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Improvement of power quality by using shunt active power filter
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 INTRODUCTION
A continuous proliferation of non-linear loads is due to the intensive use of
power electronics converter-based power processing units in industries and residential
applications. The non-linear loads generate serious harmonic currents and reactive
power to the distribution and transmission System, which results in a low power
factor, leads to voltage notch and reduces the utilization of the distribution system.
Traditionally, current harmonics caused by non-linear loads have been dealt with
using passive filters consisting of capacitors, inductors and damping resistors. They
provide simple solutions but have large size and weight, they cannot provide flexible
compensation and may cause resonance problems. Nowadays, the development of
power electronics and microelectronics makes it possible to consider active power
filters, which can provide flexible current harmonic compensation and contribute to
reactive power control and load balancing.
The increasing use of power electronic based loads (adjustable Speed drives,
Switch mode power supplies, etc.) to improve system efficiency and Controllability
is increasing concern for harmonic distortion levels in end use facilities and on overall
power system. The application of passive tuned filters creates new system resonances,
which are dependent on specific system conditions. In addition, passive filters often
need to be significantly over rated to account for possible harmonic absorption from
power system. Passive filter ratings must be coordinated with reactive power
requirements of the loads and it is often difficult to design the filter to avoid leading
power factor Operation for some load conditions.
A number of low-power electronic based appliances such as TV sets, personal
computers, and adjustable speed heat pumps generate a large amount of harmonic
current in power systems even though a single low power electronicbased appliance,
in which a single-phase diode rectifier with a dc link capacitor is used as utility
interface, produces anegligible amount of harmonic current. Three-phase diode or
thyristor rectifiers and cycloconverters for industry applications also generate a large
amount of harmonic current. Voltage distortion or harmonics resulting from current
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harmonics produced by power electronic equipment has become a serious problem to

be solved in many countries.
A concept that can improve the power quality is the active power filter. This
type of filters can meet diverse load conditions. In addition to improve power factor, it
also appears to be anattractive and viable method for reducing voltage and current
harmonic distortion or other power quality problems such as flicker. The active power
filter improves the system power quality by injecting equal-but opposite currents to
compensate harmonic distortion and reactive power. Ideally, thisactive power filter
should monitor and minimize voltage and went distortion of its connected load. In the
past some active power filters were designed based on the conventional IRP theory.
However, the Instantaneous reactive powertheory-based active filter cannot
compensate the harmonicdistortion and does not function properly. In order to
improve the drawbacks of the conventional Instantaneous reactive power theory, an
instantaneous active and reactive power theory-based the control strategy of the active
power filter proposed. Also, for verifying the performance of this control strategy,
computer simulations and experiment are made. From the simulation and
experimental test results, it is found that proposed new instantaneous active and
reactive current IdIq theory-based three-phase shunt active power filter in three
phase-three wire and three phase-four wire is to be an effective device to reduce
harmonic current and THD. The objective of the electric utility is to deliver sinusoidal
voltage at fairly constant throughout the system. The objective is complicated by the
fact that there are loads on the system that produces harmonic currents.
1.2 Literature review
Various topologies of active power filters have been developed so far [1-12].
The shunt active power filter based on current controlled voltage source type PWM
converter has been proved to be effective even when the load is highly non-linear [1,
4, 11]. Most of the active filters developed are based on sensing harmonics [7, 10,11]
and reactive volt-ampere requirements of the non-linear load [1, 3, 12, 17] and require
complex control. A new scheme has been proposed in [10], in which the required
compensating current is determined by sensing load current which is further modified
by sensing line currents only [8,13].
Most of the active filters developed are based on sensing harmonics [7, 11]
and reactive volt-ampere requirements of the non-linear load. [4, 12, 17] and require
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complex control. In some active filters, both phase voltages and load currents are
transformed into the - orthogonal quantities, from which the instantaneous real and
reactive power. The compensating currents are calculated from load currents and
instantaneous powers. The harmonic components of power are calculated using high
pass filters in the calculation circuit. The control circuit of the dc capacitor voltage
regulates the average value of the voltage to the reference value [4]. Reactive power
compensation is achieved without sensing and computing the reactive current
component of the load, thus simplifying the control circuit. Current control is
achieved with constant switching frequency producing a better switching pattern. An
active filter based on the instantaneous active and reactive current component in
which current harmonics of positive and negative sequence including the fundamental
current of negative sequence can be compensated. The system therefore acts as a
harmonic and unbalanced current compensator.
A new scheme has been proposed in [9], in which the required compensating
current is generated using simple synthetic sinusoid generation technique by sensing
the load current. This scheme is further modified by sensing line currents only [8,13 ]
Conventional solutions for controller requirements were based on classical control
theory or modern control theory. Widely used classical control theory based design of
PID family controllers requires precise linear mathematical models. The PID family
of controllers failed to perform satisfactorily under parameter variation, non-linearity,
load disturbance, etc.
In this work instantaneous power theory used controlled shunt active power
filter for the harmonics and reactive power compensation of a nonlinear load are
implemented [9]. The control scheme is based on sensing line currents only; an
approach different from convention ones, which are based on sensing harmonics and
reactive volt-ampere requirements of the nonlinear load. The three-phase
currents/voltages are detected using only two current/voltage sensors. The DC
capacitor voltage is regulated to estimate the reference current template. The role of
the DC capacitor is described to estimate the reference current. A design criterion is
described for the selection of power circuit components. The control scheme and
shunt active filter active filter performance is investigated in MATLAB/ simulation
program.
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1.3 Thesis overview

The body of this thesis consists of the following seven chapters including first
chapter:
In Chapter 2, a description of the power quality and classification of power

quality and briefly explained about Solutions to Power Quality Problems
Chapter 3, gives explanation about harmonics and how harmonics are

produced, the effects and negative consequences of harmonics and finally the
harmonics reduction techniques was explained.
chapter 4 gives explanation about shunt active power filter, principle of

operation and control strategy for shunt active filter in three-phase, three-wire
system
Chapter 5 gives explanation about shunt active power filter control

strategy,Active Filter dc Voltage Regulator, dynamic hysteresis-band current
controller in three phase- four wire systems.
Chapter 6 gives simulation results with and without shunt active power filter
for three phase-three wire systems and three phase-four wire systems
The conclusions of the thesis and recommendations for future work are
summarized in Chapter 7.
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CHAPTER 2
POWER QUALITY
2.1 Introduction
Power quality, or more specifically, a power quality disturbance, is generally
defined as any change in power (voltage, current, or frequency) that interferes with
the normal operation of electrical equipment. The study of power quality, and ways to
control it, is a concern for electric utilities, large industrial companies, businesses, and
even home users. The study has intensified as equipment has become increasingly
sensitive to even minute changes in the power supply voltage, current, and frequency.
Unfortunately, different terminology has been used to describe many of the existing
power disturbances, which creates confusion and makes it more difficult to effectively
discuss, study, and make changes to todays power quality problems. The Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) has attempted to address this problem by
developing a standard that includes definitions of power disturbances. The standard
(IEEE Standard 1159 1995, "IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electrical
Power Quality") describes many power quality problems, of which this paper will
discuss the most common.
Commercial ac power appears as a smooth, symmetrical sine wave, varying at
either 50 cycles every second (Hertz Hz). The sinusoidal wave shape, voltage
changes from a positive value to a negative value, 50 times per second. When this
flowing wave shape changes size, shape, symmetry, frequency, or develops notches,
impulses, ringing, or drops to zero (however briefly), there is a power disturbance. As
stated, there has been some ambiguity throughout the electrical industry and
businesses community in the use of terminology to describe various power
disturbances. For example, the term surge is seen by one sector of the industry to
mean a momentary increase in voltage as would be typically caused by a large load
being switched off. On the other hand, usage of the term surge can also be seen as a
transient voltage lasting from microseconds to only a few milliseconds with very high
peak values. These latter are usually associated with lightning strikes and switching
events creating sparks or arcing between contacts. A communication mistake can have
expensive consequences, which includes downtime, or even equipment damage. The
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term power quality has come into the vocabulary of many industrial and commercial
electricity end-users in recent years.
2.2 Classification of Power Quality:

This IEEE defined power quality disturbances shown in this paper have been
organized into seven categories based on wave shape:
Transients.
Interruptions.
Sag / under voltage.
Swell / Overvoltage.
Waveform distortion.
Voltage fluctuations.
Frequency variations.
2.2.1 Transients:
Potentially the most damaging type of power disturbance, transients fall into
two subcategories
1. Impulsive
2. Oscillatory
Impulsive transients are sudden high peak events that raise the voltage and/or
current levels in either a positive or a negative direction. Causes of impulsive
transients include lightning, poor grounding, the switching of inductive loads, utility
fault clearing, and ESD (Electrostatic Discharge). The results can range from the loss
(or corruption) of data, to physical damage of equipment. Of these causes, lightning is
probably the most damaging. The change in voltage levels i.e., Overvoltage occurs
when the nominal voltage rises above 110% of normal voltage for more than one
minute where as in case of under voltage the nominal voltage drops below 90% for
more than 1 minute.
An oscillatory transient is a sudden change in the steady-state condition of a
signal's voltage, current, or both, at both the positive and negative signal limits,
oscillating at the natural system frequency. In simple terms, the transient causes the
power signal to alternately swell and then shrink, very rapidly. Oscillatory transients
usually decay to zero within a cycle (a decaying oscillation). These transients occur
when you turn off an inductive or capacitive load, such as a motor or capacitor bank
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or sudden application of load on the system running under normal condition

oscillatory transient results because the load resists the change. Transients degrade the
contacting surfaces of switches, disconnect, and circuit breakers.
2.2.2 Interruptions:
An interruption is defined as the complete loss of supply voltage or load
current. Depending on its duration, an interruption is categorized as instantaneous,
momentary, temporary, or sustained.
Types of Interruptions are
Instantaneous 0.5 to 30 cycles.
Momentary 30 cycles to 2 seconds.
Temporary 2 seconds to 2 minutes.
Sustained greater than 2 minutes.
Solutions to help against interruptions vary, both in effectiveness and cost.

