Approximate Methods

Structural Analysis - II
Approximate Methods
Dr. Rajesh K. N.
Assistant professor in Civil Engineering
Govt. College of Engineering, Kannur
Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur
Dr.RajeshKN
Module III
Approximate Methods of Analysis of Multi-storey Frames
Analysis for vertical loads - Substitute frames-Loading

conditions for maximum positive and negative bending
moments in beams and maximum bending moment in columns
Analysis
y for lateral loads - Portal methodCantilever method
Factor method.
2
Dr.RajeshKN
Why
y approximate
pp x
analysis?
y
Rapid check on computer aided analysis
Preliminary dimensioning before exact analysis
Advantage?
g
Faster
Disadvantage?
g
Results are approximate

pp
Approximate methods are particularly useful for

multi-storey frames taller than 3 storeys.
Dr.RajeshKN
Approximate analysis for Vertical Loads

SUBSTITUTE FRAME METHOD
Analyse only a part of the frame substitute frame
Carry out a two-cycle moment distribution
Dr.RajeshKN
Substitute frame
Actual frame
Dr.RajeshKN
Analysis
y done for:
Beam span moments
Beam support moments
Column moments
Liveload positioning for the worst condition
For the same frame, liveload positions for maximum span

moments,
t supportt moments
t and
d column
l
moments
t may
be different
For maximum moments at different points, liveload

positions may de different
Dr.RajeshKN
LL p
positions for maximum positive
p
span
p moment at B
B
Influence
line for MB
D d loads
Dead
l d
Li loads
Live
l d
Dr.RajeshKN
LL pos
positions
t o s for
o maximum
ax u negative
egat e suppo
supportt moment
o e t at A
Influence
line for MA
Live loads
Dead loads
Dr.RajeshKN
LL pos
positions
t o s for
o maximum
ax u co
column
u
moment
o e t M1 at C
C
M1
Live loads
Dead loads
Dr.RajeshKN
LL pos
positions
t o s for
o maximum
ax u co
column
u
moment
o e t M2 at D
M2
D
Live loads
Dead loads
Dr.RajeshKN
Problem
ob e 1::
Total dead load is 12 kN/m.

N/ Total live load is 20
kN/m. Analyse the frame for midspan positive moment on BC.
6m
6m
4m
6m
4m
11
Dr.RajeshKN
12+20 kN/m
12 kN/m
A
6m
6m
12 kN/m
C
6m
Fi d end
Fixed
d moments
t
FEM AB
wl 2 12 62
=
=
= 36 kNm
12
12
FEM BA = 36 kNm
FEM BC
32 62
=
= 96 kNm
kN
12
FEMCB = 96 kNm
FEMCD = FEM DC = 36 kNm
Dr.RajeshKN
Distribution factors
K1
4 EI 6
DFAB =
=
= 0.25 = DFDC
K1 + K2 + K3 4 EI 6 + 4 EI 4 + 4 EI 4
DFBA =
K1
4 EI 6
=
= 0.2
K1 + K2 + K3 + K4 4 EI 4 + 4 EI 6 + 4 EI 4 + 4 EI 6
DFBC = DFCD = DFCB = DFBA = 0.2
Dr.RajeshKN
A
0.25
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
* *
* *
DFs
FEM
* *
* *
Dist
* *
* *
CO
Dist
0.25
Final Moments
Dr.RajeshKN
A
0.25
0.2 0.2
0.2 0.2
0.25
-36
36 -96
96 -36
36
DFs
FEM
12 12
-12 -12
-9
Dist
4.5 -6
6 -4.5
-6
CO
2.25
0.3 0.3
-0.3 -0.3
-2.25
52.8 -89.7
89.7 52.8
18.75
-18.75
Dist
Final Moments
Dr.RajeshKN
89.7kNm
89.7
kNm
A
32kN m
89.7kNm
Midspan positive moment on BC,
32 32 6
M E = 89.7 32 +
3 = 54.3 kNm
2
2
Dr.RajeshKN
Problem 2: Analyse the frame for beam negative moment at B.

