CS - Lab

www.Vidyarthiplus.
com
EC57
EINSTEIN
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
Sir.C.V.Raman Nagar, Tirunelveli-12
Department of Electronics and Communication

Engineering
Subject Code: EC57

Communication Systems Lab
Name
Reg No
Branch
Year & Semester
:
Einstein College of Engineering
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EC57
INDEX
EX.NO.
DATE
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENTS
PAGE NO.
MARKS
REMARKS
Amplitude modulation and Demodulation
Frequency modulation and Demodulation
Sampling techniques
Pulse Modulation-PAM
Pulse Modulation-PWM
Pulse Code Modulation
Time Division Multiplexing
Line Coding Techniques
Amplitude Shift Keying
10
Phase Shift Keying
11
Frequency Shift Keying
12
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying
13
Delta Modulation
14
Differential PCM
15
Phase Locked Loop
16
Pre-Emphasis/ De-Emphasis
17
Error Control coding using MATLAB
18
Characteristics of AM Receiver-Study

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Experiment No : 1
Date :
AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

AIM:
To construct a Amplitude modulator circuit & demodulate the Amplitude
modulated wave.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
S.NO
COMPONENTS
RANGE
1)
Transistor
BC 107
2)
Diode
IN4001
3)
Capacitors
0.01F, 0.1F,10F
4)
Resistors
22K, 10K,1.2K,1.1K
5)
CRO
6)
Bread Board,power
supply
7)
Connecting Wires
THEORY :
The modulation is simply a method of combining two different signals and is used in
the transmitter section of a communication system. The two signals that are used are the
information signal and the carrier signal. Amplitude Modulation is the simplest form of
signal processing in which the carrier amplitude is simply changed according to the
amplitude of the information signal hence the name Amplitude modulation. When the
information signals amplitude is increased the carrier signals amplitude is increased and
when the information signals amplitude is decreased the carrier signals amplitude is

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AMPLITUDE MODULATION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DEMODULATION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

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Decreased. The purpose of any detector or demodulator is to recover the original

modulating signal with the minimum of distortion and interference. The simplest way of
dealing with an AM signal is to use a simple half- wave rectifier circuit. If the signal
were simply passed through a diode to a resistive load, the output would be a series of
half-cycle pulses at carrier frequency. So the diode is followed by a filter, typically a
capacitor and resistor in parallel. The capacitor is charged by the diode almost to the
peak value of the carrier cycles and the output therefore follows the envelope of the
amplitude modulation.
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Circuit connections are given as shown in the circuit diagram.

The power supply is connected to the collector of the transistor.
Using AFO the carrier signal is given to the base of the transistor.
The modulating (message or base band) signal is given to the emitter of the
transistor.
From the collector of the transistor, the modulated wave is noted down using
CRO.
By varying the amplitude of the modulating signal the values of Emax and Emin are
noted down to find the modulation index.
The amplitude modulated wave is now given as the input to the detector circuit.
The demodulated (message) wave amplitude and frequency is noted down from
the CRO.

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MODEL GRAPH:
OBSERVATION:
Amplitude
Time
Frequency
Message Signal
Carrier signal
AM signal
Demodulated
Signal

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VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.What is meant by Modulation?
2.Define Modulation index(m).
3.Applications of AM
4.Types of Demodulation of AM.
5.What is the band width for AM?
RESULT:
Amplitude Modulator and Demodulators are constructed and its waveforms are
analyzed by using the above circuits.

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FREQUENCY MODULATION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FM DEMODULATOR:

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Experiment No : 2
Date :
FREQUENCY MODULATION & DEMODULATION
AIM:
To construct & Design Frequency modulator using IC XR2206 & demodulate the
Frequency modulated wave by using IC565.
COMPONENTS REQUIRED:
S.NO
8)
COMPONENTS
Integrated Circuits
RANGE
IC X R2206, IC
NE565
9)
Resistors
10)
Capacitors
11)
Function Generator
12)
DSO
13)
Bread Board
14)
Connecting Wires
0 1 Mhz
THEORY :
Frequency modulation is also called as angle modulation. Frequency modulation
is defined as changing the frequency of the carrier with respect to the message
signal amplitude. Here the amplitude of the carrier remains fixed & timing
parameter frequency is varied. When the modulating signal has zero amplitude,
then the carrier has frequency of Fc as amplitude of the modulating signal
increases. The frequency of the carrier increases, similarly, as the amplitude of
the modulating signal decreases, the frequency of the carrier decreases.