The first effort should go into eliminating or reducing the likelihood of potential
problems. Good design and maintenance of utility systems are, of course, essential.
This also applies to the industrial customer's system design, which is often as
extensive and vulnerable as the utility system.
2.2.3 Sag:
Sag is a reduction of AC voltage at a given frequency for the duration of 0.5
cycles to 1 minutes time. Sags are usually caused by system faults, and are also often
the result of switching on loads with heavy start-up currents. Some of the same
techniques that were used to address interruptions can be utilized to address voltage
sags: UPS equipment, motor generators, and system design techniques. However,
sometimes the damage being caused by sags is not apparent until the results are seen
over time.
Under voltages are the results of long-term problems that create sags. The
term brownout has been commonly used to describe this problem, and has been
super ceded by the term under voltage. Under-voltages can create overheating in
motors, and can lead to the failure of nonlinear loads such as computer power
supplies. The solution for sags also applies to under-voltages. More importantly, if an
under voltage remains constant, it may be a sign of a serious equipment fault,
configuration problem, or that the utility supply needs to be addressed.
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2.2.4 Swell / Overvoltage:

A swell is the reverse form of sag, having an increase in AC voltage for
duration of 0.5 cycles to 1 minutes time. For swells, high-impedance neutral
connections, sudden (especially large) load reductions, and a single-phase fault on a
three-phase system are common sources. The result can be data errors, flickering of
lights, degradation of electrical contacts, semiconductor damage in electronics, and
insulation degradation. Power line conditioners, UPS systems, and Ferro resonant
"control" transformers are common solutions.
Over voltages can be the result of long-term problems that create swells. An
overvoltage can be thought of as an extended swell. Over voltages are also common
in areas where supply transformer tap settings are set incorrectly and loads have been
reduced.
2.2.5 Waveform Distortion:
There are five primary types of waveform distortion:
a. DC offset
b. Harmonics
c. Inter harmonics
d. Notching
e. Noise
a) DC offset:
Direct current (dc) can be induced into an ac distribution system, often due to
failure of rectifiers within the many ac to dc conversion technologies that have
proliferated modern equipment. DC can traverse the ac power system and add
unwanted current to devices already operating at their rated level. When a transformer
saturates, it not only gets hot, but also is unable to deliver full power to the load, and
the subsequent waveform distortion can create further instability.
b) Harmonics:
Harmonic distortion is the corruption of the fundamental sine wave at
frequencies that are multiples of the fundamental. Symptoms of harmonic problems
include overheated transformers, neutral conductors, and other electrical distribution
equipment, as well as the tripping of circuit breakers and loss of synchronization on
timing circuits that are dependent upon a clean sine wave trigger at the zero crossover
point.
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Harmonic distortion has been a significant problem with IT equipment in the

past, due to the nature of switch-mode power supplies (SMPS). These non-linear
loads, and many other capacitive designs, instead of drawing current over each full
half cycle, sip power at each positive and negative peak of the voltage wave. The
return current, because it is only short-term, (approximately 1/3 of a cycle) combines
on the neutral with all other returns from SMPS using each of the three phases in the
typical distribution system. Instead of subtracting, the pulsed neutral currents add
together, creating very high neutral currents, at a theoretical maximum of 1.732 times
the maximum phase current.
An overloaded neutral can lead to extremely high voltages on the legs of the
distribution power, leading to heavy damage to attached equipment. At the same time,
the load for these multiple SMPS is drawn at the very peaks of each voltage halfcycle, which has often led to transformer saturation and consequent overheating.
Other loads contributing to this problem are variable speed motor drives, lighting
ballasts and large legacy UPS systems. Methods used to mitigate this problem have
included over-sizing the neutral conductors, installing K-rated transformers, and
harmonic filters.
Spurred on by the remarkable expansion of the IT industry over the last
decade, power supply design for IT equipment has been upgraded via international
standards. One major change compensates for electrical infrastructure stresses caused,
in the recent past, by large clusters of IT equipment power supplies contributing to
excessive harmonic currents within a facility. Many new IT equipment power supplies
have been designed with power-factor corrected power supplies operating as linear,
non-harmonic loads. These power supplies do not produce the waste current of
harmonics.
c) Interharmonics:
Interharmonics are a type of waveform distortion that are usually the result of
a signal imposed on the supply voltage by electrical equipment such as static
frequency converters, induction motors and arcing devices. Cycloconverters (which
control large linear motors used in rolling mill, cement, and mining equipment),
create some of the most significant interharmonic supply power problems. These
devices transform the supply voltage into an AC voltage of a frequency lower or
higher than that of the supply frequency.
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The most noticeable effect of interharmonics are Visual flickering of displays

and incandescent lights, Overloading passive parallel filters for high order harmonics,
Acoustic disturbance, Saturation of current transformers as well as causing possible
heat and communication interference. Interference with control and protection signals
in power supply lines. This is the main harmful effect of interharmonics. Solutions to
interharmonics include filters, UPS systems, and line conditioners.
d) Notching:
Notching is a periodic voltage disturbance caused by electronic devices, such
as variable speed drives, light dimmers and arc welders under normal operation. This
problem could be described as a transient impulse problem, but because the notches
are periodic over each cycle, notching is considered a waveform distortion
problem. The usual consequences of notching are system halts, data loss, and data
transmission problems.
One solution to notching is to move the load away from the equipment causing
the problem (if possible). UPSs and filter equipment are also viable solutions to
notching if equipment cannot be relocated.
e) Noise:
Noise is unwanted voltage or current superimposed on the power system
voltage or current waveform. Noise can be generated by power electronic devices,
control circuits, arc welders, switching power supplies, radio transmitters and so on.
Poorly grounded sites make the system more susceptible to noise. Noise can cause
technical equipment problems such as data errors, equipment malfunction, long term
component failure, hard disk failure, and distorted video displays.
There are many different approaches to controlling noise and sometimes it is
necessary to use several different techniques together to achieve the required result.
Some methods are:
Isolate the load via a UPS.
Install a grounded, shielded isolation transformer.
Relocate the load away from the interference source.
Install noise filters.
Cable shielding
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2.2.6 Voltage Fluctuations:

Since voltage fluctuations are fundamentally different from the rest of the
waveform anomalies, they are placed in their own category. A Voltage fluctuation is a
systematic variation of the voltage waveform or a series of random voltage changes,
of small dimensions, namely 95 to 105% of nominal at a low frequency, generally
below 25 Hz.
Any load exhibiting significant current variations can cause voltage
fluctuations. Arc furnaces are the most common cause of voltage fluctuation on the
transmission and distribution system. One symptom of this problem is flickering of
incandescent lamps. Removing the offending load, relocating the sensitive equipment,
or installing power line conditioning or UPS devices, are methods to resolve this
problem.
2.2.7 Frequency Variations:
Frequency variation is extremely rare in stable utility power systems,
especially systems interconnected via a power grid. Where sites have dedicated
standby generators or poor power infrastructure, frequency variation is more common
especially if the generator is heavily loaded. IT equipment is frequency tolerant, and
generally not affected by minor shifts in local generator frequency. What would be
affected would be any motor device or sensitive device that relies on steady regular
cycling of power over time.
Frequency variations may cause a motor to run faster or slower to match the
frequency of the input power. This would cause the motor to run inefficiently and/or
lead to added heat and degradation of the motor through increased motor speed and/or
additional current draw. To correct this problem, all generated power sources and
other power sources causing the frequency variation should be assessed, then
repaired, corrected, or replaced.
2.3 Solutions to Power Quality Problems:

There are two approaches to the mitigation of power quality problems. The
solution to the power quality can be done from customer side or from utility side. First
approach is called load conditioning, which ensures that the equipment is less
sensitive to power disturbances, allowing the operation even under significant voltage
distortion. The other solution is to install line conditioning systems that suppress or
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counteracts the power system disturbances. A flexible and versatile solution to voltage
quality problems is offered by active power filters.
Currently Active Filters are based on PWM converters and connect to low and
medium voltage distribution system in shunt or in series. Series active power filters
must operate in conjunction with shunt passive filters in order to compensate load
current harmonics. Shunt active power filters operate as a controllable current source
and series active power filters operates as a controllable voltage source. Both schemes
are implemented preferable with voltage source PWM inverters, with a dc bus having
a reactive element such as a capacitor. Active power filters can perform one or more
of the functions required to compensate power systems and improving power quality.
Their performance also depends on the power rating and the speed of response.
Solutions will play a major role in improving the inherent supply quality some
of the effective and economic measures can be identified as following.
a) Lightening and Surge Arresters:
Arresters are designed for lightening protection of transformers, but are not
sufficiently voltage limiting for protecting sensitive electronic control circuits from
voltage surges.
b) Thyristor Based Static Switches:
The static switch is a versatile device for switching a new element into the
circuit when the voltage support is needed. It has a dynamic response time of about
one cycle. To correct quickly for voltage spikes, sags or interruptions, the static
switch can used to switch one or more of devices such as capacitor, filter, alternate
power line, energy storage systems etc. The static switch can be used in the alternate
power line applications. This scheme requires two independent power lines from the
utility or could be from utility and localized power generation like those in case of
distributed generating systems. Such a scheme can protect up to about 85 % of
interruptions and voltage sags.
c) Energy Storage Systems:
Storage systems can be used to protect sensitive production equipment from
shutdowns caused by voltage sags or momentary interruptions. These are usually DC
storage systems such as UPS, batteries, superconducting magnet energy storage
(SMES), storage capacitors or even fly wheels driving DC generators [6]. The output
of these devices can be supplied to the system through an inverter on a momentary
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basis by a fast acting electronic switch. Enough energy is fed to the system to
compensate for the energy that would be lost by the voltage sag or interruption. In
case of utility supply backed by a localized generation this can be even better
accomplished.
d) Electronic tap changing transformer:
A voltage-regulating transformer with an electronic load tap changer can be
used with a single line from the utility. It can regulate the voltage drops up to 50%
and requires a stiff system (short circuit power to load ratio of 10:1 or better). It can
have the provision of coarse or smooth steps intended for occasional voltage
variations.
e) Harmonic Filters:
Filters are used in some instances to effectively reduce or eliminate certain
harmonics. If possible, it is always preferable to use a 12-pluse or higher transformer
connection, rather than a filter. Tuned harmonic filters should be used with caution
and avoided when possible. Usually, multiple filters are needed, each tuned to a
separate harmonic. Each filter causes a parallel resonance as well as a series
resonance, and each filter slightly changes the resonances of other filters.
f) Constant-Voltage Transformers:
For many power quality studies, it is possible to greatly improve the sag and
momentary interruption tolerance of a facility by protecting control circuits. Constant
voltage transformer (CVTs) can be used on control circuits to provide constant
voltage with three cycle ride through, or relays and ac contactors can be provided with
electronic coil hold-in devices to prevent mis-operation from either low or interrupted
voltage.
g) Digital-Electronic and Intelligent Controllers for Load-Frequency Control:
Frequency of the supply power is one of the major determinants of power
quality, which affects the equipment performance very drastically. Even the major
system components such as Turbine life and interconnected-grid control are directly
affected by power frequency. Load frequency controller used specifically for
governing power frequency under varying loads must be fast enough to make
adjustments against any deviation.
In countries like India and other countries of developing world, still use the
controllers which are based either or mechanical or electrical devices with inherent
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dead time and delays and at times also suffer from ageing and associated effects. In
future perspective, such controllers can be replaced by their Digital-electronic
counterparts.
2.4 Use of Custom Power Devices to Improve Power Quality:

In order to overcome the problems such as the ones mentioned above, the
concept of custom power devices is introduced recently custom power is a strategy,
which is designed primarily to meet the requirements of industrial and commercial
customer. The concept of custom power is to use power electronic or static controllers
in the medium voltage distribution system aiming to supply reliable and high quality
power to sensitive users. Power electronic valves are the basis of those custom power
devices such as the static transfer switch, active filters and converter-based devices.
Converter based power electronics devices can be divided in to two groups.
They are Shunt-connected and Series-connected devices. The shunt connected
devices is known as the DSTATCOM and the series device is known as the Static
Series Compensator (SSC), commercially known as DVR. It has also been reported in
literature that both the SSC and DSTATCOM have been used to mitigate the majority
the power system disturbances such as voltage dips, sags, flicker unbalance and
harmonics.
For lower voltage sags, the load voltage magnitude can be corrected by
injecting only reactive power into the system. However, for higher voltage sags,
injection of active power, in addition to reactive power, is essential to correct the
voltage magnitude. Both DVR and DSTATCOM are capable of generating or
absorbing reactive power but the active power injection of the device must be
provided by an external energy source or energy storage system. The response time of
both DVR and DSTATCOM is very short and is limited by the power electronics
devices. The expected response time is about 25 ms, and which is much less than
some of the traditional methods of voltage correction such as tap - changing
transformer
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CHAPTER 3
HARMONICS
3.1 INTRODUCTION
A harmonic is a component of a periodic wave having a frequency that is an
integral multiple of the fundamental power line frequency of 60 Hz. Harmonics are
the multiple of the fundamental frequency. Total harmonic distortion is the
contribution of all the harmonic frequency currents to the fundamental.
3.2 HOW HARMONICS ARE PRODUCED
Harmonics are the by-products of modern electronics. They occur frequently
whenthere are large numbers of personal computers (single phase loads),
uninterruptiblepower supplies (UPSs), variable frequency drives (AC and DC) or any
electronicdevice using solid state power switching supplies to convert incoming AC
to DC.Non-linear loads create harmonics by drawing current in abrupt short pulses,
ratherthan in a smooth sinusoidal manner (see Fig.3.1).
Fig.3.1 Differences between Linear and Non-Linear Loads

The terms linear and non-linear define the relationship of current to the
voltagewaveform. A linear relationship exists between the voltage and current, which
istypical of an across-the-line load. A non-linear load has a discontinuous current
relationship that does not correspond to the applied voltage waveform.
The characteristic harmonics are based on the number of rectifiers (pulse number)
used in a circuit and can be determined by the following equation,
h = (n x p) 1
where: n = an integer (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 )
p = number of pulses or rectifiers

For example, using a 6 pulse rectifier, the characteristic harmonics will be:
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h = (1 x 6) 1
5th &7th harmonics
h = (2 x 6) 1
11th &13th harmonics
h = (3 x 6) 1
17th &19th harmonics
3.2.1 How Variable Frequency Drives Cause Harmonics

All variable frequency drives cause harmonics because of the nature of the
frontendrectifier design. Fig3.2 illustrates the typical 6-pulse rectifier. This is the
standardpower circuit elementary configuration for most pulse width modulated
variablefrequency drives with Diode Bridge rectifiers sold in the marketplace today.
Fig.3.2 Typical Six-Pulse Front End Converter for AC Drive

Some
manufacturers
offer
horsepowerconfigurations,
that
an
alternative
incorporates
design,
the
particularly
advantages
of
in
a
large
12-pulse
configuration. The12-pulse configuration still creates harmonics to some degree by

eliminating the 5th and 7th harmonics and extending the primary characteristic
harmonics up to the 11th and 13th. Capacitors charge by drawing current
instantaneously and charging to a rated voltagepotential. Fig3.3 shows the relationship
of voltage and current with respectto time for a typical capacitor from the moment
power is applied.
Fig.3.3 Capacitor Voltage and Current Relationships

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After one half cycles, the DC bus capacitors are charged to the peak of the AC voltage
Sine wave. The connected motor draws current from the DC bus (high DC voltage) to supply
power to the load requirements.
Three-phase harmonics occur when incoming AC voltage is rectified by the

three phase full wave diode bridge, which charges the capacitor banks in the DC bus.
The conversion from AC to DC is used to charge the capacitors to a rated potential.
As the motor draws the voltage from the DC bus supply, the potential on the
capacitors is less than the incoming line voltage. Before reaching a lower regulated
limit, the DC bus capacitors recharge again in the next half cycle of the voltage sine
wave to the peak. This process is repeated twice in each peak of the sine wave from
the process of continuously charging and discharging of the DC bus capacitors. The
capacitors draw a pulse of current (non-linear load) only during the first and second
Half peak of the voltage sine wave.
Fig.3.4 Non-Linear Load and Power Supply Modelling

The degree and magnitude of the harmonics created by the variable frequency
drive is a function of the drive design and the interrelationship of the non-linear load
with the connected distribution system impedance. The power source line impedance
ahead of the controller will determine the magnitude and amplitude of harmonic
currents and voltages reflected back into the distribution system. Fig3.4 illustrates this
relationship.
The distorted current reflected through the distribution impedance causes a
voltagedrop or harmonic voltage distortion. This relationship is proportional to the
distribution system available fault current and to the industrial distribution system
impedance design.
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3.2.1.1 High fault current (stiff system)

Distribution system impedance and distortion is low
Harmonic current draw is high
3.2.1.2 Low fault current (soft system)
Distribution system impedance and distortion is high
Harmonic current draw is low
3.3Effects and Negative Consequences
The effects of three-phase harmonics on circuits are similar to the effects of stress
and high blood pressure on the human body. High levels of stress or harmonic
distortion can lead to problems for the utility's distribution system, plant distribution
system and any other equipment serviced by that distribution system. Effects can
range from spurious operation of equipment to a shutdown of important plant
equipment, such as machines or assembly lines. Harmonics can lead to power system
inefficiency. Some of the negative ways that harmonics may affect plant equipment
are listed below:
Conductor Overheating: a function of the square rms current per unit
volume of the conductor. Harmonic currents on undersized conductors or
cables can cause a skin effect, which increases with frequency and is similar
to a centrifugal force.
Capacitors: can be affected by heat rise increases due to power loss and
reduced life on the capacitors. If a capacitor is tuned to one of the
characteristic harmonics such as the 5th or 7th, overvoltage and resonance can
cause dielectric failure or rupture the capacitor.
Fuses and Circuit Breakers: harmonics can cause false or spurious
operations and trips, damaging or blowing components for no apparent reason.
Transformers: have increased iron and copper losses or eddy currents due to
stray flux losses. This causes excessive overheating in the transformer
windings. Typically, the uses of appropriate K factor rated units are
recommended for non-linear loads.
Generators: have similar problems to transformers. Sizing and coordination is
critical to the operation of the voltage regulator and controls. Excessive
harmonic voltage distortion will cause multiple zero crossings of the current
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waveform. Multiple zero crossings affect the timing of the voltage regulator,
causing interference and operation instability.
Utility Meters: may record measurements incorrectly, resulting in higher
billings to consumers.
Drives/Power Supplies: can be affected by misoperation due to multiple zero
crossings. Harmonics can cause failure of the commutation circuits, found in
DC drives and AC drives with silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs).
Computers/Telephones: may experience interference or failures
3.4 IEEE 519-1992 GUIDELINES

IEEE 519-1981, IEEE Guide for Harmonic Control and Reactive
Compensationof Static Power Converters, originally established levels of voltage
distortion acceptable to the distribution system for individual non-linear loads. With
the risingincrease usage of industrial non-linear loads, such as variable frequency
drives, itbecame necessary to revise the standard.
The IEEE working groups of the Power Engineering Society and the Industrial
Applications Society prepared recommended guidelines for power quality that
theutility must supply and the industrial user can inject back onto the power
distribution system. The revised standard was issued on April 12, 1993 and titled
IEEERecommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical
Power Systems.
Table I
Current Distortion Limits for General Distribution Systems (120 V through 69 kV)
Maximum Harmonic Current Distortion in % of IL Individual Harmonic
Order (Odd Harmonics)[1,2]
Isc/IL
<11
11<h<17
17<h<23
23<h<35
23<h<35
TDD
<20[3]
4.0
2.0
1.5
.6
.3
5.0
20 < 50
7.0
3.5
2.5
1.0
.5
8.0
50 <100
10.0
4.5
4.0
1.5
.7
12.0
100<1000 12.0
5.5
5.0
2.0
1.0
15.0
7.0
6.0
2.5
1.4
20.0
>1000
15.0
Page 19
The revisions to IEEE 519-1992 establish recommended guidelines for

harmonic voltages on the utility distribution system as well as harmonic currents
within the industrial distribution system. According to the standard, the industrial
system is responsible for controlling the harmonic currents created in the industrial
workplace. Since harmonic currents
reflected through distribution system
impedancesgenerate harmonic voltages on the utility distribution systems, the

standard proposesguidelines based on industrial distribution system design. Table I
from IEEE519-1992 defines levels of harmonic currents that an industrial user can
inject ontothe utility distribution system.
[1]
Even harmonics are limited to 25% of the odd harmonic limits above.
[2]
Current distortions that result in a DC offset, e.g., half-wave converters, are

not allowed.
[3]
All power generation equipment is limited to these values of current distortion,

regardless of actual ISC/IL, where ISC = maximum short circuit current at
PCC and IL = maximum demand load current (fundamental frequency
component) at PCC.
[4]
High voltage systems can have up to 2.0% THD where the cause is an HVDC
terminal that will attenuate by the time it is tapped for a user.
Table II of IEEE 519-1992 defines the voltage distortion limits that can be
reflectedback onto the utility distribution system. Usually if the industrial user
controls the overall combined current distortion according to Table I, this will help
them meet the limitations set forth in the guidelines.
Table II
Voltage Distortion Limits
Bus Voltage at PCC
Individual Voltage
Total Harmonic Voltage
Distortion (%)
Distortion THD (%)[4]
69 kV and below
3.0
5.0
69.0001 kV through 161 kV
1.5
2.5
161.001 kV and above
1.0
1.5
Page 20
Some important concepts and terms associated with a harmonic analysis involve PCC,
TDD and THD. The Point of Common Coupling (PCC) is the location of the
harmonic voltage and current distortion to be calculated or measured. PCC can be
measured or calculated on the primary or secondary of a utility transformer or atthe
service entrance of the facility. In some cases, PCC can be measured or
calculatedbetween the non-linear loads and other loads of an industrial plant. Total
DemandDistortion (TDD) is the percentage of total harmonic current distortion
calculated or measured at PCC. Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is the total
harmonic voltage distortion calculated or measured at PCC.
3.5 EVALUATING SYSTEM HARMONICS

In order to prevent or correct harmonic problems that could occur within an
industrialfacility, an evaluation of system harmonics should be performed if the
facility conditions meet one or more of the criteria below.
The application of capacitor banks in systems where 20% or more of the load
includes other harmonic generating equipment.
The facility has a history of harmonic related problems, including excessive
capacitor fuse operation.
During the design stage of a facility composed of capacitor banks and
harmonic generating equipment.
In facilities where restrictive power company requirements limit the harmonic
injection back into their system to very small magnitudes.
Plant expansions that add significant harmonic generating equipment
operating in conjunction with capacitor banks.
When coordinating and planning to add an emergency standby generator as an
alternate power source in an industrial facility.
Often, the vendor or supplier of non-linear load equipment, such as variable
frequencydrives, can evaluate the effects that the equipment may have on the
distributionsystem. This usually involves details related to the distribution system
design and impedances, similar to performing a short circuit study evaluation.
Page 21
3.6 HARMONICS REDUCING TECHNIQUES

