0.5106
0.5081
0.5056
0.5604
0.5585
0.5565
0.5545
0.5525
0.5505
0.5485
0.5464
0.5443
0.5422
0.5401
0.538
0.5358
0.5336
0.5314
0.5292
0.5269
0.5246
0.5223
0.52
0.5176
0.5152
0.5128
0.5103
0.5079
0.5053
0.5602
0.5583
0.5563
0.5543
0.5523
0.5503
0.5483
0.5462
0.5441
0.542
0.5399
0.5378
0.5356
0.5334
0.5312
0.529
0.5267
0.5244
0.5221
0.5197
0.5174
0.515
0.5126
0.5101
0.5076
0.5051
0.56
0.5581
0.5561
0.5541
0.5521
0.5501
0.5481
0.546
0.5439
0.5418
0.5397
0.5375
0.5354
0.5332
0.531
0.5287
0.5265
0.5242
0.5219
0.5195
0.5171
0.5147
0.5123
0.5099
0.5074
0.5048
38
1.16
1.17
1.18
1.19
1.20
1.21
1.22
1.23
1.24
1.25
1.26
1.27
1.28
1.29
1.30
1.31
1.32
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.36
1.37
1.38
1.39
1.40
1.41
0.5046
0.502
0.4994
0.4968
0.4941
0.4914
0.4887
0.4859
0.4831
0.4802
0.4773
0.4744
0.4714
0.4683
0.4652
0.462
0.4588
0.4556
0.4522
0.4489
0.4454
0.4419
0.4383
0.4347
0.4309
0.4271
0.5043
0.5018
0.4992
0.4965
0.4939
0.4912
0.4884
0.4856
0.4828
0.4799
0.477
0.4741
0.4711
0.468
0.4649
0.4617
0.4585
0.4552
0.4519
0.4485
0.4451
0.4415
0.4379
0.4343
0.4306
0.4267
0.5041
0.5015
0.4989
0.4963
0.4936
0.4909
0.4881
0.4854
0.4825
0.4796
0.4767
0.4738
0.4707
0.4677
0.4646
0.4614
0.4582
0.4549
0.4516
0.4482
0.4447
0.4412
0.4376
0.4339
0.4302
0.4264
0.5038
0.5013
0.4987
0.496
0.4933
0.4906
0.4879
0.4851
0.4822
0.4794
0.4764
0.4735
0.4704
0.4674
0.4643
0.4611
0.4579
0.4546
0.4512
0.4478
0.4444
0.4408
0.4372
0.4335
0.4298
0.426
0.5036
0.501
0.4984
0.4957
0.4931
0.4903
0.4876
0.4848
0.4819
0.4791
0.4761
0.4732
0.4701
0.4671
0.4639
0.4608
0.4575
0.4542
0.4509
0.4475
0.444
0.4405
0.4369
0.4332
0.4294
0.4256
0.5033
0.5007
0.4981
0.4955
0.4928
0.4901
0.4873
0.4845
0.4817
0.4788
0.4758
0.4729
0.4698
0.4668
0.4636
0.4604
0.4572
0.4539
0.4506
0.4471
0.4437
0.4401
0.4365
0.4328
0.429
0.4252
0.5031
0.5005
0.4979
0.4952
0.4925
0.4898
0.487
0.4842
0.4814
0.4785
0.4755
0.4726
0.4695
0.4664
0.4633
0.4601
0.4569
0.4536
0.4502
0.4468
0.4433
0.4398
0.4361
0.4324
0.4287
0.4248
0.5028
0.5002
0.4976
0.4949
0.4923
0.4895
0.4868
0.4839
0.4811
0.4782
0.4752
0.4723
0.4692
0.4661
0.463
0.4598
0.4566
0.4532
0.4499
0.4464
0.443
0.4394
0.4358
0.4321
0.4283
0.4244
0.5025
0.5
0.4973
0.4947
0.492
0.4892
0.4865
0.4837
0.4808
0.4779
0.475
0.472
0.4689
0.4658
0.4627
0.4595
0.4562
0.4529
0.4495
0.4461
0.4426
0.439
0.4354
0.4317
0.4279
0.424
0.5023
0.4997
0.4971
0.4944
0.4917
0.489
0.4862
0.4834
0.4805
0.4776
0.4747
0.4717
0.4686
0.4655
0.4624
0.4592
0.4559
0.4526
0.4492
0.4458
0.4422
0.4387
0.435
0.4313
0.4275
0.4236
39
40
Megger
Valley Forge Corporate Center
2621 Van Buren Avenue
Norristown, PA 19403
Tel: +1 (610) 676-8500
U.S.A.
