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E.T. El Shenawy
J.H. Shazly
A.Z. Hafez
Department of
Electrical
Engineering,
Faculty of
Engineering,
Fayoum University
Fayoum, Egypt
Solar Energy
Department,
National Research
Centre
El Behooth St., Dokki,
Giza, Egypt
Department of
Electrical
Engineering,
Faculty of
Engineering,
Fayoum University
Fayoum, Egypt
Solar Energy
Department,
National Research
Centre
El Behooth St., Dokki,
Giza, Egypt
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the implementation of a generalized
photovoltaic simulation model using MATLAB/GUI
interface. The model is developed using basic circuit
equations of the Photovoltaic (PV) cells including the effects
of solar radiation and temperature changes. These effects
added in real time operation simultaneously. Since the PV
module has nonlinear characteristics, it is necessary to model
it for the design and simulation of maximum power point for
such system applications. Photovoltaic system characteristic
curves as current - voltage (I-V) and power - voltage (P-V)
characteristics are drawn according to values change of the
temperature and solar radiation which observed in
MATLAB/GUI interface. The simulation results showed
that these factors and the corresponding PV model influence
the maximum power obtained from PV modules under
operating conditions. The simulation model also presented the
design of the array and the batteries of the load connected to
the photovoltaic system.
General Terms
Simulation,Matlabinterface, Photovoltaic, Solar Energy
Keywords
Photovoltaic, Simulation, Monitoring, MATLAB/GUI.
1. INTRODUCTION
It is known that the important factor for photovoltaic system is
the cost of a system, and because of several kinds of the
photovoltaic array we have the right to select the best array
with the best efficiency and price. The popular types of
materials are crystalline and thin films, which have
differences in terms of light absorption efficiency, energy
conversion efficiency, manufacturing technology and cost of
production. Different kinds of crystalline materials like a
mono-crystalline, polycrystalline are available [1].
2. OPERATING PRINCIPLE
A PV cell is a semiconductor p-n device that produces current
when irradiated. This is due to electron - hole pair forming in
the semiconductor material that absorbs photons with energy
exceeding the band-gap energy of the semiconductor material.
The PV cell consists of front and back contacts attached to the
semiconductor material, the contacts can collect the charge
carriers (negatively charged electrons and positively charged
holes) from the semiconductor p and n layers and supply the
load with the generated current (DC) as described in Fig. 1.
[18].
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Where
: Photocurrent, The photovoltaic current, A
: Reverse saturation current, A
: Series resistance of the cell,
: Shunt resistance of the cell,
: Thermal voltage, V
: Number of series cells
: Number of parallel cells branches
Where
I: Cell output current, A
: The Photocurrent, isthe current produced by the
incident light and function of irradiation level and junction
temperature, A
: The diode current modeled by the equation for a Shockley
diode, A
: The saturated reverse current or leakage current, A
q : Electron charge (1.602 10-19 C).
K : Boltzmann constant (1.38 x 10 -23 J/ok)
V : Cell output voltage, V
: Cell operating temperature, ok
A : The diode ideality factor
Eq. (1, 2) can be modified to obtain the currentvoltage
characteristics of a photovoltaic cell employed in the solar
panel by adding some parameters as given in Equations (3,
4,5)[18, 19].
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3.1.1 Open-circuit
Where
3.1.2 Short-circuit
The terminals of the cell are short circuited, through which
flows a current called (Isc). In this situation, the voltage
between cell terminals is zero.
A
: The intensity of solar irradiance, W/m2
: The reference intensity of solar irradiance = 1000 W/m2
: Temperature coefficient of the short circuit current
: Temperature coefficient of the open circuit voltage
: Cell operating temperature, ok
: Reference cell operating temperature= 25oC = 298.13 ok
Where c is a constant.
Where
: Short circuit current of photovoltaic cell under
standard conditions at Tr& Gr, A
: Open circuit voltage of photovoltaic cell under
standard conditions at Tr& Gr, V
Where
: Short circuit current of photovoltaic cell under
operating conditions at Tc& G, A
: Open circuit voltage of photovoltaic cell under
operating conditions at Tc& G, V
Equations (3, 4) represent I-V and P-V curves, where three
remarkable points are highlighted [23]:
a) open- circuit (Voc, 0),
b) Short circuit (0, Isc),
c) Maximum power point (VMP, IMP).
Fig. 4: Connecting PV cells in parallel
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Where
: Total shunt resistance in the photovoltaic module,
Ohm.
: Total series resistance in the photovoltaic module,
Ohm.
: Shunt resistance in one photovoltaic cell, Ohm.
: Series resistance in one photovoltaic cell, Ohm.
: Number of cells in series
: Number of cells branches in parallel
Then, we will add
&
in eq. (3&4) instead
ofRs&Rsh respectively if the module have N s&Np, then apply
equations in previous sections to find specifications of the
module and draw characteristic as current - voltage (I-V)
characteristics & power - voltage (P-V) characteristics, which
are drawing according to the values of the temperature and
solar radiation are observed in MATLAB/GUI interface [24,
25].
