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Diabetes
Jonathan Bland
Issues in Public Health
Professor Aqueelah Barrie

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I choose Diabetes as my topic. Since diabetes is one of the leading diseases that
is affecting the United States at this moment in time. Diabetes is currently one of the
fastest growing medical issues affecting the youth of today. The articles I choose were
about how diabetes affects Hispanic Americans, White Americans, and African
American youth.
Study #1
A. Description of the evidence: What was the exposure or intervention? None it
was a study of the prevalence of diabetes in Hispanic Americans. What was the
outcome? They concluded that factors such as poor glycemic control, elevated lipids,
and a high prevalence of overweight and obesity may put Hispanic youth with type-1
and type-2 diabetes at risk for future diabetes-related complications (Lawrence, 2009).
What was the study design? They wanted to determine the prevalence of diabetes in
Hispanic American youth population. What was the study population? 641, 414. What
was the main result? They determine that the first was Hispanic Americans they found
that type-1 diabetes was more prevalent than type-2 diabetes, including in youth aged
10-19 years.
B. Internal Validity (non-causal factors):
Are the results likely to be affected by observation bias? No the observations were
based on the medical reports from the different medical clinics.

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Are results likely to be affected by recall bias? No, these results were based on the
medical research submitted by the patient and by family.
Are the results likely be affected by confounding (list which ones)? No, it was taking the
information directing from the patients medical records.
Are the results likely to be affected by chance? No, the results were confirmed by
physicians testing.
C. External validity Generalization of results
Can the study results be applied to the eligible population? Yes, the tests were a result
from multiple locations throughout the United States.
Can the study results be applied to the source population? Yes, it applies to the
population of most Hispanic Americans throughout the United States.
Can the study results be applied to other relevant populations? This study only applies
Hispanic American population.
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Study #2
The second was diabetes in non-Hispanic white youth. They found that the prevalence
of type 1 diabetes (at ages 019 years) was 2.00/1,000, which was similar for male
(2.02/1,000) and female (1.97/1,000) subjects. The incidence of type 1 diabetes was
23.6/100,000, slightly higher for male compared with female subjects (24.5 vs. 22.7 per
100,000, respectively, P = 0.04). Incidence rates of type 1 diabetes among youth aged
014 years in the SEARCH study are higher than all previously reported U.S. studies
and many European studies (Bell, 2009). They reached the conclusions that the
incidence of type-1 diabetes in the non-Hispanic white youth in the US is one of the
highest in the world.

A. Description of the evidence:

What was the exposure or intervention? None, this was to understand the amount of
non-Hispanic population and the amount of youth with diabetes.
Was the outcome? They discovered the second was diabetes in non-Hispanic white
youth. They found that the prevalence of type 1 diabetes (at ages 019 years) was
2.00/1,000, which was similar for male (2.02/1,000) and female (1.97/1,000) subjects.
The incidence of type 1 diabetes was 23.6/100,000, slightly higher for male compared
with female subjects (24.5 vs. 22.7 per 100,000, respectively, P = 0.04).
What was the study design? To determine how much of the non-Hispanic white
American youth has been diagnosed with diabetes.

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What was the study population? Youth with diabetes or their parent/guardian were
asked to complete a short initial survey that collected information on race and ethnicity
as well as diabetes-related factors. Self-reported race and ethnicity were collected using
2000 U.S. Census questions (Bell, 2009).
What was the main result? Incidence rates of type 1 diabetes among youth aged 014
years in the SEARCH study are higher than all previously reported U.S. studies and
many European studies (Bell, 2009). They reached the conclusions that the incidence
of type-1 diabetes in the non-Hispanic white youth in the US is one of the highest in the
world.
B. Internal Validity (non-causal factors)
Are the results likely to be affected by observation bias? No, the data was collected
from families in the census.
Are results likely to be affected by recall bias? No, the data was part of the census of
2001.
Are the results likely be affected by confounding (list which ones)? No
Are the results likely to be affected by chance? No, the data was completed by census,
and the families had medical support to verify the childs diabetes.
C. External validity Generalization of results
Can the study results be applied to the eligible population? Yes, if you take the general
population and the rate of growth with the current population you can find that the
numbers actually grow each year with the number youth currently being diagnosed.

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Can the study results be applied to the source population? Yes, if you take the current
population and the population that already has diabetes.
Can the study results be applied to other relevant populations? No, this was only
prevalent to the non-Hispanic white youth of America.
Study #3
A. Description of the evidence
What was the exposure or intervention? The third was about diabetes in AfricanAmerican Youth. Among African American youth aged 09 years, prevalence (per
1,000) of type 1 diabetes was 0.57 (95% CI 0.470.69) and for those aged 1019 years
2.04 (1.852.26). Among African American youth aged 09 years, annual type 1
diabetes incidence (per 100,000) was 15.7 (13.717.9) and for those aged 1019 years
15.7 (13.817.8). A1C was 9.5% among 50% of youth with type 1 diabetes aged 15
years (Mayer-Davis, 2009).
Was the outcome? Their conclusion was that type-1 diabetes presents a serious burden
among African American youth less than 10 years old and that African American
adolescents are impacted substantially by both type-1 and type-2 diabetes.
What was the study design? To determine how many African American youth has
developed diabetes.
What was the study population? Youth with diabetes or their parent/guardian were
asked to complete a short initial survey that collected information on race and ethnicity

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and diabetes-related factors. Self-reported race and ethnicity were collected using the
2000 U.S. Census questionair . All youth who replied to the initial survey, excluding
those whose diabetes was secondary to other conditions, were invited to a study visit
(Mayer-Davis, 2009).
What was the main result? Type 1 diabetes presents a serious burden among African
American youth aged <10 years, and African American adolescents are impacted
substantially by both type 1 and type 2 diabetes (Mayer-Davis, 2009).
B. Internal Validity (non-causal factors)
Are the results likely to be affected by observation bias? No, the results were from the
public who gave the information on the 2000 census.
Are results likely to be affected by recall bias? No. the results were from the public who
gave the information on the 2000 census.
Are the results likely be affected by confounding (list which ones)? No.
Are the results likely to be affected by chance? No the parents who submitted the
information had there children diagnosed by the childs doctor.
C. External validity Generalization of results
Can the study results be applied to the eligible population? Yes, increase in population
with the increase in youth can be correlated to the present number of youth and be
confirmed by the patients Doctors.

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Can the study results be applied to the source population? Yes, the African American
youth population.
Can the study results be applied to other relevant populations? No, this study was
strictly monitoring African American youth below the ages of 18.

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Works Cited
Bell, R. A. (2009). Diabetes in Non-Hispanic White Youth. Diabetes Care, S102-S111.
Gould, B. E. (2006). Pathophysiology for the Health Professionals, 3rd Edition.
Philadelphia: W.B. Sauders.
Lawrence, J. M. (2009). Diabetes in Hispanic American Youth. Diabetes Care, S123
S132.
Mayer-Davis, E. J. (2009). Diabetes in African American Youth. Diabetes Care, S112S122.