3.6.1 Power System Design
There are many ways to reduce harmonics, ranging from variable frequency
drive designs to the addition of auxiliary equipment. The primary methods used today
to reduce harmonics are:
Harmonics can be reduced by limiting the non-linear load to 30% of the maximum
transformers capacity. However, with power factor correction capacitors installed,
resonating conditions can occur that could potentially limit the percentage of nonlinear loads to 15% of the transformers capacity. Use the following equation to
determine if a resonant condition on the distribution could occur:
Where
= resonant frequency as a multiple of the fundamental frequency
KVASC = short circuit current at the point of study
KVArc = capacitor rating at the system voltage
If hr equals or is closed to a characteristic harmonic, such as the 5th or 7th,there is a
possibility that a resonant condition could occur.
3.6.2 12-pulse converter front end:
In this configuration, the front end of the bridge rectifier circuit uses twelve diodes
instead of six. The advantages are the elimination of the 5th and 7th harmonics to a
higher order where the 11th and 13th become the predominate harmonics. This will
minimize the magnitude of harmonics, but will not eliminate them. The disadvantages
are cost and construction, which also requires either a Delta-Delta and Delta-Wye
transformer, Zigzag transformer or an autotransformer to accomplish the 30 degree
phase shifting necessary for proper operation. This configuration also affects the
overall drive system efficiency rating because of the voltage drop associated with the
transformer configuration requirement. Fig.3.5 illustrates the typical elementary
diagram for a 12-pulse converter front end.
Page 22
Fig.3.5 Typical Twelve-Pulse Front End Converter for AC Drive

1. Delta-Delta and Delta-Wye Transformers: This configuration uses two
separate utility feed transformers with equal non-linear loads. This shifts the
phase relationship to various six-pulse converters through cancellation
techniques, similar to the twelve-pulse configuration
2. Isolation Transformers: An isolation transformer provides a good solution in
many cases. The advantage is the potential to voltage match by stepping up
or stepping down the system voltage, and by providing a neutral ground
reference for nuisance ground faults. This is the best solution when utilizing
AC or DC drives that use SCRs as bridge rectifiers.
3. Line Reactors: More commonly used for size and cost, the line reactor is the
best solution for harmonic reduction when compared to an isolation
transformer. AC drives that use diode bridge rectifier front ends are best suited
for line reactors. Line reactors (commonly referred to as inductors) are
available in standard impedance ranges from 1.5%, 3%, 5% and 7.5%.
4. Harmonic Trap Filters:
Passive filters
Active power filters
3.7 PASSIVE FILTERS
Passive filters have been most commonly used to limit the flow of harmonic
currents in distribution systems they are usually custom designed for the application.
However, their performance is limited to a few harmonics and they can introduce
resonance in the power system.
Page 23
The passive filters use reactive storage components, namely capacitors and
inductors. Among the more commonly used passive filters are the shunt LC filters and
the shunt low pass LC filters. Passive filters are two types
3.7.1
Series passive filter
series passive filter is connected in series with the load

This filter is tuned to provide a high impedance at a selected harmonic
frequency then blocks the flow of harmonic currents at the tuned frequency
only
At fundamental frequency, the filter would be designed to yield a low
impedance
Disadvantages
Series components must be rated for the full current
Such a requirement leads to larger component sizes and therefore Costs high
Series filter may cause resonance with supply impedance
3.7.2
Shunt passive filter
They are connected in parallel with nonlinear loads

It is to provide low-impedance paths for specific harmonic frequencies, thus
resulting in absorbing the dominant harmonic currents flowing out of the load
it is also use for power-factor correction of inductive loads
these passive filters on a per-phase base only
They have some advantages such as simplicity, reliability, efficiency and cost. Among
the main disadvantages are the resonances introduced into the ac supply; the filter
effectiveness, which is a function of overall system configuration; and the tuning and
possible detuning issues. These drawbacks are overcome with the use of active power
filters.
3.8Active Power Filters
Active power filters are basically of two types i.e. shunt active power filter and series
active power filters.
3.8.1 Shunt Active Filter
The shunt active power filter, with a self-controlled dc bus, has a topology
similar to that of a static compensator (STATCOM) used for reactive power
compensation in power transmission systems. Shunt active power filters compensate
load current harmonics by injecting equal but opposite harmonic compensating
Page 24
current. In this case the shunt active power filter operates as a current source injecting
the harmonic components generated by the load but phase shifted by 180O.
3.8.2 Series Active Power Filters
Series active power filters were introduced by the end of the 1980s and
operate mainly as a voltage regulator and as a harmonic isolator between the
nonlinear load and the utility system. The series connected filter protects the
consumer from an inadequate supply voltage quality. This type of approach is
especially recommended for compensation of voltage unbalances and voltage sags
from the ac supply and for low power applications and represents economically
attractive alternatives to UPS, since no energy storage (battery) is necessary and the
overall rating of the components is smaller. The series active filter injects a voltage
component in series with the supply voltage and therefore can be regarded as a
controlled voltage source, compensating voltage sags and swells on the load side
3.8.3 Series-Shunt Active Filters
As the name suggests, the series-shunt active filter is a combination of series
active filter and shunt active filter. The shunt-active filter is located at the load side
and can be used to compensate for the load harmonics. On the other hand, the series
portion is at the source side and can act as a harmonic blocking filter. This topology is
called as Unified Power Quality Conditioner. The series portion compensates for
supply voltage harmonics and voltage unbalances, acts as a harmonic blocking filter
and damps power system oscillations. The shunt portion compensates load current
harmonics, reactive power and load current unbalances.
In this project we are using shunt active filter to Improve power quality
Page 25
CHAPTER 4
SHUNTACTIVE FILTER FOR THREE PHASE THREE WIRE
SYSTEMS
4.1 INTRUDUCTION
The concept of shunt active filtering was first introduced by Gyugyi and
Strycula in 1976. Nowadays, a shunt active filter is not a dream but a reality, and
many shunt active filters are in commercial operation all over the world. Their
controllers determine in real time the compensating current reference, and force a
power converter to synthesize it accurately. In this way, the active filtering can be
selective and adaptive. In other words, a shunt active filter can compensate only for
the harmonic current of a selected nonlinear load, and can continuously track changes
in its harmonic content.
4.2 SHUNT ACTIVE FILTER

Harmonic currents are generated mainly due to the presence of:
1. Nonlinear loads
2. Harmonic voltages in the power system
Fig.4.1 summarizes the basic concept of shunt active filtering. A nonlinear load
draws a fundamental current component
power system. The harmonic current
age
and a harmonic current
, from the
, is induced by the source harmonic volt-
. A shunt active filter can compensate both harmonic currents
and
however, the principal function of a shunt active filter is compensation of the load
harmonic current
,this means that the active filter confines the load harmonic
current at the load terminals, hindering its penetration into the power system. For
simplicity, the power system is represented only by an equivalent impedance XLin
Fig.4.1. If the load harmonic current
, flows through the power system, it produces
an additional harmonic voltage drop equal to

load terminal voltage
, that further degenerates the
The principle of shunt current compensation shown in Fig.4.1 is very effective in

compensating harmonic currents of loads. However, a shunt active filter that realizes
this principle of shunt current compensation should also draw an additional harmonic
current
, in order to keep the load terminal voltage sinusoidal and equal to
.=
Page 26
*I LF .The harmonic voltage drop appearing across the equivalent impedance

becomes equal to the source harmonic voltage if
. In this case, the
harmonic voltage components cancel each other, so that the terminal voltage
,is kept
sinusoidal.
If the system impedance
is low, the harmonic current
that should be drawn
by the shunt active filter can be very high. This can strongly increase the power rating
of the shunt active filter, making it impractical. Therefore, if the power system has a
high short-circuit capacity, which is the same as saying that it has a low equivalent
impedance
, or if it has an already significant level of voltage distortion, the active
filtering of current
should be left for other filter configurations. For instance, an
interesting solution is to install a series active filter at the load terminals for direct
compensation of the harmonic voltage
drain the harmonic current
, instead of the use of a shunt active filter to
from the power system. Note that the principle of
series voltage compensation is the complement shunt current compensation. In other

words, if the series active filter generates a compensating voltage equal to
forces the harmonic current
, it
to become zero. On the otherhand, as mentioned
above, if the shunt active filter draws a compensating current equal to -
, it confmes
the load harmonic current at the load terminals, hindering its penetration into the
power system.
The shunt active filter can be properly controlled to present a selective compensation characteristic. In other words, it is possible to select what current is to be
compensated. That is, it can compensate the source current
rent
and/or the load cur-
, or even an arbitrarily chosen set of harmonic components of them. Most
applications of shunt active filters are intended to compensate for the load current
harmonics produced by a specific load.
Another compensation function that a shunt active filter can realize is to provide
harmonic damping in power lines, in order to avoid harmonic propagation resulting
from harmonic resonances between the series inductances and shunt capacitors. Note
that this is not a case of direct compensation of voltage harmonics like
in Fig. 4.1,
but rather a mitigation of voltage harmonics because of harmonic damping. The

following sections will present several configurations of shunt active filters to provide
load current compensation as well as harmonic damping.
Page 27
Shunt active filters generally consist of two distinct main blocks:

1.
The PWM converter (power processing)
2.
The active filter controller (signal processing)
The PWM converter is responsible for power processing in synthesizing the

compensating current that should be drawn from the power system. The active filter
controller is responsible for signal processing in determining in real time the instantaneous compensating current references, which are continuously passed to the PWM
converter. Fig 4.2 shows the basic configuration of a shunt active filter for harmonic
current compensation of a specific load. It consists of a voltage-fed converter with a
PWM current controller and an active filter controller that realizes an almost
instantaneous control algorithm. The shunt active filter controller works in a closedloop manner, continuously sensing the load current
, and calculating the
instantaneous values of the compensating current reference
,for the PWM con-
verter. In an ideal case, the PWM converter may be considered as a linear power
amplifier, where the compensating current
tracks correctly its reference
Fig.4.1 Principle of shunt current compensation

The PWM converter should have a high switching frequency (
reproduce accurately the compensating currents. Normally,
) in order to
>10
where
represents the frequency of the highest order of harmonic current that is to be

compensated. In Fig4.2, the dc capacitor and the IGBT (insulated gate bipolar
transistor) with antiparallel diode are used to indicate a shunt active filter that is
built up from a voltage-source converter (VCS). In fact, voltage-source converters or
current-source converters can be used in shunt active filters. Nowadays, almost all
Page 28
shunt active filters in commercial operation use voltage-source converters. Voltagesource converter (VSC) and voltage-fed converter are synonymous. However, this
converter is commonly referred to as the VSC. Similarly, CSC will be used to refer to
current-source converters. Regardless if it is based on a VSC or a CSC, the PWM
control must have a minor current feedback loop to force the power converter to
behave as a controlled, non sinusoidal current source.
Is
IL
Ic
=
AC
Non linear
load
IC
IL
L
PWM
CONTROL
Ic*
ACTIVE
FILTER
CONTROL
Fig.4.2 Basic configuration of a shunt active filter