M
Moment
t off inertia
i ti off b
beams is
i 11.55 times
ti
th
thatt off columns.
l
Total
T t l dead
d d
load is 14 kN/m and total live load is 9 kN/m.
4m
4m
3.5 m
3.5 m
6m
3.5 m
3
3.5 m
17
Dr.RajeshKN
14+9 kN/m
14+9 kN/m
6m
1.5I
4m
1.5I
14 kN/m
C
4m
1.5I
Fi d end
Fixed
d moments
t
FEM AB
wl 2 23 62
=
=
= 69 kNm
12
12
FEM BC
FEM BA = 69 kNm
23 42
= FEMCB =
= 30.67 kNm
12
FEMCD = FEM DC
14 42
=
= 36 kNm
12
Dr.RajeshKN
Distribution factors
K1
4 E (1.5I ) 6
DFAB =
=
= 0.304
K1 + K2 + K3 4 E (1.5I ) 6 + 4 EI 3.5
3 5 + 4 EI 3.5
35
K1
1.5
1
5I 6
DFBA =
=
= 0.209
K1 + K2 + K3 + K4 1.5I 6 + I 3.5 + I 3.5 + 1.5I 4
K1
1.5I 4
DFBC =
=
= 0.313
K1 + K2 + K3 + K4 1.5I 6 + I 3.5 + I 3.5 + 1.5I 4
DFCB = 0.284, DFCD = 0.284, DFDC = 0.396
Dr.RajeshKN
A
0.304
0.209 0.313
0.284
0.
8 0.
0.284
8
* *
* *
DFs
FEM
* *
Dist
* *
CO
* *
Dist
* *
0.396
Final Moments
Dr.RajeshKN
A
0.304
-69
20.98
0.209 0.313
0.284 0.284
69 -30.67
30.67 -18.67
DFs
FEM
-3.41
Dist
-8.01 -12
0.396
10.49 -1.71
CO
-1.84 -2.75
Dist
69.64 -47.13
47 13kNm
47.13kNm
Final Moments
69 64kNm
69.64kNm
Max. beam negative moment at B = 69.64 kNm
Dr.RajeshKN
Approximate analysis for Horizontal Loads

1
1.
P t l method
Portal
th d
2.
Cantilever method
3.
Factor method
22
Dr.RajeshKN
PORTAL METHOD
Assumptions
1.
The points of contraflexure in all the members lie at their

midpoints.
2.
y each interior column is double

Horizontal shear taken by
that taken by each exterior column.
Horizontal forces are assumed to act only at the joints.
Dr.RajeshKN
P1
P
P
2P
2P
2P
2P
P
P
2Q
2Q
P2
2Q
2Q
Q
Q
24
Dr.RajeshKN
P1 = P + 2P + 2P + P
P1
P=
6
Dr.RajeshKN
P1 + P2 = Q + 2Q + 2Q + Q
P1 + P2
Q =
6
Dr.RajeshKN
Problem
ob e 3:
120 kN
Analyse
y the frame using
gp
portal method.
3.5 m
5m
3.5 m
7m
180 kN
3.5 m
27
Dr.RajeshKN
Horizontal shears:
For the top storey, P1 = P + 2P + 2P + P P =
120
= 20kN
6
P1 + P2 120 +180
For the bottom storeyy, Q =
=
= 50kN
6
6
Dr.RajeshKN
120kN
1.75 m
Moments:
35kNm
35m
3.5
35kN
35kNm
10kN
20kN
35kNm
35kNm
70kNm
10kN
10kN
40kN
29
Dr.RajeshKN
Beam moments:
35
35
B
35 C
35
122.5 E
122.5 F
D
35
122.5 G
122.5
122.5
35
H
122.5
30
Dr.RajeshKN
Column moments:
A 35 kNm
B 70
C
70
E
35
87.5
87.5
70
175
175
70
175
175
35 kNm
35
87.5
H
87.5
31
Dr.RajeshKN
Beam and Column moments:

35
35
35
122.5
35
87 5
87.5
87 5
87.5
35
70
122.5
175
35
B
70
122.5
175
35
70
122 5
122.5
175
D
70
122.5
175
35
35
35
122 5
122.5
87.5
87 5
87.5
32
Dr.RajeshKN
Home work
40 kN
C
7.5 m
3.55 m
5m
5m
80 kN
33
Dr.RajeshKN
CANTILEVER METHOD
Frame considered as a vertical cantilever
Assumptions
1.
The points of contraflexure in all the members lie at

