Wave Propagation in Fluid-Filled Single-Walled Carbon PDF

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Journal of Sound and Vibration

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jsvi
Wave propagation in uid-lled single-walled carbon nanotube on

analytically nonlocal EulerBernoulli beam model
Yang Yang a, Lixiang Zhang a,n, C.W. Lim b
a
b
Department of Engineering Mechanics, Kunming University of Science and Technology, 50 East Ring Road, Kunming 650051, Yunnan, China
Department of Building and Construction, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
a r t i c l e i n f o
abstract
Article history:
Received 21 September 2011
Accepted 19 November 2011
Handling Editor: L.G. Tham
An analytically nonlocal EulerBernoulli beam model for the wave propagation in uid-lled
single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) is established. The governing equations with the
nonlocal effects are derived on the variational principle, and used in the wave propagation
analysis of the SWCNT beam. Compared with the partially nonlocal EulerBernoulli beam
models used previously, the analytically nonlocal model presented in the present study
predicts well the effects of the stiffness enhancement and the wave damping at the high
wavenumber or the strong nonlocal effects area for the uid-lled SWCNT beam. Though the
analytical model is less sensitive than the partially nonlocal model when the moving velocity
of the internal uid is high enough, it simulates more of the high-order nonlocal effecting
information than the partially nonlocal model does in many cases.
& 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Since the discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the early 1990s [1], the mechanical behaviors of CNTs have attracted
many research interests. Especially, the wave propagation behavior of a uid-lled CNTs beam is an interesting and
challenging topic since CNTs are quite acceptable in nanobiological and nanomechanical applications such as nano uid
conveyance and drug delivery [2,3]. The research approaches about mechanical behaviors of the uid-conveyed CNTs
beam include experimental and theoretical analyses. However, the experimental results about the CNTs properties are not
accurate enough since the nano scale experiment is quite difcult to manipulate or control [4]. Therefore, theoretical
analyses are more acceptable for the research of CNTs.
Theoretical methods of studying on the mechanics behaviors of CNTs have molecular dynamic (MD) simulation and
mechanics modeling. MD simulation is the most common and accurate computational approach for analyzing CNTs, because the
behavior of every molecule of CNTs and uid are simulated in code. However, MD approach is inefcient because of its complicate
calculation, time consuming and instability, especially for a large scale system [5,6]. Thus the elastic continuum models of CNTs
are developed. Ru et al. for the rst time applied the classical continuum model on the dynamical analysis for a uid-conveyed
CNTs beam [7,8]. They discussed the inuences of the internal moving uid on the free vibration of the CNTs beam and ow
induced structural instability of a SWCNT beam which was modeled as a classical EulerBernoulli beam. Zhangs group
investigated the dynamical behaviors for a uid-conveyed multiple-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) beam based on the
EulerBernoulli beam models [9,10]. Similar dynamical analyses were also completed based on Donnells cylindrical shell model
for the MWCNTs beam [11,12]. However, applying directly this on the classical beam or shell models possibly leads to inaccurate
results, since the inuences of the nanoscale effects on the mechanical properties of the CNTs beams cannot be simulated by the
Corresponding author. Tel./fax: 86 871 3303561.

