Semiconductors

SEMICONDUCTORS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
A silicon diode measures a low value of resistance with the meter leads in both positions. The trouble, if any, is
A.
the diode is open.
B.
the diode is shorted to ground.
C.
the diode is internally shorted.
D.
the diode is working correctly.
Single-element semiconductors are characterized by atoms with ____ valence electrons.

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
none of the above
Under normal conditions a diode conducts current when it is

A.
reverse-biased.
B.
forward-biased.
C.
avalanched.
D.
saturated.
A diode conducts when it is forward-biased, and the anode is connected to the ________ through a limiting resistor.
A.
positive supply
B.
negative supply
C.
cathode
D.
anode
As the forward current through a silicon diode increases, the internal resistance
A.
increases.
B.
decreases.
C.
remains the same.
The movement of free electrons in a conductor is called

A.
voltage.
B.
current.
C.
7.
8.
9.
recombination.
D.
equilibrium.
For a forward-biased diode, the barrier potential ________ as temperature increases.

A.
decreases
B.
remains constant
C.
increases
The wide end arrow on a schematic indicates the ________ of a diode.

A.
ground
B.
direction of electron flow
C.
cathode
D.
anode
An n-type semiconductor material

A.
is intrinsic.
B.
has trivalent impurity atoms added.
C.
has pentavalent impurity atoms added.
D.
requires no doping.
10. For a forward-biased diode, as temperature is ________, the forward current ________ for a given value of forward
voltage.
A.
decreased, increases
B.
increased, increases
C.
increased, decreases
D.
decreased, decreases
11. Which statement best describes an insulator?

A.
A material with many free electrons.
B.
A material doped to have some free electrons.
C.
A material with few free electrons.
D.
No description fits.
12. Effectively, how many valence electrons are there in each atom within a silicon crystal?
A.
B.
C.
D.
16
13. The boundary between p-type material and n-type material is called
A.
a diode.
B.
a reverse-biased diode.
C.
a pn junction.
D.
a forward-biased diode.
14. You have an unknown type of diode in a circuit. You measure the voltage across it and find it to be 0.3 V. The
diode might be
A.
a silicon diode.
B.
a germanium diode.
C.
a forward-biased silicon diode.
D.
a reverse-biased germanium diode.
15. An ideal diode presents a(n) ________ when reversed-biased and a(n) ________ when forward-biased.
A.
open, short
B.
short, open
C.
open, open
D.
short, short
16. A reverse-biased diode has the ________ connected to the positive side of the source, and the ________ connected to the negative side of the
source.
A.
cathode, anode
B.
cathode, base
C.
base, anode
D.
anode, cathode
Answer & Explanation
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
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17. What types of impurity atoms are added to increase the number of conduction-band electrons in intrinsic silicon?
A.
bivalent
B.
octavalent
C.
pentavalent
D.
trivalent
E.
none of the above
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
18. What factor(s) do(es) the barrier potential of a pn junction depend on?
A.
type of semiconductive material
B.
the amount of doping
C.
the temperature
D.
all of the above
E.
type of semiconductive material and the amount of doping but not the temperature
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
19. An atom is made up of

A.
protons.
B.
neutrons.
C.
electrons.
D.
all of the above
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
20. Reverse breakdown is a condition in which a diode

A.
is subjected to a large reverse voltage.
B.
is reverse-biased and there is a small leakage current.
C.
has no current flowing at all.
D.
is heated up by large amounts of current in the forward direction.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:

21. There is a small amount of current across the barrier of a reverse-biased diode. This current is called
A.
forward-bias current.
B.
reverse breakdown current.
C.
conventional current.
D.
reverse leakage current.
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
22. As the forward current through a silicon diode increases, the voltage across the diode
A.
increases to a 0.7 V maximum.
B.
decreases.
C.
is relatively constant.
D.
decreases and then increases.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
23. Doping of a semiconductor material means

A.
that a glue-type substance is added to hold the material together.
B.
that impurities are added to increase the resistance of the material.
C.
that impurities are added to decrease the resistance of the material.
D.
that all impurities are removed to get pure silicon.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
24. The forward voltage across a conducting silicon diode is about

A.
0.3 V.
B.
1.7 V.
C.
0.7 V.
D.
0.7 V.
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
25. The most common type of diode failure is a(n) ________.