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PIN DIAGRAM (XR-2206):
MODEL GRAPH

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The modulation index is defined as the ratio of the maximum frequency

deviation to the modulating frequency. The maximum frequency deviation is
the shift from center frequency Fc when the amplitude of the modulating signal is
maximum.
By Carlsons rule BW = 2 (F+ Fm(max))

Where F
= Maximum frequency deviation
Fm(Max)
= Maximum modulating frequency
MODULATION PROCEDURE:
Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.
Measure the carrier signal frequency at the pin2 of IC XR2206.
Apply modulating AF signal at pin7 of IC XR2206.
Observe the frequency-modulated signal on DSO.
Calculate the modulation index.
Calculate the BW.
DEMODULATION PROCEDURE:
Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
Modulated signal is given as the input to 565.
In demodulated output the original message signal is recovered.

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OBSERVATION:
Amplitude
Time
Frequency
Message Signal
Carrier signal
FM signal
Demodulated
Signal
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.What is meant by FM?
2.Define Frequency Deviation.
3.Applications of FM
4.Types of Angle Modulation.
5.What is the band width for FM?
RESULT:
Frequency Modulator and Demodulators are constructed and its waveforms are
analyzed by using CRO.

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SAMPLING CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
PIN DIAGRAM:

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Experiment No : 3
Date :
SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
AIM:
To obtain the sampled version of given analog signal using operational amplifier
and draw the spectrum.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus
Range
IC741
Quantity
2
FET
BFW10
Capacitor
0.01F
RPS
CRO
FG
Bread board
THEORY:
The Sample and Hold circuit uses two buffers to keep a voltage level stored in a
capacitor. Ssample will charge the capacitor to the present signal level, while the input
buffer ensures the signal won't be changed by the charging process. From there, the
output buffer will make sure that the voltage level across the storage cap won't decrease
over time. Sclear will short out the storage cap, discharging it and setting the output to
0V.In actual practice, the switches used are various forms of transistor switch, which
provides cleaner switching and also allows another circuit to control the sample and
clearing operations. Excellent Sample and Hold circuits like the LF398 are available on a
single chip for cheap and easy use.
Sample and Hold circuits are used internally in Analog to Digital conversion. We might
also use them to hold a given signal value from any particular sensor on a robot, for
analysis and later use.

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PROCEDURE:
The sample and hold circuit is assembled with the desired components. The input
signal is given to the circuit from the function generator. The amplitude of the input
signal should not exceed 10 volts. The frequency of the input signal is set to 600 Hz. The
frequency of the sample signal is set to 5600 Hz. The next sample available is zero order
holding device, integrate the signal between consequence sampling inputs.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.What is the need for sampling?
2.Define sampling.
3.Define Nyquist rate.
4.What is the usage of capacitor in the circuit diagram?
5.What is zero order hold?
RESULT:
Thus the sample and hold circuit output is obtained using OP- amp.

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PAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODULATION CIRCUIT:
DEMODULATION CIRCUIT:

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Experiment No: 4
Date :
PULSE MODULATION PAM
AIM:
To generate pulse amplitude modulated signals and demodulates it to get the original
signal.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus
Range
Quantity
Transistor
2N2222
Resistor
10Kohm
22Kohm
0.1F
Capacitor
CRO
FG
Bread board
THEORY:
In pulse amplitude modulation, the amplitudes of regularly spaced rectangular
pulses vary with the instantaneous sample values of a continuous message signal in a one
to one fashion. The pulse in PAM can be of rectangular or the type that we have arrival in
natural sampling. The carrier under goes amplitude modulation in PAM. The width of the
pulse remains fixed. Natural sample method is used here to generate the PAM signal. The
diodes are used as a switching element. If the closing time t of the diode approaches zero,
the output gives only the instantaneous value. Since the width of the pulse approaches
zero. The instantaneous sampling gives train of impulses. The area of each sampled
section is equal to the instantaneous value of the signal input. This signal is modulated
with the message signal. Thus we get the PAM output.