E-mail addresses: ppk0416@yahoo.com.cn (Y. Yang), zlxzcc@126.com, zlxzcc@yahoo.com.cn (L. Zhang), bccwlim@cityu.edu.hk (C.W. Lim).
0022-460X/$ - see front matter & 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2011.11.018
Please cite this article as: Y. Yang, et al., Wave propagation in uid-lled single-walled carbon nanotube on analytically
nonlocal EulerBernoulli beam model, Journal of Sound and Vibration (2011), doi:10.1016/j.jsv.2011.11.018
http://www.paper.edu.cn
Y. Yang et al. / Journal of Sound and Vibration ] (]]]]) ]]]]]]
Nomenclature
a
Ac
Af
e0
E
i
I
k
Kc
Kf
L
Mx
Mef
r
t
T
u
V
w
W
x
y
CC bond length
cross-section area of CNTs
uid lled area
nonlocal effect constant of CNTs
Youngs
modulus
p
1
second-order moment
wavenumber
kinetic energy of SWCNT
kinetic energy of uid
length of CNTs
nonlocal bending moment
effective bending moment
displacement vector
time variable
temporal period
strain energy density
a
eij
rc
rf
sij
O
t
l
m
dij
o
r2
y
strain energy
lateral deection
amplitude
axial coordinates
vertical coordinate
nonlocal modulus
strain tensor
mass density of SWCNT
mass density of uid
stress tensor
whole volume of SWCNT
energy function
material parameter of SWCNT
Lame constants
Lame constants
Kronecker delta
angular frequency
Laplace operator
rotary angle of CNTs beam section
classical models [13]. Therefore, some advanced continuum elastic models are established to study the mechanical behaviors of
the CNTs beams including strain gradient models [13,14], couple stress models [1517], and nonlocal stress models [1825].
Nonlocal stress is a kind of effective model which is sensitive to the nano scale (also referred to as nonlocal) effects of CNTs.
Thus great number of articles about analyses for static and dynamical behaviors of the CNTs beams based on the nonlocal models
are published [1825]. In these studies, the dynamical analysis of the uid-lled CNTs beam is one of the most attractive topics.
Lee and Chang [24] applied the nonlocal EulerBernoulli beam model to analyze the nano scale effects on the natural frequency
and mode shape for free vibration of the uid-lled SWCNT beam. Their results show that the frequency and mode shape are
obviously inuent by the nano scale effects. Narendar [25] investigated the terahertz wave characteristics of a uid-lled SWCNT
beam based on the nonlocal Timoshenko beam model. The inuences of the nano scale effects and uid density on the exural
and shear wave propagations were studied when the uid velocity is at 1000 m/s.
Though the nonlocal models can simulate the nano scale effects on the mechanical behaviors of a CNTs beam, some
contradictory predictions and surprising conclusions based on the nonlocal models are induced. For example, the bending
behaviors of a cantilever CNTs beam with a point loading at the free end are not affected by the nano scale effects [19] and on the
nonlocal beam models. This means the bending behaviors of the cantilever CNTs beam are completely same to a classical beam
when the point loading is added. Another inaccurate factor is that all the nonlocal models predict stiffness decreasing due to the
nano scale effects, which is contradict with the results of experiment and MD simulation [20]. Reasons for these unsatised
results are that the nonlocal models used are formulated by directly extending the classical beam models without rigorous
verication, and hence certain very important higher-order nonlocal terms have been inadvertently neglected [26]. For instance,
the nonlocal bending moment of a CNTs beam based on nonlocally constitutive relation is directly used in the classical beam
models without any modication. Thus, the nonlocal effects only on the bending moment are considered, instead of the governing
equations and boundary conditions being neglected [26]. Generally, these nonlocal models which are obtained by directly
extending the classical models are called as partially nonlocal models (PN).
Lim and his colleagues established an analytically nonlocal model (AN) according to the variation principle [2632]. The
new nonlocal governing equations and boundary conditions containing high-order nonlocal terms were obtained in their
work. The mechanical behaviors of CNTs beams including bending, buckling, vibration and wave propagation based on the
AN models were conrmed more reasonable than the PN models. The unsatised problems in the PN models mentioned
above were solved with the AN models according to Lims studies [2632]. However, the applications of the AN models are
limited because of the complicated calculation.
In this paper, an analytically nonlocal EulerBernoulli beam model (ANE) is derived and employed to analyze the
characteristics of the wave propagation in a uid-lled SWCNT beam. Using the novel ANE model for a CNTs beam, the
inuences of the uid and the nano scale effects on the wave propagating characters are studied in details.
2. ANE model for uid-lled SWCNT beam
In the nonlocal continuum elastic theory, the stress at a material point is considered to not only depend on the strain at
this point, but also on all other points in a domain near to this point [18]. So, the constitutive relation is stated as
Z
rij r a9r0 r9, tr0ij r0 dO
(1a)
O
s0ij r0 lekk r0 dij 2meij r0
(1b)
where rij(r) is the stress at point r, r0ij r0 is the stress at all other points else r0 in the domain O, a is the nonlocal module
which depends on the distance 9r0 r9 and the nonlocal material parameter t, l and m are the Lame constants and eij(r0 ) is
the strain at point r0 . In Eq. (1a), it is obviously that the stress rij(r) at point r depends on all the points r0 . Thus the volume
integration is necessary to calculate rij(r). In Eq. (1b), the stress r0ij r0 at point r0 meets the classical constitutive equation
(Hookes law). However, it is mathematically difcult to obtain the analytical solution because of the volume integration in
Eq. (1a), Eringen simplied Eq. (1a) to a second-order differential equation in a two-dimension coordinate space when
Greens function is used as
2
1e0 a2 r rij r0ij
(2)
where e0 is the nonlocal parameter that depends on the material properties, a is the internal length of the bond relation or
the lattice parameter, r2 @2 =@x2 @2 =@y2 is the Laplace operator, rij and r0ij are the abbreviations of rij(r) and r0ij r0 ,
respectively.
Fig. 1 indicates a uid-lled simply supported SWCNT beam in the Cartesian coordinate system with the vertical deection w,
the uid velocity U, and the beam length L, where x and y denote the axial and vertical coordinates, respectively. If only the stress
and strain in x direction are considered, Eq. (2) is simplied into one-dimensional formulation as
2
sxe0 a2
d sx
Eex
dx2
(3)
where s(x) and e(x) is the normal stress and strain in x direction of the SWCNT beam and E is Youngs modulus. The second term
at the left hand of Eq. (3) is the high-order nonlocal term which denotes the nonlocal effects on the stress/strain relation.
Obviously, the classical constitutive equation (Hookes law) is recovered with e0a0 if the nonlocal effects are too insignicant to
be considered.
The bending moment at the cross section of the SWCNT beam is dened as
Z
ysdAc
(4)
Mx
where Ac is the cross-section area of the SWCNT beam and s is the abbreviation of s(x) in Eq. (3). The normal strain for the
EulerBernoulli beam is written as
2
e y
d w
dx2
(5)
Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (4), one arrives