4.2.1 PWM Converters for Shunt Active Filters
Fig.4.3 shows three-phase power converters for implementing shunt active
filters. Fig.4.3 (a) is a voltage-source converter (VSC) and Fig.4.3 (b) is a currentsource converter (CSC). The associated PWM current controllers of each converter
have different designs. However, both PWM controllers have the same functionality,
to force the converter to behave as a controlled current source. It should be noted that
no power supply, only an energy storage element (capacitor for the VSC and inductor
for the CSC) is connected at the dc side of the converters. The reason is that the
principle function of a shunt active filter is to behave as a compensator. In other
words, the average energy exchanged between the active filter and the power system
should be zero. In addition, the active filter controller should be designed to keep
Page 29
constant the average dc voltage of the VSC, or the average dc current of the CSC,
and it should force the power system to supply the losses in the power converter.PWM converters generate undesirable current harmonics around the switching
frequency and itsfiltered out by using small, passive high pass filters. Ideally, the
switching-frequency current harmonics are fully cut out, and the compensating
currents
,correctly track its references
(k = a, b, c).
+
S1
S3
S5
iCa
iCb
iCc
S4
S6
S2
C
INVERTER
ifa
ifb
i*Ca
i*Cb
PWM
CURRENT
CONTROLLER
ifc
i*Cc
(a)
+
S1
S3
S5
iCa
iCb
iCc
R
S4
S6
S2
C
INVERTER
ifa
ifb
PWM
CURRENT
CONTROLLER
ifc
i*Ca
i*Cb
i*Cc
(b)
Fig.4.3 (a).Voltage-source converter shunt active filter(b).Current -source converter
shunt active filter.
Sometimes, it is convenient to implement three-phase active filters using three single-
Page 30
phase converters instead of a single three-phase converter. However, in order to

compensate for the three-phase instantaneous reactive power (imaginary power in the
p-q Theory) without the need for energy storage elements, a single dc capacitance in
the case of using a VSC, or a single dc inductance in the case of using a CSC, should
be employed with the three single-phase converters connected in parallel to it.
A comparison between the performance of VSCs and CSCs when we used
as the power converters of shunt active filters One may prefer the CSC due to its
robustness, or the VSC due to its high efficiency, low initial cost, and smaller physical
size. Moreover, the IGBT module that is nowavailable on the market is more suitable
for the voltage-source PWM converter because a free-wheeling diode is connected in
antiparallel with each IGBT. This means that the IGBT does not need to provide the
capability of reverse voltage blocking in itself, thus bringing more flexibility to device
design in a compromise between conducting and switching losses and short-circuit
capability than the reverse-blocking IGBT. On the other hand, the current-source
PWM converter requires either series connection of a traditional IGBT and a reverseblocking diode, or the reverse-blocking IGBT that leads to more complicated device
design and fabrication, and slightly worse device characteristics than the traditional
IGBT without reverse-blocking capability. In fact, almost all active filters that have
been put into practical applications have adopted the voltage-source PWM converter
equipped with the dc capacitor as the power circuit.
4.3 ACTIVE FILTER CONTROLLERS
The control algorithm implemented in the controller of the shunt active filter
determines the compensation characteristics of the shunt active filter. There are many
ways to design a control algorithm for active filtering. Certainly, the p-q Theory
forms a very efficient basis for designing active filter controllers. Some control
strategies for active filters based on p-q theory is presented below
The general principles of shunt current compensation described in Chapter
4.2 are the guidelines for explaining the following design methods of active filter
controllers. The controller design is particularly difficult if the shunt active filter is applied in power systems in which the supply voltage itself has been already distorted
and/or unbalanced. The general expressions of the p-q Theory show that it is impossible to compensate the load current and force the compensated source current to
satisfy simultaneously the following three "optimal" compensation characteristics if
Page 31
the power system contains voltage harmonics and/or imbalances at the fundamental
frequency.
1. Draw a constant instantaneous active power from the source
2. Draw a sinusoidal current from the source
Draw the minimum rms value of the source current that transports the same energy to
the load with minimum losses along the transmission line. This means that the source
has current waveforms proportional to the corresponding voltageUnder three-phase
sinusoidal balanced voltages, it is possible to satisfy simultaneously the three optimal
compensation characteristics given above. Under non sinusoidal and/or unbalanced
system voltages, the shunt active filter can compensate load currents to guarantee
only one optimal compensation characteristic. Therefore, a choice must be made
before designing the controller of a shunt active filter. This is the reason to derive
three different control strategies:
1.
Constant instantaneous power control strategy
2.
Sinusoidal current control strategy
3.
Generalized Fryze current control strategy
The first control strategy guarantees that only this portion of power is drawn
from the source. According to the p-q Theory, to draw constant instantaneous active
power from the source means that the shunt active filter must compensate for the
oscillating real power . Additionally, the rms value of the compensated current is
minimized by the compensation of the total imaginary power q=
of the load.
There is no zero-sequence power because a three-phase, three-wire system is being

considered. If the system voltage contains harmonics and/or imbalance at the fundamental frequency, the compensated current cannot be sinusoidal to guarantee constant real power that is drawn from the source.
The second control strategy is applied if the shunt active filter must
compensate the load current to guarantee balanced, sinusoidal current drawn from the
power system. Additionally, the active filter is compensating reactive power so that
the compensated current is in phase with the fundamental positive-sequence component of the voltage. However, this current does not produce constant real power as
long as the system voltage is non-sinusoidal and unbalanced.
Page 32
Therefore, the portions of oscillating real and imaginary power are drawn
from the power system, accompanied by increased ohmic losses in the transmission
system, because the source current does not have the minimum rms value that
transfers the same energy, represented by , as the original load current.
The generalized Fryze current method minimizes the compensated current,
and gives the minimum rms value of current that can transfer the same amount of
energy as the uncompensated current. Hence, this minimum rms current produces
minimum ohmic losses in the transmission line.Although it cannot guarantee any
sinusoidal compensated current or constant instantaneous active power drawn from
the power system. This control strategy makes the compensated line current
proportional to the corresponding phase voltage, that is, they have the same
waveform and behave like a "pure resistive" load,
These currents contain harmonics, which may not be a problem, but the
instantaneous real power contains oscillating components. Oscillating components in
three-phase active power may be accompanied by mechanical vibration in electric
machines.
From the above analysis, we can see that harmonic compensation can have different functionalities. The solution may be different if the objective is to:
1. Eliminate real power oscillations
2. Improve power factor
3. Eliminate current harmonics
4. Provide harmonic damping
For load-current compensation, one principal task of the control method is to determine "instantaneously" the current harmonics from the distorted load current,
whereas voltage harmonics should be detected for harmonic damping.
A special controller should be designed for a three-phase, four-wire active
filter. In this case, the active filter deals not only with the real and imaginary power,
but also with the zero-sequence power of the load
4.4 THREE-PHASE, THREE-WIRE SHUNT ACTIVE FILTERS
A particular characteristic of three-phase, three-wire systems is the absence of the
neutral conductor and, consequently, the absence of zero-sequence current compoPage 33
nents. Thus, the zero-sequence power is always zero in these systems.
iLa
iSa
iSb
iLb
iSc
Vc
Vb
iLc
Va
iCa iCb
POWER SYSTEM
iCc
NON LINEAR LOAD
Va Vb Vc
S1
iLa
iLb
INSTANTANEOUS
POWER
CALCULATION
DC VOLTAGE
REGULATOR
S5
S3
Vdc
iLc
S4
q
Ploss(DC)
COMPENSATING
Pc
CURRENT
POWER
REFEERENCE
SELECTIONS
CALCULATION
qc
S6
S2
R
C
INVERTER
i*Ca
i*Cb
i*Cc
PWM
CURRENT
CONTROL
ifc
ifb
ifa
Fig.4.5. The three-phase, three-wire shunt active filter

Fig.4.5 shows the most important parts of a three-phase, three-wire shunt active filter for current compensation. The control block that calculates the
instantaneous power takes as inputs the phase-voltages at the point of common
coupling (PCC) and the line currents of the nonlinear load that should be
compensated.
This
means
that
the
shunt
active
filter
has
selective
compensationCharacteristic. In other words, it behaves as an open circuit for harmonic

currents generated by other adjacent nonlinear loads.
The shunt active filter for load-current compensation, as shown in Fig.4.5, is
one of the most common active filters. The shunt active filter can also provide
harmonic damping throughout the power line to avoid "harmonic propagation"
resulting from harmonic resonance between the series inductance of the power system
and shunt capacitors for power-factor correction. Later, this shunt active filter for
harmonic damping will be described.
The active filter controller consists of four functional control blocks:
1.
Instantaneous-power calculation
2.
Power-compensating selection
3.
dc-voltage regulator
4.
Current reference calculation
Page 34
The first block calculates the instantaneous powers of the nonlinear load. According
to the p-q Theory, only the real and imaginary powers exist, because the zerosequence power is always zero.
The second block determines the behavior of the shunt active filter. In other
words, it selects the parts of the real and imaginary powers of the nonlinear load that
should be compensated by the shunt active filter. Additionally, the dc voltage
regulator determines an extra amount of real power,represented by
in Fig. 4.5
that causes an additional flow of energy to (from) the dc capacitor in order to keep
its voltage around a fixed reference value. This real power
compensating real power
power
is added to the
which, together with the compensating imaginary
, are passed to the current-reference calculation block. It determines the
instantaneous compensating current references from the compensating powers and

voltages. The control block structure differs slightly from the three control strategies
mentioned in Section 4.3.
The power circuit of the shunt active filter consists of a three-phase voltagesource converter made up of IGBTs and antiparallel diodes. The PWM current control
forces the VSC to behave as a controlled current source. In order to avoid high di/dt,
the coupling of a VSC to the power system must be made through a series inductor,
commonly known as a commutation inductor or a coupling inductor. In some
cases, the leakage inductance of a normal power transformer is enough to provide
limitation, so that the series inductor can be eliminated. In this case, the small passive
filter, represented by R and C in Fig.4.5, for filtering the current ripples around the
switching frequency should be installed at the primary side of the transformer.
4.4.1. Active Filters for Constant Power Compensation
The constant power compensation control strategy for a shunt active filter was the
first strategy developed based on the p-q Theory, and was introduced by Akagi in
1983. The real and imaginary power, in order to draw a constant instantaneous power
from the source, the shunt active filter should be installed as close as possible to the
nonlinear load, and should compensate the oscillating real power of this load. Note
that a three-phase system without neutral wire is being considered and, therefore, the
zero-sequence power is zero. Hence, the shunt active filter should supply the
oscillating portion of the instantaneous active current of the load, that is,
Page 35
Oscillating portion of the instantaneous active current on the axis
(- )
Oscillating portion of the instantaneous active current on the axis
(- )
The reason for adding a minus sign to the real power in the above equations is to
match them with the current directions adopted in Fig.4.5. The load and the active
filter currents have positive values when flowing into the load and into the
activefilter, that is, the "load current convention" is adopted. If the shunt active
filter draws a current that produces exactly (- of the load, the power system would
supply only the constant portion of the real power of the load. In order to compensate (- ), which implies an oscillating flow of energy, the dc capacitor of the PWM
converter must be made large enough to behave as an energy storage element, so as
not to experience large voltage variations. Remember that if the dc voltage gets lower
than the amplitude of the ac voltage, this kind of PWM converter (a boost type
converter) loses its controllability.
If desired, the shunt active filter can optimize further the compensated
currentsby also filtering the portion of load current that produce imaginary power. In
this case, it should also compensate the instantaneous reactive currents
Instantaneous reactive current on the axis
and
(-q)
Instantaneous reactive current on the axis
(-q)
Note that the total imaginary power (-q) is being compensated. The reason for the minus
sign is the same as explained for the real oscillating power compensation. Contrarily to
compensation of (- ), compensation of the total imaginary power (-q) does not require
any energy storage elements.
Page 36
Fig.4.6 Optimal power flow provided by a shunt current compensation

If the shunt active filter compensates the oscillating real and imaginary power of the
load, it guarantees that only a constant real power , (average real power of the load) is
drawn from the power system. Therefore, the constant instantaneous power control
strategy provides optimal compensation from a power flow point of view, even under
non-sinusoidal or unbalanced system voltages. Figure 4.6 illustrates the idea in terms
of " wires" and the p-q Theory
As mentioned before, a dc voltage regulator should be added to the control
strategy in a real implementation, as shown in Fig.4.5 In fact, a small amount of average real power (
), must be drawn continuously from the power system to supply
switching and ohmic losses in the PWM converter. Otherwise, this energy would be
supplied by the dc capacitor, which would discharge continuously. The power
converter of the shunt active filter is a boost-type converter. This means that the dc
voltage must be kept higher than the peak value of the ac- bus voltage, in order to
guarantee the controllability of the PWM current control
Fig.4.6 suggests that the real power of the nonlinear load should be continuously measured, and somehow "instantaneously" separated into its average ( ) and
oscillating ( ) parts. In a real implementation, the separation of , and from p is
realized through a low-pass filter. The low-pass filter andits cutoff frequency must be
selected carefully as to the inherent dynamics that lead to compensation errors during
transients. Unfortunately, the unavoidable time delay introduced by the low-pass
filter may degenerate the entire performance of the shunt active filter during
transients. In practice, a fifth-order Butterworth low-pass filter with a cutoff frequency
between 20 and 100 Hz has been used successfully to separate from p. In a digital
Page 37
implementation, a moving-average filter is also a very simple and effective solution.

