8 Tcap 2

Tennessee Science
Grade 8
Mastering the Tennessee

Comprehensive Assessment
(TCAP)
glencoe.com
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ISBN: 978-0-07-890142-3
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Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Student Recording Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi
State Performance Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viii
Diagnostic Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Indicator Practice for TCAP Achievement Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Posttest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Mastering the TCAP, Grade 8
iii
Introduction to the Student

On the rst day of science class, you will receive a copy of the academic standards for the
Tennessee Comprehensive Assessment Program (TCAP) for science. Your teachers will
incorporate the standards and the appropriate course content into the classroom curriculum.
The questions in this workbook are aligned with the State Performance Indicators and are
designed to assess your mastery of these standards. These academic standards and questions
encompass Inquiry, Technology and Engineering, Life Science, and Physical Science.
The sample questions in this workbook are representative of the questions used on the TCAP
Achievement Test. These questions are only a sample of what you should expect to encounter
on the actual examination.
iv
Overview
The material in this workbook is designed to prepare you for the science portion of the TCAP
Achievement Test. It contains:
a Student Recording Chart,

the Tennessee Science State Performance Indicators,
a Diagnostic Test,
indicator practice for each indicator,
and a Posttest.
How to Use this Book

Diagnostic Test This test will help you identify any content that you need to review as you
prepare to take the TCAP Achievement Test. Once you have taken the Diagnostic Test and it has
been graded, complete the Student Recording Chart on page vi. Circle each question that you
answered incorrectly. If there is a circle marked for an indicator, write YES in the Need Practice?
question box. Then complete the page of practice questions for that indicator.
Standards Practice If you incorrectly answered questions for a particular indicator, you could
probably use some extra practice with that indicator. The Student Recording Chart lists a practice
page for each indicator. Complete the appropriate practice page. If you are unsure about how to
answer some of the questions, you might want to refer to your science book.
Posttest After you have completed the practice worksheet(s), take the Posttest on pages 4146.
Test-Taking Tips
Before the Test:
Be sure to get plenty of sleep the week before the test. A healthy amount of sleep is eight to
nine hours every night.
On the night before the test, try to do something relaxing but stimulating, such as playing a
board game, exercising, or reading an enjoyable book. Cramming the night before the test can
hamper your memory and make you tired.
On the morning of the test, eat a healthy breakfast with fresh foods.
On the morning of the test, clear your mind of any outside distractions so that you will be
better able to focus on the test. If breaks are given during the test, use that time to relax and
clear your mind.
During the Test:
Listen and read all directions.

Be sure you understand the questions before reading the answer choices. Then, make sure to
read and consider every answer choice.
Remember to carefully consider all the information presented in the tests graphics.
If the test is timed, be sure to pace yourself.
Always choose an answer. By eliminating as many incorrect choices as possible, you will
have a good chance at guessing correctly and obtaining more points.
Name
Student Recording Chart

Directions: Circle each question from the Diagnostic Test that you answered incorrectly.
If there is a circle marked for an indicator, write Yes in the Need Practice? box. Then complete
the practice page for that indicator.
Indicator
Inq.1
Inq.2
Inq.3
Inq.4
Inq.5
10
11
12
13
T/E.1
T/E.2
T/E.3
T/E.4
Practice Page
14
15
16
17
Indicator
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
Test Question
10
11
12
13
14
18
19
20
21
22
Test Question
Need Practice?
Practice Page
Indicator
Test Question
Need Practice?
Practice Page
vi
Need Practice?
Name
Student Recording Chart
(continued)
Indicator
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
Test Question
15
17
18
16
19
20
21
Practice Page
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
Indicator
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
Test Question
22
23
24
25
26
Practice Page
30
31
32
33
34
Indicator
12.1
12.2
12.3
12.4
12.5
12.6
27
28
29
30
31
32
35
36
37
38
39
40
Need Practice?
Need Practice?
Test Question
Need Practice?
Practice Page
vii
Tennessee Science Standards, Grade 8

Inquiry
Guiding Question:
What tools, skills, knowledge, and dispositions are needed to

conduct scientic inquiry?
Indicators
Inq.1
Design a simple experimental procedure with an identied control and appropriate

variables.
Inq.2
Select tools and procedures needed to conduct a moderately complex experiment.
Inq.3
Interpret and translate data into a table, graph, or diagram.
Inq.4
Draw a conclusion that establishes a cause and effect relationship supported

by evidence.
Inq.5
Identify a faulty interpretation of data that is due to bias or experimental error.
Guiding Question:
How do science concepts, engineering skills, and applications

of technology improve the quality of life?
Indicators
T/E.1
Identify the tools and procedures needed to test the design features of a prototype.
T/E.2
Evaluate a protocol to determine if the engineering design process was

successfully applied.
T/E.3
Distinguish between the intended benets and unintended consequences

of a new technology.
T/E.4
Differentiate between adaptive and assistive bioengineered products (e.g., food, biofuels,
medicines, integrated pest management).
viii Mastering the TCAP, Grade 8
Technology and Engineering

Life Science
Standard 5: Biodiversity and Change
Guiding Question 5:
How does natural selection explain how organisms have changed

over time?
Indicators
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
Use a simple classication key to identify an unknown organism.

Analyze structural, behavioral, and physiological adaptations to predict which populations
are likely to survive in a particular environment.
Analyze data on levels of variation within a population to make predictions about survival
under particular environmental conditions.
Identify several reasons for the importance of maintaining the earths biodiversity.
Compare fossils found in sedimentary rock to determine their relative age.
Physical Science
Standard 9: Matter
Guiding Question 9:
How does the structure of matter inuence its physical and

chemical behavior?
Indicators
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
9.6
9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9.11
9.12
Recognize that all matter consists of atoms.

Identify the common outcome of all chemical changes.
Classify common substances as elements or compounds based on their symbols
or formulas.
Differentiate between a mixture and a compound.
Describe the chemical makeup of the atmosphere.
Compare the particle arrangement and type of particle motion associated with different
states of matter.
Apply an equation to determine the density of an object based on its mass and volume.
Interpret the results of an investigation to determine whether a physical or chemical
change has occurred.
Use the periodic table to determine the properties of an element.
Identify the reactants and products of a chemical reaction.
Recognize that in a chemical reaction the mass of the reactants is equal to the mass
of the products (Law of Conservation of Mass).
Identify the basic properties of acids and bases.
ix

Standard 12: Forces in Nature
Guiding Question 12:
What are the scientic principles that explain gravity

and electromagnetism?
Indicators
Recognize that electricity can be produced using a magnet and wire coil.
12.2
Describe the basic principles of an electromagnet.
12.3
Distinguish among the Earths magnetic eld, a magnet, and the elds that surround a
magnet and an electromagnet.
12.4
Distinguish between mass and weight using appropriate measuring instruments and units.
12.5
Determine the relationship among the mass of objects, the distance between these
objects, and the amount of gravitational attraction.
12.6
Illustrate how gravity controls the motion of objects in the solar system.
12.1
Diagnostic Test
1
Tickets Sold for Fridays Concert
Doug wanted to find out what kind of dog

food his dog preferred. If he designed an
experiment to answer this question, what
would the variable be?
A
B
C
D
what type of dog he has

how many times a day his dog eats
the different types of dog food
how many days he did his experiment
Group
Number of
Tickets Sold
Adult Females
250
Adult Males
200
Student Females
300
Student Males
150
Senior Citizens
100
Total Number of Tickets Sold = 1,000
Which kind of graph would be the

most appropriate to visually compare
the number of tickets that each group
purchased for the concert?
A
B
C
D
The experimental setup shows that the

small beaker is filled with ice. At first, the
large beaker is empty. Where did the water
in the large beaker probably come from?
bar graph
line graph
pie chart
range graph
F water condensing on the small beakers

surface dripping down
G melted ice dripping down through a
crack in the small beaker
H a chemical reaction between the ice and
the glass of the beaker
J water condensing on the inside of the
large beaker
What can you conclude about the above

reaction?
F
G
H
J
It releases heat.
It releases light.
It absorbs heat.
It needs air.
Go on
Grade 8 Diagnostic Test
Diagnostic Test (continued)

5
Josephine and Enrico both measured

the width of a table using their hands.
Josephine determined that the width of
the table was six hands. Enrico determined
that it was five hands. Both of these
are valid measurements, but neither is
accurate. If they would like to use their
hands, how can they best determine the
actual width of the table?
A importance of the component.

B programing of the computer
simulation.
C design of the prototype.
D quality control protocol.
A use only one of their hands

B measure each students hand with
a ruler
C use only the fingers on their hands
D measure both students hands with
a ruler and use the total
6
A factory that make airplane engines

discovers that one out of every one
hundred engines is missing an important
component. To solve this problem, the
company should re-evaluate the
Which could best be used to view a sample

of a metalloid?
If inexpensive electricity is a benefit of

nuclear power, what is an unintended
consequence?
F
G
H
J
radioactive groundwater
unattractive power lines
nuclear waste near residential areas
the decline of the coal industry
Go on

Ethanol
Pros
Good for farm

economy
Cons
Farm land switched
from food to
fuel production,
increasing the cost
of grain
Lower price
per gallon than
gasoline in some
regions
Lower energy
content than gas;
cost per mile may
be higher
Cuts carbon
monoxide
emissions
Uses huge
amounts of fresh
water
May reduce imports

of foreign oil
May use more

energy to make (in
fossil fuels) than it
produces
10
Made from
renewable
resources (corn
or other plant
material)
Akemi is concerned about the

environment. Since she has a flex-fuel car,
she decided to fill it with a fuel called E85
which is a blend of 85 percent ethanol
and 15 percent gasoline. Akemi decided to
research the pros and cons of ethanol. Her
notes are shown in the chart. She recently
read that scientists are trying to develop
better ways of producing ethanol. The
current process makes ethanol from starch
and sugars. Scientists are developing ways
to make ethanol from cellulose using other
plants instead of corn. What can you
conclude from Akemis research?
A New technologies are seldom
reevaluated.
B New technologies are often reevaluated.
C Ethanol does not work as an
alternative fuel.
D Ethanol production gets rid of
unwanted plants.
Which of these birds most likely would

be classified in the same group?
F
G
H
J
11
1 and 3
2 and 4
1 and 2
3 and 4
In which climate would you expect to

discover the greatest diversity of animals
living?
A
B
C
D
cold and snowy

hot and dry
warm and moist
cold and dry
Go on

Some Characteristics of Organisms
Organism
Percentage of Shared
DNA (%)
Geographic Regions
Where Found
W
X
Y
Z
The table above is probably used to answer which of the following questions?
F
G
H
J
13
What homologous structures do the organisms have?

How does geography affect inheritance and adaptation?
Do the organisms possess any shared vestigial structures?
How closely related are these four organisms?
Scientists are investigating ways to control

the spread of a non-native ant species.
The ant is taking over the habitats
of native ant species and altering the
ecosystem. How should the scientists
handle their research data?
A They should only publish data that
reflect desired results.
B They should keep accurate and open
records in order to ensure they get the
results that are best for the ecosystem.
C They should keep accurate and open
records to discourage other scientists
from repeating the same experiment.
D They should keep accurate and open
records, allowing other scientists
to replicate the experiments and
contribute to the knowledge of this
topic.
14
A paleontologist discovers a layer of

sedimentary rock filled with fossils of
known and unknown species. She collects
some of the fossils of the unknown species
for further analysis. Which would improve
her analysis?
F dating the unknown fossils with those
from known species
G digging deeper to the next sedimentary
layer
H studying the regions geographic
isolation
J collecting all of the unknown fossils
15
What does NOT consist of atoms?

A
B
C
D
liquids
gasses
solids
light
Go on
12
16
Salt dissolved
in water
According to the diagram, which statement best describes what happens to ionic compounds
when they are dissolved?
F They are pulled apart by
water molecules.
G They get larger in size.
17
Jeff was trying to determine if his

experiment had undergone a physical or
chemical change. Which observation could
mean that it was NOT a chemical change?
A
B
C
D
H They move faster.

J They become a new compound.
19
H2SO4
Sulfuric Acid
According to the chemical formula in the

box above, all of the following chemical
elements can be found in a molecule of
sulfuric acid EXCEPT
F
G
H
J
What is a naturally occurring chemical

in Earths atmosphere that blocks out
ultraviolet radiation from the Sun?
A
B
C
D
Something was burning.

Gas and bubbles were created.
The temperature changed.
The colors of the reactants mixed.
20
18
Na
Salt in water
before dissolving
H H H O
O
H
O Cl
H
l
H
C Na
Cl
l
N
O
a
C
O H
H H
H
Na
H
O
H
O H
H
O
H H
NaCl
Na
H
H
NaCl
H H H O
O
H
O Cl
H
l
H
C Na
Cl
l
N
O
a
C
O H
H H
H
Na
H
O
H
O H
H H
O
O
H H
NaCl
H
H
NaCl
O
H H
NaCl
NaCl
Na
Na
O
H H
H H
O
chlorine
ozone
gold
carbon
What determines a materials state

of matter?
F viscosity and density of the particles
G the arrangement of particles into
a cube
H the motion of particles and the
strength of attraction between them
J the surface tension of the particles
carbon.
hydrogen.
oxygen.
sulfur.
Go on

If an object has a mass of 39 grams and a
density of 3 grams per milliliter, what is its
volume in milliliters?
A
B
C
D
22
When Becky demonstrated sublimation

to her classmates, she was showing them
F
G
H
J
23
0.1
13
117
3.9
a chemical change.
vaporization.
the law of conservation of mass.
a physical change.
25
A can serve as catalysts in most chemical

reactions.
B have melting and boiling points that
are lower than the full sheet.
C have the same amount of matter as the
full sheet.
D have new chemical properties.
The periodic table organizes the basic

building blocks of matter. These building
blocks are called
A
B
C
D
elements.
molecules.
noble gases.
compounds.
26
baking soda + vinegar gas + white solid

24
What are the reactants in the above

chemical reaction?
F
G
H
J
gas and white solid

baking soda and gas
baking soda and vinegar
vinegar and white solid
A student is investigating the law of

conservation of mass. Her experiment with
paper is shown. The law of conservation
of mass and the students experiment
suggest that the small pieces of paper
Some solutions are sour tasting, conduct

electricity, and can corrode and burn skin
and tissue. These are characteristics of
F
G
H
J
acidic solutions.
basic solutions.
precipitates.
soluble solutions.
Go on
21

27
Alexandra was preparing to go on a hike

in the woods. She gathered the equipment
she would need and placed it on the
kitchen counter. By chance, she placed
her compass near an electrical outlet.
Although the compass was not moving,
the compass needle turned because
A the electric current in the outlet
produced a magnetic field.
B the compass could only be used
outdoors.
C the kitchen counter was made
of a magnetic substance.
D the kitchen had a microwave oven.
28
disappear around a part of the wire.

continue to exert a force.
disappear completely.
attract iron filings.
Which of the following is a description

of the magnetosphere?
A an electric field around Earth that
extends into space
B electric currents from space that have
increased the magnetic field of Earths
iron core
C a magnetic field around Earth that is
strong enough to magnetize Earths
iron core
D a magnetic field around Earth that is
created by Earths iron core and that
extends into space
If weight is calculated by the formula

W = m (9.8 m/s2), what is the mass of
a person who weighs 150 N?
F
G
H
J
31
32
15.3 kg
1470 kg
1.53 kg
4.7 kg
This picture shows a girl holding a ball.

According to this picture, what is exerting
a force on the ball?
A
B
C
D
When the current to a wire is shut off,

the magnetic field around the wire will
probably
F
G
H
J
29
30
only rolling friction

only magnetism
the girl and gravity
only gravity
Why dont satellites crash into Earth?

F They are moving so fast that they
overcome Earths gravitational pull.
G Their centripetal force is stronger than
Earths gravitational force.
H Air resistance from their movement
is counteracting Earths gravitational
pull.
J They are moving so fast horizontally
that Earths surface curves downward
at the same rate that the satellites are
falling downward.
Stop
State Performance Indicator: Inquiry

SPI 0807.Inq.1
Design a simple experimental procedure with an identified control and appropriate
variables.
A
Form a hypothesis
Gather information
Perform an experiment
State the problem
Analyze the data
Mechanical energy
turns oven knob.
M
Above is a list of steps in a scientific

method. If Amy wanted to perform an
experiment to determine which household
item had the greatest acidity. Which
sequence should she follow?
A
B
C
D
A, B, C, D, E
D, C, A, E, B
D, B, A, C, E
C, B, A, D, E
Karl wants to see which skateboard has

the greatest rolling friction, so he rolls
each of his three skateboards down a
hill from a fixed starting point. Then he
measures their stopping distance. What is
his variable?
F
G
H
J
the steepness of the hill

the distance the skateboards roll
the condition of the road
the particular skateboard used
Electrical energy
enters the oven.
O
The oven heats

up.
P
Which of these sequences correctly

represents the energy flow used to turn on
an oven?
A
B
C
D
Chemical energy
moves hand.
M, N, O, P
O, M, N, P
N, M, O, P
P, O, N, M
When Thomas Edison was developing the

lightbulb, he tested about 600 different
materials until he found one that worked
the best as a filament. He eventually found
a filament that would burn at 16 watts for
1500 hours. Why was it critical that Edison
take careful notes during his experiments?
F so no one would use the same methods
he used
G so no one else would steal his thoughts
and ideas
H so his efforts could be accurately
replicated
J so he would be recognized for his
lengthy experimental process
Go on
Grade 8 Standards Practice

(continued)
SPI 0807.Inq.2
Select tools and procedures needed to conduct a moderately complex experiment.