@2 M x
@2 w
EI 2
2
@x
@x
Z
I
y2 dAc
M x e0 a2
(6)
(7)
Eq. (7) denotes the second-order moment of the area over the cross section. Hence, the solutions of Eqs. (3) and (6) are
shown as
sE
1
X
e0 a2n1 e/2n1S
(8)
n1
M x EI
1
X
e0 a2n1 w/2nS
(9)
n1
y
U
U
L
Fig. 1. Simply supported uid-lled SWCNT beam.
where /nS denotes the nth derivatives with respect to x. Eqs. (6) and (9) dene the nonlocal bending moments of the
SWCNT beam. If the nonlocal bending moments in Eqs. (6) and (9) are directly substituted into the classical Euler
Bernoulli beam model with a uid lling [33], the governing equation of the partially nonlocal EulerBernoulli beam (PNE)
with uid lling is obtained as
rf Af rc Ac
M/2S
x
@2 w
@2 w
@2 w
rf Af U 2 2 2rL Af U
0
2
@x@t
@x
@t
(10)
where Af is the uid lling area of the SWCNT beam, rc and rf are the mass densities of the SWCNT beam and uid,
respectively. Based on Eq. (10), the PNE model for the uid-lled SWCNT beam is established and applied to analyze the
vibration behaviors. However, as discussed above, the PN models are not accurately enough to predict the nonlocal effects
of the SWCNT beam [1825]. Thus the ANE model is necessary to analyze the uid-lled SWCNT beam. According to the
idea of the AN model [26], the normal strain energy density of the SWCNT beam is
Z e
sede
(11)
un
0
where
un u1 u2 u3
(12)
and
u1 12Ee2
u2
u3 E
1
X
1
X
1
1n 1 e0 a2n e/nS 2
E
2 n1
e0 a
n
X
2/n 1S
n1
1
m 1 /mS /2n 1mS
(13)
m1
Thus the strain energy in the whole SWCNT beam is

