FSMS Concrete1 Material

Reinforced concrete at high temperature
Materials' behavior and structural

implications
Outline
Concrete microstructure
Thermal properties of steel and concrete as a function of the

temperature
Thermal analysis of reinforced-concrete and prestressed-concrete

sections
Mechanical properties of concrete and steel as a function of the

temperature
(Simplified calculation methods)
(Evaluation of the bearing capacity)
Concise overview on structural effects
Concluding remarks
Fire Safety of Materials and Structures Concrete
fresh concrete
water/cement
0.65
0.45
0.25
hardened
concrete
pore
calcium hydroxide
Ca(OH)2
unhydrated cement
grain
hydrated cement
grain
(from Atcin e Neville, 1993)
ettringite
(sulfoalluminated calcium)
Transition zone in concrete

Componenti del clinker
Tricalcium silicate (alite, C3S)
Bicalcium silicate (belite, C2S)
Tricalcium alluminate (C3A)
Tetracalcium ferroalluminate (C3AF)
3CaO-SiO2
2CaO-SiO2
3CaO-Al2O3
4CaO-Al2O3-Fe2O3
30-70%
10-50%
7-15%
6-20%
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fresh concrete without silica fume

Mature concrete without silica fume
Fresh concrete with silica fume
Mature concrete with silica fume
(pc) Portland cement grain

(sf)
Silica fume particle
(CH) Calcium hydroxide = Ca(OH)2
(CSH) Calcium silica hydrate gel
(ett) Ettringite (calcium sulphoaluminate)
(agg) Aggregate particle
Up to 20% of the cement paste volume is occupied by pores:
nanopores (pores in the gel) contain adsorbed water, i.e. water that
is chemically bound (d 50 nmm)
micropores contain free water (d 500 nm)
Above 100C, the free water tends to become vapour, thus

producing vapour pressure in the micropores
Above 150-200C, the adsorbed water tends to dissociate, thus

enhancing pore pressure
Above 450C, the portlandite Ca(OH)2 dissociates into calcium oxide

CaO and water H2O
Above 700C, calcium carbonate CaCO3 dissociates into calcium

oxide CaO and carbon dioxide CO2, thus starting concrete
breakdown (calcination)
Above 500C, the cement paste is almost completely dehydrated;

aggregates (particularly siliceous aggregates) have their
crystallization water expelled, and start breaking down
Concrete thermometer
Thermal properties - Concrete
Good insulation properties, incombustible and stable (T 400-450C)

but sensitive to:
high temperature (T 500C)

stress state (preloading)
thermal gradients (T/t ; T/x)
spalling (explosive/gradual/local/extended)
strength increase by using optimized mixes
Mix-design optimization:
aggregate (siliceous < mixed < calcareous < light < basalt)
binder (cement, microsilica, fly ash)
water content and water/binder ratio (w/c ; w/b)
added materials (calcareous powders)
fibers (metallic, polymeric, inorganic, hybrid)
Comparison between concrete and other

building materials
R/C and P/C structural members behave well at high

temperature, because of concrete very good insulation properties:
at 20C/800C
thermal conductivity
concrete
steel
timber
1.0-2.0/0.5-0.85 W/mK
54/27 W/mK
0.12/0.18 W/mK
specific heat c
concrete
steel
timber
900/1250 J/kgK
425-650 J/kgK
1500/750 J/kgK
thermal diffusivity D
concrete
0.3-0.8/0.3-0.4 mm2/s
steel
17.0/5.5 mm2/s
timber
0.05-0.25/0.15-0.30 mm2/s
Example of concrete highly-variable thermal

properties - (SCC)
10
NSC, HPC, HSC fc20 = 50, 80, 90 MPa


properties LWC/HPLWC
11
NSC, LWC, HPLWC fc20 = 30, 40, 60 MPa


properties Shotcrete
12
fc20 = 15*, 50**, 45** MPa (*,** with/without alkali)