The oscillating real power is determined by the difference, that is,
. A lower
cutoff frequency in the low-pass filter may be required, depending on the spectral
components included in that is to be compensated.
4.5 PRAPOSED CONTROL STRATEGY
4.5.1 The p-q theory in Three-Phase, Three-Wire System
This concept is very popular and, basically consists of a variable
transformation from a,b, c, reference frame of the instantaneous power, voltage, and
current signals to the, reference frame. The transformation equations from thea, b,
c, reference frame to the , ,0 coordinates can be derived from the phasor diagram
shown in Fig.4.7.
Fig.4.7 Transformation from the phase reference system (a, b, c) to , , 0 system

The instantaneous values of voltages and currents in the , coordinates can
be obtained from the following equations, the Clarke transformation and inverse
Clarke transformation of three phase generic voltage given by,
[ ]=
[
[
Similarly three phase generic instantaneous line currents
can be transform on
the axis by
[ ]=
[ ]
[
Page 38
This transformation is valid if and only if
(t)+ (t)+ (t) is equal to zero,
and also if the voltages are balanced and sinusoidal. The instantaneous active and
reactive power in the coordinates are calculated with the followingexpressions
The instantaneous complex power is possible using the instantaneous
vectors of voltage and current. The instantaneous complex power is defined as the
product of the voltage V and the conjugate of the current vector i*, given in the form
of complex numbers
S=V* i* = (v+jv)*( i-ji) = (v i+ v i)+ j(v i+ v i)
(4.0)
From this active and reactive power components are

For systems that do not have a neutral connection, the zero sequence does not exist
and the mathematical equation will be presented in matrix form
[
]=
][ ]
[ ]=
][ ]
And
From this active and reactive power components are

(4.1)
The active and reactive powers in matrix form is given below

[ ]
][ ]
(4.2)
Active and reactive power can be separated into two parts which are AC part and DC
part as shown in below
p=
q=
(4.3)
In order to get the DC part of the active and reactive power, the signals need to be
filtered using low pass filter. The low-pass filter will remove the high frequency
component and give the fundamental part.
Where
Page 39
is Dc component of the instantaneous power p, and is related to the conventional

fundamental active current.
is the ac component of the instantaneous power p, it does not have average value,
and is related to the harmonic currents caused by the ac component of the
instantaneous real power.
is the dc component of the imaginary instantaneous power q, and is related to the
reactive power generated by the fundamental components of voltages and currents.
is the ac component of the instantaneous imaginary power q, and it is related to the
harmonic currents caused by the ac component of instantaneous reactive power
In order to compensate reactive power and current harmonics generated by nonlinear loads, the reference signal of the shunt active power filter must include the
values of , and . In this case the reference currents required by the shunt active
power filters are calculated with the following expression:
[
][
(4.4)
The final compensating currents components in a, b, c reference frame in terms of

given as
[
]=
][
(4.5)
These are the compensation current injected by the shunt active filter to reduce
harmonics in three phase-three wire systems.
Page 40
CHAPTER 5
ACTIVE FILTERS FOR THREE-PHASE, FOUR-WIRE
SYSTEMS
5.1 INTRUDUCTION
Three-phase, four-wire shunt active power filters have been realized using four-leg
converters. Alternatively, an attractive solution that still uses a conventional three-leg
converter is presented in this project.
Fig.5.1 shows two possible converter topologies that can be used as the power
circuit of a three-phase, four-wire shunt active power filter. The fundamental
difference between Fig.5.1 (a) and Fig.5.1 (b) is the number of power semiconductor
devices. A three-leg conventional converter is used in Fig.5.1 (a) and the ac neutral
wire is directly connected to the electrical midpoint of the dc bus. In Fig.5.1 (b), the ac
neutral wire connection is provided through the fourth switch leg.
Other configurations of converters can be employed for realizing three-phase,
four-wire shunt active filters. An interesting configuration using a zig-zag
autotransformer for coupling the active filter to the network. This can greatly reduce
the kVA rating of the PWM converter. However, additional costs arise from the
special transformer. Moreover, this approachcompensates only for zero-sequence
currents, whereas the configurations given Fig.5.1 can compensate not only for the
neutral current, but also for the harmonics from positive and negative-sequence
components.
The four-leg converter topology shown in Fig.5.1 (b) has better
controllability than the split-capacitor converter topology shown in Fig.5.1
(a).However, the conventional three-leg converter is preferred here because of its
lower number of power semiconductor devices.
There are some problems related to the dc capacitor voltages to be solved in
thesplit-capacitor converter topology. This converter topology allows currents to
flow through one of the dc capacitors (C1 or C2) and to return to the ac neutral wire,
causing voltage deviation between the dc capacitors. Once this voltage deviation is
controlled, the split-capacitor converter topology can become an attractive solution
Page 41
to be generally applied in n-wire systems since it uses a (n - 1) leg PWM converter.

For example, a 2-leg converter could be used in a three-phase system, where two
phases are connected to the converter legs and the third one is connected to the
midpoint of the dc bus.
+
S1
S5
S3
iCa
iCb
C1
iCc
C2
S4
S6
S2
C
Ic0
INVERTER
ifa
ifb
i*Ca
i*Cb
PWM
CURRENT
CONTROLLER
ifc
i*Cc
(a)
S1
S3
S5
S7
L
iCa
iCb
iCc
R
C
S4
S6
S2
iCo
S8
INVERTER
ifa
ifb
ifc
if0
PWM
CURRENT
CONTROLLER
i*Ca
i*Cb
i*Cc
i*C0
(b)
Fig.5.1. Three-phase four-wire PWM converters (a) Three-leg converter: "split-capacitor" converter topology. (b) Four-leg converter: "four-leg" converter topology.
5.2 DYNAMIC HYSTERESIS-BAND CURRENT CONTROLLER

Hysteresis-based current control is a common PWM (pulse width modulation)
control used in voltage-fed converters to force these converters to behave as
controlled ac current source to the power system. A particular problem arises when
controlling the split-capacitor converter topology with a hysteresis-based PWM
Page 42
current control. If the current references
(k = a, b, c) are assumed to be from zero-
sequence quantities, the converter currents
(k = a, b, c) will return through the
neutral wire. This forces, in the split-capacitor converter topology, the current of
each phase to flow either through C1 or through C2 and to return through the ac
neutral wire. Fig.5.2 shows a typical behaviour of converter current when controlled
by a hysteresis-based PWM control.
The currents can flow in both directions through the switches and capacitors.
Table III summarizes the conditions that cause voltage deviations in the capacitors C1
and C2 for a zero-sequence current in the split-capacitor converter topology.
Fig.5.2. Hysteresis-band PWM current control

When
> 0,
rises and
decreases, but not with equal amplitudes
because the positive and negative values of
are different, and depend on the
instantaneous values of the ac phase voltages. The inverse occurs when
< 0. The dc
voltage variations depend also on the shape of the current reference and the hysteresis
bandwidth. Therefore, the total dc voltage, as well as the voltage difference (
) will oscillate not only at the switching frequency but also at the corresponding
frequency of
that is being generated by the converter.
In Fig.5.2, the phase current

is higher and
causes voltage variations such that the voltage
lower at the end of the period. In other words, the positive current
integral through the switch
is greater than the negative current integral through
and the contrary happens with the current through the switch . If a dynamic offset
Page 43
level is added to both limits of the hysteresis band, it is possible to control the capacitor
voltage difference and to keep it within an acceptable tolerance margin. In the Fig. 5.2,
a negative offset would counteract the above voltage variation that tends to charge
and discharge
.
Table III
Variation conditions for capacitor voltages
and
> 0, and
<0
increase the voltage in C1
< 0, and
<0
decrease the voltage in C1
< 0, and
>0
increase the voltage in C2
> 0, and
>0
decrease the voltage in C2
Therefore, a dynamic offset ( ) should be created from the measurement of

the dc capacitor voltages
and
. A scheme for generating the signal s is
presented.
If this signal
is added to both hysteresis-band limits, a new dynamic
hysteresis current control that provides dc voltage equalization in the "splitcapacitor" converter topology is given by
Upper hysteresis-band limit =
lower hysteresis-band limit =
Where
+
-
(5.1)
(k = a, b, c) are the instantaneous current references provided by an active
filter controller and
is a fixed half hysteresis band. Thus, the signal
(-1
shifts the hysteresis-band limits around the current references, but does not alter the
total hysteresis band (equal to 2 ), to change the switching times such that
0 rises
and lowers
0 rises
and lowers
(5.2)
In the next section, a very simple control circuit is proposed for generating the
Page 44
dynamic offset signal . Additionally, another signal to provide total dc bus voltage
regulation (
) should be provided, as it was in the previous sections on
three-phase, three-wire active filters by the addition of the signal (
), in the active
filter controller.
5.3 Active Filter dc Voltage Regulator
The voltages in dc capacitors C1 and C2 of Fig.5.1 may be controlled by a dc
voltage regulator. In this case, both signals
and are generated in this dc volt-
age regulator, as presented in Fig.5.3.
Fig.5.3.DC voltage regulator for the "split-capacitor" topology of Fig.5.1

The filtered voltage difference
produces
according to the fol-
lowing limit function generator:

= -1
=
-0.05
-0.05
=1
Where
0.05
(5.3)
0.05
a predefined dc bus voltage reference, and 5% is
was arbitrarily
chosen as an acceptable tolerance margin of voltage variation.