Z
V
0
un dOc dt
(14)
Oc
where Oc is the volume of the SWCNT beam except the space of the uid lling and T is the vibration temporal period. The
kinetic energy of the SWCNT beam is
Z Z " #
r Ac T L dw 2
dxdt
(15)
Kc c
2 0 0
dt
Furthermore, the kinetic energy of the uid is considered as
rf Af Z T Z L
_ U sin y2 dxdt
Kf
U cos y2 w
2 0 0
(16)
_ dw=dt. Since y is quite small, approximations of

where y is the rotary angle of the SWCNT beam section, and w
sin y y tan y wh1i and cos y E1 are assumed. Thus, Eq. (16) is reduced to
rf Af Z L 2
_ Uw/1S 2 dx
Kf
U w
(17)
2 0
Taking the variation with respect to w for Kf, Kc and V, one yields
Z TZ L
2U w
_ /1S U 2 w/2S dwdxdt
dK f rf Af
w
rf Af
Z
L
0
_ dwT0 dx U
w
0
L
dK c rc Ac
/1S
T
0
dwT0 dx U
T
0
_ dwL0 dt U 2
w
L
0
dwdxdt rc Ac
w
T
0
w/1S dwL0 dt
(18)

_ dw T0 dx
w
(19)
where
dV
T Z
Z
0
dun dOdt
Z
0
( "
EI
d2 w=dt2
w
Z TZ
du1 du2 du3 dOdt EI
T Z
O
1
X
2n3e0 a2n1 w/2n 1S dw
n1
0
1
X
"
1
X
#
2n3e0 a2n1 w/2n 1S dwdxdt
n1
2n3e0 a2n1 w/2nS dw/1S
n1
1
X
1
X
2n1e0 a2n w/2n 1S dw/2S
n1
1
X
2ne0 a2n 1 w/2n 1S dw/3S
n1
1
X
2n1e0 a2n 1 w/2n 1S dw/4S
n1
1
X
2n1e0 a2n 2 w/2n 1S dw/5S
n1
2n1e0 a
2n 3
/2n 3S
/6S
dw
n1
#L 9
=
dt

;
(20)
Anther form of this equation with Mx is stated as

!
!
Z TZ L
Z T"
1
1
X
X
/1S
2n /2n 1S
2n /2nS
dV EI
M/2S
d
wdxdt
EI
M
2
e
a
M
d
w
M
2
e
a
M
dw/1S
x
0
0
x
x
x
ef
0
e0 a2 M/1S
2
x
1
X
n1
t2n 1 Mhx2n 1i dw/2S 2e0 a4
n1
4
e0 a
M/1S
2
x
1
X
e0 a
2n 2
M x/2n 1S
1
X
1
X
n1
e0 a2n1 M /2nS
dw/3S
x
n1
!
/4S
dw
e0 a
M /2S
2
x
n1
e0 a8 M /3S
2
x
1
X
e0 a
2n 3
M x/2n 1S
dw/5S
n1
#L
e0 a2n 4 M x/2n 3S dw/6S
n1
dt
(21)
where Mef is the effectively nonlocal bending moment, namely

1
X
M ef Mx 2
e0 a2n M x/2nS EI
n1
1
X
2n3e0 a2n1 w/2nS
(22)
n1
According to the variational principle, the stationary condition is written as
d dVdK c dK f 0
(23)
L0
Substituting Eqs. (18)(22) into Eq. (23) and considering all the boundary conditions with
and initial conditions with
T0 (see Appendix A), the governing equation of the uid-lled SWCNT beam based on the ANE model is obtained as
M /2S
rf Af rc Ac
ef
@2 w
@2 w
@2 w
rf Af U 2 2 2rL Af U
0
2
@x@t
@x
@t
(24)
By comparing Eq. (24) with Eq. (10), it is obvious that the bending moment Mx in the PNE model is replaced with the
effective moment Mef. Moreover it is worthy to note that for the ANE models without uid lling, the replacing relation
fails to directly apply to the nonlocal eld [29]. In other words, the nonlocal bending moment Mx does not meet the
nonlocal replacing relation. Eqs. (24) and (10) are returned to the classical beam models when e0a-0 [33].
Substituting Eq. (22) into Eq. (24) and omitting the higher-order terms O((e0a)6), the governing equation of the uidlled SWCNT beam is obtained as
3EIe0 a4 w/8S e0 a2 EIw/6S EIw/4S rf Af U 2 w/2S rf Af rc Ac
@2 w
@2 w
2rf Af U
0
2
@t@x
@t
(25)
The solutions for Eq. (25) is assumed as

