Jianping Wang, ABB, 2013-06-14 KTH

Power System Protection-Requirement & Solutions

Quire and Solutions

ABB Group
June 13, 2013 | Slide 1

E-mail: jianping.wang@se.abb.com

Contents

Part 1: Power System Protection Requirement

Part 2: Protection Application Solutions

Part 3: Modern Protection and Future Trends

Traditional grid

Smart Grid

Transition of Modern Power System Network:

-Renewable Energy Sources added in the network
-Multiple load flow directions
-More HVDC and FACTs connections
-Challenges for Power System operators

Power System Protection-Purpose and Actions

Circuit Breaker
VT
U

CT

Protect people and property

around the power system
Protect equipment, lines etc.
in the power systems

Protection Relay
(Intelligent Electronic
Devices (IEDs))
VT=Voltage transformer
CT=Current transformer

Separate the faulty part from

the rest of the power systems
to keep system stable operation

Protection System Operation Cycle

Lightning
stroke

UR

US

Relay time 0,02 seconds

Breaker time 0,06 seconds

Voltage interruption 0,5 seconds

UT

IR
IS

IT

Protection System Structure

Fault Clearance System
Protection System
Circuit Breaker

CT
VT

Protection
Equipment

TE

DC-System

Trip
Coil

Circuit
Breaker
Mechanism

Benefits of Clearing of Power System Faults

Reduce the hazard for personnel

Reduce the hazard for property

Reduce the damage at fault location

Reduce the risk for power interruptions

Operate the power system closer to

limits

Faults Classification
3- phase faults
Shunt faults

2- phase faults

L1
L2
L3

1- phase faults

11 fault cases can be detected with

6 measuring loops for line protection
Serial faults
IS
IT

L1
L2
L3

Fault Statistics
Transmission systems

Transmission lines
Type of fault

Faults per 100/year

Transmission lines
Busbars
Generators / transformers

85 %
12 %
3%

Single phase to ground

Two phases to ground
Two phase

80%
10%
5%

Three phase

5%

6,2
14,6

Hydro turbine
Hydro generator
Transformer
Breaker
Current/ Voltage transformer

2-3
1
0,2

Fault types
Transient faults
80- 85%of all faults in transmission lines
Mainly caused by lightning strokes ( 0,2 - 3/ 100 km/year )
Additional faults by birds, trees, galloping lines etc.
Disappears if the line is disconnected and reclosed
Persistent faults
Broken conductor or insulator
Fallen tree
Has to be localised and repaired before the line can be
reenergized

Main Requirement on Power System Protection

Speed
500kV

Sensitivity

Selectivity

20 kA

R
S
T

1kA
1

Induction

Short circuit power:

P = 3 x 500 x 20 = 17300 MVA
3

Limits stress and

damages on lines,
busbars and equipment

U = 1 kA x 1 = 1000 V

Limits the risk to injure

Limits the consequences
people and reduces the risk for the power system
for long term damage

Personal Safety

Minimize the risk of personal injuries-Examples of current levels

10 mA: there will occur cramp in muscles

20-40 mA: there can be a stop of the breathing of the person

subjected to current flow through the body

50-3000 mA:very dangerous condition, can lead to death within a

few minutes

Safety regulations often state:

Maximum allowed fault duration

Sensitivity of the protective relays

Earth fault protection in general is highly required with good

sensitivity

Fault Clearance Time

Long fault clearance times increases:

The

risk for transient instability in the power

system

Thermal

stress on equipment in the power

system and

Risk

for personal injuries.