Fax: +1 (215) 676-8610
or an approved repair company.
Approved Repair Companies
A number of independent instrument repair
companies have been approved for repair work on most
Megger instruments, using genuine Megger spare parts.
Consult the Appointed Distributor/Agent regarding spare
parts, repair facilities and advice on the best course of
action to take.
Returning an Instrument for Repair
If returning an instrument to the manufacturer for repair, it
should be sent, freight pre-paid, to the appropriate
address. A copy of the Invoice and of the packing note
should be sent simultaneously by airmail to expedite
clearance through Customs. A repair estimate showing
freight return and other charges will be submitted to the
sender, if required, before work on the instrument
commences.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The Megger LT7 Digital loop tester is a compact portable instrument
designed to measure earth loop impedance and prospective short circuit
current. A special range is provided to carry out loop measurement on
installations protected by Residual Current Devices 30mA without causing
the breaker to trip out. The resolution in this range (1) is more than
adequate for this purpose. Should greater resolution be required (0.01)
the conventional 23A range can be used.
Features
Thermal
Protection
Indicator
Digital LCD
Low Battery
Indicator
Phase/Earth
Voltage
Indicator
Excessive
Noise
Indicator
Vk
kA
L-PE
L-PE
Neutral/Earth
Voltage
Indicator
N-PE
N-PE
RETEST
Prospective
Short Circuit
Current
Measurement
Retest
Push button
PSCC
4 Position
Rotary
Switch
23A
20
23A
High Current
(23A) Loop
Measurement
200 /2k
AUTO
15mA
Low current
(15mA) Loop
Measurement
Battery
Compartment
Cover
MEGGER LT7
DIGITAL LOOP TESTER
Battery Replacement:
For safety reasons, the battery compartment must not be opened if the test
lead(s) are connected. Undo the two screws in the instrument base to
access the battery compartment, and replace the battery cells. The
instrument will beep. Ensure that correct polarity is observed and that the
cover is correctly replaced.
OPERATION
Measurements - General
Live - Earth loop impedance measurement can be made via installation
sockets using the plug terminated test lead, or at any other convenient
point on the installation using the optional dual lead test set. The optional
dual lead test can also be used to carry out Live - Neutral loop impedance
measurement.
Refer to Safety Warnings before using the instrument
Switching On and testing
Turning the rotary switch will activate the instrument. Alternatively, pressing
the Retest button will re-activate the instrument after Auto shut off. The
activated instrument will momentarily display all screen segments, followed
by the software version number. When connected to mains voltage of the
correct polarity the L - PE neon indicator activates and supply voltage
is displayed. If out of voltage range, VOL flashes alternately with the actual
measured voltage.The word null is then displayed as an 11 second self
calibration check (Auto range only) is completed. The instrument then
proceeds to automatically take a measurement. Two pin plug terminated
test leads should be reversed if only the N - PE voltage indicator is
activated. Repeat measurements can be made either by disconnecting
and then reconnecting the instrument (e.g. when using test probes) or by
pressing the Retest button. When operational, the LT7 will carry out a self
calibration every 5 minutes.