w Weikxot
(26)
where W is the amplitude of the wave mode, k is the wavenumber and o is the angular frequency. Substituting Eq. (26)
into Eq. (25), one yields
p
rf Af Uk 7 DA
(27)
o
rf Af rc Ac
where
DA r2 f A2 f U 2 k2 rf Af rc Ac 3EIe0 a4 k8 EIe0 a2 k6 EIk4 rf Af U 2 k2
(28)
Eq. (27) reects a spectrum relation of the wave propagation in the uid-lled SWCNT beam based on the ANE model. It
is conrmed by Eq. (27) that the angular frequency depends on the wavenumber k, the uid velocity U, and the nanoscale
parameter e0a. It is clear that the value of the angular frequency in Eq. (27) may be a complex number when DA o0, and
the real and imaginary parts are represented as
Reo
rf Af Uk
rf Af rc Ac
(29)
Imo 7i
DA
rf Af rc Ac
The spectrum relation of the PNE model is also obtained by substituting Eq. (26) into Eq. (10) as
p
r Af Uk 7 DP
o f
rf Af rc Ac
(30)
(31)
where
DP r2f A2f U 2 k2 rf Af rc Ac EIe0 a4 k8 e0 a2 EIk6 EIk4 rf Af U 2 k2
(32)
The real and imaginary parts of the angular frequency based on the PNE models are as follows:
Reo
rf Af Uk
rf Af rc Ac
Imo 7i
(33)
DP
rf Af rc Ac
(34)
By comparing Eqs. (27)(30) with (31)(34), we know that the terms with (e0a)4 and (e0a)2 in DA and DP take
an opposite sign, which leads clearly to the different results of the wave propagation behaviors as discussed in next
section.
3. Results and discussions