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MODEL GRAPH:

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PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Make connections as shown in the diagram.

Set the input signal and carrier signal.
Obtain PAM signal
Measure the amplitude and frequency
Demodulate the PAM signal.
TABULATION:
Amplitude
Time
Frequency
Message Signal
Carrier signal
PAM signal
Demodulated
Signal
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.Define PAM.
2.What is frame in PAM?
3.What is aperture effect?
4. What is the need for speech coding at low bit rates?
5. What do you mean by companding? Define compander.
RESULT:
Thus the PAM signal is obtained and the original signal is demodulated from
PAM signal.

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PWM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

MODULATION CIRCUIT:

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Experiment No : 5
Date :
PULSE MODULATION PWM
AIM:
To generate pulse width modulated signals and demodulates it to get the original
signal.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus
Range
Quantity
IC
555
Resistor
47Kohm
10Kohm
Capacitor
0.01F
RPS
0-30v
CRO
FG
Bread board
THEORY:
The PWM is also known as pulse duration modulation. It modulates the time
parameter of the pulses. The width of PWM pulses varies. The amplitude is constant;
width of the pulse is proportional to the amplitude of the modulating signal. Bandwidth
on transmission channel depends on rise time of the pulse. The demodulation circuit
used is a simple filter circuit that demodulator the PWM signal and gives the original
message input.

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MODEL GRAPH:

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PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Obtain PWM signal
Obtain the demodulated output.
TABULATION:
Amplitude
Time
Frequency
Message Signal
Carrier signal
PWM signal
Demodulated
Signal
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.Define PWM.
2. What is the disadvantage of uniform quantization over the non-uniform
Quantization?
3.Define deviation ratio
4.What is carrier recovery?
5.Define bandwidth efficiency.
RESULT:
Thus the PWM signal is obtained and the original signal is demodulated from
PWM signal.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODULATION CIRCUIT:

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Experiment No : 6
Date :
PULSE CODE MODULATION
AIM:
To generate pulse code modulated signals and demodulates it to get the original
signal.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus
Range
Quantity
PCM kit
VCT07
CRO
Patch card
THEORY:
Pulse Code modulation come under digital communication technique. In PCM the
message signal is represented by a sequence of coded pulse which accomplished by
representing the signal in discrete form in both time and amplitude.
PCM consist of a receiver and transmitter part. Transmitter section consists of
sampler, quantizer, encoder and parallel to serial converter. Receiver part consists of
serial to parallel set converter. Digital to analog converter and LPF are constituted as
receiver part. Sampling, Quantizing and Encoding operations are performed in the same
circuit which is called as analog to digital converter.
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Set the start of conversion switch from low to high and high to low.
Set the input signal and obtain the PCM signal.
Measure the data and plot the graph.

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TABULATION:
Message Signal:
Amplitude in
Time in
Frequency in
ON Time in
OFF Time in
PCM Signal:
Amplitude in
Frequency in
Demodulated Signal:
Amplitude in
Time in
Frequency in

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VIVA QUESTION:
1.Write the equation for probability of error
2.Define quadbit
3.Explain M-ary
4.State the concept of PCM
5.PCM is analog or digital modulation ,Explain.
RESULT:
Thus the PCM signal is obtained and the original signal is demodulated from
PCM signal.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM:

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Experiment No :7
Date :
TIME DIVISION MULTIPLEXING
AIM:
To obtain time division multiplexed signal from different channel and make it to
transmit in a single channel.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus
Range
Quantity
TDM kit
VCT02
CRO
Patch
card
THEORY:
Time Division multiplexing is a digital process that can be applied when the data
rate capacity of the transmission medium is greater than the data rate required by the
sending and receiving devices. In such a case, multiple transmission can occupy a single
link by subdividing them and interleaving the portions. TDM can be implemented in two
ways. Synchronous TDM and Asynchronous TDM. In synchronous, the multiplexer
allocates exactly the same time slot to each device at all times whether or not a device has
anything to transmit.
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Adjust the potentiometer to set the input signal.
View the modulated output.
Measure the data and plot the graph.