Circuit condition Indication
L - PE
Normal
Phase & Neutral Reversed
or No Earth connection
Excessive V. between
Neutral & Earth
No Supply
Instrument Faulty
N - PE
DISPLAY
Loop Resistance
or Supply Voltage
>50 V
>50 V
--Loop Resistance
or Supply Voltage
4)
SPECIFICATION
Ranges:
20 (23A nominal)
0,01 - 0,99 kA
1,0 - 19,9 kA
Note: Calibration includes the test leads and plug. To maintain accuracy,
these must not be changed. See note overleaf.
Nominal System Voltage: 110 V / 230 V at 50 Hz
Voltage Accuracy:
Power supply:
Battery life:
The
symbol will appear when Alkaline
battery cells are almost exhausted.
Note: Battery cells should not be left in an instrument which may remain
unused for extended periods of time.
Display:
Temperature Range:
Operating:
Storage:
3 digit L.C.D.
-5C to 40C (0 - 90% RH non Condensing)
-25C to 65C (0 - 95% RH non Condensing at
40C)
Thermal Protection:
E.M.C:
Note:
Environmental Protection:
Dimensions:
220 mm x 92 mm x 55 mm
Weight:
Cleaning:
IP54
ACCESSORIES
Supplied
Part number
User Guide
6172-087
6231-601
6231-593
6231-591
Test-&-carry case
6420-092
Optional
Test Lead Set red/balck
6220-437
6280-284
6231-586
6180-405
Power cord
The power cord supplied with your LT7 forms part of the measuring circuit of
the instrument. The overall length of this lead must not be altered.
If the power cord plug is not suitable for your type of socket outlets, do not use
an adaptor. You may change the plug once only by cutting the cord as close
as possible and fitting a suitable plug.
The colour code of the cord is:
Earth (Ground)
Yellow / Green
Neutral
Blue
Phase (Line)
Brown
M
RCDT300 Series
Residual Current Device testers
USER MANUAL
SAFETY WARNINGS
Safety Warnings and Precautions must be read and understood before the instrument is used. They must be observed during use.
Continuity of protective conductors and earthed equipotential bonding of new or modified installations must be verified before carrying out RCD tests.
Do not leave the instrument connected to the mains supply when not in use.
Circuit connections and exposed metalwork of an installation or equipment under test must not be touched.
Do not move the rotary selector knob position while a test is in progress.
Test leads, probes and crocodile clips must be in good order, clean and with no broken or cracked insulation.
NOTE
THE INSTRUMENT MUST ONLY BE USED BY SUITABLY TRAINED AND COMPETENT PERSONS.
Users of this equipment and/or their employers are reminded that Health and Safety Legislation requires them to carry out valid risk assessments of all
electrical work so as to identify potential sources of electrical danger and risk of electrical injury such as inadvertent short circuits.
Some national safety authorities recommend fused leads for voltage measurement on high energy systems. If RCD or Loop tests are made it may cause the
fuse to rupture, and so they must be used with caution on voltage testing.
2
CONTENTS
Safety warnings:
Introduction
General description
Case contents
LCD display
Top panel
Lid open/closure
Preparations for use
Batteries
Preliminary test lead check
General operating instructions
Display warning symbols
Setup procedure
Reverse polarity detection
Touch voltage
Test leads
Test lead connection.
LED indicators
Residual current device [RCD] testing
RCD type selection
1/2I RCD non-tripping measurement
1xI & 5xI RCD trip time measurement
0 or 180 testing
RampTest
[RCDT320 and RCDT330 only]
DC sensitive RCD test
Programmable RCDs (RCDT330 only)
Auto RCD test (RCD320 and RCDT330 only)
Voltage measurement
Touch voltage
Frequency Hz (RCDT320 and RCDT330 only)
Replacing batteries and fuses
2
4
4
5
6
6
7
8
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
10
10
11
11
12
12
12
13
13
13
13
13
15
15
17
17
17
17
18
19
19
21
21
22
G
t
c
N1311
INTRODUCTION
Thank you for purchasing the Megger RCD Tester.
For your own safety and to get the maximum benefit from your
instrument, please ensure that you read and understand the following
safety warnings and instructions before attempting to use the instruments.
