Self-Compacting/Self-Consolidating Concrete Patrick Bamonte and Pietro G. Gambarova Dept. of Structural Engineering Politecnico di Milano, Milan - Italy
Introduction
1. Question : Why should SCC behave differently from ordinary
vibrated concrete VC at high temperature and in fire ?
2. Answer : Because of the somewhat different microstructure:
the amounts of cement, water and fine aggregates are similar to those in VC (70-80% by mass), but SCC typically contains:
less medium and coarse aggregates (30% vs. 50% in VC).
ultrafines (up to 10-15% by mass).
relatively large amounts of chemical admixtures (superplasticizers,
viscosity agents, ).
3. Hence, the cementitious matrix is more compact, with less
interconnected pores, higher vapor-pressure build-ups in the pores at high temperature, higher tensile stresses around the pores and more microstructural damage ACI Committee 237 Dallas (TX), March 19, 2012
VC mechanical behavior (1)
Uniaxial compression and tension Elastic modulus
fc20 = 40 MPa (Takeuchi et al.)
ACI Committee 237 Dallas (TX), March 19, 2012
VC mechanical behavior (2)
Hot tests on stressed/unstressed specimens Residual tests on unstressed specimens
ACI Committee 237 Dallas (TX), March 19, 2012
ACI and FIB provisions for the mechanical
decay of vibrated concrete: High temperature - Past cooling Calcareous-siliceous aggregates Stressed-unstressed specimens
ACI Committee 237 Dallas (TX), March 19, 2012
Different thermal ramps and specimens
geometry
ACI Committee 237 Dallas (TX), March 19, 2012
Test results examined in this study (1)
9 experimental campaigns (2004-2011); only SCC mixes; fc20 = 40-90
MPa, vf 0.2% (pp fibers); unstressed specimens
Milan (2008-2011): , hot and residual tests, T = 20, 200, 400,
600C; cylindrical specimens ( = 100 mm, h = 200 mm); fc = 52, 82, 90 MPa; 3 mixes; no fibers; limestone powder and mixed aggregates. Persson (2004): hot and residual tests; T = 20, 200, 400, 600, 800C; cylindrical specimens ( = 100 mm, h = 200 mm); fc = 4088 MPa; number of the mixes examined here 10 with/without pp. fibers; limestone powder and siliceous aggregates. Sideris (2006): residual tests; T = 20, 100, 300, 500, 700C; cubic specimens (side = 100 mm); Rc = 42-75 MPa; number of the mixes examined here 2 (fc = 43 and 54 MPa) without fibers; siliceous aggregates.
ACI Committee 237 Dallas (TX), March 19, 2012
Test results examined in this study (2)
Noumow, Carr, Daoud and Toutanji (2006): residual tests; T =
20, 400C; cylindrical specimens ( = 160 mm, h = 320 mm); fc = 7581 MPa with/without pp fibers; one mix examined here (fc = 76 MPa, vf = 0.2%); silica fume and calcareous aggregates. Reinhardt and Stegmaier (2006): residual tests T = 20-650C; short cylindrical cores ( = 100 mm; h = 100 mm); fc = 33-76 MPa; number of the mixes examined here 5 (fc = 50-76 MPa); siliceous aggregates, fly ash and calcareous powder. Fares, Noumow and Remond + (2009): residual tests; T = 20, 150, 300, 450 and 600C; cylindrical (160 320 mm) and prismatic specimens (100 100 400 mm); number of the mixes examined here 2 (fc = 37 and 54 MPa); limestone filler and 70-75% siliceous aggregates.
ACI Committee 237 Dallas (TX), March 19, 2012
Test results examined in this study (3)
Annerel and Taerwe (2010): residual tests; T = 20, 200, 300,
550C; cylindrical specimens ( = 106 mm, h = 320 mm); fc = 63,46 MPa; one mix examined here (fc = 63 MPa); siliceous aggregates and limestone powder; no fibers. Tao, Yuan and Taerwe (2010): hot tests; T = 20, 200, 400, 600, 800C; cylindrical specimens ( = 150 mm, h = 300 mm); fc = 2270 MPa; number of the mixes examined here 2 (fc = 70 and 53 MPa, the latter with fibers); calcareous aggregates and limestone powder. Khaliq and Kodur (2011): hot tests; T = 20-800C with T = 100 or 50C; cylindrical specimens ( = 75 mm; h = 150 mm); fc = 70 MPa (average value); number of the mixes examined here 2 (one with pp fibers); calcareous aggregates, slag and fly ash.
ACI Committee 237 Dallas (TX), March 19, 2012
SCC mechanical properties (1)
Compressive strength
ACI Committee 237 Dallas (TX), March 19, 2012
10
SCC mechanical properties (2)
Elastic modulus
ACI Committee 237 Dallas (TX), March 19, 2012
11
SCC mechanical behavior (3)
Compressive strength
ACI Committee 237 Dallas (TX), March 19, 2012
12
SCC mechanical behavior (4)
Compressive strength
ACI Committee 237 Dallas (TX), March 19, 2012
13
SCC vs. VC thermal behavior
14
Thermal diffusivity
fc20 = 50, 80, 90 MPa
ACI Committee 237 Dallas (TX), March 19, 2012
D = vhd2 / (16T)
Conclusions
15
No systematic differences between VC and SCC (no fibers or minimal
amounts of pp fibers), in terms of uniaxial compressive/tensile strength, elastic modulus, fracture energy.
Minor differences in the stress-strain curves in compression (in SCC
more linear loading branches and steeper softening branches below 400C).
No differences in terms of thernal diffusivity (which controls heat
transfer by conduction).
ACI provisions for the hot/residual properties of VC (no pre-loading in
the heating phase) seem to apply also to SCC.
ACI Committee 237 Dallas (TX), March 19, 2012
Open questions
Effect of the confinement on SCC behavior in compression: some
data are already available. Effect of fiber reinforcement: pp fibers against spalling steel fibers for toughness Some data are already available. Spalling sensitivity (typical of highly-unsteady thermal conditions): some data are available, but there are no normalized methods to assess concrete sensitivity to spalling.