The material and geometry parameters of the SWCNT beam and the uid used are taken as E1 TPa,
I 1.78 10 38 m4, Af 3.0 10 19 m2, rf 1 103 kg m 3, Ac 3.63 10 19 m2, rc 2.27 103 kg m 3, a 0.142 nm
(CC bond length).
According to Eqs. (27) and (31), the spectrum relation of Re(o) via the wavenumber k for the uid-lled SWCNT beam
is shown in Fig. 2 when the uid velocity is taken as U300 m/s and the nanoscale parameter of the beam material as
e0a 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 nm. The letter E in Fig. 2 denotes the solutions based on the classical EulerBernoulli beam model
without nonlocal effects. As illustrated in Fig. 2, the solutions of the angular frequencies on the ANE model are higher than
those on the PNE model at the low wavenumber area. Therefore, the ANE model predicts higher stiffness for the uid-lled
SWCNT beam than the PNE model does. It is rst time to conrm this stiffness enhancement effects for the uid-lled
SWCNT beam on the ANE model, even though the similar results haves already obtained for the SWCNT beam without
uid lling [29]. However, the angular frequency predictions on the ANE model indicated a sharp decrease when the
wavenumber is over a critical value. For the parameter e0a 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 nm, the critical wavenumbers are 15.5, 7.5,
and 3.4 109 m 1, respectively. The physical reason for the angular frequency decreasing is that the nonlocal effects
contribute an additional damping of the wave propagation. Obviously, the wave length becomes smaller as the
wavenumber increases. Thus, if the nonlocal effects domain in Eq. (1a) is larger than the size of one wave length, the
characteristics of the wave propagation have a signicant decaying change. In this case, the kinetic energy of the wave
propagation is exhausted due to the nonlocal effects and the propagating frequency decreases rapidly. A similar
phenomenon is conrmed for the wave propagation in a SWCNT beam without uid lling [29]. However, the nonlocal
effects based on the PNE model is not to induce the rapid decaying for the wave propagation when the propagating
frequency is at the high wavenumber area as shown in Fig. 2. Another case is that the classical EulerBernoulli beam model
does not contribute any damping to the wave propagation because the nonlocal effects are exclusive. In fact, the imaginary
parts based on the PNE and the classical EulerBernoulli beam models are zero for any value of wavenumber, which means
there is no a damping supply in these two models. Therefore, the ANE model predicts stronger nonlocal effects on the wave
propagation behaviors of the uid-lled SWCNT beam.
Figs. 3 and 4 illustrate, respectively, the real and imaginary parts as functions of the motion velocity of the uid within
the SWCNT beam for wavenumber k1 109 m 1. From Fig. 3, the angular frequency decreases with the increase of the
uid velocity on the PNE model when the uid velocity Uo1100 m/s. In contrary, the angular frequency on the ANE model
increases rst, and then decreases sharply to zero when the uid velocity U o1100 m/s. The results show that these two
models contribute the different inuences on the stiffness of the SWCNT beam. From previous analysis, the nonlocal
effects on the ANE model lead to the stiffness enhancement of the SWCNT beam, which increases the value of the angular
frequency. However, the nonlocal effects on the PNE model decrease the stiffness of the SWCNT beam. Thus, as the
nanoscale parameter e0a varies from 0.05 to 0.2 nm, the angular frequency on the ANE model increases, while the PNE
model shows a reversed case. When the uid velocity U41100 m/s, the angular frequency becomes a conjugate complex
number. The real and imaginary parts are presented in Eqs. (29) and (30) for the ANE model and in Eqs. (33) and (34) for
the PNE model. The comparisons of the real parts are indicated in Fig. 3 for the ANE, PNE, and E models. The imaginary
parts are shown in Fig. 4, in which the decaying effects of the wave propagation are clearly represented when the uid
Fig. 2. (a) Spectrum relation on ANE and PNE models and (b) zoom of (a).
Fig. 3. Real part of angular frequency via uid velocity.
velocity U 41100 m/s. From Fig. 4, it is obvious that the propagation decayings on the ANE and PNE models increase with
the uid velocity rising. However, the ANE model is stronger since the value of the imaginary part increases much faster
than the PNE model. The solutions on the classical beam model are placed between those on the ANE and PNE models.
Fig. 4. Imaginary part of angular frequency via uid velocity.
Fig. 5. (a) Argand diagrams with different value of e0a and (b) zoom of (a).
Fig. 5 presents the Argand diagrams of the SWCNT beam when wavenumber k1 109 m 1 and the uid velocity
varies from 1000 m/s to 3000 m/s. The plots based on the ANE and PNE models with the different values of e0a coincide
nearly together. Thus it is clear that the Argand diagrams of the two models are insensitive to the nonlocal effects. The
divergence points of the Argand diagrams are point A for the ANE model and point P for the PNE and E models,
respectively, when the real part takes 2.2 THz and 1.6 THz. Moreover, the values of the imaginary parts for all the three
models increase with the real parts rising, which conrms that the damping of the wave propagation goes up with the uid
velocity increasing for two models.
Figs. 6 and 7 indicate the real and imaginary parts as functions of the nanocsale parameter e0a with wavenumber
k1 109 m 1. First, when e0a o0.45 nm, the angular frequency takes a pure real number. In Fig. 6, the real part on the
ANE model increases when the uid velocity varies from 100 m/s to 500 m/s, while the PNE solution decreases in the same
condition. The reason is that the stiffness enhancement for the ANE model and the stiffness decline for the PNE model. It is
similar with the case in Fig. 3 when the uid velocity Uo1100 m/s. The real parts on the ANE and PNE models indicate
different tendencies with the nanoscale parameters. For the ANE model, the frequency increases rst and then decreases
sharply when e0a4 0.25 nm. From previous analysis, the stiffness enhancement of the nonlocal effects on the ANE model
increases the frequency of the propagation. However, the nonlocal domain in Eq. (1a) becomes larger as the nanoscale
parameter e0a increases. If the nonlocal domain is larger than the size of one wave length, the wave cannot propagate
through and a sharp decaying occurs. Thus, the angular frequency decreases rapidly when e0a40.25 nm for the ANE
model. This phenomenon fails to be predicted with the PNE model.
In Fig. 7, the imaginary parts increase with the nanoscale parameter increasing when e0a40.42 nm for the ANE model
and e0a40.5 for the PNE model. Thus e0a 0.42 nm and e0a 0.5 nm are the divergence points for the two models,
respectively. According to the information, these two models have the same predictions of the wave decaying when the
nanosclae parameter is high enough. However, the decaying on the ANE model is much stronger than that on the PNE
model, which is similar with the case in Fig. 4. Therefore, it is conrmed that the ANE model predicts stronger nonlocal
effects on the wave propagation behaviors of the uid-lled SWCNT beam.
Fig. 8 shows the Argand diagrams with the different values of the uid velocity when wavenumber k1 109 m 1 and
the nanosclae parameter e0a varies from 0 to 1 nm. From Fig. 8, it is obvious that the plots on the PNE model with the
Fig. 6. Real part of angular frequency via e0a.
Fig. 7. Imaginary part of angular frequency via e0a.