Jodi wants to test the law of conservation
of mass by performing an experiment with
charcoal. Which instrument should she use
to measure the mass of her materials?
A
B
C
D
ammeter
volumetric flask
triple-beam balance
Bunsen burner
3
Andrew needs to measure the physical

properties of several different items. What
property can he measure from a graduated
cylinder?
F
G
H
J
mass
weight
temperature
volume
Weigh the empty graduated cylinder.
Pour 100 ml of liquid into the cylinder.
Weigh the full graduated cylinder.
Calculate density using the equation,

density = mass/volume.
Tim is conducting an experiment with

the following liquids: water, vegetable oil,
vinegar, and orange juice. He has a scale
and a graduated 100-milliliter cylinder. He
wants to find the density of each liquid.
What is the missing step in his process?
A Weigh the liquid to determine its mass.
B Subtract the weight of the empty
cylinder from the weight of the full
cylinder to determine the mass of the
liquid.
C Add the weight of the empty cylinder
to the weight of the full cylinder to
determine the mass of the liquid.
D Pour out the contents of the cylinder
and weigh again.
Go on
10

(continued)
SPI 0807.Inq.3
Interpret and translate data into a table, graph, or diagram.
Aluminum
27
Copper
64
Gold
197
Iron
56
Silver
108
Ag
Au
Fe
Al
Cu
Mass Numbers of
Some Metals
200
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
Ag
200
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
200
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
Au
Fe
Mass Numbers of
Some Metals
Fe
Ag
Mass Numbers of
Some Metals
Al
Cu
200
150
125
100
75
50
25
0
Fe
Ag
Mass Numbers of
Some Metals
Al
Cu
Au
Mass Number
The chart above shows the mass numbers of some metals. Which of these graphs best
represents these data?
Al
Cu
Au
Metal
Go on
11

(continued)
SPI 0807.Inq.4
Draw a conclusion that establishes a cause and effect relationship supported by

evidence.
Amount of Salt
Added (grams)
Boiling Point of
Water (degrees
Celsius)
100.0
30
100.5
60
101.0
90
101.5
120
102.0
Elena wants to test the effect of the

addition of salt to a pot of boiling water.
She adds 30 grams of salt to one kilogram
of water and then reads the temperature
of the water when it boils. She then
repeats the experiment several more times,
increasing the amount of salt by 30 grams
each time. The table above represents her
results. What conclusion can Elena make
about adding salt to water?
A The boiling point of water increases by
5 degrees as 30 grams of salt is added.
B The boiling point of water decreases by
5 degrees as 30 grams of salt is added.
C The boiling point of water decreases
by 0.5 degrees as 30 grams of salt is
added.
D The boiling point of water increases
by 0.5 degrees as 30 grams of salt is
added.
Tomas was observing a chemical reaction

and concluded it was exothermic. What
observation probably led Tomas to this
conclusion?
F The final products were colder than the
reactants.
G The final products were warmer than
the reactants.
H The chemical reaction had occurred
quickly.
J The chemical reaction had occurred
slowly.
Sometimes factories dump hot water into

nearby streams and rivers. This dumping
of hot water could affect the ecosystem by
A
B
C
D
increasing the amount of pollution.

increasing the temperature of the water.
decreasing the amount of pollution.
decreasing the amount of water.
At an air show, Trace observes two

skydivers jumping out of a plane at the
same time. They are both the same size.
Skydiver A spreads his arms and legs out
wide. Skydiver B tucks his arms and legs
in close to his body. Skydiver A falls more
slowly than Skydiver B. What is the most
likely cause of the difference in speed?
F Gravity is greater for Skydiver B.
G The air resistance is greater on
Skydiver B.
H Skydiver B is accelerating.
J The air resistance is greater on
Skydiver A.
Go on
12
Boiling Point of Salted Water

(continued)
SPI 0807.Inq.5
Identify a faulty interpretation of data that is due to bias or experimental error.

1
LeAnn is working on her science project

that is due tomorrow. She takes notes, uses
clean equipment, and follows directions.
Her results are unexpected. She discovers
that the triple-beam balance used to
weigh ingredients was off by 5 percent.
Since she does not have time to retest her
experiment, what should she do?
A She should change her results to match
the expected results.
B She shouldnt change anything and
pretend that nothing was wrong.
C She should record the error so her
teacher will understand her results.
D She should retest until she gets it right,
even if she misses the due date.
Bernice and Toby are studying daily

ozone levels near a school attended by a
number of asthmatic students. In order
to have unbiased results, they made a
questionnaire for the students, teachers,
and students parents to fill out without
mentioning asthma or ozone. What else
can Bernice and Toby do to make their
study as objective as possible?
F Repeat the study at all the schools in
the city.
G Tell everyone that they are actually
studying a different problem.
H Find articles about ozone levels and
asthma to use in their results.
J Create another questionnaire for
everyone participating in the study.
Dennis decides to test the effect of

light exposure on the growth rate of a
particular species of plant. He sets up his
experiment as shown above and measures
the height of the plants each day for a
month. He makes sure to water the plants
daily, each with the same amount of water.
After collecting and analyzing the data,
he notices that there is little variation in
the height of the plants. Even though the
plants received different amounts of light
from each lamp, they are all the same
height. Dennis is surprised by these results.
What should he have done differently?
A
B
C
D
Measured the plants more often

Used the same amount of light
Added more variables
Moved the plants away from the
window
Go on
13
State Performance Indicator: Technology

& Engineering
SPI 0807.T/E.1
Identify the tools and procedures needed to test the design features of a prototype.
Green Clean Chemical Company has
developed a product that can be used
to recycle garbage. In order to test the
manufacturing of the product, Green
Clean needs to
A build a model of the product.

B create a prototype of the product.
C build a pilot plant to manufacture
some of the product.
D perform a series of experiments on the
product.
2
F a full-scale model using the new

framing material, the new gears, and
the cover
G an existing bicycle with the new gears
and the aerodynamic covering
H a half-scale model with the new
framing material and cover
J a full-scale model with less expensive
material, gears, and covering
You designed and tested a solar stove,

and now you are ready to make your
prototype. What criteria would best help
you evaluate how well your prototype
works?
F
G
H
J
the location of the test

the cost of the prototype
the size of the stove
the time it takes to cook food
What is the purpose of building a

prototype?
A to test the product and make sure that
it is the best solution to the problem
B to make sure that the product is
in compliance with government
regulations
C to test the product before large
amounts of money are spent building
manufacturing facilities for it
D to determine the design constraints for
the product
As part of a class project, Tim wants to

design a bicycle that will reach speeds of
50 km/h. He will be using new light-weight
material for the frame and a new, more
powerful system of gears. Over the entire
bicycle, he will install an aerodynamic
covering. What kind of prototype should
he make?
What is a prototype?
A a half-scale model which will be shown
to customers for feedback
B a full-scale model upon which future
products are based
C a full-scale model that will be tested
extensively for design flaws
D a scaled-down version of real
manufacturing facility
Go on
14

& Engineering (continued)
SPI 0807.T/E.2
Evaluate a protocol to determine if the engineering design process was successfully

applied.
1
Your class must set up a weather station.

What sort of criteria must you consider
when you evaluate the design of your
station?
A
B
C
D
A cost of weather instruments, variety of

materials used, accuracy of weatherrelated measurements and predictions
B size of weather station, cost of weather
instruments, number of measurements
taken each day
C number of people involved, accuracy
of weather-related measurements and
predictions, length of experiment
D number of measurements taken each
day, number of people involved,
number of instruments used
Your group plans to build a model

desalination plant. When should you
decide upon the criteria you will use to test
your technological design?
F after the model is tested
G as the report describing the test is
written
H before the model is built
J after the model is built
When engineers and scientists want to talk

openly and creatively about all aspects of
a problem and its possible solutions, they
brainstorm.
perform a risk-benefit evaluation.
come up with design constraints.
conduct an experiment.
Clearly identify the problem or need.
Search for and evaluate possible

solutions.
Select the best possible solution.
Test and evaluate the prototype.
Communicate the results.
Redesign and retest as necessary.
A battery manufacturing plant is having

problems with a robotic arm in the
assembly line. The engineers need to
design a new arm. Look at the above steps.
What belongs in step #4?
F Develop a pilot plant.
G Create a one-half scale model of the
best solution.
H Develop a prototype.
J Perform experiments on the different
solutions.
Go on
15

SPI 0807.T/E.3
Distinguish between the intended benefits and the unintended consequences of a new
technology.
About two percent of Earths water is
stored in solid form such as icebergs
and glaciers. Ice reflects a large portion
of the Suns energy that enters Earths
atmosphere, keeping Earths surface
temperature in balance. If the solid forms
of water began to melt due to global
warming, how might Earth be affected?
A The ozone would become depleted,
allowing increased amounts of UV
radiation to reach Earths surface.
B The level of CO2 in the atmosphere
would increase.
C Air pollution from factories, power
plants, and automobiles would harm
sensitive tissues of many organisms.
D Sea levels would rise across the surface
of Earth, which could affect coastal
cities.
2
What is a benefit and a consequence of

using salt on icy roads?
A Salt roughens the surface of roads
but turns creeks and lakes salty.
B Salt melts snow and ice on roads,
but causes nicks and dents in cars.
C Salt melts snow and ice on roads,
but corrodes cars and bridges.
D Salt freezes the surface of roads,
but causes potholes.
Which technological innovation caused

the brown pelican to disappear from
Louisiana and most of Texas in the
early 1970s?
F
G
H
J
a new pesticide
larger propellers on boats
increased air traffic near water
a new fertilizer
An unintended consequence of
transporting oil by ships across oceans is
F
G
H
J
an increase in oil prices.

an oil spill that can harm water birds.
corrosion to large ocean-going ships.
loss of habitat for the American bald
eagle.
Go on
16

SPI 0807.T/E.4
Differentiate between adaptive and assistive bioengineered products (e.g., food, biofuels,
medicines, integrated pest management).
Food Irradiation Facts
Used for
preservation and
sterilization
Regulated by the
Food and Drug
Administration
(FDA)
Reduces bacteria,
allowing a greater
shelf life for
products
Produces no
significant loss of
nutrients
Reduces cases of
food borne illness
Does not change

the taste or other
characteristics of
food
Kills insects in
wheat, fruits,
vegetables. Kills
bacteria in meat
and poultry.
Irradiation is a type
of radiant energy.
Irradiated food is
not radioactive.
Kurt bought strawberries at a local

grocery. When he got home, he noticed a
sticker on the package that said the fruit
had been treated by irradiation. Kurt
wanted to learn more about irradiation,
so he researched the subject. He made
the list of facts shown in the chart. Based
on the chart, what may have been part
of the original statement of the problem
that scientists wished to address with this
process?
Angelica noticed tiny bugs on her peach

trees. Because she sells her peaches at
an organic fruit market, she decided not
to use a chemical pesticide. Instead, she
consulted Tom, an expert in integrated
pest management (IPM). Tom identified
the bugs as aphids and told Angelica that
she could remove many of the aphids from
the trees with water sprayed from a garden
hose. Since in her area, ladybugs are
natural predators of aphids, Tom also gave
Angelica the name of a web site where she
could buy ladybug larva. How does IPM
differ from traditional pest control?
F IPM recommends using ladybugs as
a solution for all pest problems.
G IPM develops specific solutions by
analyzing each situation.
H IPM recommends spraying with a
garden hose as a solution for all pest
problems.
J IPM develops experimental solutions
for unusual pest situations.
A Food spoilage can be reduced through

refrigeration.
B Food spoilage is costly to both
producers and consumers.
C Irradiation can make many foods
more flavorful.
D Irradiation can make many foods
more nutritious.
Go on
17
State Performance Indicator: Life Science:

Biodiversity and Change
SPI 0807.5.1
Use a simple classification key to identify an unknown organism.
The scientific name for a wolf is Canis

lupis. What does the first word in the name
represent?
Classification of a Housefly
Kingdom
Animalia
A
B
C
D
Phylum
Arthropoda
Class
Insecta
Order
Diptera
Family
Muscidae
Genus
Musca
Species
Domestica
Where can you find descriptions

and pictures of organisms, as well as
information on where each organism lives?
F
G
H
J
genus
kingdom
specific epithet
domain name
a dichotomous key
a field guide
a phylogeny
a genus
F
G
H
J
A detailed list of identifying

characteristics that includes scientific
names is called
A
B
C
D
a field guide.
binomial nomenclature.
a genus.
a dichotomous key.
The chart above shows the classification

of a housefly. Which of the following is
the LEAST specific classification for
this insect?
Animalia
Arthropoda
Insecta
Musca
Why did scientists develop a complex

system that organizes all living things
into groups similar to a family tree?
A to distinguish plant species from
animal species
B to separate kingdoms, species, and
domains
C to avoid confusion and make sure
scientists all over the world are
discussing the same organisms
D to group similar organisms together
at the cellular level
Go on
18
State Performance Indicator: Life Science

(continued)
SPI 0807.5.2
Analyze structural, behavioral, and physiological adaptations to predict which

populations are likely to survive in a particular environment.
1
Organisms need all of the following things

EXCEPT
A
B
C
D
energy.
water.
a place to live.
hunting skills.
4
Respond
F
G
H
J
Take In and
Use Energy
Grow and
Develop
Even though the weather is cold, the

squirrel maintains a constant body
temperature. What is this trait called?
stimuli
biogenesis
homeostasis
hypothesis
Living Things
Reproduce
Look at the above graphic. Which of these

statements is correct?
F
G
H
J
Organized
Rocks grow and develop from energy.

Energy uses living things.
Trees respond to the wind.
Young animals grow into mature
animals.
Which statement best explains how natural

selection occurs?
A Natural selection occurs when
adaptations help an organism
reproduce and survive.
B Natural selection occurs when
organisms are geographically isolated.
C Natural selection occurs when an
organisms offspring grow vestigial
structures.
D Natural selection occurs when
characteristics from the parent
organisms are inherited.
Which of the following results in an

offspring that has traits that are not
inherited from the offsprings parents?
A
B
C
D
mutation
competition
natural selection
isolation
Go on
19

(continued)
SPI 0807.5.3
Analyze data on levels of variation within a population to make predictions about

survival under particular environmental conditions.
Number of deer
800
600
400
200
0
0
2
4
6
8
Years since land was cleared
10
A lumber company cut down or destroyed

most of the plant life in a land area
that supported a population of about
700 deer. The area was then split into a
neighborhood development and a wildlife
sanctuary. Over time, native vegetation
in the wildlife sanctuary increased. Other
vegetation returned to the neighborhood
after the homes were built. Look at the
graph above and explain the changes in
deer population over time.
During a storm, several butterfly-eating

birds were blown to a distant island. The
island, which previously had no birds, was
filled with butterflies of all colors. One
year later, all the butterflies are dark green
and brown. Which of the following is the
most likely explanation for the change in
the butterfly population?
F Gradualism is selecting against red,
yellow, and blue butterflies.
G Natural selection favored the dark
green and brown butterflies.
H Primates like to eat all the other
butterflies.
J A genetic mutation led to punctuated
equilibrium.
Deer Population Change

1000
A The deer population fell in the

neighborhood and rose in the
sanctuary.
B The deer population fell with the loss
of vegetation and rose with the increase
in vegetation.
C The deer population continued to
increase despite the loss of vegetation.
D The amount of vegetation had no
effect on the deer population.
Go on
20

(continued)
SPI 0807.5.4
Identify several reasons for the importance of maintaining the earths biodiversity.
1
What is a species that might become

endangered in the future called?
A
B
C
D
A It prevents one disease from wiping out

an entire type of food crop.
B It provides different foods for different
populations.
C It prevents habitat loss of native
species.
D It prevents fungal disease from wiping
out corn crops.
a thriving species
an extinct species
an enraged species
a threatened species
Other causes
8%
Exotic species
12%
Poaching
20%
The circle graph above shows the reasons

that birds have become endangered or
threatened. What percentage of the birds
have become endangered or threatened by
habitat loss and poaching?
F
G
H
J
72%
20%
32%
80%
A species that moves into an ecosystem

because of human actions is called
F
G
H
J
Habitat loss
60%
Why is biodiversity important in fighting

disease in food crops?
a native species.
a divided species.
an introduced species.
habitat loss.
How are coral reefs being threatened?

A by agriculture development and timber
harvesting
B by tourist activities, oil spills, and
natural disasters
C by air pollution and acid rain
D by ozone depletion
Go on
21

(continued)
SPI 0807.5.5
Compare fossils found in sedimentary rock to determine their relative age.

3
Determining the age of rocks found

near fossils is an important step in
understanding evolution. How does
radiometric dating determine the age
of a fossil like the one above?
A It compares the radioactive to
nonradioactive elements in the rocks
around the fossil.
B It compares the age of the rocks above
and below the fossil.
C It compares the bones of one animal
to those of a similar animal.
D It determines where the fossil belongs
in the fossil record.
A a radioactive element gives off a steady

amount of radiation.
B older rock layers are deposited on top
of younger rock layers.
C younger rock layers are deposited on
top of older rock layers.
D fossils can leave an imprint in rock
layers.
The testing of nuclear weapons has added

a small but detectable amount of radiation
to Earths atmosphere. How might this
interfere with radiometric dating?
F It causes the radioactive elements
to stop releasing steady amounts of
radiation.
G It adds radioactive elements to rocks.
H It removes some of the original
radioactive elements from the rock.
J It interferes with scientists tools so
that they cannot measure radiation
accurately.
Trilobites, shown above, are a family of

arthropods that has been extinct for over
250 million years. Arthropods are animals
with jointed legs such as insects, lobsters,
and spiders. What can scientists learn by
studying the fossil records of trilobites?
F how many arthropods are now living
G how arthropods have changed over
time
H how feeding habits of animals have
changed over time
J how the number of living species has
changed over time
Go on
22
Relative dating is based on the idea that
State Performance Indicator: Physical Science:

Matter
SPI 0807.9.1
Recognize that all matter consists of atoms.
Model of an Atom
F a tiny particle of matter that cannot

be divided into smaller pieces
G a molecule made up of only one kind
of matter
H a positively charged particle
J matter consisting of alpha and beta
particles
Neutron
Nucleus
Electron
Cloud
Proton
5
1
In which part of the atom are protons

located?
A
B
C
D
Julie is learning about the states of

matter by going through her home and
identifying different states of matter.
She should identify her shampoo as a
A
B
C
D
vapor.
gas.
liquid.
solid.
What is the particle charge of electrons?

F
G
H
J
electron cloud
neutron
nucleus
electron
What is an atom?
negative
positive
neutral
sometimes positive and sometimes
negative
Which state of matter is LEAST common

on Earth?
A
B
C
D
solid
liquid
gas
plasma
Go on
23
State Performance Indicator: Physical Science

(continued)
SPI 0807.9.2
Identify the common outcome of all chemical changes.
Water molecules are each made of two
hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
Under the right conditions, however, the
atoms can be separated. This type of
change in a substances properties is
A
B
C
D
rare.
chemical.
physical.
never reversible.
F
G
H
J
What kind of chemical change might be

observed in cars that are driven in coastal
areas or in areas that use salt to treat icy
roads?
F
G
H
J
precipitation
formation of salt crystals
dents and dings
corrosion
Which of the following is an example

of chemical change?
A
B
C
D
ice melting in a glass

wood burning in a fireplace
defrosting food in a microwave oven
the addition of food coloring to a glass
of water
juice that ferments

salt being mixed into water
silver tarnishing in the open air
antacid that neutralizes stomach acid
Scientists study the characteristics of

substances to better understand the
natural world. Which of the following is
not a physical or chemical characteristic
of a substance?
A
B
C
D
6
3
Which of the following is NOT a chemical

change?
odor
density
cost
color
What is the main difference between

a physical and chemical change?
F In a physical change, only
composition changes.
G In a chemical change, only
composition changes.
H In a physical change, both form
and composition change.
J In a chemical change, both form
and composition change.
Go on
24

(continued)
SPI 0807.9.3
Classify common substances as elements or compounds based on their symbols or

formulas.
Molecular Masses of Some
Compounds
Compound
NaCl
58.8
LiF
25.9
NaBr
102.9
KI
166.0
Which of the compounds listed above has

the smallest molecular mass?
A
B
C
D
Molecular Mass
(atomic mass units)
Na
Nucleus
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
Sodium Atom
3
LiF
NaCl
NaBr
KI
The picture shows a sodium atom and

its various energy levels filled with
the appropriate number of electrons.
According to this picture, which energy
level has electrons available for bonding?
A
B
C
D
Nucleus
Level 1
Level 2
Level 3
C
2
The illustration above shows a way of

representing
F the number of
G the number of
carbon has.
H the number of
J the number of
electrons carbon has.

bonding electrons
protons carbon has.
neutrons carbon has.
H + H
4
HH
What kind of bond is shown in the picture

above?
F
G
H
J
covalent
ionic
metallic
polar
Go on
25

(continued)
SPI 0807.9.4
Differentiate between a mixture and a compound.
Which of the reasons below would explain
why a particular solute would NOT
dissolve in a particular solvent?
A The solute is polar and the solvent

is nonpolar.
B The solute is polar and the solvent
is polar.
C The solvent is warm and the solute
is cold.
D The solute is a solid and the solvent
is a liquid.
2
Which sentence best describes a saturated

solution?
F A saturated solution is a solution that
fills a container to the top.
G A saturated solution is a solution that
contains as much solute as it can.
H A saturated solution contains 100 g
of solute in 100 g of solvent.
J A saturated solution is a solution
of solids dissolved in liquids.
Water is an example of a
A
B
C
D
mixture.
solution.
compound.
element.
A scientist wants to make a very

concentrated sugar water solution. She
heats the water before adding the sugar
because
F sugar is less soluble in warm water than
in cold water.
G then the sugar will dissolve more
slowly.
H sugar only dissolves in boiling water.
J sugar is more soluble in warm water
than in cold water.
What is another name for a mixture that

contains two or more substances that are
evenly mixed on the molecular level?
A
B
C
D
a precipitate
a solute
a solution
a compound
A bowl of chips, pretzels, and peanuts

is an example of a
F
G
H
J
heterogeneous mixture.
compound.
homogeneous mixture.
solid solution.
Go on
26

(continued)
SPI 0807.9.5
Describe the chemical makeup of the atmosphere.
1
Which member of Group 16 of the

periodic table makes up about 20 percent
of Earths atmosphere?
A
B
C
D
oxygen
carbon dioxide
mercury
argon
The ozone layer is important to life

on Earth because it
A filters out harmful air pollution
from factories and power plants.
B prevents the Earths average
temperature from rising.
C prevents rain forests and coral reefs
from diminishing.
D prevents damaging amounts of the
Suns ultraviolet radiation from
reaching Earths surface.
ozone depletion
acid rain
global warming
factory runoff
As the amount of CO2 in the atmosphere

rises, what problem occurs?
A
B
C
D
6
3
What kind of pollution forms when sulfur

dioxide and nitrogen oxide combine with
water vapor in the air?
F
G
H
J
oxygen
sulfur
tellurium
selenium
If Earths atmosphere is a solution in

which nitrogen is the solvent, which of
these is NOT one of the solutes in the
atmosphere?
F
G
H
J
global warming
ozone depletion
acid rain
loss of biodiversity
Nitrogen and oxygen are

F
G
H
J
alkali metals.
alkaline earth metals.
nonmetals.
metalloids.
Go on
27

(continued)
SPI 0807.9.6
Compare the particle arrangement and type of particle motion associated with different
states of matter.
2
Based on the behavior of matter, which

of these would take the shape of the
container it was placed in?
F
G
H
J
X
3
A piece of chocolate is left in a hot car.