their midpoints.
2.
The direct stresses (axial stresses) in the columns are

directly proportional to their distance from the
centroidal vertical axis of the frame.
Dr.RajeshKN
P1
y2
y1
y4
y3
P2
A1
Area of cross
section
ti
A3
A2
A4
Centroidal vertical axis

of the frame
To locate centroidal vertical

axis of the frame,
Ad
1 1 + A2d2 + A3d3 + A4d4
y=
A1 + A2 + A3 + A4
35
Dr.RajeshKN
V1
V2
V3
V4
My
x =
I
M
I
is constant at a given height (of the vertical cantilever).
1 2
y1
y2
3 4
y3
y4
V1 A1 V2 A2 V3 A3 V4 A4
=
=
=
y1
y2
y3
y4
(1)
Dr.RajeshKN
P1
m2
m1
h
2
B
H1
V1
H2
V2
H3
V3
h
MB P1 2 = V1m1 +V2m2 V3m3 V4m4
H4
V4
( 2)
From (1) and ( 2) , V1,V2 ,V3,V4 can be found .
Dr.RajeshKN
P1
H1
H2
H3
H4
P1 = H1 + H2 + H3 + H4
Dr.RajeshKN
Problem
ob e 4::
Analyse
y the frame using
g cantilever method,, if all
the columns have the same area of cross section.
120 kN
3.5 m
5m
3.5 m
7m
180 kN
3.5 m
39
Dr.RajeshKN
To locate centroidal vertical axis of the frame,
A1 0 + A1 7 + A1 10.5 + A1 15.5 33
y=
=
= 8.25 m
A1 + A1 + A1 + A1
4
120
8.25
1.25
7.25
2.25
180
Also,
V1 A1 V2 A2 V3 A3 V4 A4
=
=
=
8.25 1.25
2.25
7.25
V1
V2
V3
V4
=
=
=
8.25 1.25 2.25 7.25
40
Dr.RajeshKN
1.25
1
25V1
2.25
2 25V1
77.25
25V1
V2 =
, V3 =
, V4 =
8.25
8.25
8.25
P1
h
2
m2
m1
O
H1
V1
For the top storey,
H2
V2
H3
V3
H4
V4
h
MO P1 2 = V1m1 +V2m2 V3m3 V4m4
3.5
120
= V1 15.5 + V2 8.5 V3 5 V4 0
2
41
Dr.RajeshKN
120
3.5
3
5
1.25V1
2.25V1 5
8.5
= V1 15.5 +
2
8.25
8.25
V1 = 13.615 kN
1.25 13.615
V2 =
= 2.063kN ,
8.25
2 25 13
2.25
13.615
615
V3 =
= 3.713kN ,
8.25
7 25 13
7.25
13.615
615
V4 =
= 11.965 kN
8.25
Check : 13.615 + 2.063 3.713 11.965 = 0
Dr.RajeshKN
H1
V1
H2
V2
H3
V3
H4
V4
For the bottom storey,
35
3.5
3 5
3.5
120
+
180
= V1 15.5 + V2 8.5 V3 5 V4 0
3.5
+
O
2
2
Dr.RajeshKN
35
3.5
1 25V1
1.25
25V1
3 5
3.5
22.25
120 3.5 + + 180

= V1 15.5 +
8.5
5
2
2
8.25
8.25
V1 = 61.267 kN
1 25 61.267
1.25
61 267
V2 =
= 9.283kN ,
8.25
2.25 61.267
V3 =
= 16.709
16 709 kN ,
8.25
7.25 61.267
V4 =
= 53.841
53 841kN
8.25
Check : 61.267
61 267 + 9.283
9 283 16.709
16 709 53
53.841
841= 0
Dr.RajeshKN
47.652kNm
120kN
1.75 m
Moments:
3.5 m
47.652kNm
13.615kN
27.3kN
13.615kN
k
45
Dr.RajeshKN
Beam and Column moments:

47.6
27.4
B
47.6
166.8
47 6
47.6
119 2
119.2
119 2
119.2
47.6
75
166.8
187 8
187.8
29.9
75
96
187.8
27.4 57.3
57.3
96
143 2
143.2
104.7
143.2
29.9
29.9
29.9
104 7
104.7
74.8
74 8
74.8
46
Dr.RajeshKN
25 kN
3.5 m
50 kN
B
6m
3.55 m
Home work
4.5 m
k
55 kN
47
Dr.RajeshKN
FACTOR METHOD
More accurate than Portal and Cantilever methods
Specially useful when moments of inertia of various

members
b
are d
different.
ff
Basis:
At any joint the total moment is shared by all the members

in proportion to their stiffnesses
Half the moment gets carried over to the far end
Dr.RajeshKN
Gi d and
Girder
d column
l
factors:
f t
Relative stiffness of a member k =
I
L
Girder factor at a joint
k, of all columns meeting at the
g=
k, of all members meeting at the
joint
joint
Column factor at a joint
k, of all beams meeting at the joint
= 1 g
c=
j
k, off all members meetingg at the joint
Dr.RajeshKN
Moment factor for a member
C = cmk, ffor a column

G = gmk, for a beam
where cm = c + half of column facor of far end
and
gm = g + half of girder facor of far end
C sum of column moment factors for a storey

G sum of beam moment factors for a joint
Dr.RajeshKN
Problem
ob e 5:
Analyse
y the frame using
g factor method.
40 kN
I
7.5 m
3.55 m
5m
5m
80 kN
Dr.RajeshKN
Total column moment above DEF = 40 3.5 = 140kNm
Total column moment above ABC = 40 8.5

8 5 + 80 5 = 740kNm
Dr.RajeshKN
1
JOINT
2
MEMBER
Col
Beam
DA
3
k=I/L
k
I/L
Col
DG
0.2
EH
0.2
0.286
EF
EB
0.133
G
H
I
A
B
C
FI
FC
GD
0 133
0.133
0.286
0.2
0.286
GH
HG
HE
0.772
0.2
0.2
0.286
HI
IH
IF
AD
BE
CF
0.819
0.2
FE
0.686
0 286
0.286
ED
Beam
0.2
DE
4
k
0.772
0.133
0.133
0.286
0
286
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.486
X
X
X
0.419
0.2
0.2
0.2
5
FACTOR
c
g
=k(be
( =k(c
(
ams)/ olumn
k
s)/k
0.29
0.71
0 29
0.29
0.59
0.41
0.59
0.41
0 79
0.79
0.21
0.21
0.59
0.41
0.46
0.54
0.46
0.68
0 32
0.32
1
0
1
0
1
0
6
c/2
c/2,
g/2
from
far
end
0.5
0.3
03
0.3
0.36
0.27
0.4
0.5
03
0.3
0.16
0.5
0.15
0.23
0.21
0.21
0.34
0.23
0 11
0.11
0.15
0.21
0.11
7
5+6
cm
gm
0.79
8
MOMENT
FACTOR
1.01
0 169
0.169
0.99
0.64
0.67
0.75
140
26.6
740
114.5
0 145
0.145
0.106
0.142
0.212
140
740
140
0.215
140
140
740
740
740
122.6
0.59
83.25
0.41
57.85
133 03
133.03
1
0.559
29.1
16.5
0.441
1
13.0
16.58
29.5
0.106
0.121
0.123
0
123
0.23
0.242
0.222
12
Beam
Mom
= MC
DFB
14.6
89.3
29.1
0.128
0.134
0.8
0.91
11
DFB
=G/G
23 2
23.2
0.132
1 09
1.09
0.43
0
43
1.15
1.21
1.11
140
0.182
0.37
0.71
0.74
99.4
0.19
0.194
0.91
740
0.202
0.95
0.68
10
Col
Col.
Mom,
MC =
MT
C/C
C= G =
cm gm
k
k
0.158
0 59
0.59
9
Total
Col.
Mom, MT
16.58
16
58
144.7
152.2
139.6
F the
For
h top storey, C = 0.169
0 169 + 0.194
0 194 + 0.106
0 106 + 0.212
0 212 + 0.215
0 215 + 00.123
123 = 11.019
019
For the bottom storey, C = 0.158 + 0.182 + 0.142 + 0.23 + 0.242 + 0.222
= 1.176
Dr.RajeshKN
Home work
120 kN
C
6m
4m
6m
6m
60 kN
54
Dr.RajeshKN
Summary
Approximate Methods of Analysis of Multi-storey Frames
Analysis for vertical loads - Substitute frames-Loading

conditions for maximum positive and negative bending
moments in beams and maximum bending moment in columns
Analysis
y for lateral loads - Portal methodCantilever method
Factor method.
Dr.RajeshKN

Approximate Methods

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Structural Analysis - II

Dept. of CE, GCE Kannur