Transient Stability-Example
Angle

3
t
2
t1
Time
Fault time t < t < t < t < t 4
1 2 3

Relay protection: Speed

G

Time restraints for fault disconnection

Stability limit MW (Typical case)

Power flow
MW

1-phase faults

2-phase faults

Speed
Stability
Less damage
Less stress
Less ionization

3-phase faults

60
100
200 ms
Fault disconnection time

Relay Protection: Sensitivity

28700
R f = 1.4 * L
I
L = length of the arc
[meters] and
I = fault current [A]

Example: High ohmic ground faults in power lines,

interturn faults in transformers

Protection: Selectivity
Selectivity is the ability of a protection system to detect a
fault in a specified zone of a network and to trip the
appropriate circuit breaker(s) to clear this fault
Simultaneous faults in parallel lines-right side

- Single pole tripping and auto reclosure

L3

L1

- With correct selectivity the power flow is

not interrupted
Power flow

L1

L2

L2

L3

Z<

Z<

L1-N

L3-N

Z<

Z<

Z<

Z<

Z<

Z<

Power System & Protection System Reliability

Power System Reliability-Referring to Interruption

of power supply to customers

High reliability results in high cost in grids

Low reliability results in more interruption to

customers

Protection System Reliability

Dependability-Trip on Internal Faults

Security-Stable for External Faults

Reliable protection system

Main Protection, Local Backup, Remote Backup

Reliability of Protection System

Wrong settings
DEPENDABILITY

Failure to trip

Inadequate
measuring
principle

RELIABILITY
Unwanted trip
(spontaneous)

Inadequate
operating
conditions

SECURITY
Unwanted trip
(at system fault)

Faulty device

Non redundant protection system

+

Tripping unit
CABLE
CB

Trip coil

CT

CABLE
CABLE
CABLE

VT
CABLE
Protective device

Redundant protection system

Trip coil 1

CABLE

Trip coil 2

Battery 2
+

CABLE

CABLE

CABLE

Tripping u. 1

CABLE

CABLE

CABLE

Battery 1
+

Tripping u.2

CABLE

CABLE

Main 1

CABLE

Main 2

Non-redundant and redundant protection

schemes
Non-redundant protection scheme

Redundant protection scheme with

1 out of 2 operating condition
II

II

Redundant protection
scheme with 2 out of 2
operating condition

Probability of failure to operate

(dependability)

Reliability of non-redundant and redundant

functions

IMPACT OF
SELF-SUPERVISION
Probability of unwanted operation (security)

Failure Rate of Protection Relays

BATHTUB CURVE

Failure rate

100
80
60
40
20
0
0

20

40

60

T ime

80

100

Part Two: Power System Protection

Applications

Inputs of A Protection Relay

Current:

Current transformers:
Magnetic ,1 Ampere or 5 Ampere secondary
Optical transducers with serial data protocols

Voltage:

Voltage transformers:
Magnetic, 100 V, 110 V secondary
Capacitive, 100 V, 110 V secondary
Optical transducers with serial data protocols

Frequency:

Via measuring transducers

Protection range: DC- 300 Hz (typical)
Disturbance recorders: DC- 1- 5 kHz

Binary:

From signalling contacts or fiber optic inputs

HV equipment
Communication equipment

CT Saturation Influence
Saturation

Current transformer designation

Type TPX, closed iron core
Type TPY, iron core with remanence
air gap ( 1 or 2 small)
Type TPZ, linearised iron core
(A number of airgaps)

Phase- and amplitude faults

True secondary current
TPX
TPY

TPZ

VT Transient Influence:
Transients from Capacitive Voltage Transformers (CVT)
Primary short circuit

Transients from CVT

10 % of U
after 1 period (20 ms)

True primary voltage

Transients in the power system:

Fault incidence

Harmonics in the power system affects the accuracy

RMS-measurement:
<2%
Mean value measurement: < 20 %
5th harmonic 10%
100 %

7th harmonic 10%

Line Protection: General Practice

Transmission
Distance protection
Differential protection
Phase comparison protection
Transient measuring based protection

Distribution
- Over current protection: Directional/Non-Directional
- Differential protection

Transmission Line protection: Distance protection

Protected distance (zone)

Is the most used protection scheme in

general networks
Operation is based on the information
from only one terminal
(communication independent)
Non-unit protection scheme, used also as
a local or remote back up protection