A.
open
C.
resistive
B.
short
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
26. What occurs when a conduction-band electron loses energy and falls back into a hole in the valence band?
A.
doping
B.
recombination
C.
generation
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
27. The maximum number of electrons in each shell of an atom is

A.
2.
B.
2n2 where n is the number of the shell.
C.
4.
D.
8.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
28. A silicon diode is forward-biased. You measure the voltage to ground from the anode at ________, and the voltage from the cathode to ground at
________.
A.
0 V, 0.3 V
B.
2.3 V, 1.6 V
C.
1.6 V, 2.3 V
D.
0.3 V, 0 V
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
For silicon diodes, the built-in potential is approximately 0.7 V. Thus, if an external current is passed through the diode, about 0.7 V will be developed
across the diode such that the P-doped region is positive with respect to the N-doped region and the diode is said to be "turned on" as it has a
forward bias.
Therefore, 2.3 V - 1.6 V = 0.7 V. Hence the answer is correct.
29. The term bias in electronics usually means

A.
the value of ac voltage in the signal.
B.
the condition of current through a pn junction.
C.
the value of dc voltages for the device to operate properly.
D.
the status of the diode.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
DIODE APPLICATIONS:
1.
Determine the total discharge time for the capacitor in a clamper having C = 0.01
A.
5 ms
B.
25 ms
C.
2.5 ms
D.
50 ms
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
2.
Which element dictates the maximum level of source voltage?
A.
VZ
B.
IZM
C.
IZ
D.
None of the above
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
F and R = 500 k
3.
What type of diode circuit is used to clip off portions of signal voltages above or below certain levels?
A.
clipper or limiter
B.
clamper
C.
IC voltage regulator
D.
none of the above
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
4.
Each diode in a center-tapped full-wave rectifier is ________ -biased and conducts for ________ of the input cycle.
A.
forward, 90
B.
reverse, 180
C.
forward, 180
D.
reverse, 90
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
5.
What is the voltage measured from the negative terminal of C 4 to the negative terminal of the transformer?
A.
10 V
B.
20 V
C.
10 V
D.
20 V
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
6.

The output frequency of a full-wave rectifier is ________ the input frequency.
A.
one-half
B.
equal to
C.
twice
D.
one-quarter
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
7.
PIV is which of the following?

A.
peak input voltage
B.
peak inverse voltage
C.
peak immediate voltage
D.
positive input voltage
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
8.
Determine the peak value of the current through the load resistor.
A.
2.325 mA
B.
5 mA
C.
1.25 mA
D.
0 mA
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
9.
Determine the peak value of the output waveform.
A.
25 V
B.
15 V
C.
25 V
D.
15 V
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
10.
In a regulated supply, what term describes how much change occurs in the output voltage for a given change in the input voltage?
A.
load regulation
B.
voltage regulator
C.
line regulation
D.
ripple voltage
Answer: Option C
Explanation:

11. A short circuit has a ________ drop across its terminals, and the current is limited only by the surrounding
network.
A.
5V
B.
0V
C.
1V
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
12. Determine the peak for both half cycles of the output waveform.
A.
16 V, 4 V
B.
16 V, 4 V
C.
16 V, 4 V
D.
16 V, 4 V
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
13. What is the peak inverse voltage across each diode in a voltage doubler?
A.
Vm
B.
2Vm
C.
0.5Vm
D.
0.25Vm
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
14. What is the VRRM (PIV rating) for the 1N4001 rectifier diode?
A.
50 V
B.
100 V
C.
200 V
D.
400 V
E.
none of the above
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
15. What type of diode circuit is used to add or restore a dc level to an electrical signal?
A.
clipper or limiter
B.
clamper
C.
IC voltage regulator
D.
none of the above
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
16. Determine ID2.
A.
6.061 mA
B.
0.7 mA
C.
3.393 mA
D.
3.571 mA
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
17. What is the logic function of this circuit?
A.
Positive logic AND gate
B.
Positive logic OR gate
C.
Negative logic AND gate
D.
Negative logic OR gate
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
18. In a regulated supply, what term describes how much change occurs in the output voltage over a certain range of load current values, from minimum
to maximum current?
A.
line regulation
B.
voltage regulator
C.
current regulator
D.
load regulation
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
19. Determine the average value of the current through the load resistor.
A.
2.5 mA
B.
0 mA
C.
1.37 mA
D.
1.479 mA
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
20. What best describes the circuit?
A.
Full-wave rectifier
B.
Half-wave rectifier
C.
Clipper
D.
Clamper
Answer: Option A
Explanation:

21. What is the PIV for each diode in a full-wave center-tapped rectifier? Note: Vp(out) = peak output voltage.
A.
Vp(out) 0.7 V
B.
Vp(out) + 0.7 V
C.
2Vp(out) 0.7 V
D.
2Vp(out) + 0.7 V
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
22. Determine ID2.
A.
29.40 mA
B.
30.30 mA
C.
14.70 mA
D.
None of the above
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
23.
Determine the current level if E = 15 V and R = 3 k
A.
0A
B.
4.76 mA
C.
5 mA
D.
5A
24. Determine V2.
A.
3.201 V
B.
0V
C.
4.3 V
D.
1.371 V
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
25. If the ac supply is 50 Hz, what will be the ripple frequency out of the full-wave rectifier?
A.
50 Hz
B.
60 Hz
C.
100 Hz
D.
120 Hz
Answer: Option C
Explanation:

26. How many terminals do the 7800 series fixed positive voltage regulators have?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
none of the above
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
27. An open circuit can have any voltage across its terminals, but the current is always ________.
A.
5A
B.
0A
C.
1A
D.
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
28. Determine ID1.
A.
0 mA
B.
29.40 mA
C.
14.70 mA
D.
14.09 mA
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
29. Refer to the figure given below. Which diode arrangement will supply a negative output voltage?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
30. A silicon diode in a half-wave rectifier has a barrier potential of 0.7 V. This has the effect of
A.
reducing the peak output voltage by 0.7 V.
B.
increasing the peak output voltage by 0.7 V.
C.
reducing the peak input voltage by 0.7 V.
D.
no effect.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:

A.
Full-wave rectifier
B.
Half-wave rectifier
C.
Clipper
D.
Clamper
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
32. Determine the value of the load resistor.
A.
RL = 5 k
B.
RL = 5.5 k
C.
RL = 6 k
D.
None of the above
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
33. Use the information provided here to determine the value of IDQ.
A.
0 mA
B.
4.3 mA
C.
5 mA
D.
10 mA
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
34. If the ac supply is 60 Hz, what will be the ripple frequency out of the half-wave rectifier?
A.
30 Hz
B.
50 Hz
C.
60 Hz
D.
120 Hz
35. Calculate IL and IZ.
A.
2 mA, 0 mA
B.
4 mA, 2 mA
C.
2 mA, 2 mA
D.
2 mA, 4 mA
Answer: Option D
Explanation:

36. In the operation of a half-wave rectifier with a capacitor-input filter, the ripple factor can be lowered by ________ the value of the filter capacitor or
________ the load resistors.
A.
decreasing, decreasing
B.
decreasing, increasing
C.
increasing, decreasing
D.
increasing, increasing
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
37. Refer to the figure given below. The probable trouble, if any, indicated by these voltages is
A.
one of the diodes is open.
B.
a diode is shorted.
C.
an open transformer secondary.
D.
the filter capacitor is shorted.
E.
no trouble exists.
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
38. In a particular problem, which mode has the highest level of I DQ?
A.
Ideal
B.
Approximate equivalent
C.
Exact mode using characteristic curve
D.
None of the above
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
39. Which diode(s) has (have) a zero level current and voltage drop in the ideal model?
A.
Si
B.
Ge
C.
Both Si and Ge
D.
Neither Si nor Ge
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
40. Determine Vo if E1 = E2 = 10 V.
A.
9.3 V
B.
10 V
C.
10 V
D.
0V
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
41. The output frequency of a half-wave rectifier is ________ the input frequency.
A.
one-half
B.
twice
C.
equal to
D.
none of the above
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
42. A diode is in the "________" state if the current established by the applied sources is such that its direction matches that of the arrow in the diode
symbol, and VD 0.7 V for Si and VD 0.3 V for Ge.
A.
off
B.
on
C.
neutral
D.
quiescent
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
43. Determine ID.
A.
0 mA
B.
1.893 mA
C.
2.036 mA
D.
2.143 mA
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
A.
Full-wave rectifier
B.
Half-wave rectifier
C.
Clipper
D.
Clamper
Answer: Option B
Explanation:
45. In a voltage-multiplier circuit, the number of diodes is directly proportional to the multiplicative voltage factor.
A.
True
B.
False
B.
False
Answer: Option A
Explanation:

46. Rectifiers are commonly used in battery chargers.
A.
True
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
47. List the categories of clippers.

A.
Series
B.
Parallel
C.
Series and parallel
D.
None of the above
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
48. A silicon diode has a voltage to ground of 117 V from the anode. The voltage to ground from the cathode is 117.7 V. The diode is
A.
open.
B.
shorted.
C.
forward-biased.
D.
reverse-biased.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
49. Which diode arrangement will supply a positive output voltage?
A.
B.
C.
D.
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
50. What is the logic function of this circuit?
A.
Positive logic AND gate
B.
Positive logic OR gate
C.
Negative logic AND gate
D.
Negative logic OR gate
Answer: Option B
Explanation:

51. Determine the current through each diode if E 1 = E2 = 0 V.
A.
4.65 mA
B.
9.3 mA
C.
18.6 mA
D.
0.7 mA
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
52. Refer to the figure given below. If the voltmeter across the transformer reads 0 V, the probable trouble, if any, would be
A.
one of the diodes is open.
B.
a diode is shorted.
C.
an open transformer secondary.
D.
the filter capacitor is shorted.
E.
no trouble exists.
Answer: Option C
Explanation:
53. Determine the voltage across the resistor.
A.
0V
B.
0.09 V
C.
0.2 V
D.
0.44 V
Answer: Option A
Explanation:
54. With this Zener diode in its "on state," what is the level of I Z for the maximum load resistance?
A.
0 mA
B.
Undefined
C.
Equal to IRL
D.
IZM
Answer: Option D
Explanation:
55. In a voltage regulator network with fixed R L and R, what element dictates the minimum level of source voltage?
A.
VZ
B.
IZ
C.
IZM
D.
None of the above
Answer: Option A
Explanation:

Semiconductors

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SEMICONDUCTORS:

the diode is open.

the diode is shorted to ground.

the diode is internally shorted.

the diode is working correctly.

Single-element semiconductors are characterized by atoms with ____ valence electrons.

none of the above

Under normal conditions a diode conducts current when it is

remains the same.

The movement of free electrons in a conductor is called

For a forward-biased diode, the barrier potential ________ as temperature increases.

The wide end arrow on a schematic indicates the ________ of a diode.

direction of electron flow

An n-type semiconductor material

has trivalent impurity atoms added.

has pentavalent impurity atoms added.

11. Which statement best describes an insulator?

A material with many free electrons.

A material doped to have some free electrons.

A material with few free electrons.

a forward-biased silicon diode.

a reverse-biased germanium diode.

Answer & Explanation

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none of the above

Answer & Explanation

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type of semiconductive material

the amount of doping

all of the above

Answer & Explanation

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19. An atom is made up of

all of the above

Answer & Explanation

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20. Reverse breakdown is a condition in which a diode

is subjected to a large reverse voltage.

is reverse-biased and there is a small leakage current.

has no current flowing at all.

is heated up by large amounts of current in the forward direction.

Answer & Explanation

No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.

reverse breakdown current.

reverse leakage current.

Answer & Explanation

No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.

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increases to a 0.7 V maximum.

decreases and then increases.

Answer & Explanation

No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.

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23. Doping of a semiconductor material means

that a glue-type substance is added to hold the material together.

that impurities are added to increase the resistance of the material.

that impurities are added to decrease the resistance of the material.

that all impurities are removed to get pure silicon.

Answer & Explanation

No answer description available for this question. Let us discuss.