What process causes the chocolate to
become soft?
A
B
C
D
Z
4
Which is the order of the change in the

state of water starting as a solid and then
undergoing the process of vaporization?
A
B
C
D
W, Y, X, Z
Z, Y, X, W
X, W, Y, Z
X, W, Z, Y
condensation
vaporization
freezing
melting
Condensation happens when a gas changes

into a liquid. Which of these is an example
of condensation?
F
G
H
J
water vapor turning to rain

water vapor turning to snow
a pond melting in the spring
a pond freezing in the winter
Go on
28
amorphous solid
crystalline solid
liquid
hydrogen atom

(continued)
SPI 0807.9.7
Apply an equation to determine the density of an object based on its mass and volume.
1
An object will float in liquids that are

more dense than it is. Ice floats on water
because it
A
B
C
D
If density = mass/volume, what is

the density of a substance with these
properties:
mass = 100 g
volume = 25 cm3
cools the water.

freezes the water.
is less dense than the water.
is more dense than the water.
Atomic Mass
A
B
C
D
4 g/cm3
4 cm3/g
75 g/cm3
50 g/cm3
Density
This above table would most likely be used

in an experiment designed to answer which
of the following questions?
F Does an elements density increase
when its temperature is increased?
G Which substances will float on water?
H Does an elements density increase as
its atomic mass increases?
J Are solids more dense than liquids?
Object
Mass
(grams)
Volume
(milliliters)
Liquid A
Liquid B
18
10
Liquid C
36
12
Liquid D
54
20
Which liquid in the table above has the

greatest density?
F
G
H
J
Liquid A
Liquid B
Liquid C
Liquid D
Go on
29

(continued)
SPI 0807.9.8
Interpret the results of an investigation to determine whether a physical or chemical

change has occurred.
Martin cut an apple in half and placed it
on the table while he talked to his friends.
After a while, the cut sides of the apple
changed color. Martin determined that the
apple
F
G
H
J
1
In the picture above, a pot of water is

boiling. Which of the following describes
what is happening to the water molecules
just above the surface line of the water?
A The molecules are breaking down into
atoms.
B The molecules are moving faster and
farther apart.
C The molecules are moving slower and
closer together.
D The molecules have stopped moving
by the time the water boils.
underwent a physical change.

began to dissolve in the air.
reacted with the acid in the table top.
underwent a chemical change.
When most chemical reactions take place,

some
in the reactants must
be broken down, a process that requires
energy.
A
B
C
D
compounds
chemical bonds
precipitates
products
Go on
30

(continued)
SPI 0807.9.9
Use the periodic table to determine the properties of an element.

1
Which of the following is a property of a

nonmetal?
A
B
C
D
Element
Atomic
Number
Atomic
Mass
Hydrogen
Helium
Lithium
Beryllium
According to the information above, which

of the elements has an atomic number that
is equal to its mass number?
F
G
H
J
hydrogen
helium
lithium
beryllium
Elements in Group 18 of the periodic table

are called inert gases because they are
A
B
C
D
It has a hard and shiny surface.

It can be bent into different shapes.
It is a poor conductor of electricity.
It is a good conductor of heat.
Characteristics of Some Elements
odorless.
light.
mostly nonreactive.
highly reactive with oxygen.
Which of the following is a characteristic

of the halogen group?
F elements with seven electrons in their
outer level
G elements with eight electrons in their
outer level
H elements with nine electrons in their
outer level
J elements with eleven electrons in their
outer level
A chemist performed a series of

experiments on an element and found that
it did not react with any other element, no
matter what the chemist did. The element
was most likely
A
B
C
D
a noble gas
a halogen
an alkaline earth metal
an alkali metal
Go on
31

(continued)
SPI 0807.9.10
Identify the reactants and products of a chemical reaction.

Theresa was observing a chemical reaction
and concluded it was exothermic. What
observation probably led Theresa to this
conclusion?
A The final products were colder than the
reactants.
B The final products were warmer than
the reactants.
C The chemical reaction had occurred
quickly.
D The chemical reaction had occurred
slowly.
A
B
C
D
When most chemical reactions take place,

some
in the reactants must
be broken down, a process that requires
energy.
F
G
H
J
compounds
chemical bonds
precipitates
products
less than
more than
equal to
double
CHEMICAL
EQUATION
5
The total mass of reactants in a chemical

reaction must be
the total
mass of the product.
ENERGY
PRODUCTS
Which of these belongs with the group

above?
F
G
H
J
particle size
mass
reactant
rust
The larger the surface area of reactants,

the faster a reaction takes place. Which
of these reactants burns the fastest?
A
B
C
D
large thick log

several long branches
old tree stump
many small thin twigs
Go on
32

(continued)
SPI 0807.9.11
Recognize that in a chemical reaction the mass of the reactants is equal to the mass
of the products (Law of Conservation of Mass).
1
Margareta has learned that plants take in

water (H2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2)
to produce sugar (C6H12O6) and give off
oxygen (O2).Which chemical equation is
correct?
A O2 + H2O C6H12O6 + CO2

oxygen
water
sugar
carbon
dioxide
Zn + 2HCI ZnCl2 + H2
65 g 72 g
135 g
?
B 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2

carbon
dioxide
water
sugar
oxygen
A
B
C
D
C C6H12O6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

sugar
oxygen
carbon
dioxide
water
D CO2 + O2 C6H12O6 + H2O

carbon oxygen
dioxide
sugar
water
What number should go in place of the

question mark to balance the above
equation?
F
G
H
J
1
6
3
2
2g
4g
72 g
144 g
2HCl + Mg(OH)2 MgCl2 + 2H2O
4Fe + 3O2 ?Fe2O3

2
The law of conservation of mass states

that in a chemical reaction the mass of the
reactants equals the mass of the products.
Based on this information, what mass
of hydrogen (H2) was produced in this
reaction?
How many hydrogen atoms are reactants

in the above equation?
F
G
H
J
2
4
1
8
Go on
33

(continued)
SPI 0807.9.12
Identify the basic properties of acids and bases.
5.0
10.0
8.5
pH of soft drink = 2
pH of tomato = 5
orange
juice
oven
cleaner
rainwater
ammonia
These pictures show different substances

being tested for pH. Which of the
following lists the substances from most
acidic to most basic?
A
B
C
D
A
B
C
D
Q, S, R,T
T, S, R, Q
Q, R, S, T
T, R, S, Q
Dill pickles, grapefruit, oranges, and

vinegar are examples of
F
G
H
J
basic substances.
neutral substances.
acidic substances.
indicators.
The difference in pH strength between two

substances, is determined by the formula
10n, where n = the difference between
pHs. How much more acidic is a soft drink
than a tomato?
What determines an acids strength when

it dissolves in water?
F
G
H
J
10,000
10
100
1,000
how easily a hydroxide ion is released

how easily a hydrogen ion is released
how many hydrogen atoms it contains
how easily it can be neutralized
What is the pH of a neutral solution?

A
B
C
D
7
1
14
5
Go on
34
3.5
State Performance Indicator: Physical Science:

Forces in Nature
SPI 0807.12.1
Recognize that electricity can be produced using a magnet and wire coil.
3
24,000
Volts
A A motor is turned inside a coil of wire.

B A coil of wire is turned inside a magnet
that is cooled to 272C.
C A magnet is turned inside a magnetic
field.
D A coil of wire is turned inside
a magnetic field.
120240
Volts
The picture shows how homes get electric

power from the power plant. The voltage
from the power plant is too high to be
directly delivered to the house. When the
voltage reaches the second set of power
lines, what device changes the voltage to
120 or 240 volts?
A
B
C
D
electromagnet
transformer
motor
voltmeter
How does a generator produce electricity?
What is the main difference between

a motor and a generator?
F A motor changes electric energy
to kinetic energy while a generator
changes kinetic energy to electric
energy.
G A motor changes kinetic energy to
electric energy while a generator
changes electric energy to kinetic
energy.
H A motor uses alternating current and
a generator does not.
J A motor operates at a much higher
voltage than a generator.
In the United States, the type of current

used varies from positive to negative
60 times per second. This type of current
is called
F
G
H
J
direct current.
alternating current.
variable current.
simulating current.
Go on
35

(continued)
SPI 0807.12.2
Describe the basic principles of an electromagnet.
1
A current-carrying wire produces a

magnetic field. When this wire is wrapped
around an iron core, the magnetic field
produced is different than the magnetic
field produced by the wire alone because it
Bell
A is stronger than the magnetic field

produced by the wire alone.
B is weaker than the magnetic field
produced by the wire alone.
C cancels out the magnetic field produced
by the iron core.
D cancels out the magnetic field produced
by the wire alone.
How are two current-carrying wires

similar to two magnets?
F They pick up iron filings.
G They repel each other as if they were
the same pole of a magnet.
H They attract each other as if they were
magnets.
J They are made of magnetized material.
Power
source
4
3
Which is NOT a common use of an

electromagnet?
A
B
C
D
Look at the above picture of a doorbell.

What action turns on the electromagnet?
F
G
H
J
motor
battery
fan
galvanometer
5
pulling the spring back

hitting the bell with the hammer
connecting the wires to the battery
pressing the button
Look at the above picture. What happens

when the hammer strikes the bell?
A
B
C
D
The electromagnet is turned off.

The electromagnet is turned on.
The circuit is closed.
The button is pressed.
Go on
36

(continued)
SPI 0807.12.3
Distinguish among the Earths magnetic field, a magnet, and the fields that surround a
magnet and an electromagnet.
1
Which of the reasons below explains

how magnets can attract or repel objects
without touching them?
A The gravitational force surrounding

each magnet acts at a distance.
B A magnetic field surrounds a magnet
and exerts a magnetic force.
C The magnets share electrons and act
at a distance.
D The magnets generate static electricity.
NORTH
SOUTH
Giovanni sprinkled iron filings around

a magnet. Which did Giovanni most
likely see?
A the iron filings lining up against
the magnetic field lines
B the iron filings lining up with the
magnetic field lines
C the iron filings accumulating atop
the magnet
D the iron filings randomly falling around
the magnet
Earth generates its own magnetic field.

This field is called the
F
G
H
J
2
Look at the above diagram. Which of

these statements is FALSE?
F The north and south poles of the
magnet will attract each other.
G If the magnet is broken in half, it
will not have north and south poles.
H The south poles of the magnet will
repel each other.
J If the magnet is broken in half, it
will still have north and south poles.
electromagnet.
electromotive force.
magnetosphere.
biosphere.
When coils of wire are wrapped around an

iron core, the magnetic field of the coils
A magnetizes the wire.
B creates an electric field around the iron.
C neutralizes the magnetic properties of
the coil.
D magnetizes the iron.
Go on
37

(continued)
SPI 0807.12.4
Distinguish between mass and weight using appropriate measuring instruments and
units.
A backpack full of books weighs 38
newtons on Earth. The same backpack full
of books weighs 45 newtons on Planet X.
Which statement describes the reason for
the difference in weight?
A Planet X is less dense than Earth.
B Planet X has more mass than Earth.
C Planet X is farther from the Sun
than Earth.
D Planet X has a larger circumference
than Earth.
A
B
C
D
Place
Mars
221
38
Earth
588
100
1,387
236
669
114
Jupiter
Neptune
Percent
of Your
Weight on
Earth
6,860 newtons
71 newtons
700 newtons
22,400 newtons
What does David weigh on a planet with

a gravity of 14 m/s2?
F
G
H
J
Weight of a 60-kg Person

on Different Planets
Weight in
Newtons if
Your Mass
were 60 kg
David has a mass of 700 kg. What does

he weigh on Earth?
980 newtons
6,680 newtons
9,800 newtons
50 newtons
When an astronaut performs a space

walk, she
A
B
C
D
has a mass of zero.

is weightless.
has the same mass as on Earth.
has the same weight as on Earth.
Look at the table above. Which planet has

the greatest gravity?
F
G
H
J
Neptune
Mars
Earth
Jupiter
Go on
38

(continued)
SPI 0807.12.5
Determine the relationship among the mass of objects, the distance between these
objects, and the amount of gravitational attraction.
Mass and Distance Data for Planets
and Their Moons
Planet
Moon
mass
mass
(x 1022 kg) (x 1022 kg)
Planet
600
600
600
12
600
12
In the table above, which planet has the

smallest gravitational force acting between
the planet and its moon?
F
G
H
J
velocity.
mass.
a large enough diameter.
an orbit.
Astronauts are much lighter when they

walk on the Moon than when they walk
on Earth. This is because of
F
G
H
J
In the table above, which planet has the

greatest gravitational force acting between
the planet and its moon?
1
2
3
4
Gravity is the force that exists between any

two object that have
A
B
C
D
Moon
distance
from
planet
(x 10 6 km)
A
B
C
D
the depth of the Moons craters.

the light coming from the Sun.
the strength of the Moons gravity.
the solar winds.
As the distance between two objects

increases, the gravitational attraction
between them
A
B
C
D
decreases.
increases.
stays the same.
doubles.
1
2
3
4
Go on
39

(continued)
SPI 0807.12.6
Illustrate how gravity controls the motion of objects in the solar system.
A black hole is so massive that even light
cannot escape from it. What is the force
that pulls the light into the black hole?
A
B
C
D
electrical force
gravitational force
magnetic force
nuclear force
Which of the following statements

describes the results of gravitational force
on a planet in our solar system?
F the Sun, Earth, and Moon forming

a right angle
G an increase in wind speed
H the Sun, Earth, and Moon lining up
J an increase in the oceans salinity
5
F The planet has a tilted rotational axis.

G The planet rotates at a constant speed.
H The planet follows a curved path
around the Sun.
J The temperature on the surface of the
planet is nearly constant.
3
The gravitational pull of the Moon has a

greater effect than the pull of the Sun on
the tidal changes in Earths oceans. The
most likely reason for this is
A
B
C
D
the Sun is closer to Earth.

the Moon is closer to Earth.
the Sun is larger than the Moon.
Earth is larger than the Moon.
During spring tides, high tides are higher

than normal and low tides are lower than
normal. What is the most likely cause of
spring tides?
The solar system is made up of eight

planets and numerous other objects that
orbit the Sun. What holds them all in
place?
A solar winds
B their gravitational attraction to each
other
C their elliptical orbits
D the Suns gravity
Why do gases that could form an

atmosphere on Mercury escape into space?
F
G
H
J
its small size and low gravity

its abundance of craters
the gravitational pull of Venus
its extremely short day
Stop
40
Posttest
Observations of Three Elements
up
ter ice etch yrup
Wa Ju
S
K
Duration
Weight
of
Weight
Melting Before Heating
After
Element Point Heating (minutes) Heating
Copper 1,083C
What is probably being measured in this

experiment?
A
B
C
D
surface tension
density
vaporization
viscosity
45
30 g
Gold
1,064C
30 g
45
30 g
Silver
962C
30 g
45
30 g
3
1
30 g
Which of the following hypotheses is

tested by the experimental data in the table
above?
A Although matter undergoes change,
mass is conserved.
B Given enough heat and time, chemical
reactions can consume matter.
C Copper, gold, and silver all melt below
1,000C.
D Metals take hours to melt.
The picture above shows how a student

prepared for an experiment. Which of
the following was probably the students
hypothesis?
F The gas condenses into a liquid when
heated.
G The liquid boils at low temperatures.
H The solid will become a liquid when
cooled.
J The solid melts when heated.
Go on
Grade 8 Posttest
41
Posttest (continued)
4
A student adds a powder to a clear liquid

and the powder disappears. Which of
these statements is true?
1. Clearly identify the problem or need.

2. Search for and evaluate possible
solutions.
F The particles the solid is made of are

too small to be seen.
G The liquid is blocking the students
view of the powder.
H The solids particles no longer exist.
J The powder has evaporated.
3. Select the best possible solution.