Short tripping times (between 0,75 and

1,5 cycle)
K

Transmission Line protection: Distance protection

Measuring
principle:

ZL =Line impedance
ZK =Uk/ Ik

ZK < ZL
Uk

Ufaultpoint = 0

Zk

short circuit

Ik

Z<
Algorithm
G

I
XS

U
u = i .R +

XL
X . di

o. dt

RL

Transmission Line Protection: Distance protection

time delayed
zone 2
zone 1
zone 1

time delayed
zone 3

zone 3

zone 2

G
Z<

Z<

Z<

Z<

Z<

Related Issues:
Maximum reach
around 80-90 %

Switch on to faults

Power Swing Block

Weak-end infeed logic
Current reversal logic

Z<

Line protection transmission: Distance protection

A- zone 1

time delayed
A- zone 2

Z<

G
B- zone 1

time delayed
B- zone 2

With communication from B, the

zone 2 in A can be accelerated,
i.e. no time delay in A- zone 2

Z<

Z<

Z<

Line protection transmission: Distance protection

x

ph - ph ph - E The measurement is based on the

complete loop equations
Independent setting for each zone
of:
Reach in reactive direction
Reach in resistive direction for:
phase to phase faults
R
phase to earth faults
Ground return compensation
Directionality

Transmission Line Protection:

Current differential protection

diff

diff

Current differential protection

L1
L2
L3

DL1

Digital communication with

optical fibres, direct or via
multiplexed channels

DL2
DL3

Digital communication via

telephone or micro wave

DL1
DL2
DL3

Issues in line differential protection:

Communication channels asymetry, Data
synchronization

Communication Schemes

Under-reach
Permissive
Overreach
Blocking

Overreach

Unblocking
Unblocking
weak infeed
transient blocking

Auto-reclosing (AR)
The distribution of transient and permanent faults
on the one utility 130 kV system during 1987-1996

Most faults are transient

faults
Auto-reclosing will in this
aspect increases the
availability
It will also have a positive
impact on the system
stability

100
90
80
70
60
Series1

50
40
30
20
10
0
Transient
faults

Permanent
faults

Transformer Protection
Different winding arrangements

2 windings
+ unloaded
tertiary

3 windings
e.g.. Yy 6 d1

Autotransformer
+ tertiary
e.g.. YN Auto d1

2-winding transf.
+ Auxiliary
transformer

Factors Contributing to
Internal Faults

Abnormal Conditions

Aging of insulation

Overload

Contaminated oil

Over voltage

Partial discharges in the

insulation

Over excitation

Reduced System Voltage

Transient over-voltages

ABB Group
June 13, 2013 | Slide 42

Main Functions in Transformer Protection

Internal fault detection

Abnormal condition detection

Differential protection

Overload protection

Over-current protection

Over-excitation protection

Inter-turn fault detection

Restricted earth fault protection

Differential protection

Ground fault detection

Restricted earth fault protection

Earth fault protection

ABB Group
June 13, 2013 | Slide 43

Non-electrical fault detection

for all internal faults

Thermal Relay

Buchholz Relay

Pressure Relay

Differential Protection-Main Protection for Transformers

Typical Modern Transformer Differential Protection

Function features

Transformer Inrush Current Stabilization

Transformer inrush current

Second harmonic
stabilisation
Wave form stabilisation

wave block

The second harmonic component appears

as a characteristic quantity in a transformer
inrush current. It is also possible to monitor
the shape of a current signal

