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Approximate
solution
Direct
solutions
integration
Seperation of
Trial function
variables
Laplace
Methods
transform
Infinite series, ,
etc.
Finite
difference
Method. FDM
Finite Element Method
FEM
Boundary Element Method
1
BEM
(i)
The problem domain to be discretised point wise and the value of the field
function at any point is to be determined in terms of its value at some of the
surrounding points.
Therefore, in this method the governing differential equation (s)
is transformed into a set of simultaneous (linear or non linear)
algebraic equations, which may be solved directly or iteratively. The
FDM is difficult to use for problems with unusual types of boundary
conditions. However, the FDM is still a reliable technique for
computational fluid mechanics.
FD modeling
(ii)
dimensional problems.
2
approach.
minimum
functiona
extremum
maximum
example:
function of
stationar
(x,y)
2u 2u
0
x 2 y 2
u~ 2 u~
2
x
y
domain
i.e.
0 where
ai
i 1,2,...
for
2u 2u
2 u~ 2 u~
0 Error 2 2
x 2 y 2
x
y
W x, y Error
i
if
dxdy 0 i 1,2,...
i u~ uexact
(1) Assuming a single solution, valid for the whole domain may required
an excessive number of terms which may in turn, lead to high
rounding off errors.
(2) It is difficult to satisfy general boundary conditions.
Finite Element Method FEM:
4
Point wise
Piecewise
discretization
discretization
The bar is of one metre long and is fixed on the left. On the right it is subjected to a
force.
Consider the PDE
In 1-D case (as shown in the diagram above) with no body forces it reduces to
Thus we have
The BC on the left is
And on the right the force BC is
Since we have a BC
Minimising the potential energy (which is equivalent to the first variation or the integral
statement with your trial function substituted) gives
Example 2
The tapered rod is subjected to a constant load P.
Example 3
The bar below is subjected to a concentrated end force.
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