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(80) PROBLEM 1
Given is a simple circuit with a generic switch as shown in the figure 1a.
Bundle of exams Electronic Power Conversion (ET4119)
February 2000 January 2007
Remarks:
In front of every question the maximum rating that can be obtained is indicated.
First solve the problems for your self on draft paper and make a neat version subsequently.
Start each problem on a separate piece of paper.
Always show the formulas that you used to make the calculations.
You can give your answers in Dutch or in English.
It is allowed to use a (self-made) piece of paper (1xA4) with formulas and figures from the
textbook.
Note:
- The answers in this bundle are in short from. A more elaborate answer, showing methods
and applied formulas, is expected from you at the exam.
- Please inform me about (typing) errors in this bundle: s.w.h.dehaan@tudelft.nl
1/46
Fig. 1
The data sheet of the switch specifies the following switching times corresponding to the linear
switching characteristics as shown in the figure.
t ri = 80 ns ;
t fv = 80 ns ;
t rv = 120 ns ;
t fi = 200 ns
Further:
V d =300V ;
I 0 = 4A.
(10) 1.1 Sketch the instantaneous switching loss as a function of time
(40) 1.2 Calculate the switching power loss as a function of the switching frequency in a
range 25 - 100 kHz, assuming V d =300V and I 0 = 4A.
(30) 1.3 Calculate and plot the total losses as a function of the switching frequency in a
range 25 - 100 kHz in the switch when the on-state voltage is V on =1.5V at 4A and
the duty ratio of the switch is D = 0.4 (assume t don =t doff ).
Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 4 February 2000
1.2
1.3
P loss,on = V on . I on t on /T s = V on . I on D = 2,4 W
P loss,tot = 2,4 + 288. 10 -6 f s W
2/46
(15)
(15)
(30)
(30)
(30)
L=2 mH
V d =300V
V 0 =120 V (Desired output voltage)
C is sufficiently large to assume the output voltage to be constant.
2.1 Express the output voltage in V d and vcontrol / vtri .
2.2 Define the duty ratio D and calculate the required duty ratio to get an output
voltage of 120V.
2.3 Sketch the v 1 (t) , i L (t) and the source current i d .
2.4 Indicate in the sketch what switches are conducting at what time.
2.5 Express the ripple in the output voltage V 0 in L, C, D and T s .
(50) PROBLEM 3
(20) 3.1 Define the switch utilisation ratio.
(30) 3.2 Calculate the switch utilisation ratio for a step-up and a step-down converter as a
function of the duty ratio D were inductors and capacitors are sufficiently large to
assume that inductor currents are constant and capacitor voltages are constant.
Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 7 April 2000
1.1 U 1 = 230 2 = 325 V (peak rectification)
1.2 Function of w2: to reset the core and to avoid that the magnetisation energy is
dissipated into the switch at turn off. Function of D2: avoid that an increasing dc-current
will start to flow through w2.
1.3
Fig. 2
(10)
(20)
(30)
(30)
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
(30) 1.5
(30) 1.6
(30) 1.7
(30) 1.8
(120)
PROBLEM 2
Given is a full-bridge dc-dc converter (H-bridge) with RLC-load as shown. For control of the
switches so called bipolar voltage switching is applied, were the control signals are obtained
by comparing a control signal v control with a triangular waveform v tri.
S1
D1
S3
Io
+
Vd
C
_
S2
D2
S4
1.4
1.5
3/46
U1 D Ts=
1
w2 A
U 1 (1 - D) T s
10
325 with 0<D<0.667
230
10
10
Discontinuous: D
. 325 < U 0 <
. 325 with 0<D<0.667
230
230
Continuous: U 0 = D
D=
U0= D
w3
U1
w1
5
w1 U 0 230
=
.
= 0.35
w3 U 1 10 325
1.6
See book
1.7
Lc = (1 - D)
1.8
P in =P out ; Pout =
2.1
Vo=
2.2
V 0 = (2 D1 - 1) V d (=
R
2 fs
2
D4
w1 A
Vo
_
D3
>B up = B down = ;
vcontrol
Vd
vtri
v control
= 0.4 ;
vtri
2.3
2.4
U o 25
= = 6.25 W
R0 4
vcontrol
Vd )
vtri
D 1 = 0.7
D (1 - D)
Vd
8 L C f 2s
2.5
V 0 =
3.1
3.2
(60) PROBLEM 1
For applications such as motors and servo control it is often required to control the motor
current. There are various ways to obtain switching signals for the switches to control the
inverter output current.
In Fig. 4a phase leg of a voltage source inverter is shown.
Fig. 4
(40) 1.1
(20) 1.2
Fig. 3
(10)
(20)
(20)
(20)
(30)
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
with
(20) 1.6
(70) PROBLEM 3
Given is a flyback converter as shown in Fig. 5b. The input voltage V d may vary and the output
voltage V 0 should be kept constant by adapting the duty ratio D.
id
1.3
1
w1 A
U1 D Ts=
1
w2 A
U 1 (1 - D) T s
Given is:
D=
1.6
U0= D
w3
U1
w1
(10) 3.1
5
w1 U 0 230
=
.
= 0.35
w3 U 1 10 325
+
vs
i2
+
v
Describe a system to control the output current i A of the inverter leg in Fig. 4. Give
a block diagram of the system and sketch the voltage v AN , i A and the on/off signals
for the switches.
What parameters in the control system determine the magnitude of the current
ripple and how can a small current ripple be obtained.
Fig. 5
Vd = 12 14 V
V0= 48 V
N2/N1 = 6
fs = 200 kHz
R0=10 Ohm
Derive the voltage transfer function V0 / Vd in continuous conduction mode
(incomplete demagnetisation mode) as a function of the duty ratio D and calculate
the duty ratio for V d =12V.
6/46
(20) 3.2
(20) 3.3
(20) 3.4
Assume all components to be ideal except for the presence of the transformer magnetization
inductance. The winding N 3 serves complete demagnetization of the magnetization inductance
of the core.
The converter operates in continuous conduction mode for all given supply and load conditions
(5)
3.1
Calculate N2/N1 if the turns ratio is desired to be as small as possible(10)
3.2
Calculate the minimum value of the output filter inductance L to guarantee
continuous conduction mode for all specified load and supply conditions.
(15)
3.3 Sketch the waveforms of v x , i L , i 2 , i 3 , i d for V d = 43,2V and P load =15W and L=L min
(25) PROBLEM 4
Given is a bi-directional single-phase dc/ac converter that is connected to a grid with voltage
e 0 , as shown in Fig. 7.
N2 D
; D= 0.4; (At V d =14 V the duty ratio is D=0.36)
N1 1 D
V0 = V d
The boundary is reached at the highest input voltage V d =14V with D=0.36
At the boundary of continuous conduction: D id / 2 = I d with I d = P o /V d = 230.4 /14
=16.5 A
Also: id =
Vd
DTs or
Lm
Lm
2I
Vd
2 16.5
Ds T3 with id = d =
= 91.7 A
0.36
i1
D
Vd
14
D Ts =
0.36 5 10 6 = 0.275 H
i1
91.7
N
48
v s = Vd + v x1 = Vd + 1 V0 = 14 +
= 22 V
N2
6
So Lm
3.3
3.4
Fig. 7
The output voltage v 0 of the inverter, that contains a full-bridge voltage source converter, is
obtained by bipolar voltage switching as shown inFig. 8. Only linear modulation is applied (no
overmodulation).