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TABULATION:
Message Signal:
Amplitude in
Time in
Frequency in
Time in
Frequency in
Carrier Signal:
Amplitude in
Modulated Signal:
Amplitude in
Time in
Frequency in
Demodulated Signal:
Amplitude in
Time in
Frequency in

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VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.What are the 4 primary causes for ISI?

2.What is Multiplexing?
3.State the concept for TDM.
4.Explain the ideal channel noise.
5.What is coding efficiency.
RESULT:
Thus the TDM signal is obtained and the original signal is demodulated from
TDM signal.

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

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Experiment No :8
Date :
LINE CODING TECHNIQUES
AIM:
To obtain the standard digital codes from the source coded signals using various
techniques.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus
Range
Trainer kit VCT37

CRO
Quantity
1
1
Patch card
THEORY:
In digital systems, the electrical waveforms are coded representations of the
original information. If the original information is an analog signal, this must be
converted to a series of discrete values that can be transmitted digitally. The process of
converting the original information into a data sequence is referred to as source coding.
The line coding is the process of converting source coded signals into standard
digital codes for the purpose of transmission over the channel. There are many possible
ways of assigning the waveforms into the digital data. Simplest form of coding is ONOFF, where a 1 is transmitted by a pulse and a 0 is transmitted by no pulse. Generally
the line coding is used in transmitter section while decoding in receiver section. The line
decoding is the process of converting standard digital codes into source coded
waveforms.

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Various line coding formats are

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Unipolar RZ
Polar RZ
Polar NRZ
Bipolar NRZ
Bipolar RZ
Manchester coding
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the PRBS (test point P5) to various line coding formats. Obtain the
coded output as per the requirement.
2. Connect coded signal test point to corresponding decoding test point as inputs.
3. Set the SW1 as per the requirement.
4. Set the potentiometer P1 in minimum position.
5. Switch ON the power supply. Press the switch SW2 once.
6. Display the encoded signal on one channel of CRO and decoded signal on
second channel of CRO.

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MODEL GRAPH:

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TABULATION:
No Coding techniques
1
Unipolar RZ
Polar RZ
Polar NRZ
Bipolar NRZ
Bipolar RZ
Manchester coding
ON time
OFF time
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.What are the different types of coding techniques for digital data?
2.State the concept of Manchester coding.
3.Differentiate polar and bipolar.
4.What is codec?
5.Explain Line coding.
RESULT:
Thus the various line encoding and decoding techniques were studied and the
corresponding waveforms were drawn by using VCT-37 trainer kit.

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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODULATION CIRCUIT:

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Experiment No :9
Date :
AMPLITUDE SHIFT KEYING
AIM:
To generate ASK modulated and demodulated signal.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus
Range
Quantity
Trainer kit VCT17

CRO
1
1
Patch card
THEORY:
ASK or ON-OFF key is the simplest digital modulation technique. In this method
there is only one unit energy carrier it is switched ON/OFF depending upon the input
binary sequence to transmit symbol 0 & 1. No pulse is transmitted output contains some
complete no of cycle of carrier frequency.
The disadvantage of ASK is the modulated carrier signal is not continuously
transmitted. The peak power requirement is also high. The bit error probability rate is
also not required in this technique.
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Obtain ASK signal

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MODEL GRAPH:

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TABULATION:
INPUT DATA:
Amplitude in
ON Time in
OFF Time in
CARRIER SIGNAL:
Amplitude in
Time in
Frequency in
MODULATED SIGNAL:
Amplitude in
Time in
Frequency in
DEMODULATED SIGNAL:
Amplitude in
ON Time in
OFF Time in