4. Develop a process or procedure for
a prototype.
5. Test and evaluate the prototype.
6. Communicate the results.
Most reactions need a certain amount of

energy to begin. Jessica wants to compare
two chemical reactions from our daily
lives to determine which need the most
energy to begin. She is going to compare
baking soda and water with yeast and
water. In her experiment, she measures the
quantity of each item before and after the
experiment. However, this did not yield
her any meaningful results. What should
Jessica measure instead?
A
B
C
D
7. Redesign and retest as necessary.
Engineers in a water treatment plant need

to replace a broken pump. They will be
using the above steps to find the best
replacement pump. During Step 2, which
will the engineers most likely NOT be
considering?
F
G
H
J
weight changes
density changes
temperature changes
viscosity changes
7
the noise level of the new pumps

the cost of each pump
the color of the new pump
the ease of installation of the
new pumps
Acme Toy Manufacturer designed a

prototype for a robot that obeys simple
commands. Which step should they
follow next in order to make sure the
prototype is performing according to their
specifications?
A put the prototype through rigorous
tests
B begin full-scale production
C build a pilot plant
D discuss the marketability of the robot
Go on
42
Grade 8 Posttest
8
What is an unintended consequence of the

development of boat docks and buildings
along Lake Erie islands?
11
F The habitat of Lake Erie water snakes

has grown.
G The Lake Erie water snake has become
a threatened species.
H A public education program has been
developed to inform the public about
water snakes.
J The snakes have become poisonous.
A
B
C
D
Scientists study many things about an

organism to learn how to classify it.
Which is used to determine how to classify
an organism?
F
G
H
J
echolocation
large fins to swim with
a thick layer of blubber fat
a long ridge along their back
Estimated Bird Extinction

Over the Past 400 Years
In 1982, the Federal Drug Administration

approved human insulin, the first
genetically engineered drug. Why did
scientists develop a new kind of genetically
engineered insulin when people were
already being treated with insulin taken
from animals?
A Animal insulin could not be processed
by humans.
B Genetically engineered insulin is
superior to human insulin.
C Doctors were worried that animal
insulin might not cure the disease.
D Doctors were worried about the longterm effects of taking animal insulin.
10
A Beluga whale lives in cold salt water.

Which of the following characteristics is
an adaptation for cold water?
12
Year
New Number of Species

Becoming Extinct
1600
1700
1800
12
1900
32
2000
45
The table above shows the rate of bird

extinction over the past 400 years. What
would be a cause of this rate?
F
G
H
J
an increase in habitat loss

a decrease in human population
a decrease in welfare spending
an increase of animal protective
services
How does the organism develop?

How much food does it eat each day?
What type of habitat does it live in?
How many organisms of that type are
alive today?
Go on
Grade 8 Posttest
43
13
Which of the following is a reason why

an increase in the human population can
harm the environment?
A The competition for water and land
will decrease.
B The amount of resources being used
will decrease.
C The number of scientists trying to save
the environment will increase.
D The destruction of natural habitats will
occur from an increase in housing.
15
Which of the following is NOT an

example of matter?
A
B
C
D
16
Water molecules are each made of two

hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
Under the right conditions, however, the
atoms can be separated. This type of
change in a substances properties is
F
G
H
J
M
N
O
water
sunlight
air
wood
rare.
chemical.
physical.
never reversible.
17
Estimated
Age
(years)
Depth
(meters)
Layer
Composition
Sedimentary
rock
100,000
04
Sedimentary
rock
6 million
89
Sedimentary
rock
6.1 million
910
A
B
C
D
14
The diagram above depicts the site

where these data were collected by
paleontologists. To improve their study,
they also could record
F
G
H
J
the time of year.

information about layer N.
the address of the work site.
the weight of the sedimentary rocks.
A compound is a substance that contains

two or more elements. According to this
definition, which formula represents a
compound?
18
Li
Br2
NaCl
3O2
Sometimes two elements combine to make

a new substance with its own special
properties. This new substance is an
example of
F
G
H
J
a homogeneous mixture.
a heterogeneous mixture.
an atom.
a compound.
Go on
44
Grade 8 Posttest
19
Which nonmetal makes up 80 percent

of the air you breathe?
A
B
C
D
20
phosphorus
oxygen
carbon
nitrogen
A
B
C
D
strong bases
strong acids
weak bases
weak acids
Zn + Ag2S ZnS + ?Ag

24
Thermometers are mercury-filled glass

tubes that are sealed at both ends. The
mercury indicates the temperature
through a
F
G
H
J
chemical change.
exothermic reaction.
physical change.
catalytic reaction.
All chemical equations follow the law

of conservation of mass. Which number
should be used in place of the question
mark to balance this equation?
F
G
H
J
Explain how two cubes can be exactly the

same size with the same dimensions but
have very different densities.
A The cubes have different masses.
B The cubes have different viscosities.
C The cubes have different surface
tension.
D The cubes are melting.
22
Group IA metals are called alkali metals

because they form after combining with
which other elements?
Which of these facts best explains why

a baseball maintains its shape?
F Its melting point is close to room
temperature.
G Its particles are packed tightly.
H Gases have loosely packed particles.
J Solids can never change shape.
21
23
25
1
2
0
4
A biologist grows a plant inside a sealed

glass jar. The plant keeps growing for
several days but then dies. At the start of
the experiment, the jar had a mass of 3 kg.
At the end of the experiment, it still had
a mass of 3 kg. Which of the following
explains why the mass was the same?
A The plant created mass.
B The jars temperature was the same as
before.
C The jar was sealed and new mass could
not enter.
D The plant did not grow enough to add
mass to the jar.
Go on
Grade 8 Posttest
45
Some compounds react with acids and
bases to produce different colors. These
compounds are called
F
G
H
J
27
hydronium ions.
precipitates.
indicators.
stalagmites.
Which of these causes a magnetic field to

be produced around a current-carrying
wire?
F the magnetic domains moving in the
wire
G the metal atoms in the wire
H the kinetic aurora moving in the wire
J the electrons moving in the wire
29
On Earth, Ramone weighs 80 N and has

a mass of 8.2 kg. If Ramone travels to a
planet where the gravity is just half of that
on Earth, what will Ramones mass be?
F
G
H
J
4.1 kg
40 kg
16.3 kg
8.2 kg
What is the purpose of using a generator?

A to turn motion into electricity
B to turn electrical energy into kinetic
energy
C to turn motion into magnetism
D to generate a magnetosphere
28
30
31
The force of gravity depends on the mass

of objects and
A
B
C
D
32
their weight.
the size of each object.
the distance between them.
their speed.
What causes high tides on Earth?

F
G
H
J
the lunar cycle

the moons gravity
the suns corona
a solar eclipse
26
Micka wants to demonstrate that north

ends of two magnets repel each other. In
order to demonstrate this, it would be best
for Micka to
A place the north ends of the two
magnets near each other.
B place the north end of one magnet near
the south end of another.
C place the north end of one magnet near
an unmagnetized object.
D place the north ends of each magnet in
an electric field.
Stop
46
Grade 8 Posttest
Tennessee
Science
Grade 8
Consultant
Douglas Fisher, Ph.D.
About the Consultant
Copyright by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to reproduce the
material contained herein on the condition that such materials be reproduced only for classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely in conjunction with the Glencoe
Tennessee Science Grade 8 program. Any other reproduction, for sale or other use, is expressly prohibited.
Send all inquiries to:
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
8787 Orion Place
Columbus, OH 43240-4027
ISBN: 978-0-07-890142-3
MHID: 0-07-890142-1
Printed in the United States of America.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 071 13 12 11 10 09 08
Douglas Fisher, Ph.D., is a Professor in the Department of Teacher

Education at San Diego State University. He is the recipient of an
International Reading Association Celebrate Literacy Award as well
as a Christa McAuliffe award for Excellence in Teacher Education. He
has published numerous articles on reading and literacy, differentiated
instruction, and curriculum design as well as books, such as Improving
Adolescent Literacy: Strategies at Work and Responsive Curriculum Design
in Secondary Schools: Meeting the Diverse Needs of Students. He has taught
a variety of courses in SDSUs teacher-credentialing program as well as
graduate-level courses on English language development and literacy.
He also has taught classes in English, writing, and literacy development
to secondary school students.
Note-Taking Tips................................... v
Using Your Science Notebook.......... vi
Chapter 1 Exploring and Classifying
Life
Chapter Preview ..................................1
1-1..................................................2
1-2..................................................5
1-3..................................................8
1-4................................................11
Wrap-Up ......................................14
Chapter 2 Adaptations over Time

Chapter Preview ................................15
2-1................................................16
2-2................................................19
Wrap-Up ......................................22
Chapter 3 Conserving Life
Chapter Preview ................................23
3-1................................................24
3-2................................................27
Wrap-Up ......................................30
Chapter 4 Measurement
Chapter Preview ................................31
4-1................................................32
4-2................................................35
4-3................................................38
Wrap-Up ......................................42
Chapter 5 Properties and Changes
of Matter
Chapter Preview ................................43
5-1................................................44
5-2................................................47
Wrap-Up ......................................50
Chapter 6 States of Matter

Chapter Preview ................................51
6-1................................................52
6-2................................................55
6-3................................................58
Wrap-Up ......................................62
Chapter 7 Inside the Atom
Chapter Preview ................................63
7-1................................................64
7-2................................................77
Wrap-Up ......................................70
Chapter 8 The Periodic Table
Chapter Preview ................................71
8-1................................................72
8-2................................................75
8-3................................................78
Wrap-Up ......................................82
Chapter 9 Atomic Structure and
Chemical Bonds
Chapter Preview ................................83
9-1................................................84
9-2................................................87
Wrap-Up ......................................90
Chapter 10 Chemical Reactions
Chapter Preview ................................91
10-1..............................................92
10-2..............................................95
Wrap-Up ......................................98
Chapter 11 Substances, Mixtures,
and Solubility
Chapter Preview ................................99
11-1 ............................................100
11-2 ............................................103
11-3 ............................................106
Wrap-Up ....................................110
Tennessee Science Grade 8
iii
Chapter 12 Chemistry and

Technology
Chapter Preview ..............................111
12-1 ............................................112
12-2 ............................................115
12-3 ............................................118
Wrap-Up ....................................122
Chapter 15 The Solar System and

Beyond
Chapter Preview ..............................143
15-1 ............................................144
15-2 ............................................147
15-3 ............................................150
Wrap-Up ....................................154
Chapter 13 Force and Newton's

Laws
Chapter Preview ..............................123
13-1 ............................................124
13-2 ............................................127
13-3 ............................................130
Wrap-Up ....................................134
Chapter 14 Magnetism
Chapter Preview ..............................135
14-1 ............................................136
14-2 ............................................139
Wrap-Up ....................................142
iv
Note-Taking Tips
Your notes are a reminder of what you learned in class. Taking good
notes can help you succeed in science. These tips will help you take
better notes.
Be an active listener. Listen for important concepts. Pay attention
to words, examples, and/or diagrams your teacher emphasizes.
Write your notes as clearly and concisely as possible. The following
symbols and abbreviations may be helpful in your note-taking.
Word or
Phrase
Symbol or
Abbreviation
Word or
Phrase
Symbol or
Abbreviation
for example
e.g.
and
that is
i.e.
approximately
with
w/
therefore
without
w/o
versus
vs
Use a symbol such as a star () or an asterisk (*) to emphasize

important concepts. Place a question mark (?) next to anything that
you do not understand.
Ask questions and participate in class discussion.
Draw and label pictures or diagrams to help clarify a concept.
Note-Taking Donts
Dont write every word. Concentrate on the main ideas and concepts.
Dont use someone elses notesthey may not make sense.
Dont doodle. It distracts you from listening actively.
Dont lose focus or you will become lost in your note-taking.
Using Your Science Notebook

Name
This note-taking guide is designed to

help you succeed in learning science
content. Each chapter includes:
Date
Adaptations over Time

GLE 0807.5.3 Analyze how structural, behavioral, and physiological adaptations within a population enable it
to survive in a given environment, GLE 0807.5.4 Explain why variation within a population can enhance the
chances for group survival, GLE 0807.5.6 Investigate fossils in sedimentary rock layers to gather evidence
of changing life forms, 0807.5.3 Compare and contrast the ability of an organism to survive under different
environmental conditions, 0807.5.7 Create a timeline that illustrates the relative ages of fossils in sedimentary rock layers, SPI 0807.5.3 Analyze data on levels of variation within a population to make predictions
about survival under particular environmental conditions, SPI 0807.5.5 Compare fossils found in sedimentary
rock to determine their relative age. Also covers: 0807.5.4
Before You Read

Before you read the chapter, respond to these statements.
1. Write an A if you agree with the statement.
Language-Based Activities
Activities cover the content in
your science book through vocabulary
development, process writing, note-taking
tools, analytical application, and
real-world problem solving.
2. Write a D if you disagree with the statement.

Before You
Read

Traits acquired by an organism during its life can be
passed on to its offspring.
Most evidence of evolution comes from fossils.
Organisms with traits best suited to their environment
are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Humans share a common ancestor with other primates.
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of this chapter.
Science Journal
Anticipation Guide/KWL Charts

me
Think about what you alreadyNaknow
before beginning a lesson and
Section 1 Ideas About Evolution
identify what you would like
to learn from reading.
Pick a favorite plant or animal and list all the ways it is well-suited to its environment.
Date
to survive in a given environment, GLE 0807.5.4 Explain why variation within a population can enhance the
chances for group survival, 0807.5.3 Compare and contrast the ability of an organism to survive under
different environmental conditions, SPI 0807.5.3 Analyze data on levels of variation within a population to
make predictions about survival under particular environmental conditions. Also covers: GLE 0807.5.6,
0807.5.4, SPI 0807.5.5
Predict three things that will be discussed in Section 1 as you scan

the headings and illustrations.
Science Journal
Write about what
you know.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define gene using your book.
Name
D a te
I found this information

on page
.
15
gene
(continued)
New
Vocabulary Write the correct term next to its definition.
Complete the table explaining factors that can lead to changes in

a population.
What Happens
group of organisms that share similar characteristics and can

reproduce among themselves, producing fertile offspring
How It Leads to
Change
change in inherited characteristics over time
Changes
in Gene
Sources
process by which organisms with traits best suited to their

environment are more likely to survive and reproduce
inherited trait that makes an individual different from other
members of its species
Geographic
Isolation
any variation that makes an organism better suited to its

environment
Compare and contrast gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.
Writing Activities
Select ideas from your reading to fill in the Venn diagram.
I foundactivities
this information
These
help you think
on page
.
about what youre learning
and make connections to
your life.
Academic
Vocabulary Use your book or a dictionary to define hypothesis.
The Speed of
Evolution
Gradualism
S YNTHESIZE I T
Both
Describe how natural selection can lead to the formation of

a new species. Include factors such as migration and geographic isolation.
18
vi
hypothesis
Punctuated
Equilibrium
Vocabulary Development
Vocabulary words help you to better
understand your science lessons. Learning
the Academic Glossary can help you score
higher on standardized tests.
16
Name
Date
Early Models of
Evolution
(continued)
Identify why Lamarcks theory of evolution was not accepted.
Chapter Wrap-Up
This brings the information together
for you. Revisiting what you thought
at the beginning of the chapter provides
another opportunity for you to discuss
what you have learned.

on page
.
Darwins Model
of Evolution
on page
.
Analyze Darwins explanation of the origins of the 13 species of

Galpagos finches. Fill in the missing words.
The Galpagos finches
,
for food. Those that had

that allowed them to get food
were able to
longer and
more.
Over time, groups of finches became separate
Natural Selection
State 5 main principles of natural selection.

on page
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Name
5.
Variation and
Adaptation
on page
.
Date
Cells
Compare and contrast variations and adaptations.

Variation
Chapter Wrap-Up
Review the ideas you listed at the beginning of the chapter. Cross out any incorrect
information in the first column. Then complete the table by filling in the third column.
Adaptation
K
What I know
Definition
W
What I want to find out
L
What I learned
Note-Taking Based on
the Cornell Two-Column Format
Practice effective note-taking through
Adaptations over Time 17
the use of graphic organizers, outlines,
and written summaries.
Review
Examples
Use this checklist to help you study.

Review the information you included in your Foldable.
Study your Science Notebook on this chapter.

Study the definitions of vocabulary words.
Name
Review daily homework assignments.
Date
Section 2 Clues About Evolution
Re-read the chapter and review the charts, graphs, and illustrations.
(continued)
Review the Self Check at the end of each section.

Look over the Chapter Review at the end of the chapter.
Fossils and
Evolution
Create a graphic organizer to identify what scientists learn

from fossils.
S UMMARIZE I T

on page
.
Information
obtained from
fossils
26
More Clues
About Evolution
Review Checklist
This list helps you assess what
you have learned and prepare
for your chapter tests.
What are the three most important ideas in the chapter?
Cells
Organize information about other clues scientists use to study

evolution.

on page
.
Other
clues about
evolution
Graphic Organizers
A variety of visual organizers help you
to analyze and summarize information
S YNTHESIZE I T A scientist discovers a new species of mammal. How could
and
remember content.
the scientist determine its evolutionary relationships to other animals? Explain how
the
scientist could use each type of evidence discussed in the section.
21
vii
Name
Date
Exploring and Classifying Life

GLE 0807.5.1 Identify various criteria used to classify organisms into groups. GLE 0807.5.2 Use a simple
classification key to identify a specific organism. Also covers: GLE 0807.5.3, SPI 0807.5.1
Before You Read

Before You
Read

All science takes place in laboratories.
All of the changes that take place during an
organisms life are called responses.
Spontaneous generation is the idea that living
things come from nonliving things.
Organisms are classified into groups based on

their similarities.
Science Journal
List three characteristics that you would use to classify underwater life.
Name
Date

Section 1 What is science?
0807.Inq.1 Design and conduct an open-ended scientific investigation to answer a question that includes a
control and appropriate variables.
Scan the list below to preview Section 1 of your book.
Read all section headings.

Read all bold words.
Read all charts and graphs.
Think about what you already know about how to solve problems.
Write three facts you discovered about scientific methods as you

scanned the section.
1.
2.
Review
Vocabulary
experiment
Write a paragraph describing scientific methods. Use all of

the vocabulary words in your description. Underline each
vocabulary word.
New
Vocabulary
scientific methods
hypothesis
control
variable
theory
law
Academic
Vocabulary
reject
3.
Name
Date
The Work of
Science
(continued)
Define science using information from this section.

on page
.
Solving Problems
on page
.
Sequence the steps scientists use to solve problems. Study the

figure in your book, then close your book and try to fill in the figure.
Check your work by looking back at your book.
State the problem
revise
hypothesis

on page
.
repeat many
times
Analyze the role of controls and variables in an experiment. Fill

in the missing words.
A control is the
test is
that can be
to which the
of a
. A variable is
. The number of variables that should
be changed during an experiment is
Name
Date
Developing
Theories
(continued)
Contrast an opinion, a scientific theory, and a scientific law.

Complete the table.

on page
.
Opinion
Scientific Theory
Scientific Law
What it is
What it is
based on

on page
.
Summarize the metric units for each quantity below by listing them.
Length:
Volume:
Mass:
Safety First
on page
.
Identify two important safety practices to follow in a laboratory.

1.
2.
S YNTHESIZE I T
A scientist collects data about ducks migration patterns

every year between November and April. After five years, she draws conclusions and
publishes a scientific paper. Describe the scientific methods she might have used.
State why it was important to wait five years before publishing her results.
Measuring with
Scientific Units
Name
Date

Section 2 Living Things
GLE 0807.5.1 Identify various criteria used to classify organisms into groups. 0807.5.3 Compare and
contrast the ability of an organism to survive under different environmental conditions.
Predict what you will learn in Section 2. Read the title and main
headings. List three topics that you predict will be discussed in
the section.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Use raw materials in a sentence to show its scientific meaning.
raw materials
New
Vocabulary Find a sentence in Section 2 that uses each vocabulary term.
organism
cell
homeostasis
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define chemical.
chemical
Name
What are living

things like?
Date
(continued)
Organize the characteristics that define living things. Complete the

graphic organizer.

on page
.

on page
.
Describe the relationship between a stimulus and a response.