The signal
is used in the active filter controller as an average real power. It
is included in the current reference calculation to force the PWM converter to absorb
(deliver) energy from (to) the ac network. If the sum of
the predefined dc bus voltage reference
is smaller than
, the PWM converter should absorb

Page 45
energy from the ac network to charge the dc capacitors. The inverse occurs if (
)>
. The gains in the PI controller of Fig.5.3 have to be adjusted to provide
an adequate dynamic to neutralize the dc bus voltage variations.

The slower feedback loop provided by
,is also useful for correcting
voltage variations due to compensation errors that may occur during the transient
response of the shunt active filter. Therefore, the signal
is very important for pro-
viding energy balance inside the active filter.

5.4 Optimal Power Flow Conditions
The load powers of the load that can be compensated in terms of the
variables are and
= + It is important to remember that storage elements
are necessary in the active filter if and
are being compensated. If this optimal
compensation is done, only the constant power of the load will be supplied by
the source. For instance, if a three-phase balanced voltage source is considered, that is,
if it comprises only the fundamental positive-sequence voltage
, only the portion of
the fundamental positive-sequence load current that is in phase with the voltage can
produce , without generating
We can conclude that
associated oscillating power
never produces a constant power
without an
Therefore, if an active filter is used for
compensating , it has to compensate the total power
= + because it is im-
possible to produce separately from .The average zero-sequence power exists

only in unbalanced systems and, like the real power
, represents a one-way (not bi-
directional) energy flow delivered to the load. Therefore, the active filterneeds a
power source for supplying the energy related to whenever it compensates
. To
overcome this need for the power supply in the active filter, a new principle of
compensation is proposed to allow the use of dc capacitors (energy storage elements)
instead of dc sources.
The basic idea consists in keeping the three-phase average active power of the
shunt active filter equal to zero if the active filter is ideal. In a real implementation,
switching and conducting losses exist in the power converter that forces the signal
to be nonzero at steady state. Neglecting the losses allows the active filter to
compensate
of the load without the need for an energy source at the dc side of
the active filter. Although the energy storage element is still necessary, the threePage 46
phase average active power of the shunt active filter should be zero
(5.4)
In a real implementation, the energy balance inside the active filter can be met
if the active filter takes an average real power , from the ac source,
= +
Where
(5.5)
is used to compensate for the losses in the active filter. These losses are
represented by the signal
from the dc voltage regulator (Fig.5.3). The additional
portion of real power, equivalent to the power that the shunt active filter is
delivering to the load, provides energy balance inside the active filter, when it is
Fig.5.4 Optimal power flow related to the
reference frame.
Compensating the zero-sequence current of the load. Hence, the zero-sequence power
that the active filter supplies to the load can be taken as a balanced real power ,
from the source. Note that it is always possible to generate or draw constant real power
without generating oscillating power ( = 0), even under non-sinusoidal conditions.
The above ideas are illustrated in Fig.5.4. It shows a power flow diagram in
a circuit in which the a, b, c phases were replaced by their equivalent wires."
The active filter compensates all undesirable powers of the load,and balances the
energy to maintain the dc capacitor voltage around its reference value.
The active filter provides optimal power conditions to the source, even under
non-sinusoidal conditions. Fig.5.4 shows that the active filter takes real powerfrom
the "
wires," represented by
, and supplies
to the load through the "0

Page 47
wire." In other words, it receives an average positive-sequence power from the

source, and supplies an average zero-sequence power to the load. Note that it would
also receive a negative-sequence power through
, if the source voltage were not
balanced.
Here is the control algorithm presented for realizing the constant instantaneous power
control strategy for three-phase, four-wire shunt active filters
iLa
iSa
Va
iSb
Vb
iLb
iSc
iLc
Vc
iS0
iCa iCb
POWER SYSTEM
iCc
iC0
NON LINEAR LOAD
S3
S1
Vdc1
DC VOLTAGE
REGULATOR
C2
Vdc2
Ploss(dc)
iLa
iLb
S4
S6
S2
R
C
INVERTER
ACTIVE
FILTER
CONTROLLER
i*Ca
i*Cb
i*Cc
iLc
S5
C1
DYNAMIC
PWM
CURRENT
CONTROL
ifc
ifb
ifa
Va Vb Vc
Fig.5.5 Athree-phase, four-wire shunt active filter using a three-leg conventional

converter
Fig.5.5 shows a three-phase, four-wire shunt active filter implemented with the "splitcapacitor" converter topology. The active filter controller realizes the constant
instantaneous power control strategy or the sinusoidal current control strategy, and
additionally compensates the load neutral current. Ideally,
neutral current to the source
and the
is zero, regardless the implemented control strategy.
5.5 Constant Instantaneous Power Control Strategy

Fig.5.6 presents the functional control block diagram for three-phase, four-wire
shunt active filter that realizes the constant instantaneous power control strategy. The
inputs to the control system are the phase voltages and the line currents of the load.
Unfortunately, the phase voltages cannot be used directly in the control because of
instability problems. It was verified that resonance at a relatively high frequency may
appear between the source impedance and the small high-pass filter (RC branch circuit) of
Fig.5.5, if the measured phase voltages are directly used in the active filter controller.
Page 48
Therefore, low-pass filters were used with a relatively high cutoff frequency (800 Hz) to
attenuate the harmonics in the phase voltages that contribute to the resonant effects at
frequencies higher than 800 Hz. In a real implementation, these low-pass filters may be
eliminated, depending on system parameters such as a switching frequency of the PWM
converter and a frequency response of the electronic circuit for voltage measurement
Fig.5.6 Control block diagram of the shunt active filter controller that realizes the
constant instantaneous power control strategy.
The
transformation and power calculation" block in Fig.5.6 realizes the following
equations
]=
[
[
]
and
[ ]=
[ ]
[
The active and reactive powers in matrix are

[
]=[
][ ]
A high-pass filter with a cutoff frequency of 50 Hz separates the power from p, and a lowpass filter separates, from
. The powers and
of the load, together with q, should be

Page 49
compensated to provide optimal power flow to the source. Thus, the
current references
are found to be
[
][
Where
= +
provide energy balance inside the active filter.
Finally, the "
inverse transformation" block of Fig.5.5 calculates the in-
stantaneous current references for the dynamic-hysteresis current control of the voltage
source converter.[
]=
With this approach, the active filter supplies the whole

voltage is present, the zero-sequence power
current
to the load. If no zero- sequence
is zero. In this case, the zero-sequence
of the load is completely compensated without the need for energy balance inside
the active filter, since
=0.
The above compensation principle that provides constant source instantaneous

power is an extended version of the original control strategy proposed by Akagi. The control
method does not use any rms value calculation, although it uses a low and a high-pass filter to
separate the powers , and , which influence the dynamic response of the active filter. It
should be noted that the controller for three-phase three-wire systems can be treated as
a simplification of Fig.5.6, just considering
= 0 and the elimination of signal .
Page 50
CHAPTER 6
SIMULATION RESULTS
6.1 THREE PHASE SYSTEM FEEDING A NON-LINEAR LOAD
The Below figure shows the line model of Three phase THREE WIRE system
feeding Non-Linear load without shunt active power filter.
Fig.6.1Three Phase- three wire System Feeding a Non-linear Load without Shunt
Active Power Filter.
6.1.1 NON LINEAR LOAD MODEL
.
Fig.6.2 Three Phase balanced Non-linear Load model
Page 51
6.1.2 OUTPUT WAVE FORMS WITHOUT SHUNT ACTIVE

FILTER FOR THREE PHASE BALANCED LOAD
Three Phase Line Voltage
400
Voltage(V)
200
-200
-400
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
Time(sec)
(a)
Current waveform for phase A
10
8
6
Current(A)
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10
0.1
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
Time(sec)
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.2
(b)
Fig.6.3 Waveform of (a) Three Phase voltage and (b) Line Current without shunt
active filter for phase A
When the nonlinear load consists of an uncontrolled three-phase rectifier with
an inductance of 30 mH and a 60 resistor connected in series on the dc side shows in
Fig.6.1. The line and load current wave forms as shown above. The magnitude of
the distorted line current for phase -A is 10.26A and Total Harmonic Distortion of
the Phase load current is29.26%
Page 52
6.2THD ANALYSIS: For Balanced Nonlinear Load
Fig.6.4 FFT Analysis for Phase-A Line Current without APF
6.2.1 OUTPUT WAVE FORMS: with shunt active filter
Three Phase-Three wire System Feeding a Non-Linear Load with Shunt

Active Power Filter
Fig.6.5 A Three Phase System Feeding a Non-linear Load with Shunt Active Power
Filter.
The power circuit is a three-phase system supplied by a sinusoidal balanced
three-phase 415V source with a source inductance of 1 mH and a source resistance of
0.1 . The inverter consists of an Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) bridge.
On the dc side, 1500F capacitor is connected
Page 53
6.2.2 IMPLEMENTATION OF FILTER CONTROL ALGORITHM IN

SIMULINK
Fig.6.6 Implementation of Filter Control Algorithm in Simulink

6.2.3 HYSTERESIS CONTROLLER FOR PULSE GENERATION:
Fig.6.7 Hysteresis Controller for Pulse Generation
Page 54
6.2.4 OUTPUT WAVE FORMS: with shunt active filter

Three Phase Line Voltage
400
Voltage(V)
200
-200
-400
0.1
0.12
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.2
Time(sec)
(a)
Line Current waveform for pahse A
10
Current(A)
-5
-10
0.1
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
Time(sec)
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.2
(b)
Active filter current waveform
6
4
Current(A)
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0.1
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
Time(sec)
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.2
(c)
Fig.6.8 Waveform of (a) Three Phase Line Voltage (b) line Current for phase A
(c) harmonic current with shunt active filter for phase A
Page 55
6.3 FFT ANALYSIS:for Phase-A Line Current with shunt active filter
Fig.6.9 FFT Analysis for Phase-A Line Currentwith shunt active filter
When we connect a nonlinear balanced load to the system the line and load
current wave forms after compensation i.e after connecting shunt active filter as
shown above. The magnitude of the line current for phase -A is 10.32A
and Total
Harmonic Distortion of the Phase line current is 3.80%

6.4 OUTPUT WAVE FORMS WITH AND WITHOUT SHUNT ACTIVE
FILTER FOR THREE PHASE UNBALANCED LOAD
In this case, the three-phase load is built with three single phase uncontrolled
rectifiers with inductors and resistors connected in series at the dc side with the
values of a, b and c phase are 80 ,3mH and 70, 300mH and 30,30mH.
Three Phase Load Current
20
Current(A)
10
-10
-20
0.1
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
Time(sec)
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.2
Fig.6.10 Wave forms of Three Phase Line Current without shunt active filter
Page 56
Three Phase Line Currents