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The RCDT300 Series test instruments have
the following features:
Feature
3 Phase safe
Voltmeter
This user manual describes the operation and functions of the following
RCDT300 series of RCD testers:
Display backlight
RCDT310
RCDT320
RCDT330
Frequency measurement
Reverse polarity operation
(can be disabled)
Selective breakers
CASE CONTENTS
Feature
DC breakers (1/2 I, I, 5I)
Programmable breakers
30, 100, 300, 500 mA RCDs
10 mA/1000 mA RCD
Plug ended test lead
Calibration certificate
EN61557
Results storage
Downloading
USB
Please complete the warranty card and return it to Megger Limited as soon
as possible to help us reduce any delays in supporting you should the
need arise.
Carton contents RCDT310, RCDT320 and RCDT330:
1
2 wire test lead with prods with clips (RCDT320, RCDT330 only)
Warranty card
Calibration certificate
Safety instructions
LCD DISPLAY
FRONT PANEL
Connection Panel
RCDT300 Series test lead connections
6
Batteries
The Megger RCDT300 series instruments are supplied with batteries
7
Test inhibit
8
It can be switched off manually by selecting [OFF] with the rotary switch,
or switched back on again by pressing the [TEST] button.
Any time the warning triangle is displayed the operator should refer to the
user manual for further information.
Battery condition indication. Refer to page 17.
Note: Line reversal and RCD touch voltage configuration features are only
available on the instruments as per the relevant tables in the specification
section of this document.
Reverse polarity detection / Touch voltage setting
To select Polarity reversal acceptance or rejection:
1. With the instrument switched OFF, hold down the [TEST] button and
turn the range knob to any ON position.
2. Keep the button held down until the instrument displays the SET
warning.
3. Now release the [TEST] button.
4. Press the [TEST] button again to view the current setting for
line/neutral swapping.
5. The display shows L+L (instrument will perform tests with L & N
swapped) or L+N (instrument will not perform tests with L & N
swapped).
NOTE: LEDs will illuminate to indicate:L-PE ON = No reverse polarity
L-PE & N-PE ON = Reverse polarity allowed.
6. Press the [0/180] button to change the setting.
hot Indicates the instrument needs to cool down before it can continue
RCD testing
* May vary depending on RCD test and instrument type.
Setup procedure
7. Press the [TEST] button to go to the next item in the setup menu.
RCD touch voltage selection
To set the touch voltage inhibit limit:
1. With the instrument switched OFF, hold down the [TEST] button and
turn the range knob to any ON position.
2. Keep the button held down until the instrument displays the SET
warning.
3. Now release the [TEST] button.
4. Press the [TEST] button twice to view the current settings for the touch
voltage.
Standard test probes and crocodile clips are supplied for connection to the
circuit under test with the RCDT320 only.
Application
This instrument may be connected live to earth or between live conductors
of systems that have a rated voltage of 300 V a.c. rms to earth and an
installation (overvoltage) Category III or lower.
Test leads
All test leads form part of the measuring circuit of the instrument and must
not be modified or changed in any way, or be used with any other electrical
instrument or appliance.
This means that the instrument may be connected to any fixed wiring of a
building installation, but not to primary supply circuits such as overhead
cables. To maintain user safety and ensure accurate measurements, only use
the test leads supplied by Megger.
Yellow/Green
Neutral
Blue
Phase (Line)
Brown
NOTE: A plug severed from the power cord must be destroyed, as a plug
with bare conductors is hazardous in a live socket outlet.
LED indicators
The plug ended test lead or two wire lead should be used for these
measurements. A constant current source is connected across the supply
and the time taken for the supply to trip is measured by the instrument in
milliseconds (ms).
When connected to the circuit to be tested the three status LEDs will
show the following supply connection information:
LED
Normal
Indicator Supply
Type
1/2I
5I
Tripping test at 5 x the rated RCD trip current. The trip time
will be displayed in milliseconds.