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PROGRAM FOR ASK:

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VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.Define OOK.
2.Define information capacity
3.What is the Baud rate for ASK?
4.What is Digital Transmission?
5. Why do we go for Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization procedure?
RESULT:
Thus the modulated and demodulated signal was obtained for amplitude shift keying
techniques

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BLOCK DIAGRAM

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Experiment No : 10
Date :
PHASE SHIFT KEYING
AIM:
To obtain the modulated and demodulated output waveform by using Phase Shift Keying
technique.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus
Range
Quantity
PSK Kit
VCT21
CRO
Patch cards
THEORY:
PSK is a digital modulation scheme which is analogues to phase modulation. In binary
phase shift keying two output phases are possible for a single carrier frequency one out of phase
represent logic 1 and logic 0. As the input digital binary signal change state the phase of output
carrier shift two angles that are 180o out of phase.
In a PSK modulator the carrier input signal is multiplied by the digital data. The input carrier is
multiplied by either a positives or negatives consequently the output signal is either +1sinwct or 1sinwct. The first represent a signal that is phase with the reference oscillator the latter a signal
that is 180o out of phase with the reference oscillator. Each time a change in input logic condition
will change the output phase consequently for PSK the output rate of change equal to the input
rate range and widest output bandwidth occurs when the input binary data are alternating 1/0
sequence. The fundamental frequency of an alternate 1/0 bit sequence is equal to one half of the
bit rate.
PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Obtain PSK signal
Measure the output data and draw the graph.
Page 44 of 86

MODEL GRAPH:
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TABULATION:
INPUT DATA:
Amplitude in
ON Time in
OFF Time in
CARRIER SIGNAL:
Amplitude in
Time in
Frequency in
MODULATED SIGNAL:
Amplitude in
Time in
Frequency in
DEMODULATED SIGNAL:
Amplitude in
ON Time in
OFF Time in
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PROGRAM FOR PSK:
Page 47 of 86
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.Explain Coherent detection
2.Difference between PSK and FSK
3.Advantages of PSK
4. What is maximum likelihood detector?
5.What is correlator?
RESULT:
Thus the modulated and demodulated signal was obtained for phase shift keying
techniques.
Page 48 of 86

FSK CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
Page 49 of 86

Experiment No :11
Date :
FREQUENCY SHIFT KEYING
AIM:
To obtain the modulated and demodulated output waveforms by using hardware kit and
in Matlab program for Frequency Shift Keying technique.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus
Range
Quantity
IC
555
Transistor
BC547
47Kohm
10Kohm
Potentiometer 50Kohm
Resistor
Capacitor
0.01F
FG
RPS
CRO
THEORY:
In digital data communication, binary code is transmitted by shifting a carrier frequency
between two preset frequencies. This type of transmission is called frequency shift keying
technique. A 555 timer in astable mode can be used to generate FSK signal. The standard digital
data input frequency is 150Hz. When input is HIGH, transistor Q is off and 555 timer works in
the normal astable mode of operation.
fo=1.45/(Ra+2Rb)c
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MODEL GRAPH:
THEORETICAL CALCULATION:
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PROGRAM:
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TABULATION:
INPUT DATA:
Amplitude in
ON Time in
OFF Time in
CARRIER SIGNAL:
Amplitude in
Time in
Frequency in
MODULATED SIGNAL:
Symbol
Amplitude
Time period
No.of cycle
Frequency
Symbol 1
Symbol 0
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PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Make connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