Restricted Earth Fault Protection

Internal fault

External fault
zone of protection

zone of protection

IL1

IL1

IL2

IL2

IL3

IL3

IN

IFAULT

3I0

IN

IFAULT

IN
3I0

IN

internal fault
3I

external fault
ROA

MTA

MTA

-IN
operate for
internal fault

3I0

ROA

reference is
neutral current

ROA

restrain for
external fault

operate for
internal fault

ROA

-IN
restrain for
external fault
reference is
neutral current

Generator ProtectionPower plant layouts

Typical Configuration of a Power Plant

Substation
Busbar in Substation
HV - Breaker
Power plant
Main Transformer

Auxiliary Transformer

Generator Breaker
Excitation Transformer
Excitation System

Turbine valve
Turbine - Generator

Earthing System

Field Circuit Breaker

Fault Classification on Generators

Internal
Stator
Rotor

Stator

External
Rotor
Turbine

Short circuit Short circuit

ground fault
interturn

ground fault

frequency
overvoltage

negative
sequence
overexcitation loss of
excitation

reverse power

Allocated Protection Functions For Generators

87 Differential
32 Reverse power

59 Over-voltage

81O/U Frequency

24V/f Over-excitation

Turbine

49S Stator Over-load

51V Voltage/over-current

64S Earth fault stator

46 Unbalanced

Inter-turn

40 Loss of excitation

27/50 Dead Machine

78 Pole slipping
64R Earth fault rotor
49R Rotor overload

Rotor

Stator

Single Line Diagram for a Unit Protection Scheme

51T

51NT
3
1

Step-up
Transformer
87GT

(1)

24V/f

59N

(1)

87UAT

60

32

59

81

24V/f

Auxiliary
Service
Transformer

87G

64R

46

Generator with
grounding system

64S

49S

51V

51N

40

78

27/50

21

Example of Damage Due to Failure of Trip by Protection

Busbar Protection-Requirement

Security

Stability for external

faults
Dependability
Correct operation for
internal faults

LOAD
G

Main Issues in Busbar Protection

CT Saturation has to be treated in a reasonable way

so that external fault with high through going
currents will not create in-correct operation on
busbar protection.

Switching mirror logic has to be reflected in the

protection scheme so that change of bus
configuration will not create operation of busbar
protection

Speed is also very important factor for busbar

protection due to high disturbance created in busbar
faults.

Busbar Protection Development-Examples

High

Impedance Differential Protection (Example:

RADHA)-The Same CT ratio required

RADSS & REB 103-Different CT ratios and loop

resistance

Low

Impedance Differential (INX2,INX5, RADSB, &

Competitors)

Numerical

Low Impedance Differential

(example:REB500)

Numerical

low Impedance Differential RED 521

Numerical

low impedance differential REB670

Typical Busbar Structures

Double busbar

Single busbar

T1

Q0

Q1

Q2

Q1

Q2

Q1

Q2

Q1

Q2

Q1

Q2

Q1

Q2

Q1

Q2

T1

Q0

Q0

Q0

Q0

Q0

Q0

Q0

T1

T1

T1

T1

T1

T1

T1

1 breaker system

Q0

Q0

Q0

T1

T1

T1

Triple busbar

Q0

Q0

Q0

Q0

Q0

T1

T1

T1

T1

Q1
Q2
Q3

Q1 Q2
Q01

Q01

Q01

Q01

Q01

T01

T01

T01

T01

T01

Q03

Q03

Q03

Q03

Q03

T03

T03

T03

T03

T03

T02

T02

T02

T02

T02

Q02

Q02

Q02

Q02

Q02

Q3

Q1 Q2

Q3

Q1 Q2

Q3

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q1 Q2

Q3

Q1 Q2

Q0

Q0

Q0

Q0

Q0

T1

T1

T1

T1

T1

Q3

Typical Busbar Protection Scheme for 220 kV

Main 2

Main 1

.. .

.. .

Reserve 1

Reserve 2

Four Zone Double Bus with two bus-coupler CBs and two
bus-section CBs and up to 20/21 feeder bays on each station side

Main 2

Main 1

.. .

.. .

Reserve 1

Reserve 2

Four Zone Double Bus with two BC-CBs one BS-CB and one sectionalizing
disconnector with up to 18-20 feeder bays in the whole station
Optional Measuring Point

CT saturation after 1.3 ms, Example of external

faults
4

Stable for
external
fault!!!