(30)
PROBLEM 3
A forward converter with demagnetisation winding (with N3=N1) as shown in Fig. 6 is to be designed with
the following specifications:
V d = 48V 10%
V 0 = 5V (regulated)
f s = 100 kHz
P load = 15-50W
N1 = N3
Id
I3
I2
Fig. 8
Given is further: V d = 350V
e0 = E 0 2 sin 1t
with
E 0 = 230V
and 1 =250
L = 15 mH
The inverter is fed from a photovoltaic array and the objective is to supply power to the grid at unity
power factor. In the following questions the ripple that is caused by the switching can be neglected.
(5) 4.1 Define the modulation ratio m a and give the relation between V o , m a and V d , where
V o is the rms fundamental of the output voltage.
(10) 4.2 Sketch a phasor diagram with the phasors of e0, v0 and i0 . Calculate the modulation ratio ma
such that 1 kW is supplied to the grid at unity power factor (pf=1) in e0.
(10) 4.3 What is the lowest value of Vd where we can still supply 1 kW to the grid with linear
sinusoidal modulation?
+
vx
--
Fig. 6
7/46
8/46
3.2
(10)
of Vd or Vd=43.2V. To guarantee continuous conduction for all load and supply conditions:
N2/N1>0.23.
(Note: when N2/N1=0.23 and Vd=52.8V, the duty ratio can be reduced to 0.408 to obtain 5V)
For a given L discontinuous mode will first occur at light load (Pload= 15W) and D=0.5, which is
also the maximum allowable value of D.
N
(V d 2 V0 )
N1
1
At boundary (see eq. 7.5 in Mohan):
t on = I load ,min with Iload,min=3A. The ripple
L
2
1.3
Give a formula for Vd and Pd as a function of Id, where Vd is the average of v d
and P d is the average of the output power p d.
(30) PROBLEM 2
In a step-down converter, consider all components to be ideal.
min
increases with ton, but also with Vd, so check both combinations:
Lmin,1=4.17H
Vd=43.2V and D=0.5:
Vd=52.8V and D=0.408 Lmin,2=4.93H, so use L=4.93H
4.1
4.2
v
ma = control ; V0 2 = ma Vd
vtri
(15)
2.1
continuous
I 0 = 1000/230 = 4.35A
V L = j LI 0 = j 20.5 V
V 0 =E 0 +j LI 0
(15)
V0 2 230.9 2
=
= 0.933
Vd
350
V
20.5
= arctan( L ) = arctan(
) = 5.09 deg (v c leading to e a )
Ea
230
ma =
4.3
Vd ,min =
2.2
(40) PROBLEM 3
In Fig. 10a a single-line diagram of a three-phase grid is shown with a utility source (dashed
block) and a power electronic load. The power electronic load represents a large industrial
three-phase diode rectifier as shown in Fig. 10b.
V0 2 230.9 2
=
= 326.5 V
ma ,max
1
Fig. 9
(10)
(10)
1.1
1.2
9/46
(10)
3.1
(10)
3.2
(10)
3.3
According to local regulations of the utility company, the maximum allowable fifth harmonic
voltage at PCC caused by any load should be less than 3% of the nominal voltage (Ls =3 mH).
10/46
You may assume for this case that the rms value of the fifth harmonic of the rectifier current
is equal to I s5 = 0.15 I d
(10)
3.4
Calculate the maximum allowable value of I d .
Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 20 March 2002
1.1 See book fig 5.14
1.2 See book eq. 5-30 to 5-32
1.3 See book eq. 5-9, 5-10 and 5-31 to 5-33
2.2
The boundary is first reached at the highest input voltage (lowest D). At Vd=40V: D=0.125.
See book fig. 7-6, eq. 7-5, 7-18 and 7-19;
2.2
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
R s =0
L=
D (Vd V0 )
= 43.75 H
2 fs I0
D(1 D )Vd
See book 7-22 to 7-25 ; V0 =
= 2.0 mV
8 LCf s2
See book fig. 5-33, eq. 5-60 to 5-71
See book eq. 5-86. Note that the phase voltage VS is given and that VLL= 3 VS ; Vd=538-1,8 Id
All harmonics are more or less reduced, including the fundamental. Higher harmonics are
attenuated more than the lower harmonics, because steep edges on currents are removed . Lower
harmonics are only slightly affected.
See book eq. 18-2;
5Ls 0.15 I d < 0.03 Vs or I d < 8.13 A
(b)
Fig. 12
(10)
(10)
2.1
Sketch the waveforms of i d , i s , |v S | and v L .
2.2
Calculate by approximation the time instants where relevant voltage
intersections occur in the sketch.
(10)
2.3
Calculate the average of current i d . (difficult if f is unknown)
The voltage source V d is replaced by a large capacitor in parallel with a resistor as shown in
Fig. 12b. The capacitor is so large that the voltage v d is constant (R load C d >> 10 ms). The value
of the load resistor should be chosen such that V d =150V again. Assume R s =0.
(5)
2.4
Calculate the value of R load .
(5)
2.5
To what limit will V d rise if R load is gradually increased.
(35) PROBLEM 3
For a certain application a dc voltage has to be stepped up from a source voltage V s to a
higher load voltage V 0 . The voltage across the load should be fairly constant. The circuit as
shown in Fig. 13 is available, however the circuit is not complete yet and at least an inductor L
has to be added. The indicated terminals are not necessarily the terminals that have to be
used as input and output.
id
+
Source
(10)
(10)
(5)
Fig. 11
1.1 Sketch the waveforms of v T and i T and the power p T that is dissipated in the
switch as a function of time.
1.2 Calculate and plot the average switching power loss as a function of frequency in the
frequency range 25 kHz-100 kHz.
1.3 Calculate the efficiency of the power transfer from the source Vd to the load R at 100
kHz and a duty ratio D=0.5.
(40) PROBLEM 2
The single-phase rectifier circuit as shown in Fig. 12a is connected to a sinusoidal supply
voltage with V s =120V at 60 Hz. Further L s =1 mH and V d =150 V.
11/46
iA
Vs
_
V0
Load
Fig. 13
The following is specified:
V s =150V, V 0 =240V, f s =20 kHz and C + =C_= 4700 F and P 0 =500W. Inductor L=600 H.
(10)
3.1 Show by means of a circuit diagram how the desired conversion can be obtained
by using the circuit from Fig. 13. Show where the inductor L should be added and
include the connections to source and load. Describe shortly how the circuit is
operated.
(5)
3.2 Express V o in the duty ratio D and V s . Define and calculate the duty ratio D.
(10)
3.3 Calculate the average inductor current. Sketch for L=4 H the terminal current i A
the diode current i D+ and the voltage v AN or v A0
(10)
3.4 Can i A have zero crossings? Calculate the minimum value of the inductor that
will assure that i A does not have zero crossings for the given conditions.
12/46
id
T+
+
vo
_
+
_
(1-t/ton).
Similar during turn off.
vs
T_
D_
N
on
PT
vT
D+
iA
T_
off
9W
iT
iA
3.33 A
id
Eon
PT
100 kHz
t2
t3
= iT vT dt = Vd I d 12
13 2
t on
0
t on
ton
Vd I d
=
t on =300*4*1/6*150
ns (J)
Similar for turn off.
P PT DVd I d PT 600 9
P
1.3 = R = d
=
= 0.985
=
600
Pd
Pd
DVd I d
DTS
IA
Vs =
DTS
V s = 422H
2I A
2.3 i d =
L s
t
b ( 2 V s sin t Vd ) dt =
L s
I d = 1 0 id dt =2.64A
IA can have zero crossings if L is small. In that case T+ conducts during the negative part of IA.
