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Spillways
2. Outlet works, which regulate or release water impounded by a dam. It can release incoming
flows at a retarded rate, as does a detention dam; it can divert incoming flows into canals or
pipelines; or it can release stored waters at rates dictated by downstream needs, by
evacuation considerations, or by a combination of multiple-purpose requirements.
Outlet works
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III. GOALS
The outlet works their main goal is to making controlled release of reservoir water impounded
behind the dam. The outlet works consists of an intake structure that has valves openings at
various heights that allows reservoir water to flow into the structure at a selected flow rate.
Water then flows down the intake tower down to an outlet conduit and through the bottom
of the dam back into a river or channel.
Intake Works
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Intake Structures
In addition to forming the entrance to the outlet works, an intake structure may accommodate
control devices. It also supports necessary auxiliary appurtenances (such as trashracks,
fishscreens, and bypass devices), and it may include temporary diversion openings and provisions
for installation of bulkhead or stoplog closure devices. Intake structures may appear in many
forms. The type of intake structure selected should be based on several factors: the functions it
must serve, the range in reservoir head under which it must operate, the discharge it must handle,
the frequency of reservoir drawdown, the trash conditions in the reservoir (which will determine
the need for or the frequency of cleaning of the trashracks), reservoir wave action that could
affect the stability, and other similar considerations. Depending on its function, an intake structure
may be either submerged or extended in the form of a tower above the maximum reservoir water
surface. A tower must be provided if the controls are placed at the intake, or if an operating
platform is needed for trash removal, maintaining and cleaning fish-screens. Where the structure
serves only as an entrance to the outlet conduit and where trash cleaning is ordinarily not
required, a submerged structure may be adopted.
The necessity for trashracks on an outlet works depends on the size of the sluice or conduit, the
type of control device used, the nature of the trash burden in the reservoir, the use of the water,
the need for excluding small trash from the outflow, and other factors. These factors determine
the type of trashracks and the size of the openings. Where an outlet consists of a small conduit
with valve controls, closely spaced trash bars are needed to exclude small trash. Where an outlet
involves a large conduit with large slide-gate controls, the racks can be more widely spaced. If
there is no danger of clogging or damage from small trash, a trashrack may consist simply of struts
and beams placed to exclude only larger trees and similarly sized floating debris. The rack
arrangement should also be based on the accessibility for removing accumulated trash. Thus, a
submerged rack that seldom will be dewatered must be more substantial than one at or near the
surface. Similarly, an outlet with controls at the entrance, where the gates can be jammed by trash
protruding through the rack bars, must have a more substantial rack arrangement than one whose
controls are not at the entrance.
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X. GATES
1. Vertical gate
Similar to that used for crest type gates (Figure 1), but usually for deep-seated purposes like
controlling flow to hydropower intake either the ones with roller wheels (Figure 13), or the sliding
- type without any wheels (Figure 14), are used.
2. Sliding gates
Slide gates, as the name implies, are the gates in which the operating member (that is, gate leaf)
slides on the sealing surfaces provided on the frame. In most cases, the sealing surfaces are also
the load-bearing surface. Slide gates may be with or without top seal depending whether these
are used in a close conduit or as crest gate. A typical installation of a slide gate is shown in Figure
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Where:
= Total head needed to overcome the various head losses to produce discharge,
= Cumulative losses of the system, and
= Velocity head at the valve.
Equation (3) can be expanded to list each loss as follows:
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Where:
= Trashrack losses,
= Entrance losses,
= Bend losses,
= Friction losses,
= Expansion losses,
= Contraction losses,
= Gate or valve losses, and
= Velocity head exit loss at the outlet.
In equation (4), the number subscripts refer to the various components, transitions, and reaches
to which head losses apply.
For a free-discharging outlet,
is measured from the reservoir water surface to the center of the
outlet gate or the outlet opening. If the outflowing jet is supported on a downstream floor, the
head is measured to the top of the emerging jet at the point of greatest contraction; if the outlet
portal is submerged, the head is measured to the tailwater level.
Where the various losses are related to the individual components, equation (4) may be written:
(
(
(
(
(
)
)
(
(
(
)
)
Where:
= trashrack loss coefficient,
= entrance loss coefficient,
= bend loss coefficient,
= friction factor in the Darcy-Weisbach equation for pipe flow.
= expansion loss coefficient,
= contraction loss coefficient,
= gate loss coefficient, and
= exit velocity head coefficient at the outlet.
Equation (5) can be simplified by expressing the individual losses in terms of an arbitrarily chosen
velocity head. The velocity head chosen is usually that in a significant section of the system. If the
various velocity heads for the system shown on figure 10-11 are related to that in the downstream
conduit, area (1), the conversion for x area is found as follows:
Since:
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Then:
(
(
(
) (
) (
)
)
) (
)
)
) (
)+
Then:
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Where:
The above relationship for a particular design is shown on figure 10-8(A). This example shows that
if the head available for the required outlet Works discharge is increased from 1.6 to 4.6 feet, the
corresponding conduit diameter can be decreased from 6 to 4.75 feet. This shows that the conduit
size can be reduced significantly if the inactive storage level can be increased. The reduction in
active storage capacity resulting from a 3-foot increase in the inactive storage level must be
compensated for by the addition of an equivalent capacity to the top of the pool.
The reservoir capacity curve on figure 10-8(B) shows that for equivalent storages (represented by
de and gh), the 3 feet of head (represented by cd) added to obtain a reduced outlet works size
would require a much smaller increase (represented by fg) in the height of the dam. Thus,
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Where an outlet is placed at riverbed level to accommodate the construction diversion plan or to
drain the reservoir, the operating sill may be placed at a higher level to provide a sediment and
debris basin and other desired inactive storage space, or the intake may be designed to permit
raising the sill as sediment accumulates. During construction, a temporary diversion opening may
be formed in the base of the intake to handle diversin flows. Later, this opening may be plugged.
For emptying the reservoir, a bypass around the intake may be installed at riverbed level. This
bypass may either empty into the lower portion of the conduit or pass under it. Water can be
delivered to a canal at a higher level by a pressure riser pipe connecting the conduit to the canal.
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