10
Fig. 8. (a) Argand diagrams with different uid velocities and (b) zoom of (a).
different values of the uid velocity are close to each other than the plots on the ANE model, because the ANE model is
more sensitive to the varying uid velocity. When the nanoscale parameter increases from 0 to 0.42 nm, only the real part
exists and the value decreases to 0 from 7 for the ANE model. As the nanoscale parameter increases from 0.42 nm to 1 nm,
the value of the angular frequency becomes a complex number and the divergence occurs on the ANE model as shown in
Fig. 8(b). Thus the divergence point are e0a 0.42 nm for the ANE model. Reason for the divergence is that the high
nonlocal effects contribute a big damping when e0a40.42 nm. The PNE model predicts similar solutions when the
divergence point is e0a 0.5 nm. Therefore, it is different from Fig. 5 that the divergence point on the ANE model occurs
before. It is similar with Fig. 5 that the imaginary part increases with the real part, which means the damping of the
propagation is enhanced with increasing nanoscale parameter. It conrms once again that the ANE model predicts more
nonlocal effects, and it implies that more damping is used in the ANE model.
4. Conclusions
Based on the nonlocal continuum elastic theory and variational principle, an analytically nonlocal EulerBernoulli
beam model for the wave propagation in a uid-lled SWCNT beam is established. Compared with the partially nonlocal
11
EulerBernoulli beam model used previously, the analytically nonlocal model suggested in the present study can predict
the effects of the stiffness enhancement and the wave propagation decaying at the high wavenumber region, while the
partially nonlocal model fails to. Furthermore, the analytically nonlocal model has much stronger nonlocal effects on the
propagation of the wave. When the uid velocity is high enough, the uid-lled SWCNT beam on the analytically nonlocal
model is less sensitive to the nonlocal effects.
Acknowledgments
The authors thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (Grant no. 50839003), the Science
Foundation of Educational Ministry of China (Grant no. 200806740005), and the National Natural Science Foundation of
Yunnan Province (Grant no. 2008GA027) for nancial supports of this research.
Appendix A. Analysis of other boundary conditions
The boundary condition terms in Eqs. (21) and (23) contain the high-order derivatives of Mx and w. Eq. (23) is usable
only when all these high-order boundary conditions in Eq. (21) are satised. The boundary conditions for simply
supported, clamped and free cases are discussed as follows.
(1) For simply supported boundary
Mx is replaced with Mef in Eq. (21), the simply supported boundary conditions are derived as
"
#
1
X
2n /2nS
e0 a M x
0, w9x 0,L 0
M ef 9x 0,L M x 2
n1
Furthermore, the simply supported case yields

"
#
1
X
/1S
2n /2n 1S
M x 2
e0 a M x
n1
(A1)
x 0,L
M /1S
9x 0,L a0,
ef
w/1S a0
(A2)
x 0,L
Moreover, all the equations become the classical beam model when e0a 0. Thus, it yields
M ef 9x 0,L EIw/2S 9x 0,L 0
(A3)
Eqs. (A1)(A3), and (23) are met in the case

