ANSYS Fluent V2F Turbulence Model Manual

ANSYS Fluent V2F Turbulence Model Manual
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 1
2. V2F Model Theory ................................................................................................................................... 3
2.1. Transport Equations for the V2F Model .............................................................................................. 3
2.2. Modeling the Turbulent Viscosity ...................................................................................................... 4
2.3. Model Constants ............................................................................................................................... 4
3. Problem Setup Using the V2F Model ...................................................................................................... 5
3.1. Enabling the V2F Model .................................................................................................................... 5
3.2. Defining V2F Boundary Conditions .................................................................................................... 7
3.3. Providing an Initial Guess for k, , and the Velocity Variance Scale ....................................................... 8
4. Solution Strategies for the V2F Model .................................................................................................. 11
5. Postprocessing for the V2F Model ........................................................................................................ 13
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................... 15
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iii
iv
Chapter 1: Introduction
Successful modeling of the separation of fluid from a curved surface (for example, the suction side of
an airfoil) depends on the ability to correctly predict the stall angle. For such cases, eddy-viscosity turbulence models, such as the - models, are not satisfactory because they can sometimes overpredict
the turbulence kinetic energy and are not sensitive to the interaction between streamline curvature
and turbulence anisotropy. The Reynolds-stress model (RSM), on the other hand, accounts for several
turbulence features that are not well predicted by eddy-viscosity models, but is substantially more
complex and sometimes is numerically unstable.

The model (V2F), based on Durbins - - model [2] (p. 15), is an alternative to eddy-viscosity

models and the RSM. The
model is similar to the standard - model, but incorporates near-wall
turbulence anisotropy and non-local pressure-strain effects. It is a general low-Reynolds-number turbulence model that is valid all the way up to solid walls, and therefore does not need to make use of wall
functions. Although the model was originally developed for attached or mildly separated boundary
layers, it also accurately simulates flows dominated by separation.

This document describes the ANSYS Fluent model. V2F Model Theory (p. 3) provides theoretical
background information. Problem Setup Using the V2F Model (p. 5) describes how to set up a problem

using the model. Solution Strategies for the V2F Model (p. 11) describes the solution procedure

for problems involving the model, and Postprocessing for the V2F Model (p. 13) provides information about postprocessing options.
Chapter 2: V2F Model Theory

The
model is a four-equation model based on transport equations for the turbulence kinetic energy

(), its dissipation rate (), a velocity variance scale ( ), and an elliptic relaxation function ( ).
The distinguishing feature of the model is its use of the velocity scale, , instead of the turbulent
kinetic energy, , for evaluating the eddy viscosity. , which can be thought of as the velocity fluctuation
normal to the streamlines, has shown to provide the right scaling in representing the damping of turbulent transport close to the wall, a feature that does not provide.
The turbulence model theory is described in the following sections:

2.1.Transport Equations for the V2F Model
2.2. Modeling the Turbulent Viscosity
2.3. Model Constants
2.1. Transport Equations for the V2F Model

The turbulence kinetic energy, , its rate of dissipation, , the velocity variance scale, , and the elliptic
relaxation function, , are obtained from the following transport equations:

+
# = +
+ %
+ "&

#
$ ! & $
, - ,3 7()
/ 5 )
() +
()+ 2 = 3 6
+
/ +
+ 13
'
*2
.
* 4 03 * 4
A 8H

H
H
H@
;8 +
; 8 = D = ;>? ; 8
+
A + F
+C 9I
:
<D
> < E
BG < E
X
X K
K L
= NY
M VT
V
X
JX O
Q
J O
W
+ NX +
+ SU
P
RO
P
(2.1)
(2.2)
(2.3)
(2.4)
where
Z = [ _\
b
\ \à\ à \à =
] ` ] a
+
^ a ^`
(2.5)
The turbulent time scale c and length scale d are defined by
e =
f
g
h
g
(2.6)
V2F Model Theory
=

=

(2.7)
(2.8)

(2.9)
, ()*, + , , -., and /0 are constants. 1 2 and 34 are the turbulent

In the above equations, , , !, "#$, %&'
Prandtl numbers for 5 and 6. 7 8 , 9: , < ; =, and >? are user-defined source terms and @ is the kinematic
viscosity ( A B).
The variable C is the solution to the elliptic relaxation equation (Equation 2.4 (p. 3)). Here, the D E
model uses an elliptic operator to compute a term analogous to the pressure-strain correlation of the
RSM. Ellipticity is characterized by a modified Helmholtz operator, which introduces wall effects via a
linear differential equation.
2.2. Modeling the Turbulent Viscosity

The turbulent (or eddy) viscosity, G H, is defined as follows:
P
J N = KLO I M
(2.10)
2.3. Model Constants