Thermal properties given in EC2
13
Thermal analysis of R/C and P/C sections
14
Inside a concrete member, heat transfer is by pure conduction,

controlled by Fouriers equation
The reinforcement (ordinary or pre-/post-tensioned) is IGNORED,

because (a) of the low steel ratio, and (b) of steel very high diffusivity
(a reinforcing bar very quickly reaches thermal equilibrium with the
surrounding concrete) Ts,i = Tc (xi,yi,zi)
Boundary conditions are generally based on heat convection and
radiation, should a temperature-time curve be assumed, but they can
also be expressed in terms of heat flux
Role of reinforcing steel
15
Temperature profiles for slabs (thickness

h = 200 mm), fire duration 30-240 minutes
16
x is the distance from

the exposed surface
Temperature profiles (C) for a column

h x b = 300 x 300
17
R30
R60
R90
R120
Position of the 500C isotherm in a square

column
18
Temperature profiles (C) in a beam

provided with a top slab
hxb=150x80- R30
19
hxb=300x160- R30
Position of the 500C isotherm in a beam

provided with a top slab
20
Temperature profiles (C) in a circular column,

diameter = 300 mm
21
R30
R60
R90
R120
Position of the 500C isotherm in a circular

column
22
Temperature profiles in concrete beams

provided with a top slab (standard fire)
23
Structural role of the thermal properties
24
Mechanical properties of concrete at high

temperature (400-600C)
25
The following data are typical of ordinary concrete, whose specimens

were heated without pre-load (unstressed specimens):
Compressive strength:
fc600/fc20 = 70-30%
Tensile strength:
fct600/fct20 = 20%
Modulus of elasticity:
Ec600/Ec20 = 15%
Poissons coefficient:
c400/c20 = 200%
Fracture energy:
Gf400/Gf20 = 125-133%
Typical test modalities
26
The heating rate (dT/dt) is usually very low (0.5-2.0C/min).

Mechanical decay
27
fc20 = 40 MPa (Takeuchi et al.)

Role of the stress state

in uniaxial compression
28
Comparison between hot and residual

behaviour (SCC)
29
Mechanical decay and thermal properties
30
0.60
105
fc = 45 MPa, Basaltico, di miscela

108
0.50
increasing
heat sensitivity
116
0.40
95
94
/ fc
20
120
600
fc
0.30
0.20
106
110
109
fc = 65-70 MPa
Basaltico, Portland
91
fc = 45 MPa
Siliceo, Portland
97
92
93
Siliceous-blended
Siliceous-blast
Siliceous-portland
Calcareous-blended
Calcareous-blast
Calcareous-portland
Basalt-blended
Basalt-blast
96
98
fc = 65-70 MPa
Calcareo, Portland
increasing insulation efficacy
Basalt-portland
0.10
0.00
0.20
0.40
0.60
Dc [mm2/s] (mean values 200-600C)
Mean diffusivity (200-600C)

0.80
1.00
Residual fracture energy
31
Mechanical decay (from EC2)

Compressive strength
Concrete temp. ()
Siliceous aggregates
kc ( )
Calcareous aggregates
kc ( )
32
20
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
100
0
1100
1200
1.00
1.00
0.95
0.85
0.75
0.60
0.45
0.30
0.15
0.08
0.04
0.01
0.00
1.00
1.00
0.97
0.91
0.85
0.74
0.60
0.43
0.27
0.15
0.06
0.02
0.00
Typical design values for the compressive

strength
For normal weight concrete:

kc,T 1.0
T 350C
kc,T 910 T / 560 T 350C

33
For lightweight concrete:

kc,T 1.0
T 500C
kc,T 1000 T / 500 T 500C
Mechanical decay (from EC2)

Tensile strength
34
fck,t ( ) kc,t ( ) fck,t
kc,t 1.0
for 20 100
kc,t 1.0 1.0 100 / 500 for 100 600
Typical design values for the modulus of

elasticity
kE,T 1.0
35
T 150C
kE,T 700 T / 550 T 150C
Stress-strain relationships for concrete at

elevated temperatures
36
Example of stress-strain curves

Alkali-free shotcrete (fc = 45-50 Mpa)
37
Creep in concrete one day after loading at