Obtain FSK signal
Tabulate the output data and draw the graph.
Justify the obtained output with theoretical calculation.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.What are the Different types of Digital modulation?
2.Define PSK,QPSK.
3.Advantage of PSK over ASK&FSK?
4.What is base band signal receiver?
5.Define h-factor in FSK
RESULT:
Thus the Frequency Shift Keying modulated output waveform is obtained and it is
justified with theoretical calculation.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM:
QPSK MODULATOR:
QPSK DEMODULATOR
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Experiment No :12
Date :
QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING
AIM:
To obtain the modulated and demodulated output waveforms by using hardware kit and
by Matlab program for Quadrature phase Shift Keying technique.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus
Range
Quantity
QPSK Kit
VCT29
CRO
Patch cards
THEORY:
QPSK is another form of angle-modulated, constant-amplitude digital modulation. It is an
M-ary encoding technique where M=4. with QPSK four output phases are possible for a single
carrier frequency. Two bits (a dibit) are clocked into the bit splitter. After both bits have been
serially inputted, they are simultaneously parallel outputted. One bit is directed to the I channel
and the other to the Q channel. The I bit modulates a carrier that is in phase with the reference
oscillator and the Q bit modulates a carrier that is 900 out of phase with the reference carrier.
QPSK modulator is two BPSK modulators combined in parallel.
The input QPSK signal is given to the I and Q product detectors and the carrier recovery
circuit. The carrier recovery circuit produces the original transmit carrier oscillator signal. The
recovered carrier must be frequency and phase coherent with the transmit reference carrier. The
QPSK signal is demodulated in the I and Q product detectors, which generate the original I and
Q data bits. The output of the product detectors are fed to the bit combining circuit, where they
are converted from parallel I and Q data channels to a single binary output data stream.
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MODEL GRAPH:
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PROGRAM:
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TABULATION:
INPUT DATA:
Amplitude in
ON Time in
OFF Time in
CARRIER SIGNAL:
Amplitude in
Time in
Frequency in
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the binary input data to I-channel.
2. Connect the binary input data to Q-channel.
3. Connect the sine wave input to balanced modulator (I channel) as a carrier signal and
to sine wave input to balanced modulator (Q channel) as a carroer signal.
4. Switch on the power supply.
5. Display binary input data on CRO. Adjust pot1 and pot3 to get bipolar data.
6. Adjust gain control pot to set equal amplitude in I and Q channel.
7. Obtain QPSK signal.
8. Connect the QPSK to input of QPSK demodulator.
9. Obtain the demodulated QPSK signal.
RESULT:
Thus the Quadurate Phase shift Keying modulated and demodulated output waveform is
obtained.
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BLOCK DIAGRAM:
DM MODULATOR:
DM DEMODULATOR:
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Experiment No :13
Date :
DELTA MODULATION
AIM:
The objective of this equipment is to examine and study the technique of delta modulation
and demodulation.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus
Range
Quantity
QPSK Kit
VCT32
CRO
Patch cards
THEORY:
Delta modulation transmits only 1 bit per sample. The modulator comprises of
comparator, quantizer and integrator. With conventional PCM, each code is a binary
representation of both the sign and magnitude of a particular sample, therefore multiple-bit code
is required to represent a one sample. With DM, rather than transmit a coded representation of
the sample, only a single bit is transmitted, which simply indicates whether that the sample is
larger or smaller than the previous sample. If the current sample is smaller than previous sample,
a logic level 0 is transmitted. If the current sample is larger than the previous sample, a logic 1 is
transmitted.
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the power supply. Ensure that the following initial condition exits on VCT-32
a. Keep the signal ON/OFF switch in OFF position.
b. Keep all potentiometer controls in min.
2. Set the sine wave by adjusting OFFSET and AMP
3. Vary the sine wave from 150Hz. Note that the amplitude of sine wave decreases at 2KHz
of frequency
4. Set clock frequency as 8KHz. Turn ON the left side ON/OFF switch and right side
ON/OFF, now adjust the offset control signal. Note down the quantizer output, integrated
output and biphase NRZ encoder.
5. Obtain the modulated output. Connect modulator output to demodulator input.
6. Obtain the demodulated output.
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MODEL GRAPH:
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TABULATION:
INPUT DATA:
Amplitude in
ON Time in
OFF Time in
INTEGRATOR SIGNAL:
Amplitude in
Time in
Frequency in
MODULATED SIGNAL:
Amplitude in
Time in
Frequency in
DEMODULATED SIGNAL:
Amplitude in
Time in
Frequency in
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VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.Define delta modulation.
2.What is slope over load?
3.Define Granular noise.
4.Define Adaptive DM.
5.How the noises are reduced in DM?
RESULT:
Thus the delta modulated and demodulated waveforms were obtained.
Page 64 of 86
BLOCK DIAGRAM:
DPCM MODULATOR:
DPCM DEMODULATOR:
Page 65 of 86