The condition for not having zero crossing is similar to the condition for continuous conduction
Vd
=1.083 rad ; p = b = 2.057 rad
2V
s
2.2 b = arcsin
f
3.3
1
V s with D=Ton/Ts where Ton is the on-time of T_ and Ts=1/fs ; D=0.375
1 D
DTS
IA=500/150=3.33A ; Id=500/240=2.08A ; R=500/2.08=115 Ohm ; i A, pp =
V s = 4.72 A
L
V0 =
3.2
3.4
V I
Average power: PT = d d (ton + toff ) / Ts =200 * (150+300) * 10-9 * fs.
6
Vo
vAN
10 A
The circuit should be configured such that a boost converter is obtained (Mohan section 7-4 and
Fig 7-33). T_ and D+ are the active components. Note that the terminal pair {A ,O} cannot be
used as input as the node 0 cannot absorb a DC current. The capacitors C+ , C- are in parallel to
the load as is required in a boost converter. When T_ is ON the current through L increases and
when T_ is OFF the inductor current is pushed in the output circuit via D+.
T+ T
-10 A
Fig. 14
The amplitude of the voltage is 230 2 V.
(5) 1.1 Calculate the power at the terminals.
(5) 1.2 Calculate the rms value of the current i.
(5) 1.3 Define and calculate the power factor PF.
(5) 1.4 Define and calculate the Distortion Power Factor DPF.
(40) PROBLEM 2
Given is a full-bridge dc-dc converter (H-bridge) with dc motor load as shown (Fig. 15). The
motor is modelled by the series connection of R a , L a and e a . For control of the switches so
13/46
14/46
called bipolar voltage switching is applied, where the control signals are obtained by
comparing a control signal v control with a triangular waveform v tri .
(10)
3.2 Show by means of a circuit diagram how the desired conversion can be obtained
by using the circuit from Fig. 16. Show where the inductor L should be added and
include the connections to source and load. Describe shortly how the circuit is
operated.
3.3 Express V o in the duty ratio D and V s . Define and calculate the duty ratio D.
3.4 Calculate the average inductor current. Sketch for L=600 H the terminal current
i A , the diode current i D+ and the voltage v AN or v A0
3.5 Can i A have zero crossings? Calculate the minimum value of the inductor L that
will assure that i A does not have zero crossings for the given conditions.
(5)
(10)
(10)
Fig. 15
The following is given:
Ts
= 1 ms (T s is the period of triangular waveform)
= 0.1 Ohm
Ra
= 2 mH
La
= 300V
Vd
= 120 V
ea
For the calculation of the current waveform, the resistance R a can be neglected.
2.1
(5)
2.2
(5)
2.3
Calculate the required ratio of vcontrol / vtri to maintain an average output current of
I 0 =+10A at e a = +120 V.
Calculate the required ratio of vcontrol / vtri to maintain an average output current of
I 0 = -10A at e a = +120 V.
Sketch the v 0 (t) , i 0 (t) and the source current i d for I 0 = +10A at e a = +120 V.
Indicate in this sketch which switches are conducting at what time.
(15) 2.4
(10) 2.5
P=
1.2
I rms =
vcontrol / vtri .
id
DPF =
2.1
V0 = V d
I rms
10 2 2
= 0. 9
10
vcontrol
vtri
vo (t ) + v R (t ) + v L (t ) ea (t ) = 0
2.2
After averaging: V 0 + I 0 R - e a = 0
Or:
300
vcontrol
+ 10 R 120 = 0
vtri
^
Vtri
T s /2
t1
t1
V0
Vd
_
Fig. 16
The following is specified:
V s =150V, V 0 =240V, f s =20 kHz and C + =C_= 4700 F and P 0 =500W.
Inductor L=600 H.
(5)
3.1 What type of converter would you preferably use for this conversion?
15/46
(D 1 =0.702)
Load
io
io
(T A _ ,TB+ )
(DA _ , D B+ )
Vd
Io
0
_
I 0 =10A
I 0 =
Vo
iA
vcontrol 121
=
= 0.403
vtri
300
vcontrol
t= 0
Vs
so:
v control 119
=
= 0.397
300
vtri
vo (= vAN -vBN )
+
Source
I 1,rms
1.4
2.3
(40) PROBLEM 3
For a certain application a dc voltage has to be stepped up from a source voltage V s to a
higher load voltage V 0 . The voltage across the load should be fairly constant. The circuit as
shown in Fig. 16 is available, however the circuit is not complete yet and at least an inductor L
has to be added. The indicated terminals are not necessarily the terminals that have to be
used as input and output.
1 T 2
i dt = 10 A
T 0
P
2 2
PF =
=
cos 2 = 0.9 cos 2
U rms I rms
1.3
(5)
1T
2 230 2 10
cos 2 = 2070 cos
u i dt =
T0
1.1
(T A + ,TB _ )
(DA+ , D B_ )
id
t
16/46
2.4
3.1
3.2
D+
iA
L
+
vo
_
+
vs
T_
D_
on
T_
off
iA
3.33 A
(10) 1.2
id
vAN
(10) 1.3
Vo
1.4
3.3
1
V0 =
V s with D=Ton/Ts where Ton is the on-time of T_ and Ts=1/fs ; D=0.375
1 D
3.4
3.5
DTS
V s = 4.72 A
=
L
IA can have zero crossings if L is small. In that case T+ conducts during the negative part of IA.
The condition for not having zero crossing is similar to the condition for continuous conduction
mode with up-converters (see Mohan eq. 7-28). Lmin =
DTS
DTS
Vs =
Vs = 422H
2I A
IA
What type of material (normal loop or flat loop) is most suited for the application
and why.
What do you choose as the operating range in the loop (more answers are
possible)?
Calculate the minimum number of turns N 1,min for the selected type of material to
avoid saturation. Read relevant data from Fig. 17. Sketch the flux density B as a
function of time for D=0.5 and indicate minimum and maximum values.
Estimate the magnetizing inductance L m for N 1 =N 1,min (20% accuracy is sufficient
here).
Calculate the peak value of the current in the auxiliary winding.
(40) PROBLEM 3
Given is a single-phase H bridge dc/ac voltage source converter that is connected to a single
phase induction motor with counter emf e 0 , as shown in Fig. 18.
i1
id
17/46
Fig. 18
The output voltage v 0 of the inverter is obtained by bipolar voltage switching similar to Fig. 19.
To obtain a low distortion linear modulation is applied (no overmodulation; m a <1).
18/46
1.3
Lm =
N 2 Ac
(this follows from eq. 3-60 and 3-80) where is obtained from the BH-loop: =
le
B/H 0.5/20=0.025;
1.4
Lm =
Because N1=N3, the peak value of the current in the auxiliary winding is equal to the peak value of
the magnetising current.
1
i m =
Lc
300 0.5
= 7.1 mA
3
280 103
DTs
V dt = 75 10
d
Another way:
H l 12.5 0.04
or i m =
=
= 7.4mA
N
67
H l = N i m
Fig. 19 (actual switching frequency is much higher than shown here)
Given is further:
V d = 350V
(DC link voltage)
1
(fundamental frequency of v o and e 0 )
1,nom =2 60 rad/s
(nominal value of 1 )
V 01,nom =230 V
(nominal rms value of fundamental of v 0 )
(counter emf which is sinusoidal)
e0
L = 30 mH
(inductance of machine)
f s =7.5 kHz
(frequency of triangular carrier v tri )
(capacitance of input filter)
C d =1 mF
At nominal speed and nominal voltage the input power of the loaded drive is 1 kW at cos
1 =0.8
(10) 3.1 Sketch equivalent circuit models to calculate the fundamental component of the current i0
and the ripple component of the current i0. Calculate an upper limit for the peak-to-peak
current ripple in io that is caused by the switching.