10% of the initial strength
38
Mechanical properties of reinforcing steel

Hot-rolled steel
Elastic-plastic-hardening behaviour up to 350C
Elastic-hardening behaviour beyond 400C
(Almost) Elastic-plastic behaviour beyond 600C
Below 400-500C the ultimate strength is ft20 fy20
At 600C the ultimate strength is ft20
39
Mechanical properties of reinforcing steel

Cold-worked steel
Elastic-hardening-softening behaviour up to 200C
(Almost) Elastic-plastic behaviour beyond 200C
At 500C the ultimate strength ft500 is 1/3 ft20
At 600C the ultimate strength ft600 is 1/6 ft20
40
Steel High-temperature behavior
Carbon steel (R/C)
41
High-strength steel (P/C)
High-temperature behavior
Stainless steel vs. carbon steel
42
Fire duration / Temperature (Standard Fire)
Residual behavior
Stainless steel
Tempcore/Termex and high-strength steel
43
1.2
fy /fy
20
0.8
0.6
12 Inox Cold-Drawn fy = 666 MPa

24 Inox Hot-Rolled fy = 494 MPa
24 Tempcore fy = 496 MPa
12 Tempcore fy = 519 MPa
0.5'' Strand fy = 1730 MPa
0.4
0.2
High-Bond Bars
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
Temperature (C)
600
700
800
900
44
Coefficient ks() to be applied to the characteristic strength (fyk)

of tension and compression reinforcement (Class N)
45
Coefficient kp() to be applied to the characteristic

strength (fpk) of prestressing steel
Steel temp. ()
Cold worked Class A
Cold worked Class B
kp ( )
kp ( )
Quenched & tempered
kp ( )
20
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
100
0
1100
1200
1.00
1.00
0.87
0.70
0.50
0.30
0.14
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
0.99
0.87
0.72
0.46
0.22
0.10
0.08
0.05
0.03
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.00
0.98
0.92
0.86
0.69
0.26
0.21
0.15
0.09
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
46
Mathematical model for the stress-strain relationship of

reinforcing and prestressing steel at elevated temperature
General overview on structural effects
47
In R/C and P/C structures :
(1) restrained thermal elongation

(2) materials mechanical decay
(3) geometry reductions (spalling)
In steel structures :
(1) steel mechanical decay

(2) increasing deformability and buckling
phenomena (because of decreasing
elastic modulus with the temperature)
In timber structures :
(1) geometry reductions because of timber

charring (charring rate 0.5-0.9
mm/min; temperature-damaged sublayer 35-40 mm)
Main structural effects in concrete members
48
Some structural effects in tunnels
49
Tunnel sotto la Manica (1996)
Frejus (2005)
San Gottardo (2001)
concio prefabbricato
The St. Gotthard Tunnel
50
Stress state in tunnel linings
51
Buckling
52
Pentagon Building, 11.9.2001
Local effects on geometry
53
Spalling
54
The role of concrete permeability

(Khoury, 2000)
Normal-strength concrete
(NSC)
High-performance/high-strength
concrete (HPC/HSC)
Moisture content and spalling sensitivity

(Khoury, 2000)
3%
56
Role of polipropylene fibers
57
with fibres
(0.15-0.50%)
without fibres
Role of polypropylene fibers

An explanation on why they reduce spalling
Concrete spalling with load- and

heat-induced stresses, and pore
pressure
58
Effect of pp fibers according

to Jansson and Bostrm
(2008)
Concluding Comments - Concrete
59
Concrete is a rather heat-tolerant material ( 500C), with very good

insulation properties, to the advantage of bar protection
Cracking and buckling are favored at high temperature, because of the loss
affecting (less) the tensile strength and (more) the elastic modulus
Because of its low thermal conductivity and high stiffness, concrete is rather
sensitive to thermal self-stresses, that may contribute to cover spalling
Because of concrete composite nature, spalling is favored by both moisture