Experiment No : 14
Date :
DIFFERENTIAL PULSE CODE MODULATION
AIM:
The objective of this equipment is to examine and study the technique of differential PCM
and demodulation.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Apparatus
Range
Quantity
DM Kit
VCT34
CRO
Patch cards
THEORY:
In a PCM Encoded waveform, there are often successive samples taken in which there is
little difference between the amplitudes of the two samples. This necessitates transmitting
several identical PCM codes, which is redundant. DPCM is designed specifically to take
advantage of the sample to samples redundancies in such waveforms. With DPCM, the
difference in the amplitude of two successive samples s transmitted rather than the actual sample.
Because the range of sample differences is typically less than the range of individual samples.
Fewer bits are required for DPCM than conventional PCM.
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch on the power supply. Keep DC voltage in minimum position
2. Connect DC voltage and vary to 1.5v. Now display the output of zeros and ones in the
CRO.
3. Obtain the modulated output. Now connect modulated output to demodulator input
4. Now vary the DC control POT, the ADC coded data ranges which also reflects at the
output of the LATCH.
Page 66 of 86
TRAINER KIT DIAGRAM:
Page 67 of 86

MODEL GRAPH:
Page 68 of 86

TABULATION:
INPUT DATA:
Amplitude in
ON Time in
OFF Time in
MODULATED SIGNAL:
Amplitude in
Time in
Frequency in
DEMODULATED SIGNAL:
Amplitude in
Time in
Frequency in
Page 69 of 86

VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.Say the difference between PCM and DPCM.
2.Define Vocoder.
3.Bit rate of DPCM.
4.Define baseband transmission
5. Define Dibit.
RESULT:
Thus the differential PCM modulated and demodulated waveforms were obtained.
Page 70 of 86

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
+6V
R T =6.8 K
C=1f
C=0.001f
10
Demodulated output
7
NE565
Vin Input
Reference Output
6
4
5
VCO output (fo)
C T =0.001f
-6V
Fig.1
Page 71 of 86

Experiment No :15
Date :
PHASE LOCKED LOOP
AIM:
To study the characteristics of Phase Locked Loop .
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
COMPONENTS
RANGE
BC 107
1)
Transistor
2)
IC
3)
Capacitors
4)
Resistors
5)
CRO
6)
Bread Board,power
NE565, IC7490
supply
7)
Connecting Wires
Page 72 of 86

DESIGN:
THEORY:
If an input signal Vs of frequency fs is applied to the PLL, the phase detector compares the
phase and frequency of the incoming signal to that of the output Vo of the VCO. It the two signals
differ in frequency and /or phase, an error voltage Ve is generated. The phase detector is basically a
multiplier and produces the sum (fs+fo) and difference (fs-fo) components at its output. The high
frequency component (fs+fo) is removed by the low pass filter and the difference frequency
component is amplified and then applied as control voltage Vc to VCO. The signal Vc shifts the
VCO frequency in a direction to reduce the frequency difference between fs and fo. The VCO
continues to change frequency till its output frequency is exactly the same as the input signal
frequency. The circuit is then said to be locked.
Page 73 of 86

PIN DIAGRAM:
-Vcc
14
NC
Input
13
NC
Input
NE 565 12
NC
VCO Output
11
NC
10
+Vcc
Phase Comparator
VCO Input
Reference Output
Demodulated
Output
External Capacitor
for VCO
External Resistor for
VCO
OBSERVATION:
f1=755Hz, f2=1640Hz, f3=1250Hz, f4=360Hz
Page 74 of 86

PROCEDURE:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Make the circuit connection as shown in Fig 1.