(10) 3.2 Calculate the rms value of the fundamental of i0 when the machine runs at rated speed and
rated power. Sketch a phasor diagram with the phasors of e0, v0 and i0.
(5) 3.3 Define the modulation ratio m a and give the relation between V o1 , m a and V d , where
V o1 is the rms value of the fundamental of the output voltage. Calculate the
modulation ratio m a such that the machine runs at nominal speed and nominal
voltage.
(10) 3.4 Sketch the instantaneous power p0(t) that is transmitted by the fundamental current i0 and
voltage v0
(Note: 2 sin t sin( t ) = cos cos(2 t ) )
(5)
3.5 Calculate the low-frequency (<1 kHz) peak-to-peak voltage ripple Vd , assuming that the
current i1 is constant.
Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 9 January 2004
1.1 For a given core the ideal loop would be very steep with a large difference between Bs and Br. On
one hand a steep loop results in a small magnetising current resulting in less losses, although in
general the losses caused by the magnetising current is small in comparison to the transformed load
current (N1/N2 i2). On the other hand the number of turns depends on the available flux swing. For
a forward converter the flux swing is Bs-Br because of the unipolar excitation. The answer is that the
flat core is preferred because of the much larger flux swing, resulting is less turns and less losses.
Select Bmax=+0.4 to have some margin to saturation. Br=+0.1
1.2
B N 1 Ac =
DTs
v dt
1
or N 1 =
DVd
0.5 300
=
= 67
f s Ac ( Bs Br ) 75 10 3 10 4 (0.4 0.1)
3.1
See Mohan fig. 8-18 b and c. Because the circuit is linear, the fundamental and ripple component
can be treated separately: v1 = v01 + v ripple and i1 = i01 + iripple . The (sinusoidal) fundamental
component follows from the phasor equation: V 01 = E 0 + V L1 = E0 + j LI 01 . The ripple follows
t
from: i0,ripple (t ) =
1
v0,ripple ( )d .
L 0
The largest ripple occurs during the zero crossing of v01(t) (see fig 8-19b). Then the amplitude of
the ripple voltage is Vd/2 and the duration of the pulse is Ts/2. The maximum amplitude of the
current equals:
Vd / 2
350 / 2
=
= 0.38 A
2 f s Ls 2 7.5 103 30 103
P0 = V0 I 0 cos 1 or I0=5.43 A . (so Ls I0=61.4V). Note that is the angle between Vo and
i0 =
3.2
Vo1
Io1
3.3
3.4
3.5
ma =
vcontrol
;
vtri
VL1
Eo1
V0 2 = ma Vd
VI
VI
id (t ) = 0 0 cos 0 0 cos(21t ) = 2.85 3.57 cos(1t 36.9 0 )
Vd
Vd
Amplitude of (sinusoidal) low frequency (120 Hz) current ripple:
iripple
VI
230 5.43
3.57
iripple = 0 0 =
= 3.57 A ; Vd ,ripple =
=
= 4.73V ;
21C d 2 120 10 3
Vd
350
Peak-to-peak value: V = 2V
= 9.46V
d
19/46
or ma =0.929.
d ,ripple
20/46
I3
I2
Vs
t
60
60
120
Fig. 21a
(10)
(5)
(5)
(10)
120
Fig. b
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
(30) PROBLEM 3
Given is a bi-directional single-phase dc/ac converter that is connected to a grid with voltage e0, as
shown in Fig. 22.
+
vx
--
grid
Fig. 20
(10)
(5)
(10)
(5)
1.1
1.2
1.3
(10)
1.5
Calculate the winding ratio N3/N1 such that Dmax < 0.7
Calculate N2/N1 if this turns ratio is desired to be as small as possible.
Sketch vx , iL and vL for Vd=150V. Indicate values in the sketch of vx and iL.
1.4
Calculate the maximum voltage that is applied to the switch for any of the
operational conditions.
Calculate the peak-to-peak value of the ripple in the output voltage for Vd=300V
(30) PROBLEM 2
Given is a single-phase rectifier, as shown in Fig. 21a, that is connected to a block shaped
supply voltage v s (Fig. 21b) and a constant load voltage V d :
Given is:
V d =240V
V s =300V (amplitude of v s as shown in Fig. 21b)
f s = 50Hz (frequency of v s )
L s =2 mH
Fig. 22
The output voltage v 0 of the inverter, that contains a full-bridge voltage source converter, is
obtained by bipolar voltage switching as shown in Fig. 31. Only linear modulation is applied
(no overmodulation).
Fig. 23 (Note: actual switching frequency is much higher than shown here)
Given is further: V d = 350V
21/46
22/46
e0 = E 0 2 sin 1t
with
E 0 = 230V
and 1 =2 50
L = 15 mH
f s = 7.5 kHz
(frequency of triangular carrier v tri )
The inverter is fed from a photovoltaic array and the objective is to supply power to the grid at unity
power factor. In the following questions the ripple that is caused by the switching can be neglected.
(5)
3.1 Sketch equivalent circuit models to calculate the fundamental component of the current i0
and the ripple component of the current i0.
(5)
3.2 Define the modulation ratio ma and give the relation between Vo, ma and Vd, where Vo is the
rms fundamental of the output voltage.
(10) 3.3 Calculate the modulation ratio ma such that 1 kW is supplied to the grid at unity power
factor (pf=1) in e0. Sketch the associated phasor diagram with the phasors of e0, v0 and i0.
(5)
3.4 What is the lowest value of Vd where we can still supply 1 kW to the grid with linear
sinusoidal modulation?
(5)
3.5 Calculate an upper limit for the peak-to-peak current ripple in io that is caused by the
switching.
Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 9 June 2004
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
N3 1 D
Vd
V
DTs = d (1 D )Ts so
=
= 0.43
N1
N3
N1
D
Vo
N
5
N
=
= 0.0476
V0 = 2 DVd with Dmax=0.7 for Vd=150V; 2 >
N1 Vd ,min Dmax 150 0.7
N1
upflux=downflux
3.1
3.2
ma =
3.3
I 0 = 1000/230 = 4.35A
V L = j LI 0 = j 20.5 V
V 0 =E 0 +j LI 0
vcontrol
; V0 2 = ma Vd
vtri
V0 2 230.9 2
=
= 326.5 V
ma ,max
1
3.4
Vd ,min =
3.5
so
i0,ripple (t ) =
1
v0,ripple ( )d .
L 0
The largest ripple occurs during the zero crossing of v 01 (t) (see fig 8-19b). Then the
amplitude of the ripple voltage is V d /2 and the duration of the pulse is T s /2:
Note: if you combine Dmax with Vdmax, (leading to N2/N1=0.0238) than the converter cannot be
operated at 150V.
See Mohan.
N1
Vd = 300 (1 + 1 0.43) = 998V
N3
Q 1 1 iL Ts
(1 D )Ts V0
with iL =
=
V pp =
C
C2 2 2
L
V pp 1 Ts2 (1 D ) 1010 (1 0.35)
=
=
= 0.0041 ; Vpp = 20 mV
8 2 106 103
V0 8
LC
Vsw = Vd +
i0 =
1
Ls
Ts / 2
Vd / 2
350 / 2
=
= 0.78 A
2 7.5 103 15 103
s Ls
V dt = 2 f
d
Vs
1.1
(10) 1.2
id
(5)
1.3
Sketch a block diagram of the system, and describe shortly the function of the
blocks. Indicate all relevant variables in the diagram.
Describe shortly the steps that are needed to obtain the small-signal transfer
of the system. Here v 0 is the output voltage and d is the duty
function v0 ( s )
d ( s)
ratio. Note that you are not expected to calculate the transfer function.