vaporization (with pressure peaks in the pores) and kinematic incompatibility
between the coarse aggregates and the cementitious mortar
Polypropylene fibers markedly reduce concrete spalling, even for rather low
fibers contents
Basalt aggregates give concrete superior resistance to high temperature and

lower thermal conductivity
Light-weight aggregates improve concrete properties at HT, because they

reduce the hollow-aggregate/mortar kinematic incompatribility
Concluding comments R/C structures
60
Concrete structures are rather stable at high temperature (thanks to

their intrinsic stiffness), but they are sensitive to axial restraints, that
may improve the behavior of heated members (because of extra
compression), while worsening the behavior of the contiguous
members (because of extra shear and bending)
Generally, a properly-designed reinforcement against seismic actions
is also effective in fire, and vice-versa
Evaluating the maximum temperature reached by a fire-affected R/C
structure is badly needed (and not easily done!), should the structure
survive the fire, as often occurs in R/C constructions, contrary to what
occurs in either timber or steel constructions
The static redundancy of R/C structures improves structural
robustness (thanks to load redistribution in fire) but allows the static
effect of fire to propagate up to the members further from the
compartment in fire ( thermal elongation of the heated members)

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Reinforced concrete at high temperature

Materials' behavior and structural

Thermal properties of steel and concrete as a function of the

Thermal analysis of reinforced-concrete and prestressed-concrete

Mechanical properties of concrete and steel as a function of the

(Simplified calculation methods)

(Evaluation of the bearing capacity)

Concise overview on structural effects

Fire Safety of Materials and Structures Concrete

(from Atcin e Neville, 1993)

Fire Safety of Materials and Structures Concrete

Transition zone in concrete

Fire Safety of Materials and Structures Concrete

Fresh concrete without silica fume

(pc) Portland cement grain

Up to 20% of the cement paste volume is occupied by pores:

micropores contain free water (d 500 nm)

Above 100C, the free water tends to become vapour, thus

Above 150-200C, the adsorbed water tends to dissociate, thus

Above 450C, the portlandite Ca(OH)2 dissociates into calcium oxide

Fire Safety of Materials and Structures Concrete

Above 700C, calcium carbonate CaCO3 dissociates into calcium

Above 500C, the cement paste is almost completely dehydrated;

Fire Safety of Materials and Structures Concrete

Fire Safety of Materials and Structures Concrete

Thermal properties - Concrete

Good insulation properties, incombustible and stable (T 400-450C)

high temperature (T 500C)

Fire Safety of Materials and Structures Concrete

Comparison between concrete and other

R/C and P/C structural members behave well at high

Fire Safety of Materials and Structures Concrete

Example of concrete highly-variable thermal

NSC, HPC, HSC fc20 = 50, 80, 90 MPa

Example of concrete highly-variable thermal

NSC, LWC, HPLWC fc20 = 30, 40, 60 MPa

Example of concrete highly-variable thermal

fc20 = 15*, 50**, 45** MPa (*,** with/without alkali)

Thermal properties given in EC2

Fire Safety of Materials and Structures Concrete

Thermal analysis of R/C and P/C sections

Inside a concrete member, heat transfer is by pure conduction,

The reinforcement (ordinary or pre-/post-tensioned) is IGNORED,

Fire Safety of Materials and Structures Concrete

Role of reinforcing steel

Fire Safety of Materials and Structures Concrete

Temperature profiles for slabs (thickness

x is the distance from

Fire Safety of Materials and Structures Concrete

Temperature profiles (C) for a column

Fire Safety of Materials and Structures Concrete

Position of the 500C isotherm in a square

Fire Safety of Materials and Structures Concrete

Temperature profiles (C) in a beam

Position of the 500C isotherm in a beam

Fire Safety of Materials and Structures Concrete

Temperature profiles (C) in a circular column,

Fire Safety of Materials and Structures Concrete

Position of the 500C isotherm in a circular

Fire Safety of Materials and Structures Concrete

Temperature profiles in concrete beams

Fire Safety of Materials and Structures Concrete

Structural role of the thermal properties

Fire Safety of Materials and Structures Concrete

fc20 = 15, 50, 45 MPa (,** with/without alkali)