Complete the table. Then complete the flowchart to describe
homeostasis.
What It Is
Example
Stimulus
Response
Homeostasis
Stimulus
The conditions in an
organisms cells change.
Response
Living Things
Name
Date
(continued)

on page
.
Contrast the ways organisms obtain energy in the table.

Organism
How It Obtains Energy
Plants
Animals
Bacteria in places
sunlight cannot reach
What do living
things need?
Classify the needs of all living things. Complete the concept map.

on page
.
Needs of
Living Things
S UMMARIZE I T
Choose one living thing and one nonliving thing with which
you are familiar. Use the five characteristics of living things to explain how you know
that each is living or nonliving. Complete the chart to organize your information.
Object
Has cells?
Uses
energy?
Grows and
develops?
Responds
to stimuli?
Reproduces?
Name
Date

Section 3 Life Comes from Life
to survive in a given environment.
Skim Section 3, and write three questions that you have.

1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define contaminate and use it in an original sentence.
contaminate
the idea that living things come from nonliving things

the idea that living things come only from other living things
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define estimate as both a noun and a verb.
estimate
noun:
verb:
New
Vocabulary Write the vocabulary term that matches each definition.
Name
Date
Where does life

come from?
(continued)
Contrast the theories of spontaneous generation and biogenesis.

Complete the table.

on page
.
Spontaneous
Generation
Biogenesis
Source
of life

on page
.
Sequence experiments that were conducted about the theory of

spontaneous generation. Complete the time line.
Who:
1800s
What:
Who:
1700s
What:
Who:
1668
Lifes Origins
on page
.
What:
Complete key events in the evolution of life on Earth. Identify the

event that scientists hypothesize occurred at each time.
about 5 billion years ago:
about 4.6 billion years ago:

more than 3.5 billion years ago:
Name
Date

on page
.
(continued)
Organize information about Oparins hypothesis. Complete the

outline.
I. Oparins hypothesis of Earths early atmosphere composition
A.
B.
C.
D.
II. What happened in the atmosphere
A.
B.
CONNECT IT
Scientists theories of the origin of life have changed over time.

How do these changes show the use of scientific methods?
10
Complete the graphic organizer summarizing Stanley Miller and

Harold Ureys experiment.
Name
Date

Section 4 How are living things classified?
GLE 0807.5.2 Use a simple classification key to identify a specific organism. SPI 0807.5.1 Use a simple
classification key to identify an unknown organism.
Read the What Youll Learn statements for Section 4. Rewrite

each statement as a question. As you read, look for the responses
to your questions.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Review
Vocabulary Describe how an organisms common name is different from its
scientific name.
common name
New
Vocabulary Read the definitions below. Write the vocabulary term that
matches each definition.
first and largest category used to classify organisms
evolutionary history of an organism
group of similar species
two-word scientific naming system
Academic
Vocabulary Define similar using a dictionary.
similar
11
Name
Date
Classification
on page
.
(continued)
Contrast historic classification systems. Identify the categories or

criteria used in each system.
Early
classification
Aristotle
Linnaeus
Categories
or criteria

on page
.
Summarize the 6 types of information that modern scientists use

to determine an organisms phylogeny.
1.
2.
4.
5.
6.
on page
.
12
Label the groups used to classify organisms from least specific to

most specific. Use the word bank to complete the diagram.
class
genus
order
species
family
kingdom
phylum
3.
Name
Date
(continued)
Scientific Names
Summarize binomial nomenclature. Complete the sentences.

on page
.
The first word of an organisms scientific name is its
The second word might
Identify four reasons the system of binomial nomenclature is useful.

1.
2.
3.
4.
Tools for
Identifying
Organisms
on page
.
Distinguish between a field guide and a dichotomous key.

Complete the Venn diagram.
Field Guide
Dichotomous Key
Both
S YNTHESIZE I T
Choose five similar plants or animals. Use what you know

about their structures and features to develop your own dichotomous key to classify
your choices. Use a dictionary to find the scientific name of each plant or animal to
include in your key.
13
Name
Date

Chapter Wrap-Up
Now that you have read the chapter, think about what you have learned and complete
the table below. Compare your previous answers with these.
After You
Read
All science takes place in laboratories.

All of the changes that take place during an
organisms life are called responses.
Spontaneous generation is the idea that living
things come from nonliving things.
Review
S UMMARIZE I T
14
List three important ideas you learned in Chapter 1.
Organisms are classified into groups based on

their similarities.
Name
Date

to survive in a given environment. Also covers: GLE 0807.5.4, GLE 0807.5.6, SPI 0807.5.3, SPI 0807.5.5
Before You Read

Before You
Read

Science Journal
Pick a favorite plant or animal and list all the ways it is well-suited to its environment.
15
Name
Date

to survive in a given environment. Also covers: GLE 0807.5.4, SPI 0807.5.3, GLE 0807.5.6, SPI 0807.5.5
Predict three things that will be discussed in Section 1 as you scan

the headings and illustrations.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define gene using your book.
gene
group of organisms that share similar characteristics and can

reproduce among themselves, producing fertile offspring
change in inherited characteristics over time
process by which organisms with traits best suited to their
environment are more likely to survive and reproduce
inherited trait that makes an individual different from other
members of its species
any variation that makes an organism better suited to its
environment
Academic
Vocabulary Use your book or a dictionary to define hypothesis.
hypothesis
16
New
Vocabulary Write the correct term next to its definition.
Name
Date
Early Models of
Evolution
(continued)
Identify why Lamarcks theory of evolution was not accepted.

on page
.
Darwins Model
of Evolution
on page
.
Analyze Darwins explanation of the origins of the 13 species of

Galpagos finches. Fill in the missing words.
The Galpagos finches
,
for food. Those that had

that allowed them to get food
were able to
longer and
more.
Over time, groups of finches became separate
Natural Selection
State 5 main principles of natural selection.

on page
.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Variation and
Adaptation
on page
.
Compare and contrast variations and adaptations.

Variation
Adaptation
Definition
Examples
17
Name
Date

on page
.
(continued)
Complete the table explaining factors that can lead to changes in

a population.
What Happens
How It Leads to
Change
Changes
in Gene
Sources
Geographic
Isolation

on page
.
S YNTHESIZE I T
Compare and contrast gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

Select ideas from your reading to fill in the Venn diagram.
Gradualism
Both
Punctuated
Equilibrium
Describe how natural selection can lead to the formation of

a new species. Include factors such as migration and geographic isolation.
18
The Speed of
Evolution
Name
Date

GLE 0807.5.6 Investigate fossils in sedimentary rock layers to gather evidence of changing life forms.
SPI 0807.5.5 Compare fossils found in sedimentary rock to determine their relative age.
Scan Section 2 of your book. Then write two items in each of the
boxes below.
What I know about
fossils
What I want to know

about fossils
Review
Vocabulary Define epoch using your book.
epoch
New
Vocabulary Use your book to help you write the correct vocabulary term next
to each definition.
a type of rock made from pieces of other rocks, minerals deposited
from a solution, or plant and animal matter
element that gives off a steady amount of radiation as it slowly
changes to a nonradioactive element
study of embryos and their development
similar in structure, origin, or function
structure that does not seem to have a function and that may once
have functioned in the body of an ancestor
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define method.
method
19
Name
Date
Clues from
Fossils
on page
.
(continued)
Create a concept map to summarize information about the Green

River formation. Include information about
where it is
what it was in the past
how fossils formed, and
Types of Fossils
on page
.
Summarize the types of rock in which fossils are commonly found.

Most fossils are found in
often found in
Determining a
Fossils Age
on page
.
rock. They are most

.
Organize information about how scientists determine the age of

fossils. Complete the outline.
I. Relative dating
A.
B. provides an estimate of a fossils age by
II. Radiometric dating

A.
B. Scientists estimate age by
20
what scientists learn from the fossils there.
Name
Date
Fossils and
Evolution
(continued)
Create a graphic organizer to identify what scientists learn

from fossils.

on page
.
Information
obtained from
fossils
More Clues
About Evolution
Organize information about other clues scientists use to study

evolution.

on page
.
Other
clues about
evolution
S YNTHESIZE I T
A scientist discovers a new species of mammal. How could

the scientist determine its evolutionary relationships to other animals? Explain how the
scientist could use each type of evidence discussed in the section.
21
Name
Date
Chapter Wrap-Up
After You
Read

Review
S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, identify three things that you have
learned about adaptations of organisms over time.
22
Name
Date
Conserving Life
GLE 0807.5.5 Describe the importance of maintaining the earths biodiversity. SPI 0807.5.4 Identify several
reasons for the importance of maintaining the earths biodiversity. Also covers: 0807.Inq.1
Before You Read

Before You
Read
Conserving Life
Biodiversity tends to decrease as you move
toward the equator.
The loss of habitat is a major reason why many
species become endangered.
Habitats that have been harmed by human
activities cannot be restored.
Keeping some endangered animals in captivity

can help preserve biodiversity.
Science Journal
List a species that you believe is important for maintaining biodiversity, and explain
why it is important.
Conserving Life
23
Name
Date
Conserving Life
Section 1 Biodiversity
0807.5.5 Prepare a poster that illustrates the major factors responsible for reducing the amount of global
biodiversity.
Scan the headings in Section 1 of your book. Write three facts you
discovered about biodiversity as you scanned this section.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define mammal to show its scientific meaning.
mammal
New
Vocabulary Use your book or a dictionary to define the following terms.
native species
ozone depletion
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define stable to show its scientific meaning.
stable
24
Conserving Life
biodiversity
Name
Date
The Variety
of Life
on page
.
Why is
biodiversity
important?
(continued)
Identify the choice in each pair that has a higher level of

biodiversity by circling it.
Locations with Higher Levels of Biodiversity
wheat field
forest
coral reef
surrounding shallow waters
warmer climate
colder climate
Summarize ways that biodiversity is good for human wants and

needs. List ways that biodiversity is good for the health of the
ecosystems on Earth. Give an example or explanation for each point.

on page
.
medicines: many
were originally from
wild plants
What
Biodiversity
Provides for
Humans
How
Biodiversity Helps
Ecosystems
breakdown of pollutants
by organisms in soil
Conserving Life
25
Name
Date
What reduces
biodiversity?
(continued)
Identify two important causes of extinction.

1.

on page
.
2.

on page
.
Sequence events that may have caused the extinction of

dinosaurs.
Dinosaurs became extinct.
Pollution
on page
.
Organize the types of pollution and examples of pollutants.

Type of
Pollution
Pollutants and/or Sources
Land
pesticides, chemicals, oil/factories, ships, runoff
from lawns and farms
CONNECT IT
26
Conserving Life
Describe the impact of clearing a forest area to build houses.
Great amounts of dust were thrown into the air.
Name
Date
Conserving Life
Section 2 Conservation Biology
GLE 0807.5.5 Describe the importance of maintaining the earths biodiversity. SPI 0807.5.4 Identify several
reasons for the importance of maintaining the earths biodiversity.
Predict three things that might be discussed in Section 2 as you

read the headings and examine the illustrations.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define habitat to show its scientific meaning.
habitat
New
Vocabulary Scan within the section for bold words and their meanings. Then
write the correct term next to its definition.
study of methods for protecting Earths biodiversity
process of bringing a damaged habitat back to a healthy condition
conservation strategy that returns organisms to an area where
the species once lived
population of organisms that is cared for by humans
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define strategy. Write a sentence to show its
scientific meaning.
strategy
Conserving Life
27
Name
Date
Protecting
Biodiversity
(continued)
Define the career of a conservation biologist.

on page
.
Conservation
Biology at Work
on page
.
28
Conserving Life
Analyze the challenge that conservation biologists face when

developing their strategies.
Create a graphic organizer to identify the 2 goals of most

conservation plans.

on page
.
Name
Date

on page
.
(continued)
Model flash cards on ways to prevent the extinction of species.

Put the title of each at the top of the card. Then write information
and examples for each conservation biology method.
Habitat
Preservation
Convention on
International Trade
in Endangered
Species, CITES
Wildlife
Management
Seed Banks
CONNECT IT
Analyze the advantages and disadvantages of trying to save

endangered animals by raising them in a zoo.
Conserving Life
29
Name
Date
Conserving Life
Chapter Wrap-Up
the table below. Compare your previous answers to these.
Conserving Life
After You
Read
Biodiversity tends to decrease as you move

toward the equator.
The loss of habitat is a major reason why many
species become endangered.
Habitats that have been harmed by human
activities cannot be restored.
Keeping some endangered animals in captivity
can help preserve biodiversity.
Review
S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, identify three things you have

learned about conserving life.
30
Conserving Life
Name
Date
Measurement
GLE 0807.Inq.2 Use appropriate tools and techniques to gather, organize, analyze, and interpret data.
SPI 0807.Inq.2 Select tools and procedures needed to conduct a moderately complex experiment.
Before You Read

1. Write A if you agree with the statement.
2. Write D if you disagree with the statement.
Before You
Read
Measurement
Measurements are recorded by using
numbers.
Measurements can be precise but not
accurate.
Most scientists use inches and feet to
record length.
A bar graph shows parts of a whole.
Construct the Foldable as directed at the beginning of the chapter.
Science Journal
As a member of the pit crew, how can you determine the miles per gallon a car uses?
Write in your Science Journal how you would calculate this.
Measurement
31
Name
Date
Measurement
Section 1 Description and Measurement
Also covers: 0807.Inq.5
Skim Section 1 of your book. Write three questions that come to

mind from reading the headings of this section.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define description to show its scientific meaning.
description
New
Vocabulary Define each vocabulary term using your book or a dictionary.
precision
accuracy
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define significant. Use significant in an
original sentence to show its scientific meaning.
significant
32
Measurement
estimation
Name
Date
Measurement
on page
.
(continued)
Define measurement. Then give five examples of things that are

measured.
Measurement is
Examples:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Estimation
on page
.
Distinguish two situations in which you might use estimation.

1.
2.
Precision and
Accuracy
on page
.
Contrast precision and accuracy. Define each term. Then complete

the Venn diagram with an example of measurements that are precise,
accurate, and both precise and accurate.
Precision is
Accuracy is
.
Precise
Accurate
Both
measurements
of 13.54 cm
and 13.56 cm
for an actual
length of
13.55 cm
Measurement
33
Name
Date

on page
.
(continued)
Sequence the steps to follow when rounding a measurement.

Look at the digit
If the digit is less than 5,
If the digit is 5 or greater,

on page
.
Complete the chart of rules for using significant digits. Identify

each category as always, sometimes, or never significant.
Type of Digit
Significant?
non-zero digits
zeros at the beginning of a number

zeros in whole numbers
Summarize how to use significant digits in multiplication and
division and in addition and subtraction.
When multiplying and dividing, the number of significant digits in
the answer is determined by
in the problem. In addition and subtraction,
the number of significant digits in the answer is determined by
.
CONNECT IT
34
Measurement
Give examples of exact measurements and estimated measurements.
zeros between other digits
Name
Date
Measurement
Section 2 SI Units
SPI 0807.Inq.2 Select tools and procedures needed to conduct a moderately complex experiment.
Predict three things you expect to learn in Section 2 after reading

its title and headings.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define variable to show its scientific meaning.
variable
New
Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary term next to each definition.
SI unit for mass

amount of change of one measurement in a given amount
of time
International System of Units
amount of matter in an object
amount of space an object occupies
SI temperature scale
SI unit for length
measure of the gravitational force on an object
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define summary.
summary
Measurement
35
Name
Date
(continued)

on page
.
Sequence the prefixes used in the SI system from smallest to

largest. Write each prefix in the proper place on the diagram.
centideci-
dekagiga-
hectokilo-
megamicro-
millinano-
Length
Organize information about length in the graphic organizer.

on page
.
Tool:
A measure of:
Length
SI units:
Volume
Distinguish methods of finding volume.

on page
.
Regular, square or rectangular objects:
Irregular objects:
36
Measurement
one million
one thousand
one hundred
ten
one-tenth
one-hundredth
Largest
one-thousandth
one-millionth
one-billionth
Smallest
The International
System
one billion
Section 2 SI Units
Name
Date
Section 2 SI Units
(continued)
Mass
Contrast mass and weight. Complete the chart.

on page
.
Mass
Weight
What is it a
measure of ?
What SI units
are used to
measure it?
Is it the same
everywhere?
Temperature

on page
.
Label the diagrams to identify important temperatures in the three

temperature scales. Circle the scale that is used for SI units.
Kelvin (K)
Celsius (C)
Fahrenheit (F)
Boiling point
of water
Freezing point
of water
Absolute zero
Time and Rate

on page
.
Analyze the relationship between time and rate.

Time is measured in
in the SI system. It tells

. A rate is
.
S YNTHESIZE I T
Explain why it is important to have a standard system of

units for scientists to use for measuring.
Measurement
37
Name
Date
Measurement
Section 3 Drawings, Tables, and Graphs
SPI 0807.Inq.3 Interpret and translate data into a table, graph, or diagram.
Scan Section 3. Write two facts you discovered as you scanned

the section.
1.
2.
Review
Vocabulary Write an original sentence to show the scientific meaning of
model.
model
New
Vocabulary Define each vocabulary term using your book or a dictionary.
table
bar graph
line graph
graph
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define category. Use category in an original
sentence to show its scientific meaning.
category
38
Measurement
circle graph
Name
Date
Scientific
Illustrations
on page
.
Tables and
Graphs
on page
.
(continued)
Compare and contrast drawings, photographs, and movies.

Drawings
Photographs
Movies
Complete the outline to describe tables and graphs.

I. Tables
A.
B.
II. Graphs
A.
B.
on page
.
Create a sample line graph. Label the x-axis and y-axis.
Summarize what kind of data can be shown on a line graph.
Measurement
39
Name
Date
(continued)

on page
.
Model a bar graph of your own. Write a caption explaining each

part of the graph.

on page
.
Sequence the steps to follow to create a circle graph.
2.
3.
on page
.
S YNTHESIZE I T
Evaluate why it is important to examine the scale on a graph.

