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Addiction

FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Addictionisastatedefinedbycompulsive
engagementinrewardingstimuli,despite
adverseconsequences.[6]Itcanbethought
ofasadiseaseorbiologicalprocessleading
tosuchbehaviors.[8]Thetwopropertiesthat
characterizealladdictivestimuliarethat
theyare(positively)reinforcing(i.e.,they
increasethelikelihoodthatapersonwill
seekrepeatedexposuretothem)and
intrinsicallyrewarding(i.e.,theyactivate
thebrain's"rewardpathways",andare
thereforeperceivedasbeingsomething
positiveordesirable).[1][2][5]

Addictionglossary[1][2]
addictionastatecharacterizedbycompulsiveengagementin
rewardingbehaviororcompulsivedruguse,despiteadverse
consequences
reinforcingstimulistimulithatincreasetheprobabilityof
repeatingbehaviorspairedwiththem
rewardingstimulistimulithatthebraininterpretsasintrinsically
positiveorassomethingtobeapproached
addictivedrugadrugthatisbothrewardingandreinforcing
addictivebehaviorabehaviorthatisbothrewardingand
reinforcing
sensitizationanamplifiedresponsetoastimulusresultingfrom
repeatedexposuretoit
drugtolerancethediminishingeffectofadrugresultingfrom
Accordingtomanyaddictionspecialists,
repeatedadministrationatagivendose
potentialaddictionscaninclude,butarenot
drugsensitizationorreversetolerancetheescalatingeffectofa
limitedto,exerciseaddiction,food
drugresultingfromrepeatedadministrationatagivendose
addiction,drugaddiction,computer
drugdependenceanadaptivestateassociatedwithawithdrawal
addiction,sexaddictionandgambling
syndromeuponcessationofrepeateddrugintake
addiction.Currently,onlysubstance
physicaldependencedependencethatinvolvesphysicalsomatic
addictionsandgamblingaddictionare
withdrawalsymptoms(e.g.,fatigue)
recognizedbytheDSM5.FosB,agene
psychologicaldependencedependencethatinvolvesemotional
transcriptionfactor,isnowknowntobea
motivationalwithdrawalsymptoms(e.g.,dysphoriaandanhedonia)
criticalcomponentandcommonfactorin
thedevelopmentofvirtuallyallformsof
behavioralanddrugaddictions.[9][10][11]Classichallmarksofaddictionincludeimpairedcontroloversubstancesor
behavior,preoccupationwithsubstanceorbehavior,continuedusedespiteconsequences,anddenial.[12]Habitsand
patternsassociatedwithaddictionaretypicallycharacterizedbyimmediategratification(shorttermreward),
coupledwithdelayeddeleteriouseffects(longtermcosts).[13]
Physicaldependenceoccurswhenthebodyhasadjustedbyincorporatingthesubstanceintoits"normal"
functioningi.e.,attainshomeostasisandthereforephysicalwithdrawalsymptomsoccuruponcessationof
use.[14]Toleranceistheprocessbywhichthebodycontinuallyadaptstothesubstanceandrequiresincreasingly
largeramountstoachievetheoriginaleffects.Withdrawalreferstophysicalandpsychologicalsymptoms
experiencedwhenreducingordiscontinuingasubstancethatthebodyhasbecomedependenton.Symptomsof
withdrawalgenerallyincludebutarenotlimitedtoanxiety,irritability,intensecravingsforthesubstance,nausea,
hallucinations,headaches,coldsweats,andtremors.

Contents
1DSMclassification
2Withdrawal
3Recoveryandinterventions
4Behavioraladdiction
5Biomolecularmechanisms
6Personalitytheoriesofaddiction
6.1Roleofaffectdysregulationinaddiction

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