Reversed
(L-N) supply
Notes
=ON
= OFF
L - PE
Voltage between L- PE
greater than 25 V
L-N
N - PE
0 or 180 Some RCDs are sensitive to the polarity of the supply, i.e
whether the test current is applied on the instantaneous
rising or falling part of the supply cycle. Tests should
therefore be performed at 0 and 180 and the maximum
time recorded.
Additionally the RCDT320 and RCDT330 can perform the
following tests:
AUTO
Programmable RCDs
Programmable RCDs can be tested from 10 mA to 1000 mA,
RCD type selection
To select the RCD type to be tested:
1. Set the top RCD selection knob (top knob) to the desired RCD current
range.
2. Set the RCD test knob (lower knob) to 1/2I, I or 5I as required.
3. Press the [TYPE] button to select the type of RCD under test:
Options are:
6. Press the [TEST] button. The instrument should display >1999ms and
the RCD should NOT trip.
7. Refer to the application note on Touch Voltage at the end of this
section.
NOTE: If the RCD should trip while performing a 1/2I test the error
message trP will be displayed instead of the time display.
1. Repeat the previous test for 1/2I, but with the bottom range knob set to
I. The RCD trip indicator will display an open symbol
.
If the display shows >300 ms the RCD has failed to trip in the appropriate
time. Check your test lead connections to the RCD and repeat the test.
NOTE: The current limit for the 5I test is 100 mA, as the test current
available is limited to 1 Amp.
As with the normal RCDs, these should be tested at 0 and 180, or in the
case of DC sensitive RCDs, positive and negative.
0 or 180 testing
Both the [1 x I] and [5 x I] tests should be performed for 0 and 180.
Repeat the 1 x I and 5 x I tests as above but with the instrument set to 180.
0 or 180 is selected by pressing the [0/180] and the greatest trip time for
each test recorded.
RampTest
(RCDT320 only) not programmable RCD
The RCD trip current is measured by applying a test current of half the
rated trip current and increasing this every 200 ms. When the RCD trips,
the current flowing is recorded and displayed in mA.
1. Select the appropriate RCD rated current on the top range knob.
AUTO test will run the 1/2I, I & 5I plus 0 and 180 tests automatically. The
operator can stand by the RCD to reset it when it trips on the I & 5I tests.
4. The RCD should trip and the trip current will be is displayed.
5. If the RCD fails to trip, >***mA is displayed where *** mA indicates the
maximum RCD tripping current allowed and will vary depending on
range selected.
13
To indicate each test, segments of the bar graph are displayed as below:
none
= 1/2I test
= 1xI test
IIIII
= 5 I test
Example shows 5I on 0
VOLTAGE MEASUREMENT
000,
255
= Job number
b01,b02
c01, c02
= Circuit number
L-E
P1 to P3
= Phase
Touch Voltage
On all Megger RCDT300 series testers, the touch voltage is calculated at
the start of an RCD test to ensure it will remain below the safe 25 V or 50 V
limit as required by the application.
On the RCDT300 series instruments the touch voltage limit can be
switched from 50 V to 25 V as the application demands.
Should the touch voltage calculation identify a higher touch voltage than
that permitted, the RCD tester will stop the test, thus preventing the
presence of an unsafe voltage on the earth during the test, should the test
have taken place.
For those customers that require the touch voltage to be displayed, this
can be displayed by activating the analogue arc display, as described in the
instrument set-up procedure.
Once activated the touch voltage will be displayed on an RCD test, even if
the voltage is below the permitted limits.
Job number (
000,
001) acts as work folders. Sets of results
can be saved to a particular job number and easily separated when
downloaded.
b01, b02 Distribution board number:
c01, c02 Circuit reference
Results can be assigned a specific distribution board number and circuit
reference number.
L-E
000,
Press the LAST or NEXT to scroll through all test parameters if applicable.
NOTE: Only the last test result can be recalled to the display.