Explain why a broken scale is sometimes useful.
Compare the two graphs of U.S. endangered species per year

in your book. Which do you think is more accurate? Which shows the data most clearly?
Why? What other type of graph might you use to show these data?
40
Measurement
1.
Name
Date
Tie It Together
Suppose that you have been asked to design your ideal science classroom. The builder
wants to know what measurements will be needed to make your room. Create a plan for
your classroom. Include at least one item for which each of the following will need to be
measured: length, volume, mass, and temperature. Predict a time measurement for your
construction. Suggest ways that each can be measured. Create a scientific illustration
showing the design of your room.
Measurement
41
Name
Date
Measurement
Chapter Wrap-Up
2. Write D if you disagree with the statement.
Measurement
After You
Read
Measurements are recorded by using

numbers.
Measurements can be precise but not
accurate.
Most scientists use inches and feet to
measure length.
A bar graph shows parts of a whole.
Review
S UMMARIZE I T
learned about measurement.
42
Measurement
Name
Date
Properties and Changes of Matter

GLE 0807.9.2 Explain that matter has properties that are determined by the structure and arrangement of its
atoms. Also covers: GLE 0807.9.3, SPI 0807.9.2, SPI 0807.9.8, GLE 0807.9.1, GLE 0807.9.7,
SPI 0807.9.11
Before You Read

Before You
Read

Melting and freezing are physical properties.
Color, density, and solubility change depending on the
amount of material.
Exploding fireworks are examples of a chemical change.
When a substance undergoes a physical change, its

identity remains the same.
Science Journal
Think about what happens when you crack a glow stick. What types of changes are
you observing?
43
Name
Date

Section 1 Physical and Chemical Properties
atoms. 0807.9.3 Measure or calculate the mass, volume, and temperature of a given substance.
Also covers: GLE 0807.9.1

Think about what you already know about matter.
Write three facts you discovered about physical and chemical
properties of matter as you scanned this section.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define matter to show its scientific meaning and then use the
matter
New
Vocabulary Use your book to define the following terms.
physical property
chemical property
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define differentiate to show its scientific
meaning.
differentiate
44
term in an original sentence.
Name
Date
Physical
Properties
(continued)
Organize information about physical properties of matter in the

graphic organizer. Identify and describe each property.

on page
.
volume: the amount of space in an object
SizeDependent
Properties
SizeIndependent
Properties
45
Name
Date

on page
.
Distinguish substances by their physical properties. Use the chart

in your book to identify each substance below.
Substance
Chemical
Properties
(continued)
State
Density
(g/cm3)
Melting
Boiling
Point (C) Point (C)
liquid
3.12
7.0
59.0
solid
4.93
113.5
184.0
solid
2.044
360
1,322.0
liquid
1.0
100.0
Summarize chemical properties by completing the concept map.
definition
Chemical
Properties
three
examples
1.
2.
3.
CONNECT IT
Suppose that you were given a sample of an unknown liquid

substance. Which physical properties would be easiest to identify? Which would be
most difficult? Support your reasoning with specific examples.
46

on page
.
Name
Date

Section 2 Physical and Chemical Changes
GLE 0807.9.3 Interpret data from an investigation to differentiate between physical and chemical changes.
SPI 0807.9.2 Identify the common outcome of all chemical changes. Also covers: SPI 0807.9.8,
GLE 0807.9.7, SPI 0807.9.11
Skim Section 2 of your book. Read the headings and look at the
illustrations. Write three questions that come to mind.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define solubility to show its scientific meaning.
solubility
New
Vocabulary Use your book to define the following terms. Then use the term in
a sentence.
vaporization
sublimation
deposition
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define undergo. Then use the term in a
sentence to show its scientific meaning.
undergo
47
Name
Date
Physical Changes
on page
.
(continued)
Complete the table about two physical changes.

Physical
Change
What Happens
Example
Changing
shape
Dissolving
Distinguish four types of changes of state. Define each type of

change, and give an example.
Example
Changes
of State
Chemical
Changes
on page
.
Summarize how a chemical change is different from a physical

change. Complete the paragraph.
In a physical change,
but
changes,
does not. In a chemical change,
.
Rusting is one example of a
in which
react with
to form
48
Type and Definition
Name
Date
Signs of Chemical
Changes
on page
.
(continued)
Identify five signs of chemical change.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Chemical Versus
Physical Change
on page
.
Classify each of the following events as a physical change or a

chemical change.
1. A tree is cut into lumber.
2. Copper is bent.
3. Marble dissolves in acid rain.
4. Wood is burned.
Conservation
of Mass
Analyze how conservation of mass applies to a burning candle.

on page
.
E VALUATE IT
A glass of water is placed on a very sensitive scale and several

antacid tablets are dropped into the water. The weight of the glass and its contents is
less after the tablets dissolve than before the tablets dissolved. Explain how matter
is conserved in this example.
49
Name
Date

Chapter Wrap-Up
the table below. Compare your previous answers to these.
After You
Read
Melting and freezing are physical properties.

Color, density, and solubility change depending on the
amount of material.
Exploding fireworks are examples of a chemical change.
When a substance undergoes a physical change, its
identity remains the same.

S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, identify three main ideas you have
learned about properties and changes of matter.
50
Review
Name
Date
States of Matter
GLE 0807.9.1 Understand that all matter is made up of atoms. GLE 0807.9.2 Explain that matter has
properties that are determined by the structure and arrangement of its atoms. Also covers: SPI 0807.9.6,
SPI 0807.9.7, SPI 0807.9.8
Before You Read

Before You
Read
States of Matter
There are four states of matter.
Solids take the shape of their containers.
Substances cannot change directly from
a solid to a gas.
The air around you is putting pressure on

your body.
Science Journal
Write about what you predict is a source of the warm water in a hot natural spring in
a cold, snowy climate.
States of Matter
51
Name
Date
States of Matter
Section 1 Matter
atoms. 0807.9.2 Illustrate the particle arrangement and type of motion associated with different states of
matter.
Skim through Section 1 of your text. Write three questions that

come to mind when reading the headings and looking at the
illustrations.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define the word atom in a scientific sentence.
New
matter that does not have a definite shape or volume
anything that takes up space and has mass
matter with a definite shape and volume
liquids resistance to flow
uneven forces acting on the particles on the surface of a liquid
matter with a definite volume but no definite shape
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define definite.
definite
52
States of Matter
atom
Name
Date
Section 1 Matter
(continued)
What is matter?
on page
.
Define matter, and identify the four states of matter.

Matter:
The Four
States of Matter
Solids
on page
.
Complete the statements about properties of solids.

Do solids have definite shape?
Do solids have definite volume?

Do solids take the shape of its container?
How do particles in solids move?
How are particles in crystalline solids arranged?
How are particles in amorphous solids arranged?
Liquids
on page
.
Contrast liquids with solids.

1.
2.
3.
States of Matter
53
Name
Date
Section 1 Matter
(continued)

on page
.
Gases
Distinguish between viscosity and surface tension.
Organize information about gases.

on page
.
Gases
do not
have definite
or
S UMMARIZE I T
those in a gas.
54
States of Matter
Compare and contrast the motion of particles in a solid with
are made of
particles that move
fill the
Name
Date
States of Matter
Section 2 Changes of State
GLE 0807.9.1 Understand that all matter is made up of atoms. SPI 0807.9.6 Compare the particle
arrangement and type of particle motion associated with different states of matter.
Predict three things that might be discussed in this section after

reading the title and headings.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define the word energy using a dictionary or your book.
energy
New
average kinetic energy of the particles in a substance

the change from a gas state to a liquid state
the change from a solid state to a liquid state
total kinetic energy of the particles in a material
the change from a liquid state to a gas state
the change from a liquid state to a solid state
movement of thermal energy from a substance at a higher
temperature to one at a lower temperature
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define item.
item
States of Matter
55
Name
Date
Thermal Energy
and Heat
on page
.
(continued)
Classify each phrase to show whether it describes thermal energy,

temperature, or both.
depends on the number of
particles
average energy of particles
involves kinetic energy of

particles
total energy of particles
Thermal Energy
Temperature

on page
.
Create a drawing to show a glass of lemonade with ice cubes in

it. Use arrows to show the movement of thermal energy.
Complete the chart below on specific heat.
Specific Heat
on page
.
Cool
Substances with
high specific heats
Substances with
low specific heats
56
States of Matter
Heat
slowly
quickly
Example
Both
Name
Date
Changes
Between the
Solid and
Liquid States
on page
.
(continued)
Compare the changes between the solid and liquid states by

completing the chart.
Melting
Freezing
What is it?
Thermal energy
released or
absorbed?
Changes
Between the
Liquid and
Gas States

on page
.
Changes
Between the
Solid and
Gas States
Distinguish the changes between gas and liquid states by filling in

the graphic organizer.
gas
liquid
Summarize information about sublimation.

on page
.
S YNTHESIZE I T
Explain the relationship between heat and temperature.
States of Matter
57
Name
Date
States of Matter
Section 3 Behavior of Fluids
0807.9.2 Illustrate the particle arrangement and type of motion associated with different states of matter.
SPI 0807.9.7 Apply an equation to determine the density of an object based on its mass and volume.
Scan Section 3 of your book. Write three facts you discovered

about fluids as you scanned the section.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define the word force in a sentence to show its scientific
meaning.
force
New
Vocabulary Use a dictionary or your book to define the key terms.
buoyant force
Archimedes principle
density
Pascals principle
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define expand to show its scientific meaning.
expand
58
States of Matter
pressure
Name
Date
Pressure
on page
.
(continued)
Complete the formula for pressure. Then analyze how pressure

changes with a change in force or area.
Pressure
If force
and area
increases
stays the same
decreases
stays the same
stays the same
increases
stays the same
decreases
then pressure

on page
.
Define atmospheric pressure and describe why you do not feel it.

on page
.
Analyze how the size of a weather balloon would change as it rises

into the atmosphere. Create and label a drawing or write sentences
to explain why the balloon changes size.
States of Matter
59
Name
Date
Changes in
Gas Pressure
(continued)
Complete the graphic organizer to show how changes in volume

and temperature can increase pressure.

on page
.
as volume
Pressure
increases
as temperature

on page
.
Compare the buoyancy of an object that is more dense than water

with an object that is less dense than water. Draw and label arrows
to show the buoyant force and weight of each.
More Dense
Pascals Principle
on page
.
S YNTHESIZE I T
Less Dense
Summarize Pascals principle, and give an example that

illustrates the principle.
An ice cube (solid water) floats in liquid water. Explain this

in terms of density and buoyant force.
60
States of Matter
Float or sink?
Name
Date
Tie It Together
Synthesize It
Describe a situation from daily life in which you have experienced each change of state
identified below. Explain how thermal energy was involved in the change of state.
Condensation
Melting
Freezing
Evaporation
States of Matter
61
Name
Date
States of Matter
Chapter Wrap-Up
States of Matter
After You
Read
There are four states of matter.

Solids take the shape of their containers.
Substances cannot change directly from
a solid to a gas.
The air around you is putting pressure on
your body.
Review
S UMMARIZE I T
learned about states of matter.
62
States of Matter
Name
Date
Inside the Atom

GLE 0807.9.1 Understand that all matter is made up of atoms. GLE 0807.9.4 Distinguish among elements,
compounds, and mixtures. 0807.9.1 Identify atoms as the fundamental particles that make up matter.
Before You Read

Preview the chapter title, section titles, and section headings. List at least two ideas
for each section in each column.
K
What I know
W
Science Journal
Describe, based on your current knowledge, what an atom is.
Inside the Atom
63
Name
Date
Inside the Atom

Section 1 Models of the Atom
GLE 0807.9.1 Understand that all matter is made up of atoms. 0807.9.1 Identify atoms as the fundamental
particles that make up matter. Also covers: 0807.9.3
Preview the title and headings of Section 1. Predict three topics

that will be discussed in the section.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define matter to show its scientific meaning.
matter
New
region surrounding the nucleus in which electrons travel

electrode with a negative charge
particle in the nucleus of an atom that has the same mass as a
proton and is electrically neutral
fast-moving, positively charged bit of matter
positively charged particle present in the nucleus of all atoms
negatively charged particle located outside the nucleus of an atom
matter made up of only one type of atom
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define theory.
theory
64
Inside the Atom
electrode with a positive charge
Name
Date
First Thoughts
(continued)
Summarize early ideas about the structure of matter.

on page
.
A Model of
the Atom
Organize Daltons ideas about matter. Complete the concept web.

on page
.
Daltons Ideas
About Matter

on page
.
Discovering
Charged
Particles
Summarize the following cathode ray tube experiments.

Crookess experiments
Thomsons experiments

on page
.
Inside the Atom
65
Name
Date
Rutherfords
Experiments and
A Model with
a Nucleus
(continued)
Analyze Rutherfords gold foil experiments. Identify what

Rutherford expected to happen and what actually happened.
The experiment:

on page
.
Expected result:
Actual result:
A Model with a
Nucleus and
Further
Developments
on page
.
CONNECT IT
Describe the following improvements to atomic theory.

After Rutherfords model, how
the extra mass in the nucleus
was explained
How electrons are thought to

move in the most current
atomic model
Explain how the development of atomic models demonstrates

the scientific process.
66
Inside the Atom
Conclusion:
Name
Date
Inside the Atom

Section 2 The Nucleus
GLE 0807.9.4 Distinguish among elements, compounds, and mixtures. 0807.9.10 Identify the atomic
number, atomic mass, number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an atom of an element using the
periodic table.
Read the What Youll Learn statements. Rewrite each as a

question. Then look for the answers as you read.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Use atom in a scientific sentence.
atom
New
Vocabulary Define each of the following vocabulary terms using your book.
atomic number
isotope
mass number
radioactive decay
transmutation
beta particle
half-life
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define stable as an adjective.
stable
Inside the Atom
67
Name
Date
Identifying
Numbers
on page
.
(continued)
Complete the chart to compare three isotopes of carbon.

Carbon-12
Carbon-13
Carbon-14
Atomic number
Number of protons
Number of neutrons
Mass number
Radioactive
Decay
Summarize what the strong nuclear force does.
Analyze radioactive decay that is caused by the loss of

alpha particles.

on page
.

on page
.
Sequence the steps of radioactive decay through which a beta

particle is released. Complete the flow chart.
Neutron
becomes
unstable.
The electron
The protron
.
68
Inside the Atom

on page
.
Name
Date
Rate of Decay
on page
.
(continued)
Complete the chart to show how the mass of a sample changes

during radioactive decay. Then define half-life.
Start
Time elapsed
0 days
Mass
20 g
First
Half-life
Second
Half-life
Third
Half-life
8 days
half-life:

on page
.
Identify uses and hazards of radioactive material.
Uses
Hazards
Radioactive
material
Making Synthetic
Elements
Summarize how synthetic radioactive isotopes are made.

on page
.
CONNECT IT
Compare and contrast radioactive decay and the making of
synthetic elements.
Inside the Atom
69
Name
Date
Inside the Atom
Chapter Wrap-Up
Review the ideas you listed in the chart at the beginning of the chapter. Cross out
any incorrect information in the first column. Then complete the chart by filling in
the third column. Compare your previous answers with these.
K
What I know
W
L
What I learned
Review
S UMMARIZE I T
learned about atoms that surprised you.
70
Inside the Atom
Name
Date
The Periodic Table

GLE 0807.9.6 Use the periodic table to determine the characteristics of an element. SPI 0807.9.9 Use the
periodic table to determine the properties of an element.
Before You Read

K
What I know
W
Science Journal
Think of an element you have heard about. Make a list of the properties you know
and the properties you want to learn about.
The Periodic Table
71
Name
Date
The Periodic Table

Section 1 Introduction to the Periodic Table
Skim Section 1 of your book. Write three questions that come to

mind from reading the headings and looking at the illustrations.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Use element in a sentence to show its scientific meaning.
element
column of elements in the periodic table that have similar physical

or chemical properties
element that shares some properties with metals and some with
nonmetals
element in Groups 1, 2, or 1318
element that has a shiny luster, is a good conductor of heat and
electricity, is malleable, and is ductile
element in Groups 312
element that is usually a gas or brittle solid at room temperature
and does not conduct heat and electricity well
row of elements in the periodic table whose properties change
gradually
Academic
Vocabulary Define symbol to show its scientific meaning.
symbol
72
The Periodic Table
New
Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary term next to its definition.
Name
Date
Development of
the Periodic
Table
on page
.
(continued)
Organize information about the development of the periodic table.

Complete the outline.
History of the Periodic Table
I. Mendeleevs contributions
A.
B.
C.
II. Moseleys contributions
A.
B.
Todays Periodic
Table

on page
.
Distinguish a period from a group by completing the sentences.

A period is
. A group is
.

on page
.
Create a drawing of an empty periodic table. Shade the

representative elements one color, the transition elements
another, and the inner transition elements a third color.
The Periodic Table
73
Name
Date
Contrast metals, nonmetals, and metalloids in the chart.

Metals

on page
.
Nonmetals
Metalloids
Label the block below with the information you would find about
hydrogen in its element key. Fill in the missing information.
H
on page
.
CONNECT IT
Summarize how names and symbols for elements are chosen.

Include both existing and newly discovered elements.
Suppose you discovered a new element. How would you predict

where it would fit in the periodic table if you did not know its atomic number?
74
The Periodic Table

on page
.
(continued)
Name
Date
The Periodic Table

Section 2 Representative Elements
Read the What Youll Learn statements for Section 2. Predict three
topics that will be discussed in the section.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define atomic number using your book or a dictionary.
atomic number
New
Vocabulary Use your book to define each vocabulary term.
alkali metal
alkaline earth metal
semiconductor
halogen
noble gas
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define representative as an adjective.
representative
The Periodic Table
75
Name
Date
Groups 1 and 2
(continued)
Summarize the properties of the alkali metals.

on page
.
Density
Melting Point
Color and State

Alkali
Metals

on page
.
Groups 13
through 18
on page
.
Compare and contrast the alkaline earth metals and the alkali
metals. Describe the hardness, density, melting points, and
reactivity of elements in the two groups.
Summarize information about elements in the boron family by

filling in the missing words.
All the elements in group 13 are
except
, which is a metalloid. The elements in this family

are used to make many different things. Pots and pans made with
can move straight from the refrigerator to the oven
without cracking.
is used to make soft drink cans.
, which will melt in your hands, is used to make

computer chips.
76
The Periodic Table
Reactivity
Name
Date

on page
.
(continued)
Compare the elements in the carbon group.

Metal, Nonmetal, or
Metalloid?

on page
.
Carbon
nonmetal
Silicon
metalloid
Germanium
metalloid
Tin
metal
Lead
metal
Where it is Found
or How it is Used
Complete the outline to identify important points about certain

elements in Groups 15 and 16.
I. Group 15
A.
: makes up about 80% of the air you breathe
B. Phosphorus:
II. Group 16
A. Oxygen:
B.
: combines with hydrogen and oxygen to

make sulfuric acid, one of the most commonly used
chemicals
C. Selenium:
on page
.
Identify at least one important fact about each group of elements.

Halogens:
Noble gases:
CONNECT IT
Choose any three elements from this section and explain how
each is important to your daily life.
The Periodic Table
77
Name
Date
The Periodic Table

Section 3 Transition Elements
Scan the headings and illustrations in this section. Write three facts
you learned about transition elements as you scanned the section.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define mass number in a scientific sentence.
New
catalyst
lanthanide
actinide
synthetic element
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define series to show its scientific meaning.
series
78
The Periodic Table
mass number
Name
Date
The Metals in
the Middle
on page
.
(continued)
Identify four key characteristics of the transition elements

including their location in the periodic table.
1.
2.
3.
4.

on page
.
Summarize the properties of the iron triad.
Iron Triad
What these elements have in common:

on page
.
Element:
Element:
Element:
Uses:
Uses:
Uses:
Identify uses of transition elements.

Element(s)
Uses
Tungsten
Mercury
Elements in the
platinum group
The Periodic Table
79
Name
Date
Inner Transition
Elements
on page
.
(continued)
Compare and contrast the lanthanides and actinides.

Lanthanides
Actinides
Properties
Uses
Summarize how scientists create synthetic elements.

Using a particle accelerator scientists make
. The nuclei
to form
Some of these elements are
.
and last only
.
Identify two ways dentists and orthodontists use transition
elements.
1.
2.
CONNECT IT
Hypothesize why a scientist should be extra careful when using

a mercury thermometer.
80
The Periodic Table

on page
.
Name
Date
Tie It Together
The Periodic Table
Create a periodic table puzzle.