The model constants have the following default values [1] (p. 15), [3] (p. 15):
Q=
Z] =
RW =
Z^ =
RX =
[_ =
RS U =
[` =
RS V =
RT =
Zà = Z` a +
(2.11)
b
\ Y
(2.12)
Chapter 3: Problem Setup Using the V2F Model

To include the
turbulence model in your ANSYS Fluent simulation, you need to activate the
model and options, and supply turbulent boundary conditions. These inputs are described in the following
sections:
3.1. Enabling the V2F Model
3.2. Defining V2F Boundary Conditions
3.3. Providing an Initial Guess for k, , and the Velocity Variance Scale
3.1. Enabling the V2F Model

The following is a description of the procedure for setting up a problem.
Note
This procedure includes only the steps necessary for the turbulence model itself; you
will need to set up other models, boundary conditions, etc. as usual. See the ANSYS
Fluent User's Guide for details.
1. To enable the selection of the model, enter the following Scheme command in the main menu
of the ANSYS Fluent console:
(allow-v2f-model)
2. To activate the
model, select V2F under Model in the Viscous Model dialog box (Figure 3.1: The
Viscous Model Dialog Box with the V2F Option Available (p. 6)).
Models
Viscous Edit...
Problem Setup Using the V2F Model

Figure 3.1: The Viscous Model Dialog Box with the V2F Option Available
3. Specify or confirm the Model Constants used in the
transport equations.
Cmu
is the constant in Equation 2.7 (p. 4), Equation 2.8 (p. 4), and Equation 2.10 (p. 4).
C1-Epsilon
is the constant .
C2-Epsilon
is the constant
in Equation 2.2 (p. 3).
C1
is the constant in Equation 2.4 (p. 3).
C2
Ceta
Cl
Alpha
TKE Prandtl Number
is the effective Prandtl number for transport of turbulence kinetic energy . This effective Prandtl
number defines the ratio of the momentum diffusivity to the diffusivity of turbulence kinetic energy
via turbulent transport.
Defining V2F Boundary Conditions

TDR Prandtl Number
is the effective Prandtl number for transport of turbulence dissipation rate . This effective Prandtl
number defines the ratio of the momentum diffusivity to the diffusivity of turbulence dissipation via
turbulent transport.
Important
After you have selected V2F and clicked OK, ANSYS Fluent will check to make sure that
a license is available for this module. After the module has been enabled successfully,
the item v2f will appear in the list of models in square brackets in the title bar of the
ANSYS Fluent console.
4. Specify the boundary conditions for the solution variables.

Boundary Conditions
See the section that follows ( Defining V2F Boundary Conditions (p. 7)) and the ANSYS Fluent User's
Guide for details.
5. Specify the initial guess for the solution variables.
Solution Initialization
See the ANSYS Fluent User's Guide for details.
3.2. Defining V2F Boundary Conditions

When you are modeling turbulent flows in ANSYS Fluent using the model, you must provide the
boundary conditions for , , and in addition to other mean solution variables. The boundary con-
ditions for ,
, and at the walls are internally taken care of by ANSYS Fluent, which obviates the
need for your inputs. You must supply ANSYS Fluent with boundary condition inputs for , , and
at inlet boundaries (velocity inlet, pressure inlet, etc.). In many situations, it is important to specify correct
or realistic boundary conditions at the inlets, because the inlet turbulence can significantly affect the
downstream flow.
To define inlet boundary conditions specific to the model, use the following procedure:
1. Open the appropriate boundary condition dialog box (e.g., Figure 3.2: Specifying Inlet Boundary Conditions
for the V2F Model (p. 8)).
Boundary Conditions
Problem Setup Using the V2F Model

Figure 3.2: Specifying Inlet Boundary Conditions for the V2F Model
2. Make a selection from the Specification Method drop-down list in the Turbulence group box.
If you select K, Epsilon and V2, specify values for the Turbulent Kinetic Energy, Turbulent Dissipation
Rate, and Velocity Variance Scale, as appropriate.
If you select any of the other options (e.g., Intensity and Viscosity Ratio), ANSYS Fluent will automatically set the value of

to at the inlet.
Important
Note that ANSYS Fluent automatically assumes a zero-gradient boundary condition for
the variable at inlets. You can change the value of when you initialize a solution,
but the default value of 1 is acceptable in most cases.
See Section 7.2.2 in the ANSYS Fluent User's Guide for more information about specifying the boundary
conditions for and at the inlets.
3.3. Providing an Initial Guess for k, , and the Velocity Variance Scale

For flows using the

model, the converged solutions or (for unsteady calculations) the solutions
after a sufficiently long time has elapsed should be independent of the initial values for , , and the
8
Providing an Initial Guess for k, , and the Velocity Variance Scale

velocity variance Scale
. For better convergence, it is beneficial to use a reasonable initial guess for