Obtain an averaged state-space description of an up-converter (result of step 2).
is
1
Ls
6,67 ms
(40) PROBLEM 2
Given is a flyback converter as shown in Fig. 24b. The load resistance R 0 may vary and the
output voltage V 0 should be kept constant by adapting the duty ratio D. The converter may
operate both in continuous and discontinuous conduction mode.
2.2
I peak =
2.3
Id =
2.4
id,up=id,down ; id should be zero again before t=Ts/2 so (V0 Vd ) 6.67ms < Vd 3.33ms
1
T
id dt =
(Vs Vd ) dt = 200 A
2 150o 200 / 2
= 83.33 A;
360 o
Pd =
1 T
1
T
Vd id dt = Vd 0 id dt = 20 kW
T 0
T
or
Vd > 200 V
23/46
24/46
id
i2
ac motor
+
v
+
vT
-
(10) 2.2
(5)
(5)
2.3
2.4
(Hint:
(10) 2.5
values.
i2 ).
Calculate the required duty ratio D 1 when I 0 = 10A (so R 0 =0.5 Ohm). (V 0 =5V).
Calculate the required duty ratio D 2 when I 0 = 0.5 A . (V 0 =5V).
Fig. 26 (Note: the actual switching frequency is much higher than shown here)
Sketch i d , i 2 , v x and v T as a function of time for R 0 =0.5 Ohm and indicate relevant
(40) PROBLEM 2
Given is a full-bridge dc-ac converter (H-bridge) with a single phase ac motor as shown (Fig.
25). The motor is modelled by the series connection of an inductance L a and the counter emf
e a . For control of the switches so-called bipolar voltage switching is applied, where the
ON/OFF signals for the switches are obtained by comparing a sinusoidal control signal v control
with a triangular waveform v tri (Fig. 26).
Linear modulation is applied to obtain a low distortion (no overmodulation; ma <1).
Given is further:
(DC link voltage)
V d = 350V
1
(fundamental frequency of the motor voltage v o and of the counter emf e 0 )
1,nom =2 60 rad/s
(nominal value of the fundamental frequency of the motor)
V 01,nom =230 V (nominal rms value of fundamental of v 0 )
(counter emf which is sinusoidal)
e0
L = 30 mH
(inductance of motor)
(frequency of triangular carrier v tri )
f s =7.5 kHz
At nominal speed and nominal voltage the input power of the loaded drive is 1 kW at cos
1 =0.8
(5)
3.1
(5)
3.2
(5)
3.3
(10) 3.4
25/46
Sketch the equivalent circuit models to calculate the fundamental component of the current
i0 and the ripple component of the current i0.
During what part of the output voltage does the maximum current ripple occur? Calculate an
upper limit for the peak-to-peak current ripple in i0 that is caused by the switching.
Calculate the rms value of the fundamental of i0 when the machine runs at rated speed and
rated power.
Define the modulation ratio m a and give the relation between V o1 , m a and V d , where
V o1 is the rms value of the fundamental of the output voltage. Calculate the
26/46
(5)
3.5
(5)
3.6
(5)
3.7
modulation ratio m a such that the machine runs at nominal speed and nominal
voltage.
Sketch the instantaneous power p0(t) that is transmitted by the fundamental current i0 and
voltage v0
(Note: 2 sin t sin( t ) = cos cos(2 t ) )
Calculate the low-frequency (<1 kHz) peak-to-peak voltage ripple Vd , assuming that the
current i1 is constant.
What will change in the answers to problems 3.1 to 3.6 if unipolar switching is used instead
of bipolar switching?
2.2
At the boundary of continuous and discontinuous conduction mode the answer from 2.1
is valid, so D =
V0
= 0.57
N1
Vd + V0
N2
Note that at the boundary the current i 2 is a triangle that just becomes zero at t=T s .
V0
(1 D )Ts = 10.75 A
Lm 2
i
From course of i 2 at the boundary it follows: I 0, Boundary = (1 D ) 2 = 2.31 A
2
1
2
2 P0
i
2 5 0.5
=
= 5 A and i1 = 2 = 0.0625 A
80
f s Lm 2
105 2 106
i L
0.0625 12.8m
or D2 = 1 m1 =
= 0.266 with
Vd Ts
300 10
or
Lm 2 i22
or similar drawing.
The block on the right side is the power stage with inputs duty ratio d and supply voltage V d.
The PWM block converts the control signal v c to the signal d.
The left block is the control block that compares the measured output voltage with some
reference and generates the control signal v c .
1.2 See Mohan section 10-5-1
Step 1 Obtain state-space equations for subsequent subcycles
Step 2: Averaging; Obtain average description of the circuit by averaging the timeweighted state matrices:
Step 3: Linearization; separate the variables in steady state components and small
perturburations
Step 4 Laplace transformation to s-domain
1.3 State variables are i L and v C
di
L L = Vd
dt
dvC
vc
C
=
dt
R
or
diL
= vc + Vd
or
dt
dvC
vc
C
= iL
dt
R
diL
dt 0
=
dvc 1
dt C
Averaged:
diL
dt 0
=
dvc (1 D )
dt C
2.1
diL
0
1
dt 0
iL
=
1 i + L Vd
dvc 0 RC vc 0
dt
1
1
L iL
+ L Vd
i
1 vc
0
RC
V
i1 = d D2Ts
Lm1
2
N
Lm1 = 1 Lm 2 = 802 2 H = 12.8mH
N2
2
Note: it is more straightforward to calculate i1 directly from P0 = f s 12 Lm1i1 .
2.5
Duration of i 2 :
Di 2 =
i2 Lm 2
5 2
=
= 0.2
5 10
V0Ts
(1 D)
1
L iL
+ L Vd
i
1 vc
0
RC
Also
i2 =
amplitude of the ripple voltage is V d and the duration of the pulse is T s /2:
i0 =
V0 N1 D
=
Vd N 2 1 D
27/46
3.3
1
Ls
Ts / 2
Vd
350
=
= 0.78 A
2 7.5 103 30 103
s Ls
V dt = 2 f
d
P = V01 I 0 cos or I 0 =
P
1000
=
= 5.43 A
V01 cos 230 0.8
28/46
vcontrol
;
vtri
V01 2 = ma Vd or ma =
V01 2 230 2
=
= 0.93
350
Vd
3.4
ma =
3.5
I 0 = 6A.
(5)
(10) 1.2
(5)
1.1
1.3
id ( t ) =
(20) PROBLEM 2
At the terminals of a converter the voltage and current are as shown in Fig. 28.
V0 I 0
VI
cos 0 0 cos(21t ) = 2.85 3.57 cos(1t 36.9 0 )
Vd
Vd
iripple
VI
230 5.43
3.57
= 3.57 A ; Vd ,ripple =
=
= 4.73V ;
iripple = 0 0 =
21C d 2 120 10 3
350
Vd
Peak-to-peak value: V = 2V
= 9.46V
d
(20) PROBLEM 1
Given is a simple circuit with a generic switch as shown in the figure a
T+ T
-10 A
Fig. 28
3.7 Only the answer to 3.2 will change. The ripple will at least be halved because of the
10 A
d ,ripple
doubled hf-frequency in v 0 .
Fig. 27
The data sheet of the switch specifies the following switching times corresponding to the linear
switching characteristics as shown in the figure.
t ri = 80 ns ;
t fv = 80 ns ;
t rv = 120 ns ;
t fi = 200 ns
Further:
V d =500V ;
29/46
Fig. 29a
(10) 3.1
Fig. b
Sketch v L and is as a function of time and indicate relevant values for V d =V d,nom .