20
Current(A)
10
-10
-20
0.1
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.2
Time(sec)
(a)
Harmonic Currents
10
Current(A)
-5
-10
0.1
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
Time(sec)
0.15
0.16
0.17
(b)
Fig.6.11 Waveform of (a) Three Phase Line Current with shunt active filter and (b)
harmonic current with shunt active filter
6.4.1 THD ANALYSIS: For Unbalanced Nonlinear Load without active filter
(a)
(b)
Page 57
(c)
Fig.6.12 FFT Analysis for (a) Phase-A Line Current (b) for Phase-B Line Current
(c) for Phase-C Line Currentwithout shunt active filter
6.4.2 THD ANALYSIS:For Unbalanced Nonlinear Load with active filter
(a)
(b)
(c)
(c) for Phase-C Line Current with active filterwith shunt active filter
When we connect a nonlinear unbalanced load to the system, before
compensation i.e without active filter the line and load current magnitudes of the
Page 58
phase A, phase B, phase C are 9.19A,12,93A,23.2A and Total Harmonic Distortion of

line currents of Phases A,B,C are 10.87%,21.34%,13.83%
After compensation i.e with shunt active filter the line current magnitudes of the
phase A, phase B, phase C are 19.79A,19.47A,19.01A
and Total Harmonic
Distortion of line currents of Phases A,B,C are 2.14%,1.85%,1.86%
6.5 THREE PHASE- FOUR WIRE SYSTEM FEEDING A NONLINEAR LOAD WITH SHUNT ACTIVE FILTER
The Below figure shows the line model of THREE PHASE FOUR-WIRE
system feeding Non-Linear load with shunt active power filter.
Fig.6.14 Three Phase- four wire System Feeding a Non-linear Load with Shunt Active
Power Filter.
The power circuit is a three-phase four wire system supplied by a sinusoidal
unbalanced three-phase 415V source with a source inductance of 0.6 mH and a source
resistance of 0.1 . The inverter consists of an Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor
(IGBT) bridge. On the dc side it consists of split capacitor of 30F capacitor is
connected. These are acts as DC source to the IGBT inverter. The unbalanced
nonlinear load consists for phase-A, 15ohm resistor, phase-B 20 ohm and for phase- C
30 ohm resister is connected. These three loads are nonlinear unbalanced.
Page 59
6.5.1 Implementation of Filter Control Algorithm in Simulink
Fig.6.15 Implementation of Filter Control Algorithm in Simulink for three phase fourwire system
6.6 OUTPUT WAVE FORMS: Without Shunt Active Filter
Three phase line voltage
200
Voltage(V)
100
-100
-200
0.1
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
Time(sec)
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.2
(a)
Three Phase Load Current
10
Current(A)
-5
-10
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
Time(sec)
(b)
Fig.6.16 Waveform of (a) Three Phase voltage (b) Load Current without shunt active
filter for unbalanced non-linear load
Page 60
6.6.1 THD ANALYSIS: Without shunt Active Filter
(a)
(b)
(c)
(c) for Phase-C Line Current. Without shunt active filter
Page 61
6.6.2 OUTPUT WAVEFORMS: With Shunt Active Filter

Three phase line voltage
200
Voltage(V)
100
-100
-200
0.1
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
Time(sec)
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.2
(a)
Three Phase Line Currents
10
Current(A)
-5
-10
0.1
0.11
0.12
0.13
0.14
0.15
Time(sec)
0.16
0.17
0.18
0.19
0.2
0.145
0.15
(b)
Harmonic Current
6
Current(A)
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
0.1
0.105
0.11
0.115
0.12
0.125
Time(sec)
0.13
0.135
0.14
Fig.6.18 Waveform of Three Phase (a) voltage and (b) Line Current for unbalanced
Non-linear load with shunt active filter (c) active filter current
Page 62
6.6.3 THD ANALYSIS: with shunt active filter
(a)
(b)
(c)
(c) for Phase-C Line Current with active filter
When we connect a nonlinear unbalanced load to the three phase-four wire
system, before compensation i.e. without active filter
the line and load current
magnitudes of the phase A, phase B, phase C are 11.64A,9.05A,6.14A and Total

Harmonic Distortion of line currents of Phases A,B,C are 40.52%,40.83%,40.63%
After compensation i.e. with shunt active filter the line current magnitudes of the
phase A, phase B, phase C are 9.15A,8.97A,8.85A and Total Harmonic Distortion of
line currents of Phases A,B,C are 2.77%,2.32%,2.28%
Page 63
CHAPTER 7
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE
7.1 Conclusion:
Power quality management is the main problem that the industry is facing
today. This is mainly affected by the generation of harmonics. The growing use of
electronic equipment produces a large amount of harmonics in distribution systems
because of non-sinusoidal currents consumed by non-linear loads. The system of
Shunt Active Power Filter is proposed in this work.
Conventional way of harmonics elimination by using passivefilter might suffer
from parasitic problem. It has been shownthat three phase active filter based on p-q
theory can beimplemented for harmonic mitigation and power factorcorrection.
Harmonics mitigation carried out by the activefilter meets the IEEE-519 standard
requirements.
7.2 Future Scope:

It can be adaptive by training intelligently in neural network or Fuzzy logic
control. This efficient 3-phase Shunt Active Power Filter can be implemented for
different power quality problems mitigating techniques.
The advantages of fuzzy controllers over conventional
controllers like PI controllers are that they do not need accurate mathematical model,
they can work with imprecise inputs, can handle non-linearity, load disturbances etc.
Page 64
REFERENCES
[1] W. M. Grady, M. J. Samotyj, and A. H. Noyola, Survey of active power line
conditioning methodologies, IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 5,
no. 3, Jul. 1990, pp. 15361542.
[2] F. Z. Peng and D. J. Adams, Harmonics sources and filtering approachesin
Proc. Industry Applications Conf., Oct. 1999, vol. 1, pp.448455
[3] S. Jain, P. Agarwal, and H. O. Gupta, Design simulation and experimental
investigations on a shunt active power filter for harmonics and reactive power
compensation, Electrical Power Components and Systems, vol. 32, no. 7, Jul.
2003, pp. 671692.
[4] F. Z. Peng, H. Akagi, and A. Nabae, Study of active power filters using quad
series voltage source PWM converters for harmonic compensation, IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 5, no. 1, Jan. 1990, pp. 915.
[5] H. Akagi, Y. Kanzawa, and A. Nabae (1984) Instantaneous reactive power
compensators comprising switching devices without energy components.
IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., 20 (3), pp. 625630
[6] M. Depenbrock, V. Staudt, H. Wrede, Concerning instantaneous power
compensation in three-phase systems by using pqr theory, IEEE
Transactions on Power Electronics, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 11511152, Jul. 2004
[7] L.A.Morgan, J.W.Dixon&R.R.Wallace, A three phase active power filter
operating with fixed switching frequency for reactive power and current
harmonics compensation, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,
vol.42, no.4, August 1995, pp 402-408.
[8] B. Singh, A. Chandra, and K. Al-Haddad, Computer-aided modeling and
simulation of active power filters, Electrical Machines and Power Systems,
vol. 27, 1999, pp. 12271241.
[9] H.Akagi, Edson Hirokazu Watanabe, and Mauricio Aredes Instantaneous
Power Theory and Applications to Power Conditioning Wiley IEEE Press,
Hoboken,New Jersey (IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering), 2007 Mark
McGranaghan Active Filter Design and Specification for Control of
Harmonics in Industrial and Commercial Facilities, Electrotek Concepts, Inc.
2002.
Page 65
[10] J.W.Dixon, J.J.Garcia&L.Morgan, Control system for three phase active

power filter which simultaneously compensates power factor and
unbalanced loads, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, vol.42,
no.6, 1995, pp636-641.
[11] E.H.Watanbe, R.M.Stephan&M.Aredes, New concepts of instantaneous
active and reactive powers in electrical systems with generic loads, IEEE
Transactions on Power Delivery, vol.8, no.2, April 1993, pp.697-703.
[12] L. S. Czarnecki, Instantaneous reactive power p q theory and power
properties of three-phase systems, IEEE Transactions onPower Delivery,
vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 362367, January 2006
[13] H. Akagi, S. Ogasawara, and H. Kim The theory of instantaneous power in
three-phase four-wire systems: a comprehensive approach, Conf. Rec. of
IEEE IAC, Vol. 1, 1999, pp. 431-439.
[14] L. Rossetto, and P. Tenti, "Evaluation of Instantaneous Power Terms in
Multi-Phase Systems: Techniques and Application to Power-Conditioning
Equipment," ETEP, vol. 4, No. 6, Nov./Dec. 1994, pp. 469-475
[15]M. Aredes, H. Akagi, E. H. Watanabe, E. V. Salgado, L. F. Encarnao,
Comparisons Between the pq and pqrTheories in Three-Phase FourWire Systems,
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pp. 924-933, April 2009.

[16] V.Soares, P.Verdelho& G.D. Marques, An instantaneous active and
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IEEE IAC, Vol. 1, 1999, pp. 431-439
Page 66

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Improvement of power quality by using shunt active power filter

Improvement of power quality by using shunt active power filter

harmonics produced by power electronic equipment has become a serious problem to

Improvement of power quality by using shunt active power filter

Improvement of power quality by using shunt active power filter

1.3 Thesis overview

In Chapter 2, a description of the power quality and classification of power

Chapter 3, gives explanation about harmonics and how harmonics are

chapter 4 gives explanation about shunt active power filter, principle of

Chapter 5 gives explanation about shunt active power filter control

Improvement of power quality by using shunt active power filter

Improvement of power quality by using shunt active power filter

2.2 Classification of Power Quality:

Sag / under voltage.

Improvement of power quality by using shunt active power filter

or sudden application of load on the system running under normal condition

Instantaneous 0.5 to 30 cycles.

Momentary 30 cycles to 2 seconds.

Temporary 2 seconds to 2 minutes.

Sustained greater than 2 minutes.

Solutions to help against interruptions vary, both in effectiveness and cost.

Improvement of power quality by using shunt active power filter

2.2.4 Swell / Overvoltage:

Improvement of power quality by using shunt active power filter

Harmonic distortion has been a significant problem with IT equipment in the

Improvement of power quality by using shunt active power filter

The most noticeable effect of interharmonics are Visual flickering of displays

Isolate the load via a UPS.

Install a grounded, shielded isolation transformer.

Relocate the load away from the interference source.

Install noise filters.

Improvement of power quality by using shunt active power filter

2.2.6 Voltage Fluctuations:

2.3 Solutions to Power Quality Problems:

Improvement of power quality by using shunt active power filter

Improvement of power quality by using shunt active power filter

Improvement of power quality by using shunt active power filter

2.4 Use of Custom Power Devices to Improve Power Quality:

Improvement of power quality by using shunt active power filter

Fig.3.1 Differences between Linear and Non-Linear Loads

where: n = an integer (1, 2, 3, 4, 5 )

p = number of pulses or rectifiers

Improvement of power quality by using shunt active power filter

5th &7th harmonics

11th &13th harmonics

17th &19th harmonics

3.2.1 How Variable Frequency Drives Cause Harmonics

Fig.3.2 Typical Six-Pulse Front End Converter for AC Drive

configuration. The12-pulse configuration still creates harmonics to some degree by

Fig.3.3 Capacitor Voltage and Current Relationships

Improvement of power quality by using shunt active power filter

Three-phase harmonics occur when incoming AC voltage is rectified by the

Fig.3.4 Non-Linear Load and Power Supply Modelling

Improvement of power quality by using shunt active power filter

3.2.1.1 High fault current (stiff system)

Improvement of power quality by using shunt active power filter

3.4 IEEE 519-1992 GUIDELINES

Improvement of power quality by using shunt active power filter

The revisions to IEEE 519-1992 establish recommended guidelines for

reflected through distribution system

impedancesgenerate harmonic voltages on the utility distribution systems, the

Current distortions that result in a DC offset, e.g., half-wave converters, are