The module current has an implicit expression depending on
the following variables expressed in function of a single cell
parameters and this is approximation method [26]:
Where
: Power of load, W
: Operating time of load, hours
The connected load (Iconn.) in (Ah) is calculated by:
Where
: Total short circuit current of the photovoltaic
module, A.
: Total open circuit voltage of the photovoltaic
module, V.
Where
: All efficiency
: Battery efficiency
: Wiring efficiency
The batteries capacity BC in (Ah) is calculated by:
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4. MATHEMATICAL MODELLING
CALCULATION TECHNIQUE BY
NEWTON-RAPHSON ALGORITHM
The Newton-Raphson method, or Newton Method, is a
powerful technique for solving equations numerically. Like so
much of the differential calculus, it is based on the simple idea
of linear approximation. The Newton Method, properly used,
usually homes in on a root with devastating efficiency.
If xn is the current estimate, then the next estimate xn+1 is
given by
5. MATLAB/GUI INTERFACING
The generalized photovoltaic simulation model using
MATLAB/GUI interface & adding design of photovoltaic
array system are explained in this paper. The model is
developed using basic circuit equations of the Photovoltaic
(PV) Solar cells including the effects of solar radiation and
temperatures changes. These effects in photovoltaic module
added in real time operation simultaneously. Since the PV
module has nonlinear characteristics, it is necessary to model
it for the design and simulation of maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) for PV system applications. The
characteristic curves as the current - voltage (I-V)
characteristics & the power - voltage (P-V) characteristics are
shown according to the values of the temperature and solar
radiation are observed in MATLAB/GUI interface. The
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Parameter
Maximum Power
Voltage@ Pm
Current @ Pm
Short circuit current
Open-circuit voltage
Temperature coefficient
of open circuit
voltage
Temperature coefficient
of short circuit
current
Temperature coefficient
of power
Variable
Pm
Vm
Im
ISC
VOC
Value
80W
17.2V
4.6A
5A
22.4V
ko
-(0.35)%/C
ki
(0.09)%/C
-(0.5)%/C
6. RESULTS
Simulation Matlab GUI/Interface model showed (I-V) and (PV) characteristic curves in figures (8,9) for the PV system and
batteries under connecting the desired load at ambient
temperature ansolar radiation level of operating conditions.
Figures (10(a), 10(b)) shows the changesin the (I-V) curve
changes depending on solar radiation G for ( 1 KW/m2 ) & (
0.8 KW/m2 ) & ( 0.6 KW/m2 ) & ( 0.4 KW/m2 ) & ( 0.2
KW/m2 ), while ambient temperature (Ta) is constant and
equal to 25C, this will lead to in the short circuit current is
19
(a)
(b)
20
(a)
(b)
21
(a)
(b)
Fig. 10: Effects of solar radiation changes in (I-V) characteristics of PV Module at constant temperature (25 oC)
(a) Matlab GUI/Interface simulation model (b) (I-V) characteristics figures of PV Module
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(a)
(b)
Fig. 11: Effects of solar radiation changes in (P-V) characteristics of PV Module at constant temperature (25 oC)
(a) Matlab GUI/Interface simulation model (b) (P-V) characteristics figures of PV Module
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(a)
(b)
Fig. 12: Effects of temperature changes in (I-V) characteristics of PV Module at constant solar radiation (1kw/m2)
(a) Matlab GUI/Interface simulation model (b) (I-V) characteristics figures of PV Module
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(a)
(b)
Fig. 13: Effects of temperature changes in (P-V) characteristics of PV Module at constant solar radiation (1 kw/m2)
(a) Matlab GUI/Interface simulation model (b) (P-V) characteristics figures of PV Module
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Fig. 14: Effects of Solar radiation & temperature changes in real time operation in (I-V) characteristics of PV Module
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Fig. 15: Effects of Solar radiation & temperature changes in real time operation in (P-V) characteristics of PV Module
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7. CONCLUSION
A photovoltaic (cell, module and array) simulation model is
developed and presented in this paper to be used in
MATLAB/GUI interface environment.
By DAQ, Data are inserted of solar insolation and
temperature, the model calculates the current and voltage by
Newton-Raphson
method. The results
from the
MATLAB/GUI
interface
model
show
excellent
correspondence to manufacturers published curves. Finally
the model development was used to show the effect of:
insolation, temperature in real time as monitoring system for
the current - voltage (I-V) characteristics & the power voltage (P-V) characteristics and design for PV array system
design.
8. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Authors would like to thank National Research Centre (NRC)
and Fayoum University for supports to do this work.
9. REFERENCES
[1] Afrouzi,
H.N.,
Mashak,
S.V.,Dastgheib,A.M.,andTavalaei,J.2011.
Economic
Sizing of Solar Array for a Photovoltaic Building in
Malaysia with Matlab, First International Conference on
Informatics and Computational Intelligence, 306-311.
[11] Sukamongkol,Y.,
Chungpaibulpatana,S.,
and
Ongsakul,W. 2002. A simulation model for predicting
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