30/46
(5)
3.2
(10) 3.3
(5) 3.4
Calculate the peak value of is, the average current Id and the average output
power P d for V d =V d,nom .
What is the range of V d for discontinuous conduction of i d in a steady state.
What will happen if V d is decreased below the lower limit of this range?
(30) PROBLEM 4
Given is a full-bridge dc-dc converter (H-bridge) with dc motor load as shown (Fig. 30). The
motor is modelled by the series connection of R a , L a and e a . For control of the switches so
called bipolar voltage switching is applied, where the control signals are obtained by
comparing a control signal v control with a triangular waveform v tri .
2 2
P
=
cos 2 = 0.9 cos 2
U rms I rms
2.3
PF =
2.4
DPF =
I1,rms
I rms
10 2 2
= 0. 9
10
3.1
3.2
V Vd
1 10 s
(300 240)
10 s = 30 A
is =
vL dt = s
Ton =
20 s
L 0
Lm
T 2 follows from vL ,av = 0
Fig. 30
The following is given:
= 1 ms (T s is the period of triangular waveform)
Ts
= 0.1 Ohm
Ra
= 2 mH
La
= 300V
Vd
ea
= 120 V
For the calculation of the current waveform, the resistance R a can be neglected.
(5) 4.1 Express the average value of v o in V d and vcontrol / vtri .
(5)
4.2
(5)
4.3
(15) 4.4
1.3
2.1
P=
2.2
I rms =
1T
2 230 2 10
cos 2 = 2070 cos
u i dt =
T0
(Vs Vd )10 s = Vd T2
Vs Vd
10 s = 2.5 s
Vd
i (10 s + T2 ) 30 12.5
1 Ts / 2
id dt = ' s
=
= 12.5 A
2 Ts 2
2 15
Ts 2 0
Because V d is constant we can write: Pd = Vd I d ,av = 240 12.5 = 3000W
3.3
The time T 2 will increase when V d decreases, because in steady state the average
or
inductor voltage is zero: vL ,av = 0 (Vs Vd ) Ton Vd T2 = 0
Vd =
Ton
Vs
T2 + Ton
Vd =
Ton
10 s
Vs =
300 = 200V . Range: V d >200V. Note : for V d >300V there
T2 + Ton
10 s + 5 s
vcontrol
vtri
4.1
V0 = Vd
4.2
v o (t ) + v R (t ) + v L (t ) ea (t ) = 0
After averaging: V 0 + I 0 R - e a = 0
Or:
4.3
300
v control
+ 10 R 120 = 0
vtri
so:
v control 119
=
= 0.397
300
vtri
1 T 2
i dt = 10 A
T 0
31/46
T2 =
I d ,av =
Calculate the required ratio of vcontrol / vtri to maintain an average output current of
I 0 =+10A at e a = +120 V.
Calculate the required ratio of vcontrol / vtri to maintain an average output current of
I 0 = -10A at e a = +120 V.
Sketch the v 0 (t) , i 0 (t) and the source current i d for I 0 = +10A at e a = +120 V.
32/46
v control 121
=
= 0.403
vtri
300
(D 1 =0.702)
(5)
^
Vtri
t= 0
I 0 =10A
T s /2
t1
t1
I 0 =
vo (= vAN -vBN )
Vo
Vd
io
io
Io
(DA _ ,D B+ )
(10) 1.3
(5)
1.4
Calculate the minimum number of turns N 1,min for the selected type of material to
avoid saturation. Read relevant data from Fig. 31. Sketch the flux density B as a
function of time for D=0.5 and indicate minimum and maximum values.
Estimate the magnetizing inductance L m for N 1 =N 1,min (20% accuracy is sufficient
here).
Calculate the peak value of the current in the auxiliary winding.
Vd
_
(T A _ ,TB+ )
1.2
vcontrol
(T A + ,TB _ )
(40)
PROBLEM 2
Given is a forward converter as shown in Fig. 32
Id
I3
I2
+
vx
(DA+ , D B_ )
--
id
t
+
v sw
--
4.4
Fig. 32
Given is:
(nominal input voltage, however the actual voltage is variable)
V d = 300 V
(nominal output voltage)
V0 = 6 V
(switching frequency)
f s = 100 kHz
(turns ratio)
N 1 :N 3 = 1
(magnetising inductance of transformer, seen from primary side)
L m = 15 mH
(output filter inductance)
L 0 = 50 H
The winding N 3 serves complete demagnetisation of the core.
(5) 2.1 When D = 0.4 and V d =300V, calculate the turns ratio N 1 :N 2 to get V 0 =6V
(5) 2.2 Assume N 1 :N 2 has the value that is calculated in 2.1. What is the lowest input
voltage allowed if V 0 is to be kept equal to 6 V?
In the following, D = 0.4, V d =300V, V 0 =6V and I 0 =10A.
(5) 2.3 Calculate the voltage over the transistor during the T off .
(5) 2.4 Calculate the maximum values v sw , i L and the magnetising current of the
transformer i m .
(5) 2.5 Calculate I 0 for the boundary of discontinuous conduction mode.
(15) 2.6 Sketch v d , v sw , i L , i d , i 3 and i m .
(30) PROBLEM 3
Given is a single-phase rectifier that is connected to a supply voltage vs and a battery as
shown in Fig. 33a. The battery is represented by a DC voltage V d . The voltage v s has a blocklike shape as shown in Fig. 33b and that is produced by some HF inverter (not shown). The
circuit is intended to charge the battery. Depending on the state-of-charge of the battery the
voltage V d may vary.
Given is:
V d,nom =240V (nominal battery voltage)
V s =300V (amplitude of v s as shown in(Fig. 33b)
T s =30 s (period of voltage v s )
f s = 1/T s =33.3 kHz (frequency of v s )
L s =20 H
What type of material (normal loop or flat loop) is most suited for the application
and why.
Sketch a typical loop that applies in normal operation of the forward converter.
33/46
34/46
2.4
2.5
V T,max =600V;
(1 D )TsV0
0.6 10 106 6
0.72
im = I 0 +
= 10 +
= 10 +
= 10.36 A
2 L0
2 50 106
2
(1 D)TsV0
I L
I L , pp =
= 0.72 A .
Load current on the boundary: I 0, B =
= 0.36 A
L0
2
2.6
Fig. 33a
(10) 3.1
(10) 3.2
(10) 3.3
3.1
Fig. b
B N 1 Ac =
DTs
v dt
1
or N 1 =
1.3
Lm =
N Ac
DVd
0.5 300
=
= 67
f s Ac ( Bs Br ) 75 10 3 10 4 (0.4 0.1)
3.2
(this follows from eq. 3-60 and 3-80) where (=0r) is obtained from the BH-
le
loop:
Lm =
= B/H 0.5/20=0.025;
1.4
0.025 67 2 104
= 280 mH
0.04
DTs
300 0.5
= 7.1 mA
3
280 103
V dt = 75 10
d
3.3
Another way:
H l 12.5 0.04
or i m =
=
= 7.4mA
67
N
N
N1 DVd 0.4 300
V0 = D 2 Vd
=
=
= 20
6
N1
N2
V0
V N1 6 20
=
= 240V . (Note:N 1 :N 3 =1 D max =0.5)
Vd ,min = 0
0.5
Dmax N 2
N
vsw = Vd + 1 Vd = 300 + 300 = 600V
N3
2.2
2.3
35/46
T2 =
Vs Vd
10 s = 2.5 s
Vd
Ts / 2
id dt =
The time T 2 will incease when V d decreases, because in steady state the average
or
inductor voltage is zero: vL ,av = 0 (Vs Vd ) Ton Vd T2 = 0
Vd =
H l = N i m
2.1
(Vs Vd )10 s = Vd T2
I d ,av =
Because N1=N3, the peak value of the current in the auxiliary winding is equal to the peak value of
the magnetising current.