Prov nr 72

x 10
3

Primary Current [A]

-1

-2

-3

-4

-5
Itot
IX
Trip

-6

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14
0.16
Time [sec]

0.18

0.2

0.22

Part Three:

Modern Protection and Trends

DESIGN IS CHANGING
BUT
A BASIC IDEA REMAINS

BC 1000

1000

PERFORMANCES
ARE IN GENERAL
IMPROVED

2013

AC

From 1903
to 2013

Electromechanical Relays

1903

Static Relays

1960

INX2

1966

Micro Processor Relays & INX5 BBP

1981

Numerical Generator Protection

1987

Numerical Protection &Control Devices

1991

Numerical HV Automation System

1991

Numerical Busbar & Breaker Failure Protection 1994

Fully Graphical HMI

1997

Automation System with Sensors & Actors

1998

Station Protection
Advanced Integrated Protection Functions

2001

BBP

New Series Protection Device with IEC61850 2006

And More

2013

Hardware Scheme of Modern Protection Relay

Analogue
Input
Module
TRM

A/D
Main
Conversion Processing
Module
Module
AD1

NUM

GPS
Synch
Module

Binary
I/O
Module

GSM

BIM

Binary
I/O
Module
BIM

Binary
I/O
Module
BIM

Binary
I/O
Module
BOM

Binary
I/O
Module
BOM

mA
Input
Module

Power
Supply
Module

MIM

PSM

3
PCU
3

CAN
1Mbit/s

Logics

6I
6U

A/D

~
~

~
~

OEM
LDCM
Communication
I/O

I/O

I/O

I/O

I/O

mA

Modern Protection Products (IEDs)

RE_ 670
RE_ 630+RE_650

RE_ 615
Modern Protection Relays
known as Intelligent Electronic
Devices (IEDS)

RE_ 60_

Distribution

Transmission

ModernTransmission Protection and Control Portfolios

IEC 61850-compliant product portfolio (with KEMA

certificate)

Substation Products

MicroSCADA Pro, Station-HMI

Gateways, Remote control and data acces

Transmission & Distribution Protection & Control

IEDs for most applications

Overhead lines

Underground cables

Multi terminal Circuits

Transformers & Reactors

Generators & Large Machines

Busbar & Breaker

Composite Objects

High Voltage Switchgear

Technology Evaluation-Yesterday, Today and Future

RTU

RTU

RTU

Station Bus
RTU

parallel,
hardwired
cabling

parallel,
hardwired
cabling

RTU

Station Bus
RTU

Interbay Bus

parallel,
hardwired
cabling

Interbay Bus

Process Bus

Function Integration-Less Panels in Substation

Control Room
Line
12

12

Transformer

39

39

39

Controllers

1960

1970

1980

32

1990

2000

13 Cubicles, >50 Devices

47 Cubicles, >100 Devices

Feeders

56 Cubicles, >140 Devives

66 Cubicles, >160 Devices

Busbar

68 Cubicles, >180 Devices

2010

Communication IEC61850

A Break through in SAIEC61850

A complete Substation Automation System

SAS690

BCS690

BPS680

BPS681

BPS683

Horizontal (peer-to-peer) communication

Station
gateway

Station
computer

GOOSE
Control

Protection

Process Interface

Control &
Protection

Control

Process Interface

Protection

Process Interface

GOOSE = Generic Object Oriented System-wide Events

Modern Digital Substation Structure Based on IEC 61850

Network
Control
Center

Engineering/
Monitoring

HSI

Router switch

IEC 61850-8-1 Stations bus

Bay
Controller
Ethernet
Switch

Modern
Switchgear

IED
A

IED
A
IEC 61850-9-2
Process bus

Modern
CTs/VTs

Bay
Controller
Ethernet
Switch

Modern
Switchgear

IED
A

IED
A
IEC 61850-9-2
Process bus

Modern
CTs/VTs