1. Obtain six pieces of paper. Cut each piece of paper into six equal pieces.
2. Make an element box for each of the first 36 elements in the periodic table. On
each element box, fill in only part of the information shown on the periodic table.
3. Swap your set of partially complete element boxes with a partner.
4. Complete each element box in your partners set.
5. Then, piece together your partners periodic table in order.
The Periodic Table
81
Name
Date
The Periodic Table
Chapter Wrap-Up
After You Read

Review the ideas you listed in the chart at the beginning of the chapter. Cross out any
incorrect information in the first column. Then complete the chart by filling in the third
column. Compare your previous responses with these.
W
L
What I learned
Review
S UMMARIZE I T
learned about elements and the periodic table.
82
The Periodic Table
K
What I know
Name
Date
Atomic Structure and

Chemical Bonds
atoms. Also covers: GLE 0807.9.4, GLE 0807.9.6, SPI 0807.9.3, SPI 0807.9.9
Before You Read

Before You
Read
Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonds

Electrons exist with specific levels of energy.
Elements can be arranged according to their properties.
An atom that loses an electron is called a molecule.
Elements can form bonds by sharing electrons.
Science Journal
Write a sentence comparing household glue to chemical bonds.
83
Name
Date

Section 1 Why do atoms combine?
GLE 0807.9.2 Explain that matter has properties that are determined by the structure and arrangement
of its atoms. GLE 0807.9.6 Use the periodic table to determine the characteristics of an element.
Also covers: SPI 0807.9.9
Skim the objectives for Section 1. Write three questions that come
to mind from reading these statements. Look for answers to each
question as you read the section.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define atom to show its scientific meaning.
New
model of the area around the nucleus where electrons
usually travel
the different areas for an electron in an atom
symbol for an element surrounded by as many dots as there
are electrons in its outer energy level
force that holds two atoms together
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define period. Then tell how the word is used
in the context of the periodic table.
period
84
atom
Name
Date
Atomic Structure
(continued)

on page
.
Model the structure of an atom that has 3 protons, 4 neutrons,

and 3 electrons. Label the protons, neutrons, electrons, and
nucleus in your drawing.
Electron
Arrangement
Complete the chart to show the maximum number of electrons

that can exist in each energy level of an atom.

on page
.
Energy Level
Maximum Number of Electrons
1
2
3
4
Write the formula for calculating the maximum number of electrons
that can occupy an energy level.
Formula for calculating electrons per energy level:
Periodic Table
and Energy
Levels
Analyze the relationship of the atomic number of a neutral atom

to the number of electrons and protons it contains.

on page
.
85
Name
Date

on page
.
Identify the number of electrons each atom has in its outer energy
level. Then shade the boxes of the elements that are stable.
1
18
He
Li
Element Families
on page
.
Electron Dot
Diagrams
13
14
15
16
17
Be
Ne
Compare how the elements in a family are similar. Use the noble
gases and alkali metals as examples.
Model the arrangement of electrons by making electron dot

diagrams for the elements represented below.

on page
.
Li
Be
CONNECT IT
Ne
Hydrogen gas is lighter than helium gas. Hypothesize why airships

use helium for buoyancy instead of hydrogen.
86
Electron
Configuration
(continued)
Name
Date

Section 2 How Elements Bond
GLE 0807.9.4 Distinguish among elements, compounds, and mixtures. SPI 0807.9.3 Classify common
substances as elements or compounds based on their symbols or formulas. Also covers: SPI 0807.9.9,
0807.Inq.5
Predict three things that might be discussed in this section after

reading the headings that appear in it.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Write a sentence using the word electron that shows its scientific
meaning.
electron
New
combination of chemical symbols and numbers that shows which

elements are present in a compound and how many atoms of
each element are present
chemical bond that forms between nonmetal atoms when they
share electrons
atom that is no longer neutral because it has gained or lost
electrons
pure substance containing two or more elements that are
chemically bonded
bond in which electrons are shared unevenly
chemical bond formed when metal atoms share their pooled
electrons
chemical bond formed from an attraction between ions
neutral particle formed when atoms share electrons
Academic
Vocabulary Define achieve using a dictionary.
achieve
87
Name
Date
Ionic Bonds
Loss and Gain
on page
.
(continued)
Complete the electron dot diagram below to show the

final compound.
Na
Cl
Na
Cl
Summarize what is occurring in the diagram. Your description

should include the words ion, negative, positive, and compound.
Compare and contrast metallic bonds with ionic bonds by

completing the Venn diagram with at least five facts.
Ionic Bonds

on page
.
Both
Metallic Bonds
Describe two characteristics of metals that are caused by

metallic bonding.
88
Metallic
Bonding
Pooling
Name
Date
Covalent
BondsSharing
on page
.
(continued)
Organize information about covalent bonds.

I. Covalent Bond
A. Definition:
B. How atoms share electrons

1.
2.
C. Multiple bonds:
Polar and
Nonpolar
Molecules
Model a polar molecule, and label the ends as more positive or

more negative.

on page
.
Chemical
Shorthand
Label the parts of the chemical formula shown. Then summarize

what the formula tells you about the compound.

on page
.
H 2O
CONNECT IT
Chlorine is a gas with a distinct odor. Do you think that someone

with an acute sense of smell would be able to smell chlorine in table salt? Explain.
89
Name
Date
Atomic Structure and

Chemical Bonds Chapter Wrap-Up
the chart below. Compare your previous answers with these.
After You
Read
Electrons exist with specific levels of energy.

Elements can be arranged according to their properties.
An atom that loses an electron is called a molecule.
Elements can form bonds by sharing electrons.

S UMMARIZE I T
learned about how chemicals bond.
90
Review
Name
Date
Chemical Reactions
GLE 0807.9.8 Interpret the events represented by a chemical equation. Also covers: SPI 0807.9.8,
SPI 0807.9.11, SPI 0807.9.2
Before You Read

K
What I know
W
Science Journal
What types of products do you think are manufactured in a chemical plant?
Chemical Reactions
91
Name
Date
Chemical Reactions
Section 1 Chemical Formulas and Equations
GLE 0807.9.8 Interpret the events represented by a chemical equation. Also covers: SPI 0807.9.8,
SPI 0807.9.11
Skim Section 1 of your text. Read the headings and look at the
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define atom to show its scientific meaning.
atom
New
chemical reaction that releases heat energy

process that produces a chemical change
chemical reaction that absorbs heat energy
substance that forms as a result of a chemical reaction
tells the reactants, products, physical state, and proportions
of each substance in a chemical reaction
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define undergo.
undergo
92
Chemical Reactions
substance that exists before a chemical reaction begins
Name
Date
Physical or
Chemical
Change?
(continued)
Compare and contrast the two types of changes in matter by

completing the chart.

on page
.
Physical Change
Chemical Change
Description
Examples
Chemical
Equations
Label the products, reactants, and subscripts in the

chemical equation.

on page
.
CH3COOH NaHCO3
Conservation
of Mass
on page
.
CH3COONa H2O CO2
Complete the chart below about the chemical reaction above.

Then summarize the law of conservation of mass.
Element
Number of atoms
in reactants
Na
Number of atoms
in products
The law of conservation of mass states that
Chemical Reactions
93
Name
Date
Balancing
Chemical
Equations
(continued)
Complete the process of balancing the chemical equation below.

First, count the number of atoms of each element in the products
and the reactants to complete the chart.
CH4

on page
.
O2
Carbon
CO2
Hydrogen
H2O
Oxygen
Reactants
Products
Balance the number of hydrogen atoms in the equation by writing
the correct coefficient in front of the correct molecule. Then count
and record the atoms in the new equation.
CH4
O2
Carbon
CO2
Hydrogen
H2O
Oxygen
Reactants
Finish balancing the equation by balancing the number of oxygen

atoms in the equation.
CH4
Energy in
Chemical
Reactions
O2
CO2
Predict whether the reaction above is endothermic or exothermic

and explain why. The energy term would appear on the right side
of the equation.

on page
.
COMPARE IT
94
H2O
Compare the terms endothermic and exothermic.
Chemical Reactions
Products
Name
Date
Chemical Reactions
Section 2 Rates of Chemical Reactions
0807.9.8 Determine the types of interactions between substances that result in a chemical change.
Scan the headings, bold words, and illustrations in Section 2. Write

two facts that you learned as you scanned the section.
1.
2.
Review
Vocabulary Define state of matter in a scientific sentence.
state of matter
New
substance that slows down a chemical reaction

large protein molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction
substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without changing
permanently or being used up
energy needed to start a chemical reaction
amount of a substance present in a certain volume
how fast a chemical reaction happens after it is started
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define volume.
volume
Chemical Reactions
95
Name
Date
How fast? and

Activation
EnergyStarting
a Reaction
(continued)
Evaluate the events that occur during a chemical reaction by

completing the paragraph.
Activation energy is the

on page
.
needed to start a(n)
. Molecules of the reactants can then

with enough energy to
the
of the reactants. New bonds
to
create the products of the reaction.
Reaction Rate
Describe two ways that the rate of a reaction can be measured.

on page
.

on page
.
Complete the concept map by identifying factors that affect

reaction rate.
Factors that Affect Reaction Rate
Changing the speed

and energy with
which molecules
collide affects the
reaction rate.
96
Chemical Reactions
The number of
reactant molecules
in a given volume
affects the chance
that molecules will
collide and react.
Only atoms in the

outer layer of the
reactant material
can reactthe
number of molecules
out in the open
affects reaction rate.
Reaction rate can be found

by measuring
Name
Date
Slowing Down
Reactions
(continued)
Summarize the information about inhibitors. Include an example.

on page
.
Speeding Up
Reactions
Complete the graphic organizer about ways catalysts can work.

on page
.
providing
.
Catalysts can
speed up
reactions by
holding
.
reducing
.

on page
.
Identify four other functions that enzymes carry out in the body.
1.
2.
3.
4.
S YNTHESIZE I T
A scientist adds 1 mg of a catalyst to a solution to speed

reaction rate. How much of the catalyst will be left after the reaction occurs? Explain.
Chemical Reactions
97
Name
Date
Chemical Reactions
Chapter Wrap-Up
any incorrect information in the first column. Then complete the chart by filling
in the third column. Compare your previous responses with these.
K
What I know
W
L
What I learned
Review
S UMMARIZE I T
learned about chemical reactions.
98
Chemical Reactions
Name
Date
Substances, Mixtures, and Solubility

GLE 0807.9.4 Distinguish among elements, compounds, and mixtures. GLE 0807.9.9 Explain the basic
difference between acids and bases. SPI 0807.9.4 Differentiate between a mixture and a compound.
Before You Read

Before You
Read

Burning a substance changes it into other substances.
All mixtures are solutions.
Stirring can speed up the rate at which a substance
dissolves.
Acidic foods are sour.
Science Journal
Find and name four items around you that are mixtures.
99
Name
Date

Section 1 What is a solution?
GLE 0807.9.4 Distinguish among elements, compounds, and mixtures. SPI 0807.9.4 Differentiate between a
mixture and a compound.
Read the What Youll Learn statements for Section 1. Write four
questions you have after reading the statements.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Review
Vocabulary Define proton to show its scientific meaning.
proton
each definition.
solid that comes out of its solution due to a chemical reaction
matter with the same composition and properties throughout
substance that dissolves a solute
mixture in which substances are not evenly mixed
mixture with two or more substances that are evenly mixed
substance that dissolves and seems to disappear into
another substance
another name for a homogeneous mixture
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define proportion to show its scientific
meaning.
proportion
100
New
Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary word in the left column next to
Name
Date
Substances
on page
.
(continued)
Compare elements and compounds by completing the chart.

Substance
Definition
Element
Compound

on page
.
Contrast physical and chemical processes. Complete the sentences.

Physical processes
change substances.
Chemical processes
Mixtures

on page
.
change substances.
Distinguish heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures. Place

the phrases in the Venn diagram.
can be physically separated
also known as solutions
not bonded chemically

not evenly mixed
evenly mixed
Heterogeneous
Homogeneous
Both
How Solutions
Form
Summarize how solutions form. Define solute and solvent in

your answer.

on page
.
101
Name
Date

on page
.
(continued)
Contrast crystallization and precipitate formation.

Crystallization:
Precipitate formation:
Liquid Solutions
on page
.
Organize examples of each type of solution.

Liquid solvent:
Liquid solute:
Solution:
Gas solute:
Solution:
Solid solute:
Solution:
Liquid solvent:
Liquid solvent:
Gaseous
Solutions
on page
.
Identify the solvent and solute(s) for each solution.

The air you breathe:
Brass:
CONNECT IT
A jar of ocean water sits on a shelf uncovered for some time.

Once the water is gone, a white, salty substance is left in the jar. Hypothesize what
kind of change occurred. What does this tell you about the water?
102
Name
Date

Section 2 Solubility
GLE 0807.9.4 Distinguish among elements, compounds, and mixtures. SPI 0807.9.4 Differentiate between a
mixture and a compound.
Scan the headings, bold words, and illustrations in Section 2. Write

two facts you learned as you scanned the section.
1.
2.
Review
Vocabulary Define polar bond.
polar bond
New
Vocabulary Write a scientific definition for each vocabulary term.
aqueous
solubility
saturated
concentration
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define chemical as an adjective.
chemical
103
Name
Date
WaterThe
Universal Solvent
on page
.
(continued)
Model and label a water molecule, including:

the shared electrons in the bonds
the partial positive and partial negative charge areas
the hydrogen and oxygen atoms
Contrast the ways in which ionic and polar molecular compounds

dissolve in water. Complete the chart.
Type of
Compound
How It Dissolves in Water
Ionic
Polar
molecular
What will
dissolve?
Analyze the phrase like dissolves like. Summarize what this

phrase means in your own words.

on page
.
104

on page
.
Name
Date
(continued)
How much will

dissolve?
Summarize how temperature affects solubility.

As temperature increases, the solubility of liquid-solid solutions

on page
.
usually
solutions usually
and the solubility of liquid-gas

.
Describe a saturated solution and tell how a solution can become

supersaturated.
Rate of
Dissolving
on page
.
Identify three ways the rate of dissolving can be increased.

1.
2.
3.
Concentration
Summarize how adding solute changes the properties of a solvent.

on page
.
S UMMARIZE I T
A chef slowly stirs sugar into a pot of water. Describe what

happens to the solution as the water heats. What can you conclude about how long
it will take the solution to boil?
SEE OVERSET PG
105
Name
Date

Section 3 Acidic and Basic Solutions
GLE 0807.9.9 Explain the basic difference between acids and bases. 0807.9.13 Determine whether a
substance is an acid or a base by its reaction to an indicator. SPI 0807.9.12 Identify the basic properties of
acids and bases.
Predict three topics you expect to be discussed in Section 3. Read

the headings and bold words to help make your prediction.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define physical property using your book or a dictionary.
physical property
New
Vocabulary Write an original sentence using each vocabulary term.
pH
hydronium ion
base
indicator
acid
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define conduct as a verb in its scientific sense.
conduct
106
neutralization
Name
Date
Acids
on page
.
(continued)
Model and label the formation of a hydronium ion from a

hydrogen ion in water.
Write a sentence explaining how hydronium forms from an acid.

on page
.
Organize information about the properties of acids and some

examples of acids. Complete the diagram.
Properties
Examples
1.
1.
Acids
2.
Bases
2.
3.
3.
4.
4.
Organize properties and examples of bases. Complete the diagram.

on page
.
Properties
Examples
1.
1.
2.
2.
3.
Bases
3.
4.
4.
5.
5.
6.
6.
107
Name
Date

on page
.
Label the diagram of the pH scale. Label the areas of the scale for
acids, bases, and neutral solutions. Draw arrows showing how the
strength of acids and bases increases.
Indicators
on page
.
Neutralization
on page
.
10 11 12 13 14
Summarize what determines the strength of acidic and basic

solutions.
Describe the response of the indicator litmus paper in each case.

When placed in acid, litmus paper
When placed in base, litmus paper
Complete the cause-and-effect chart about neutralization.
The pH of the solution

becomes more neutral.
CONNECT IT
Heartburn is caused by excess acid in the digestive system.

Antacid tablets treat heartburn by neutralizing the acid. Explain what you can
conclude about the tablets, and why.
108
What is pH?
(continued)
Name
Date
Tie It Together
Can You Guess?
Write clues that a classmate could use to guess three substances or mixtures from everyday
life. Include information about the properties and uses of the substance or mixture.
For example, if you chose vinegar, you might write:
This is a liquid-liquid solution. It is a weak acid. It is used on salads and in other foods.
Trade clues with a classmate and try to guess each others items.
1.
2.
3.
109
Name
Date

Chapter Wrap-Up
After You
Read
Burning a substance changes it into other substances.

All mixtures are solutions.
Stirring can speed up the rate at which a substance
dissolves.
Acidic foods are sour.

S UMMARIZE I T
learned that surprised you.
110
Review
Name
Date
Chemistry and Technology

GLE 0807.9.4 Distinguish among elements, compounds, and mixtures. Also covers: SPI 0807.T/E.3,
GLE 0807.T/E.1, GLE 0807.T/E.3, SPI 0807.T/E.4
Before You Read

Before You
Read

A chemical property is the ability of a material to
combine with or change into another substance.
In the United States, patents last for 75 years.
Most scientists specialize in one area of science.
The first step a scientist uses to solve a problem

is to clearly explain or define the problem.
Science Journal
Write what roles you think scientists and engineers have in creating technology such
as the Mars rover, Spirit.
111
Name
Date

Section 1 Introduction to Materials Science
GLE 0807.9.4 Distinguish among elements, compounds, and mixtures.
Preview the What Youll Learn statements. Rewrite each objective

as a question. Look for the answers to your questions as you read.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define matter to show its scientific meaning.
New
specific type of matter
branch of science that studies the properties and uses of materials
process in which a substance, especially metal, is changed or
weakened by a chemical reaction
measure of how well electrons move through a material
ability of a material to be attracted or repelled by another material
because of its magnetic field
ability of a material to be hammered or rolled into sheets
materials made from dried clay or claylike mixtures
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define confine.
confine
112
matter
Name
Date
What is materials
science?
(continued)
Define material and give four examples of materials.

Examples

on page
.
A material is
Finding the
Right Materials
on page
.
Analyze how scientists decide which materials are best for a

purpose. Complete the sentence.
Scientists must consider the
and
of a material when choosing a material.
Chemical
Properties and
Changes
on page
.
Sequence what happens when the body of a car corrodes, or

rusts. Complete the flow chart.
A car has iron parts in its body.
The iron reacts with
Salt
Evaluate why it is important for scientists to consider the chemical

properties of materials. Use corrosion as an example.
113
Name
Date
Physical
Properties
(continued)
Identify 7 physical properties of materials.

on page
.
Physical
Properties of
Materials

on page
.
Summarize definitions and properties of these materials.

Ceramics:
Alloys:
Polymers:
Composite materials:
CONNECT IT
Describe objects you use that contain materials that are

conductive, magnetic, malleable, soluble, and dense.
114
Type of Materials
Name
Date

Section 2 Science, Technology, and Engineering
GLE 0807.T/E.1 Explore how technology responds to social, political, and economic needs.
Also covers: SPI 0807.T/E.4
Skim Section 2 of your book. Read the headings and examine the
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define process as a verb.
process
New
Vocabulary Use your book to define the following words. Then write a
sentence using each word.
scientist
technology
engineer
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define pursue.
pursue
115
Name
Date
What is a
scientist?
(continued)
Create a graphic organizer to identify some kinds of work that

research scientists do.

on page
.
Research scientists
What is
technology?
Summarize these four general areas of technology.