, , and .
In general, it is recommended that you start from a fully-developed state of turbulence, using the following guidelines.
If you were able to specify reasonable boundary conditions at the inlet, it may be a good idea to compute
the initial values for , , and in the whole domain from these boundary values. (See Section 26.15 in
the ANSYS Fluent User's Guide for details.)
For more complex flows (e.g., flows with multiple inlets with different conditions) it may be better to
specify the initial values in terms of turbulence intensity. 510% is enough to represent fully-developed
turbulence.
can then be computed from the turbulence intensity and the characteristic mean velocity
magnitude of your problem ( =

).
You should specify an initial guess for so that the resulting eddy viscosity ( ) is sufficiently
large in comparison to the molecular viscosity. In fully-developed turbulence, the turbulent viscosity
is roughly two orders of magnitude larger than the molecular viscosity. From this, you can compute

. Alternatively, you can use the approximation = , or, if you have experimental measurements,

"
you can enter a profile for ! . (See Section 7.26 in the ANSYS Fluent User's Guide for details about
boundary profiles.)
10
Chapter 4: Solution Strategies for the V2F Model

For a simulation involving the
convergence:
model, you should use the following procedure to achieve full
1. Start by converging a flow simulation using one of the - models (for example, realizable - model).
2. In the Viscous Model dialog box, change the Model to V2F.
Models
Viscous Edit...
3. Define a custom field function (for example, v2) as , where

is the turbulence kinetic energy. See
Section 11.13.1 in the ANSYS Fluent Users Guide for information about other custom field functions that
may be useful for turbulence. For more general information about custom field functions, see Section
30.5.
Define Custom Field Functions...
4. Patch a value for the velocity variance scale in all fluid zones using the field function created in the
previous step (for example, v2).
5. In the Solution Methods task page, make sure that the Velocity Variance Scale and the Elliptic Relaxation Function have the same Spatial Discretization schemes as the Turbulent Kinetic Energy and
Turbulent Dissipation Rate.
Solution Methods
6. Continue running the calculation using the model.
11
12
Chapter 5: Postprocessing for the V2F Model

ANSYS Fluent provides postprocessing options for displaying, plotting, and reporting various turbulence
quantities, which include the main solution variables and other auxiliary quantities.
Turbulence quantities that can be reported for the
model are:
Turbulent Kinetic Energy (k)

Turbulent Intensity
Turbulent Dissipation Rate (Epsilon)
Velocity Variance Scale (v2)
Elliptic Relaxation Function
Production of k
Turbulent Viscosity
Subgrid Turbulent Viscosity
Effective Viscosity
Turbulent Viscosity Ratio
Effective Thermal Conductivity
Effective Prandtl Number
Wall Ystar
Wall Yplus
13
14
Bibliography
[1] M. Behnia, S. Parneix, Y. Shabany, and P. A. Durbin. "Numerical Study of Turbulent Heat Transfer in
Confined and Unconfined Impinging Jets". International Journal of Heat and Fluid Flow. 20. 1-9.
1999.
[2] P. A.Durbin. "Separated Flow Computations with the k-epsilon-v2 Model". AIAA Journal. 33(4). 659664.
1995.
[3] S. Parneix, P. A. Durbin, and M. Behnia. "Computation of a 3D Turbulent Boundary Layer Using the V2F
Model". Flow Turbulence and Combustion. 10. 1946. 1998.
15
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U.S. Government Rights

Chapter 2: V2F Model Theory

The   turbulence model theory is described in the following sections:

2.1. Transport Equations for the V2F Model

The turbulent time scale c and length scale d are defined by

V2F Model Theory

, ()*, + , , -., and /0 are constants. 1 2 and 34 are the turbulent

2.2. Modeling the Turbulent Viscosity

2.3. Model Constants

Chapter 3: Problem Setup Using the V2F Model

3.1. Enabling the V2F Model

The following is a description of the procedure for setting up a problem.

Problem Setup Using the V2F Model

3. Specify or confirm the Model Constants used in the

Defining V2F Boundary Conditions

4. Specify the boundary conditions for the solution variables.

3.2. Defining V2F Boundary Conditions

Problem Setup Using the V2F Model

For flows using the

Providing an Initial Guess for k, , and the Velocity Variance Scale

. For better convergence, it is beneficial to use a reasonable initial guess for

Chapter 4: Solution Strategies for the V2F Model

model, you should use the following procedure to achieve full

3. Define a custom field function (for example, v2) as  , where

6. Continue running the calculation using the model.

Chapter 5: Postprocessing for the V2F Model

Turbulent Kinetic Energy (k)

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The turbulence model theory is described in the following sections:

3. Define a custom field function (for example, v2) as , where