Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1. Introduction
The US healthcare industry accounted for 14.1%
of the U.S. economic output in 2001 (URL:
(http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/tables/2003/03hus112.
pdf). Various studies of this industry point to lack or
failure of basic quality-control procedures, and
misalignment among consumer needs, payers and provider
services, as primary causes for building waste into industry
management practices.
Pressures on the industry have fostered innovation in the
design of services and organizations. Most of the
innovations have targeted cost reductions in key functions,
including logistics. The industry must find a flexible
delivery enterprise that has substantial capital and is
Timeline
5 to 10 years
Tactical
3 months to 2
years
Operational
Day-to-Day
Potential Benefits
Percent of
Procurement
Cost
2% to 4%
Minimized duplication,
planning system, demanddriven ordering (clinical
guidelines, etc.)
Order
Consolidated purchasing,
2.5% to 4%
management
paperless order management
(EDI, Internet)
Supplier
Supplier consolidation,
0.5% to 2%
management
optimal direct-frommanufacturer implementation,
compliance with GPO
agreements
Logistics
Consolidated service center,
0.5% to 2%
management
integrated transport network,
capacity utilization
Inventory
Automated point-of-service
0.5% to 1.5%
management
distribution, replenishment,
non-stock items, reduction in
SKUs
Overall cost-savings from Supply Chain Management 6% to 13.5%
Source: Pricewaterhouse Coopers, 2000
(URL: http://www.emarketer.com/images/chart_pdfs/020001021000/020410.pdf)
Government
Regulatory
Agencies
Medical Equipment
Manufacturers
Pharmaceuticals
Companies
G
Manufacturers
Medical Equipment
- Prosthetic Devices
- Artificial Body Parts
- Wheel Chairs
- CT Scanners
- Laboratory Equipment
- ...
Pharmaceuticals
G
Distributors
Health Care
Professionals
- Doctors, Nurses,
Respiratory Therapists, Dietitians,
Medical
Technologists,...
Health Care Facilities
- Hospitals
- Proprietary Clinics
- Nursing Homes
- Hospices
- Same-day-surgery
Centers
- Urgent Care Centers
US Congress
Food & Drug
Administration
National Institute of
Health ...
On Manufacturers / Distributors /
Health Care Providers
G&S
Health Care
Providers
Patients
$
Insurance
Companies
Medicare
Medicaid
Employers
Public and
Private
Payer
Systerms
Legend:
G - Goods
S - Services
I - Information &
Directives
$ - Payments/
Reimbursements
Figure 1: A Representative U.S. e-Health Care Supply Chain Model (Source: Kumar and Chandra, 2001)
General approach. The decision support system consists
of two integral parts information support system and
decision modeling system. The methodology consists of a
number of consecutive tasks including definition of the
supply chain management problem, generation of
alternative supply chain configurations, decision modeling
and final decision making as depicted in Figure 2. The
main tools utilized in order to accomplish these tasks are
supply chain process model, modeling database, decision
modeling system and supply chain knowledge library. The
modeling methodology is built around a unified
representation of the supply chain modeling problem. This
representation can be transformed in a number of different
formats suitable for accomplishing different modeling
Development of
supply chain
process model
Process
model
Conversion
process model
into data base
format
Supply chain
modeling data
base
Generation of
tentative supply
chain
configurations
Suppliers data
base
Supply chain
modeling data
base
Supply chain
kernel
Modeling
results
Supply chain
decision modeling
Tentative supply
chain
configurations
Final decision
making
Supply chain
knowledge
library
Final decision
6. Conclusions
This paper has provided a comprehensive
discussion on various aspects surrounding the need,
efficacy, design, modeling, and implementation of a
Health Care Supply Chain. It has been proposed that the
Health Care industry can achieve efficiency in their
operations through adoption of technologies, standards and
practices, and proven models and methodologies
developed in the IE/OR fields which have been
successfully applied in many diverse industries for
managing supply chain logistics. The model and
methodology proposed in this paper should be validated
with specific problems encountered in the Health Care
References
Anonymous (2000). "Study: E-commerce will improve
logistics." Hospital Materials Management, 25(11): 2.
Bose, R. (2003). "Knowledge management-enabled health
care management systems: capabilities, infrastructure, end
decision-support." Expert Systems with Applications, 24:
59-71.
Bradley, P. (2000). "Taking on the health care supply
chain." MSI: 50.
Brennan, C. D. (1998). "Integrating the healthcare supply
chain." Healthcare Financial Management, 52(1): 31.
Chandra, C., and Chilov, N. (2001). Object-Oriented Data
Model for Supply Chain Configuration Management,
Proceedings: Tenth Annual Industrial Engineering
Research Conference (IERC), May 20-22, Dallas, Texas.
Chandra, C., and Grabis, J. (2002). "Modeling Floating
Supply Chains," Proceedings: Eleventh Annual Industrial
Engineering Research Conference (IERC), May 19-22,
Orlando, Florida.
Chandra, C. and Grabis, J. (2001). Reconfiguration of
multi-stage production systems to support product
customization using generic simulation models,
Proceedings: Sixth Annual International Conference on
Industrial Engineering, Marley, R. et al. (eds.), November
18-20, San-Francisco, California, 9 pages.
Chandra, C., and Marukyan, R. (2002). "Elaborating
Process Models for Supply Chain Reconfiguration,"
Proceedings: Eleventh Annual Industrial Engineering
Research Conference (IERC), May 19-22, Orlando,
Florida.
Chandra, C., Nastasi, A. J., Norris, T. L., and Tag, P.
(2000). Enterprise Modeling for Capacity Management in
Supply Chain Simulation, Proceedings: Ninth Industrial
Engineering Research Conference (IERC), May 21 - 24,
Cleveland, Ohio.
Chandra, C. and Tumanyan, A. (2002). "Supply Chain
Reconfiguration: Designing Information Support with
System Taxonomy Principles," Proceedings: Eleventh
Annual Industrial Engineering Research Conference
(IERC), May 19-22, Orlando, Florida.
http://www.emarketer.com/images/chart_pdfs/020001021000/020410.pdf)
Supply Chain Management Vertical Solutions (URL:
http://www.cisco.com/warp/public/779/ibs/solutions/suppl
y/vertical/)
Biographical Sketch
Charu Chandra is an Associate Professor in Industrial and
Manufacturing Systems Engineering at the University of
Michigan-Dearborn. He is involved in research in Supply
Chain Management, and Enterprise Integration issues in
large complex systems. His Ph. D. degree is in Industrial
Engineering and Operations Research from the Arizona
State University. He is a Senior Member of Institute of
Industrial Engineers.
Swatantra K. Kachhal is Professor and Chair in Industrial
and Manufacturing Systems Engineering at the University
of Michigan-Dearborn. He is involved in research in
Operational issues in healthcare systems. His Ph. D degree
is in Industrial Engineering and Operations Research from
the University of Minnesota. He is the current President of
Society for Health Systems, a Fellow of Institute of
Industrial Engineers, and a Senior Member of HIMSS. He
has been a frequent presenter at SHS and HIMSS.