Technology

on page
.
Category
Description
Examples
Methodology
or technique
System of
production
Social-technical
system
116
Artifact or
hardware
Name
Date
What is
engineering?
(continued)
Identify at least seven types of engineers.

on page
.
Types of Engineers
Biomedical
Engineering

on page
.
Organize information about the work done by biomedical

engineers. Complete the concept web.
Bioelectrical
Biomechanical
Biomedical
Engineering
Biochemical
Biomaterials
S YNTHESIZE I T
Analyze how specialists from all four types of biomedical

engineering might work together to design an artificial heart.
117
Name
Date

Section 3 Using Science to Solve Problems
GLE 0807.T/E.3 Compare the intended benefits with the unintended consequences of a new technology.
SPI 0807.T/E.3 Distinguish between the intended benefits and the unintended consequences of a new
technology.
Predict three things that will be discussed in Section 3. Use the

headings to help you make your predictions.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define bacteria to show its scientific meaning.
New
Vocabulary Write the vocabulary term that matches each definition.
group problem-solving technique that involves individuals
contributing ideas without criticism
use of a computer to imitate or test a process or procedure
limiting factors in a design
full-scale model that is used to base future products on, such as a
new car design or a new airplane design
scaled-down version of the real production equipment that closely
models actual manufacturing conditions
performing testing procedures that are designed to find defective
products or materials in a manufacturing process
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define technique.
technique
118
bacteria
Name
Date
Finding Solutions

on page
.

on page
.
(continued)
Sequence steps that scientists and engineers might take to solve

a problem. Use the following phrases to complete the flow chart.
test models
propose solutions
check risks and
benefits
perform quality
control
begin full-scale
production
identify the problem

make a plan or
model
test the best solution
Summarize three constraints that must be considered when

creating a technological solution to a problem.
1. Marketing:
2. Environmental Protection:
3. Laws and Regulations:
119
Name
Date
(continued)

on page
.
Create a graphic organizer to identify three factors that may act as

design constraints.

on page
.
Complete the table below to summarize three primary types of

intellectual property.
Type
CONNECT IT
What they protect
Hypothesize what might happen if a company did not get a

patent for a product the company has developed.
120
Name
Date
Tie It Together
Design a new product or process. Describe what the product or process does, how it works,
and what is required for it to work.
1. Decide on a need that your product will meet.
2. Do research to help decide what materials and processes you will use.
3. Prepare a display or report as if you were submitting an application for a patent
for your new product or process.
121
Name
Date

Chapter Wrap-Up
After You
Read
A chemical property is the ability of a material to

combine with or change into another substance.
In the United States, patents last for 75 years.
Most scientists specialize in one area of science.
Review
S UMMARIZE I T
After reading this chapter, list three things you have learned
about chemistry and technology.
122
The first step a scientist uses to solve a problem

is to clearly explain or define the problem.
Name
Date
Force and Newtons Laws

GLE 0807.12.4 Identify factors that influence the amount of gravitational force between objects.
Before You Read

Preview the chapter and section titles and the section headings. List at least two ideas
K
What I know
W
Science Journal
Describe three examples of pushing or pulling an object. How did the object move?
123
Name
Date

Section 1 Newtons First Law
Predict three topics that will be discussed in Section 1 as you scan

the headings.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define velocity using your book or a dictionary.
velocity
New
two or more forces that act on an object and do not cancel

each other
combination of all of the forces acting on an object
two or more forces whose effects cancel each other
states that if the net force acting on an object is zero, the object will
remain at rest or, if it is moving, continue to move in a straight line
with constant speed
a push or pull
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define constant in its scientific sense.
constant
124
force that opposes sliding between two touching surfaces
Name
Date
Force
on page
.
(continued)
Analyze how forces combine to form a net force.

If forces act in the same direction
If forces act in opposite directions

.
on page
.
Create two drawings to show how an object is affected by

balanced and unbalanced forces. Use arrows and labels to show
the forces and motion. Below each drawing, explain the effect
of the forces.
Balanced Forces
Unbalanced Forces
125
Name
Date
Newtons First
Law of Motion
(continued)
Summarize Newtons first law of motion in your own words.

on page
.
Compare the three types of friction. Complete the concept map.

on page
.
S YNTHESIZE I T
Friction
What It Is
What It Is
What It Is
Example
Example
Example
A carpenter uses sandpaper to smooth a rough piece of wood.

State what type of friction the carpenter is using.
126
Friction
Name
Date

Section 2 Newtons Second Law
Also covers: SPI 0807.12.5, 0807.Inq.1
Read the What Youll Learn statements. Write two questions that
come to mind as you read the statements.
1.
2.
Review
Vocabulary Define acceleration to show its scientific meaning.
acceleration
New
Newtons second law

of motion
weight
center of mass
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define require to show its scientific meaning.
require
127
Name
Date
Force and
Acceleration
(continued)
Summarize Newtons second law of motion in your own words.

Then complete the equation used to calculate acceleration.

on page
.
in newtons
acceleration (in meters/second 2)
in kilograms
Gravity
on page
.
Complete the chart to show how mass and distance affect

gravitational force.
If . . .
Then gravity . . .
mass is larger
mass is smaller
distance decreases
Distinguish between weight and mass by explaining what would
happen to the weight and mass of an object if it were taken from
Earth to Mars.
On Mars, the weight would
because
. The mass would
because
.
Using Newtons
Second Law
Contrast speeding up, slowing down, and turning as forms of

acceleration. Identify the direction of the force in each case.

on page
.
Acceleration
speeding up
slowing down
turning
128
Direction of Force
distance increases
Name
Date
Circular Motion
on page
.
Air Resistance
on page
.
(continued)
Model how a satellite stays in orbit around Earth. Label

the direction of centripetal force and the direction of the
satellites motion.
Summarize the two factors that affect the air resistance on a

falling object.
1.
2.
CONNECT IT
The gravitational force on the Moon is one-sixth the gravitational

force on Earth. Hypothesize what it would be like to jump or play ball on the Moon.
129
Name
Date

Section 3 Newtons Third Law
0807.12.6 Identify factors that influence the amount of gravitational force between objects.

Read all section titles.
Look at all of the pictures.
Think about what you already know about forces
and gravity.
Write two facts you discovered about Newtons third law of motion
as you scanned the section.
1.
2.
force
New
Vocabulary Use your book to define Newtons third law of motion.
Newtons third law
of motion
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define react in its scientific sense.
react
130
Review
Vocabulary Define force to show its scientific meaning.
Name
Date
Action and
Reaction
(continued)
Summarize Newtons third law in your own words.

on page
.
Model how action and reaction forces act in pairs.
Draw a situation in which a force pair acts.
Use arrows to label the action and reaction forces.
Analyze how the forces act and how the motions of the objects
change.

on page
.
Sequence the events in a rocket launch that show Newtons third

law. Complete the flow chart.
Rocket fuel is ignited, producing hot gas.
Action force
Reaction force
131
Name
Date
Weightlessness
on page
.
(continued)
Organize information about weightlessness. Complete the

concept web.
Occurs during:
Happens
because:
Causes a
sensation of:
S UMMARIZE I T
Happens in
spacecraft because:
Explain why action and reaction forces do not cancel each

others effects. Give an example.
132
Weightlessness
Name
Date
Tie It Together
Think of an activity that you enjoy in your daily life. Describe how each of Newtons
laws applies to your chosen activity. Then, draw a diagram to show how you use force
in the activity.
Newtons First Law of Motion:
Newtons Second Law of Motion:
Newtons Third Law of Motion:
Diagram:
133
Name
Date

Chapter Wrap-Up
any incorrect information in the first column. Then complete the chart by filling in
the third column.
K
What I know
W
L
What I learned

S UMMARIZE I T
learned about forces and Newtons laws.
134
Review
Name
Date
Magnetism
GLE 0807.12.2 Design an investigation to change the strength of an electromagnet.
GLE 0807.12.3 Compare and contrast the earths magnetic field to that of a magnet and an electromagnet.
Also covers: SPI 0807.12.2, SPI 0807.12.3
Before You Read

Before You
Read
Magnetism
Some minerals are natural magnets.
A compass needle is a small bar magnet.
Electricity cannot be used to make a magnet.
Many electric motors contain magnets.
Science Journal
List three ways you have seen magnets used.
Magnetism
135
Name
Date
Magnetism
Section 1 What is magnetism?
GLE 0807.12.2 Design an investigation to change the strength of an electromagnet.
Also covers: SPI 0807.12.2, SPI 0807.12.3
Scan Section 1 of your book using the checklist below.

Look at all of the pictures.
Think about what you already know about magnetism.
Write two things you learned about magnetism.
1.
2.
Review
Vocabulary Define compass using a dictionary or your book.
New
Vocabulary Use a dictionary or your book to define each of the following terms.
magnetic field
magnetic domain
magnetosphere
Academic
Vocabulary Define domain. Why is this term used when discussing magnetism?
domain
136
Magnetism
compass
Name
Date
Early Uses
(continued)
Summarize how people might have made the first compasses.

on page
.
Magnets
on page
.
Complete the sentences about magnetic poles.

Like magnetic poles
Unlike magnetic poles
each other.
each other.

on page
.
Model the magnetic field of a bar magnet.

Draw the magnet, its poles, and its magnetic field lines.
Include arrows showing the direction of the field.
Add captions explaining the field strength.

on page
.
Contrast magnetic domains in a nonmagnetic piece of iron and

in a magnetized piece of iron. Draw and label the domains.
Magnetism
137
Name
Date

on page
.
(continued)
Sequence the steps through which iron can become a magnet.
Earths Magnetic
Field
on page
.
Complete the following statements about Earths magnetic field.

The region of space affected by Earths magnetic field is called
the
. Earths magnetic field may be caused by the

in the outer
Earths magnetic field is like a huge
. The
of Earths magnetic field

sometimes the field
rocks record the
their
S UMMARIZE I T
138
Magnetism
and
direction. Some kinds of

of Earths
as the rocks
How do animals and humans use magnetism to find direction?
in
.
Electrons in iron atoms spin, producing magnetic fields.
Name
Date
Magnetism
Section 2 Electricity and Magnetism
SPI 0807.12.2 Describe the basic principles of an electromagnet.
Predict three topics that might be discussed in Section 2. Skim the

headings and illustrations to help you make your predictions.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Write a scientific sentence with electric current.
electric current
New
current that periodically changes direction

any device that converts electric energy into kinetic energy
device used to increase or decrease the voltage of an
alternating current
current-carrying wire wrapped around an iron core
current in which electrons flow in only one direction
device that uses a magnetic field to change kinetic energy
into electricity
light given off when charged particles collide with
Earths atmosphere
Academic
Vocabulary Define source using a dictionary.
source
Magnetism
139
Name
Date
Current Can
Make a Magnet
on page
.
(continued)
Organize information about electromagnets.

What it is
Electromagnet
How it works
How it is changed
Summarize how an electric motor works.

on page
.
Using Magnets to
Create Current
on page
.
Identify ways that magnets can be used to generate electricity.

Generating Electricity Using Magnets
How it works:
Alternating current
Description:
140
Magnetism
Direct current
Description:
Magnets Push
and Pull Currents
Name
Date
Changing Voltage
on page
.
Superconductors
(continued)
Identify the results when a current passes through a transformer.

Current enters
the transformer
through the coils
on the input side.
More coils
on the
output side
More coils
on the
input side
Complete the chart about the properties of superconductors.

on page
.
Superconductors
What they
are
How they
are made
How they react
to magnets
Uses
Magnetic
Resonance
Imaging
Summarize how magnetic resonance imaging is useful.

on page
.
CONNECT IT
Describe how magnetism and electricity are related.
Magnetism
141
Name
Date
Magnetism
Chapter Wrap-Up
the chart below. Compare your previous answers with these.
Magnetism
After You
Read
Some minerals are natural magnets.

A compass needle is a small bar magnet.
Electricity cannot be used to make a magnet.
Many electric motors contain magnets.
Review
S UMMARIZE I T
learned about magnetism.
142
Magnetism
Name
Date
The Solar System and Beyond

GLE 0807.12.5 Recognize that gravity is the force that controls the motion of objects in the solar system.
SPI 0807.12.6 Illustrate how gravity controls the motion of objects in the solar system.
Before You Read

Before You
Read

The Sun appears each day because of Earths
rotation.
Earths tilted axis combined with Earths
revolution around the Sun produces the seasons.
The solar system includes only the eight planets
that orbit the Sun.
Temperature differences cause stars to be

different sizes.
Science Journal
Write a short story about what it would be like to ride on a comet as it orbits the Sun.
143
Name
Date

Section 1 Earths Place in Space
Skim Section 1 of your book. Read the headings. Write three

questions that come to mind.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define axis using your book.
New
Vocabulary Write the correct vocabulary term in the blank next to each
definition.
the alternating rise and fall in sea level
an event in which the Sun or Moon appears to grow
dim due to a shadow cast by another body in space
the spinning of Earth on its axis
the movement of Earth around the Sun
a regular curved path around the Sun
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define the word visible. Then use the word in
a sentence about the solar system.
visible
144
axis
Name
Date
Earth Moves
on page
.
(continued)
Create a concept map about Earths movement. Include

information about Earths rotation and revolution.
Earth movements
include
occurs
occurs
once a
once a

on page
.
Model why Earth experiences day and night.

on page
.
Contrast in the chart below Earths position compared to the Sun

during summer and winter in the northern hemisphere.
Season
Earths Tilt
Suns Position in Sky
Summer
Winter
145
Name
Date
Earths Moon
on page
.
(continued)
Sequence the following stages of the lunar cycle: new moon, full
moon, waning moon, waxing moon. Then draw a picture of the
Moon that represents each stage.
New moon
Compare and contrast a lunar eclipse and a solar eclipse in

the chart.
Solar Eclipse
Lunar Eclipse
Draw the relative

positions of the Sun,
Moon, and Earth and
show where the
shadow falls.
phase of the moon
when this type of
eclipse takes place
CONNECT IT
Find out the date of the next new moon. Using what you have
learned in this section about the Moons phases, predict the date of the following first
quarter moon, full moon, and third quarter moon. Sketch the phases of the moon.
New Moon
First Quarter
Third Quarter
146
Full Moon

on page
.
Name
Date

Section 2 The Solar System
Scan Section 2 of your book. Write three facts that you discovered
about the solar system as you scanned the section.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Define system using your book or a dictionary.
system
New
Vocabulary Use your book or a dictionary to define the following terms.
solar system
astronomical unit
comet
meteorite
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define expose.
expose
147
Name
Date
Distances in
Space
on page
.
Inner Planets
on page
.
(continued)
Evaluate why scientists decided to make an astronomical unit

equal to the average distance between Earth and the Sun instead
of choosing some other distance, such as that between Earth and
the Moon.
Complete the outline below about the features of the inner planets.
I. Mercury
A. Atmosphere
B. Temperature
II. Venus
A. Atmosphere
B. Temperature
III. Earth
A. Atmosphere
B. Temperature
C. Surface
IV. Mars
A. Surface
B. Water
148
C. Surface
Name
Date
(continued)
Inner Planets and

Outer Planets
Compare the inner planets and outer planets by inserting the

phrases into the Venn diagram.

on page
.
closer to the Sun

rocky planets
some have rings
orbit the Sun
Inner Planets
Comets
include gas giants

include Earth
farther from the Sun
Both
Outer Planets
Contrast a comet with a meteorite.

on page
.
CONNECT IT
Describe factors that make it impossible for humans to visit some

planets in our solar system.
149
Name
Date

Section 3 Stars and Galaxies
Skim the headings in Section 3. Then make 3 predictions about

what you will learn.
1.
2.
3.
Review
Vocabulary Use your book or a dictionary to define star.
star
New
Vocabulary Define each key term.
supernova
galaxy
light-year
Academic
Vocabulary Use a dictionary to define apparent.
apparent
150
constellation
Name
Date
Stars
on page
.
The Lives
of Stars

on page
.
(continued)
Synthesize information from your book to write a short paragraph

describing what you might see if you were to gaze at the stars for an
entire night.
Sequence the phrases to show the life cycle of a medium-sized star.

black dwarf forms
cloud of dust and gas
contracts
main sequence star forms
temperature rises at center
of cloud
stars core collapses

fusion begins
white dwarf forms
star expands to become
a giant
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
151
Name
Date
Summarize the 3 types of galaxies.

on page
.
Galaxies
Category

on page
.
The Universe
on page
.
Description
Model the Milky Way by making a sketch. Label the 5 arms and
the location of our Sun. Use the figure in your book to help you.
Complete the blanks in the paragraph below.

Each
contains billions of stars. As many as

galaxies might exist. All of these galaxies with
all of their billions of stars make up the
CONNECT IT
The stars in the universe have been compared to the grains of sand
on Earth. Write a sentence to explain this comparison.
152
Galaxies
(continued)
Name
Date
Tie It Together
Synthesize
Imagine that you have just completed a trip through the universe. Write a journal entry or
a story that you would tell your friends about your trip. Include what you saw and how you
interacted with your surroundings.
153
Name
Date

Chapter Wrap-Up
After You
Read
The Sun appears each day because of Earths

rotation.
Earths tilted axis combined with Earths
revolution around the Sun produces the seasons.
The solar system includes only the eight planets
that orbit the Sun.
Temperature differences cause stars to be
different sizes.

S UMMARIZE I T
learned about the solar system.
154
Review

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Tennessee Science

Mastering the Tennessee

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Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Mastering the TCAP, Grade 8

Introduction to the Student

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Mastering the TCAP, Grade 8

a Student Recording Chart,

How to Use this Book

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

During the Test:

Listen and read all directions.

Mastering the TCAP, Grade 8

Student Recording Chart

Mastering the TCAP, Grade 8

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Student Recording Chart

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Mastering the TCAP, Grade 8

Tennessee Science Standards, Grade 8

What tools, skills, knowledge, and dispositions are needed to

Design a simple experimental procedure with an identied control and appropriate

Select tools and procedures needed to conduct a moderately complex experiment.

Interpret and translate data into a table, graph, or diagram.

Draw a conclusion that establishes a cause and effect relationship supported

Identify a faulty interpretation of data that is due to bias or experimental error.

How do science concepts, engineering skills, and applications

Evaluate a protocol to determine if the engineering design process was

Distinguish between the intended benets and unintended consequences

viii Mastering the TCAP, Grade 8

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Technology and Engineering

Tennessee Science Standards, Grade 8

How does natural selection explain how organisms have changed

Use a simple classication key to identify an unknown organism.

How does the structure of matter inuence its physical and

Recognize that all matter consists of atoms.

Tennessee Science Standards, Grade 8

What are the scientic principles that explain gravity

Describe the basic principles of an electromagnet.

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Mastering the TCAP, Grade 8

Tickets Sold for Fridays Concert

Doug wanted to find out what kind of dog

what type of dog he has

Total Number of Tickets Sold = 1,000

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.

Which kind of graph would be the

The experimental setup shows that the

F water condensing on the small beakers

What can you conclude about the above

Grade 8 Diagnostic Test

Diagnostic Test (continued)

Josephine and Enrico both measured

A importance of the component.

A use only one of their hands

A factory that make airplane engines

Which could best be used to view a sample

If inexpensive electricity is a benefit of

Grade 8 Diagnostic Test

Copyright Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.