Downloading results to a PC
1. Connect the tester to teh PC using the USB test lead.
2. Set the tester range knob to [Snd].
3. Run Megger PowerSuite Professional or Megger Download Manager on
the PC.
4. Select Download from tester.
5. The test data will automatically download its contents to the PC.
A bar graph shows the status of the download.
1. Set the range knob to [dEL]. The display will flash "dEL" followed by
the test number to be deleted.
2. Press the OK button. The last test result will be will be deleted.
WARNING: This operation is not reversible.
To delete all test data:
1. Set the range knob to [dEL]. The display will flash "dEL".
2. Press the NEXT or LAST key. The display will flash "ALL".
3. Press the OK button. All the test results will be deleted.
A bar graph shows the progress of the deletion.
WARNING: This operation is not reversible. All data will be deleted.
Batteries
Battery type:
If symbol appears as less than fully charged with new batteries, check for
correct polarity.
NOTE: Fully charged NiMH or NiCAD rechargeable batteries show a lower
charge than Alkaline batteries, and may not give much warning before
becoming exhausted.
To replace batteries
Warning: Do not switch the instrument on with the battery cover
removed.
1. Switch off the instrument and disconnect (the instrument) from any
electrical circuits.
2. The rear cover must not be opened if the test leads are connected.
3. To remove the rear cover release the screw at the bottom of the
cover and lift the cover upwards.
4. Refit new batteries observing the correct polarity as marked on the
battery compartment.
5. Replace the cover.
NOTE: Battery cells should not be left in an instrument, which may remain
unused for extended periods.
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Auto power-down
To extend battery life the instrument will automatically switch off 6
minutes after the last operation.
The instrument can be switch off manually be selecting [OFF] on the
rotary switch, or switched back on by pressing the [TEST] button.
AC type
AC selective RCD
DC type RCD
DC selective RCD
Warnings
trp
hot
chk
noS
>50V
>25V
<***V
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Unexpected disconnection
Overheated instrument
Check test lead connections
Noise
Touch voltage exceeded (for 50V settings)
Touch voltage exceeded (for 25V setting)
Insufficient supply voltage for test
Other messages
L+L
L+N
SEt
OFF
PREVENTATIVE MAINTENANCE
Clean only with a damp cloth. Do not use any alcohol based cleaning fluids
as they may leave a residue.
SPECIFICATION
RCD Test Ranges (to EN61557-6)
Supply
RCDT310
100 V to 280 V (45Hz to 65Hz)
RCDT320/330
Ranges
RCDT310
RCDT320/330
(1/2I) 8% to 2%
(I, 5I) +2% to +8%
1% 1ms
Ramp test
Test current range:
1/2 RCD rated current to a nominal 110% Rated current
Step duration:
200 ms
Programmable RCD
RCDT330 only
10 mA to 1000 mA
Voltage measurement (All Models)
Range ac:
0 V - 500 V 25Hz to 450Hz
Accuracy:
2% 2 digits
Frequency measurement
(RCDT320 and RCDT330 only)
Range:
Accuracy:
25Hz to 450Hz
25.0Hz to 199.9Hz 0.1Hz
200Hz to 450Hz 1Hz
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+5%/+15% 0.5 V
-25C to +70C
Rechargeable:
20
Weight
All units 980gms
Dimensions
All units 203 x 148 x 78 mm
E.M.C
In accordance with IEC61326 including amendment No.1
ACCESSORIES
Item
2 wire test lead set and crocodile clips
The basic error is the maximum inaccuracy of the instrument under ideal
conditions, whereas the service error is the maximum inaccuracy taking into
effect of battery voltage, temperature, interference, and system voltage and
frequency, where applicable.
6220-740
6220-741
6220-790
25970-041
Download Manager CD
6111-442
Order Code
6220-784
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Megger Limited
Archcliffe Road
Dover
Kent CT17 9EN
England.
or
Megger
Valley Forge Corporate Centre
2621 Van Buren Avenue
Norristown PA 19403
U.S.A.
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