1
i m =
Lc
V V
1 10 s
(300 240)
10 s = 30 A
is = vL dt = s d Ton =
20 H
L 0
Lm
Ton
Vs
T2 + Ton
Ts
Vd =
3.4
Ts
2
+ Ton
Vs =
10 s
300 = 200V . Range for discontinuous conduction:
10 s + 5 s
36/46
For a certain application a dc voltage has to be stepped up from a source voltage Vs to a higher load
voltage V0. The voltage across the load should be fairly constant. The half-bridge circuit as shown in Fig.
36 is available, however the circuit is not complete yet and at least an inductor L has to be added. On the
other hand some other components in the circuit are superfluous . The indicated terminals are not
necessarily the terminals that have to be used as input and output.
id
+
iA
Vs
Source
V0
Load
Fig. 34
(5)
1.1
(10) 1.2
(5)
1.3
Sketch the waveforms of v T and i T and the power p T that is dissipated in the switch
as a function of time.
Calculate and plot the average switching power loss as a function of frequency in
the frequency range 25 kHz-100 kHz.
Calculate the efficiency of the power transfer from the source V d to the load R at
100 kHz and a duty ratio D=0.5.
(40)
PROBLEM 2
Given is a forward converter as shown in Fig. 35
Id
I3
I2
+
vx
--
+
v sw
Fig. 36
The following is specified:
V s =150V, V 0 =240V, f s =20 kHz and C + =C_= 4700 F and P 0 =500W.
Inductor L=600 H.
(5) 3.1 What type of converter would you preferably use for this conversion?
(10) 3.2 Show by means of a circuit diagram how the desired conversion can be obtained by
using the circuit from Fig. 36. Show where the inductor L should be added and
include the connections to source and load. Describe shortly how the circuit is
operated.
(5) 3.3 Express V o in the duty ratio D and V s . Define and calculate the duty ratio D.
(10) 3.4 Calculate the average inductor current. Sketch for L=600 H the terminal current i A
, the diode current i D+ and the voltage v AN or v A0 .
(10) 3.5 Can i A have zero crossings? Calculate the minimum value of the inductor that
guarantees that, for the given conditions, the inductor current is always positive.
Summary of answers to exam Electronic Power Conversion dd 21 June 2006
1.4 Note that the waveforms for the switching of resistive loads are quite different from the waveforms
for clamped inductive loads (Mohan Fig 2-6). With the circuit from the exam vT and iT are always
related by: vT = Vd iT R vT
--
Fig. 35
Given is:
(nominal input voltage, however the actual voltage is variable)
V d = 300 V
(nominal output voltage)
V0 = 6 V
f s = 100 kHz
(switching frequency)
(turns ratio)
N 1 :N 3 = 1
(magnetising inductance of transformer, seen from primary side)
L m = 15 mH
(output filter inductance)
L = 50 H
The winding N 3 serves complete demagnetisation of the core.
(5) 2.1 When D = 0.4 and V d =300V, calculate the turns ratio N 1 :N 2 to get V 0 =6V
(5) 2.2 Assume N 1 :N 2 has the value that is calculated in 2.1. What is the lowest input
voltage allowed if V 0 is to be kept equal to 6 V?
In the following, D = 0.4, V d =300V, V 0 =6V and I 0 =10A.
(5) 2.3 Calculate the voltage over the transistor during the T off .
(5) 2.4 Calculate the maximum values v sw , i L and i m .
(5) 2.5 Calculate I 0 for the boundary of discontinuous conduction mode.
(15) 2.6 Sketch v x , v sw , i L , i 1 , i 3 and i m .
(40) PROBLEM 3
During turn on: iT=Id t/ton and vT=Vd(1-t/ton) ; pT(t)=vT iT = Vd Id t/ton (1-t/ton).
Similar during turn off.
PT
vT
PT
iT
Eon
f
100 kHz
ton
t2
VI
t3
0 iT vT dt = Vd I d 12 ton 13 ton2 = d6 d ton =300*4*1/6*150
0
ton
37/46
9W
Vd I d (ton + toff )
=200 . (150+300) . 10-9 . fs.
6
Ts
38/46
=
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
3.1
3.2
PR Pd PT DVd I d PT 600 9
=
=
=
= 0.985
600
Pd
Pd
DVd I d
N2
N1 DVd 0.4 300
Vd
=
=
= 20
6
N1
N2
V0
V N1 6 20
=
= 240V . (Note:N 1 :N 3 =1 D max =0.5)
Vd ,min = 0
0.5
Dmax N 2
N
vsw = Vd + 1 Vd = 300 + 300 = 600V
N3
V0 = D
V T,max =600V;
(1 D )TsV0
0.6 10 106 6
0.72
im = I 0 +
= 10 +
= 10 +
= 10.36 A
2 L0
2 50 106
2
(1 D)TsV0
I L
I L , pp =
= 0.72 A .
Load current on the boundary: I 0, B =
= 0.36 A
L0
2
Boost converter (Mohan section 7-4 and Fig 7-33).
The circuit should be configured such that a boost converter is obtained (Mohan section 7-4 and
Fig 7-33). T_ and D+ are the active components. Note that the terminal pair {A ,O} cannot be
used as input as the node 0 cannot absorb a DC current. The capacitors C+ , C- are in parallel to
the load as is required in a boost converter. When T_ is ON the current through L increases and
when T_ is OFF the inductor current is pushed in the output circuit via D+.
id
T+
D+
iA
L
+
vo
_
+
_
vs
T_
D_
N
on
T_
off
iA
3.33 A
id
vAN
Vo
1
Vs with D=Ton/Ts where Ton is the on-time of T_ and Ts=1/fs ; D=0.375
1 D
3.3
V0 =
3.4
3.5
DTS
Vs a 2 + b 2 = 4.72 A
L
IA can have zero crossings if L is small. In that case T+ conducts during the negative part of IA.
The condition for not having zero crossing is similar to the condition for continuous conduction
mode with up-converters (see Mohan eq. 7-28). Lmin =
Fig. 37
The data sheet of the switch specifies the following switching times corresponding to the linear
switching characteristics as shown in the figure.
t ri = 80 ns ;
t fv = 80 ns ;
t rv = 120 ns ;
t fi = 200 ns
Further:
V d =500V ;
I 0 = 6A.
(5) 1.1 Sketch the instantaneous switching loss as a function of time.
(10) 1.2 Calculate the switching power loss as a function of the switching frequency in a
range 25 - 100 kHz, assuming V d =500V and I 0 = 6A.
(5) 1.3 Calculate and plot the total losses as a function of the switching frequency in a
range 25 - 100 kHz in the switch when the on-state voltage is V on =1.5V at 6A and
the duty ratio of the switch is D = 0.6 (assume t d(on) =t d(off) ).
(40) PROBLEM 2
Given is a single-phase rectifier that is connected to a supply voltage vs and a battery as
shown in Fig. 38a. The battery is represented by a DC load voltage Vd. The voltage vs has a
block-like shape (Fig. 38b) that is produced by some HF inverter (not shown). The rectifier is
intended to charge the battery. Depending on the charging state of the battery the voltage V d
may vary.