/2nS
9x 0,L 0,
M ef
n 41
(A4)
Therefore, the simply supported boundary conditions are expressed as

w9x 0,L w/2S 9x 0,L w/4S 9x 0,L . . . w/2nS 9x 0,L 0
(A5)
The zero and rst order terms have the same forms for the PNE and classical models when Mx is directly replaced with
Mef, but the similar boundary conditions are unavailable. So, the approach of directly replacing Mx is inappropriate in
the boundary conditions.
(2) For clamped boundary
Similar to the simply supported case, the natural boundary conditions for the clamped ends are written as
9x 0,L a0,
M/1S
ef
M ef 9x 0,L a0,
w9x 0,L 0
w/1S 9x 0,L 0
(A6)
(A7)
From Eqs. (21)(23), we yield

9x 0,L a0
M/nS
ef
(A8)
w/nS 9x 0,L 0
(A9)
The boundary conditions of the ANE model for n0, 1, 2, 3? are stated as
9x 0,L a0,
M /1S
ef
M ef 9x 0,L a0
(A10)

12
w/nS 9x 0,L 0
(A11)
(3) For free boundary

The natural boundary conditions of the free ends are expressed as
9x 0,L 0,
M /1S
ef
Mef 9x 0,L 0,
w9x 0,L a0
w/1S 9x 0,L a0
(A12)
(A13)
From Eqs. (21)(23), we obtain

w/nS 9x 0,L 0,
n42
(A14)
The general expressions of the boundary conditions are dened as

M ef 9x 0,L 0,
M /1S
9x 0,L 0
ef
w/nS 9x 0,L 0,
n42
(A15)
(A16)
As discussed above, the zero and rst order boundary conditions for three different cases are determined by the physics
meaning of the boundary constraints. Other high-order boundary conditions are mathematically derived from the zero and
rst order conditions. Thus, the zero and rst order boundary conditions are called as the natural boundary conditions.
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Journal of Sound and Vibration

Wave propagation in uid-lled single-walled carbon nanotube on

Corresponding author. Tel./fax: 86 871 3303561.

s0ij r0 lekk r0 dij 2meij r0

1e0 a2 r rij r0ij

Substituting Eq. (3) into Eq. (4), one arrives

Y. Yang et al. / Journal of Sound and Vibration ] (]]]]) ]]]]]]

m 1 /mS /2n 1mS

Thus the strain energy in the whole SWCNT beam is

_ dw=dt. Since y is quite small, approximations of

2n3e0 a2n1 w/2n 1S dw

2n3e0 a2n1 w/2nS dw/1S

2n1e0 a2n w/2n 1S dw/2S

2ne0 a2n 1 w/2n 1S dw/3S

2n1e0 a2n 1 w/2n 1S dw/4S

2n1e0 a2n 2 w/2n 1S dw/5S

Anther form of this equation with Mx is stated as

t2n 1 Mhx2n 1i dw/2S 2e0 a4

e0 a2n 4 M x/2n 3S dw/6S   

where Mef is the effectively nonlocal bending moment, namely

2n3e0 a2n1 w/2nS

According to the variational principle, the stationary condition is written as

The solutions for Eq. (25) is assumed as

DA r2 f A2 f U 2 k2 rf Af rc Ac 3EIe0 a4 k8 EIe0 a2 k6 EIk4 rf Af U 2 k2

Y. Yang et al. / Journal of Sound and Vibration ] (]]]]) ]]]]]]

DP r2f A2f U 2 k2 rf Af rc Ac EIe0 a4 k8 e0 a2 EIk6 EIk4 rf Af U 2 k2

3. Results and discussions

Fig. 3. Real part of angular frequency via uid velocity.

Fig. 4. Imaginary part of angular frequency via uid velocity.

Fig. 6. Real part of angular frequency via e0a.

Fig. 7. Imaginary part of angular frequency via e0a.

Furthermore, the simply supported case yields

Eqs. (A1)(A3), and (23) are met in the case

Therefore, the simply supported boundary conditions are expressed as

From Eqs. (21)(23), we yield

(3) For free boundary

From Eqs. (21)(23), we obtain

The general expressions of the boundary conditions are dened as

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e0 a2n 4 M x/2n 3S dw/6S