Given is: V d,nom =240V (nominal voltage of V d )
V s =300V (amplitude of vs as shown in Fig. 38b)
T s =30 s (period of voltage vs)
f s = 1/T s =33.3 kHz (frequency of vs)
L s =20 H
DTS
DTS
0.375 50 106
150 =
Vs =
Vs =
I
2I A
2 3.33
A
422H
39/46
40/46
2.1
Fig. 38a
(10) 2.1
(10) 2.2
(10) 2.3
(10) 2.4
Fig. b
Sketch v L and i s as a function of time and indicate relevant values for V d =V d,nom .
Calculate the peak value of is , the average current I d and the average output power
P d for V d =V d,nom .
What is the range of V d for discontinuous conduction of i d in a steady state.
What will happen if V d is decreased below the lower limit of this range?
(40) PROBLEM 3
Given is a full-bridge dc-dc converter (H-bridge) with dc motor load as shown (Fig. 39). The
motor is modelled by the series connection of R a , L a and e a . For control of the switches so
called bipolar voltage switching is applied, where the control signals are obtained by
comparing a control signal v control with a triangular waveform v tri .
2.2
V V
1 10 s
(300 240)
is = vL dt = s d Ton =
10 s = 30 A
L 0
Lm
20 H
T 2 follows from vL ,av = 0
(Vs Vd )10 s = Vd T2
T2 =
Vs Vd
10 s = 2.5 s
Vd
i (10 s + T2 ) 30 12.5
1 Ts / 2
id dt = ' s
=
= 12.5 A
2 Ts 2
2 15
Ts 2 0
Because V d is constant we can write: Pd = Vd I d ,av = 240 12.5 = 3000W
I d ,av =
2.3
The time T 2 will incease when V d decreases, because in steady state the average
or
inductor voltage is zero: vL ,av = 0 (Vs Vd ) Ton Vd T2 = 0
Vd =
Fig. 39
Ts
3.3
(15) 3.4
Calculate the required ratio of vcontrol / vtri to maintain an average output current of
I 0 =+10A at e a = +120 V.
Calculate the required ratio of vcontrol / vtri to maintain an average output current of
I 0 = -10A at e a = +120 V.
Sketch the v 0 (t), i 0 (t) and the supply current i d (t) for I 0 = +10A at e a = +120 V.
41/46
Ton
Vs
T2 + Ton
Vd =
2.4
Ts
2
+ Ton
Vs =
10 s
300 = 200V . Range for discontinuous conduction:
10 s + 5 s
vcontrol
vtri
3.1
V0 = Vd
3.2
v o (t ) + v R (t ) + v L (t ) ea (t ) = 0
After averaging: V 0 + I 0 R - e a = 0
42/46
Or:
300
v control
+ 10 R 120 = 0
vtri
v control 121
=
= 0.403
vtri
300
so:
(D 1 =0.702)
v control 119
=
= 0.397
300
vtri
3.3
^
Vtri
vcon trol
t= 0
I 0 =10A
T s /2
t1
t1
I 0 =
vo ( = vA N -vB N )
Vd
Vo
io
io
Vd
( DA _ , D B + )
Io
0
( T A _ ,TB + )
( T A + ,T B _ )
( DA + , D B _ )
id
t
3.4
Fig. 41
Given is:
V d = 200350 V (input voltage range)
V0 = 5 V
(nominal output voltage)
(switching frequency)
f s = 125 kHz
(turns ratio)
N 1 :N 3 = 2:1
(magnetising inductance of transformer, seen from primary side)
L m = 15 mH
(output filter inductance)
L = 10 H
P 0 = 20...300 W (output power range @5V)
Both the supply voltage and the load power P 0 may vary between the indicated values.
The winding N 3 serves complete demagnetisation of the core. Note the unusual winding ratio
N 1 :N 3 .
(5) 2.1 Calculate the turns ratio N 1 :N 2 to get V 0 =5V at a nominal input voltage V d =325V
and D=0.4
(5) 2.2 D should be varied to maintain a constant output voltage at variable input voltage.
What is the maximum allowable value of D to guarantee complete demagnetisation
of the transformer?
(10) 2.3 What is the lowest allowable input voltage V d to avoid transformer saturation?
Check whether the control range of D corresponds to the input voltage range.
In the following, D = 0.4, V d =325V, V 0 =5V and I 0 =50A.
(5) 2.4 Calculate the maximum values v sw , i L and i m .
(5) 2.5 Calculate I 0 for the boundary of discontinuous conduction mode. Check this results
with the given minimum load current.
(10) 2.6 Sketch v 1 , v sw , i L , i 1 , i 3 and i m .
(40) PROBLEM 3
In Fig. 10a a single-line diagram a power system with power electronic load is shown. The
utility power source (dashed block) is represented by a sinusoidal voltage sources vs in series
with an inductance L s in each phase. The nominal rms value of the phase-to-neutral voltage is
V s =230V and its fundamental frequency is f s =60 Hz.
The power electronic load is a large industrial three-phase diode rectifier as shown in Fig. 10b.
The load of the rectifier is represented by a constant DC current source I d .
Fig. 40
(10) 1.1
(5)
1.2
(5)
1.3
Sketch the waveforms of v T and i T and the power p T that is dissipated in the switch
as a function of time.
Calculate and plot the average switching power loss as a function of frequency in
the frequency range 25 kHz-100 kHz.
Calculate the efficiency of the power transfer from the source V d to the load R at
100 kHz and a duty ratio D=0.5.
(40)
PROBLEM 2
Given is a forward converter as shown in Fig. 32
Fig. 42
43/46
44/46
(10) 3.1
(10) 3.2
(10) 3.3
According
voltage at
(10) 3.4
t
ton
Vd (1
t
ton
2.5
2.6
Because the minimum load current (2A) is smaller then I0,B , the converter operates in continues
conduction mode.
Sketch: see Mohan fig. 10-11
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Eon
PT
VLL
T T
d d
1 t2 1 t3
Vd I d
ton = 300 . 4 . 1/6 .
2 3 2 =
6
t
t
on 0
on
150 .10-9 = 30 J
Similar for turn off.
Average power: PT =
Vd I d
(ton + toff ) / Ts = 200 * (150+300) * 10-9 * fs = 90.10-6 fs
6
(W)
PR Pd PT DVd I d PT 600 9
=
=
=
= 0.985
600
Pd
Pd
DVd I d
N2
Vd
N1
2.1
V0 = D
2.2
For steady state operation the transformer should completely be demagnetised in each
cycle or the average voltage across each winding should be zero. For w 3 this means:
DmaxVd
2.3
N3
= (1 Dmax )Vd
N1
Dmax = 0.667
V0 = D
N2
Vd
N1
Vd ,min =
N1 V0
26 5
=
= 195V . Because the lowest specified
N 2 Dmax 0.667
input voltage is 200V, the range of D is large enough to handle the input voltage range.
2.3
vsw = Vd +
N1
Vd = 325 + 2 325 = 975V !
N3
45/46
Ls I d = 535 1.8I d
All harmonics are more or less reduced, including the fundamental. Higher harmonics are
attenuated more than the lower harmonics, because the impedance of Ls increases with frequency.
Lower harmonics are only slightly affected.
Requirement from utility: Vs 5 < 0.03Vs
(textbook, eq 18-2)
ton
i v dt = V I
Vs
f
ton
I
I = a1 for h = 5, 7,11,13,....
2
I d ; Harmonics: ah h
3
= 0 else
100 kHz
3 6
9W
iT
3 2
PT
vT
(1 D)TsV0
0.6 8 106 5
2.4
iL = I 0 +
= 50 +
= 50 +
= 51.2 A
2 L0
2 10 106
2
(1 D)TsV0
I L
I L , pp =
= 2.4 A .
Load current on the boundary: I 0, B =
= 1.2 A
L0
2
46/46