Measure the practical free running frequency of VCO for zero input.
Set the input square wave of 1Vp-p at 1KHz.
Increase the input frequency till PLL is locked. This frequency f1 gives the lower end of
the capture range. Go on increasing the input frequency to f2 (upper end of the lock
range), till PLL tracks the input signal.
5. Now gradually decrease the input frequency till f3 when the PLL is again locked. This is
the upper end of the capture range. Keep on decreasing the input frequency till f4 when
the loop is unlocked. This is the lower end of the lock range.
6. Compare theoretical and practical values of lock range and capture range.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.What is VCO?
2.Define Lock range,Capture range.
3.What are the applications of PLL?
4.Define PLL.
5.What is frequency synthesizer?
RESULT:
Thus the PLL characteristics are studied

Theoretical Lock range fL=
Theoretical Capture range fC=
Practical Lock range fL=
Practical Capture range fC=
Page 75 of 86

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PRE-EMPHASIS:
DE-EMPHASIS:
Page 76 of 86

Experiment No :16
Date :
PRE-EMPHASIS / DE-EMPHASIS
AIM:
Design and conduct an experiment to test a pre-emphasis and de-emphasis circuit for
75Ps between 2.1KHz to 15KHz and record the results.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S.NO
COMPONENTS
1)
IC
2)
Capacitors
3)
Resistors
4)
CRO
5)
Bread Board,power
RANGE
IC741
supply
6)
Connecting Wires
PROCEDURE:
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram.
2. Apply a sine wave of 5Vpp amplitude, vary the frequency and note down the gain
of the circuit.
3. Plot a graph of normalized gain Vs frequency.
Page 77 of 86
DESIGN
1. Pre-emphasis circuit.
Given f1 = 2.1 KHz, f2 = 15KHz.
f1 = 1/2SrC, f2 = 1/2SRC
Choose C = 0.1Pf then r = 820 and R = 100.
Also r/R = Rf/R1, then R1 = 2.2K and Rf = 15K.
2. De-emphasis circuit.
fC = 1/2SRdCd.
Choose Cd = 0.1Pf and fC = f1 = 2.1KHz
Then Rd = 820.
MODEL GRAPH:
Page 78 of 86

TABULATION:
PRE-EMPHASIS:
Vi=
Frequency(Hz)
VO
Gain= VO/ Vi
Gain in dB
Gain= VO/ Vi
Gain in dB
DE-EMPHASIS:
Vi=
Frequency(Hz)
VO
Page 79 of 86
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.What is advantage of FM over Am?
2.Define Pre-emphasis and De-emphasis.
3.Define capture effect.
4.What are the types of FM?
5.Define transmission efficiency.
RESULT:
Thus the Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis circuit was designed and analysed using
IC741.
Page 80 of 86

Experiment No :17
Date :
ERROR CONTROL CODING USING MATLAB
AIM:
To write a program in MATLAB for error control coding techniques.
ALGORITHM:
1.Get the input binary sequcence.
2.Calculate the reundancy bits for the corrosponding code.
3.Transmit the signal that contains message bits+redundancy bits added at the end.
4.Calculate the redundancy bits once again for the received bits.
5.If the redundancy bits=0 then no error in the transmission otherwise some error in
the transmission.
Page 81 of 86
PROGRAM:
Page 82 of 86
RESULT:
Thus the error control coding techniques are executed using MATLAB programs.
Page 83 of 86

Experiment No :18
Date :
CHARACTERISTICS OF AM RECEIVER
AIM:
To study the characteristics of AM receiver.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
1. VCT 06KIT.
2. CRO
3. Patch card.
THEORY:
Heterodyne means to mix two frequencies together in a non-linear device or to
translate one frequency to another frequency using non-linear mixing. The first section is the RF
section which consists of a predictor is a broad tuned BPF with an adjustable centre frequency
that is tuned to the desired carrier frequency. Selectivity is a receiver parameter that is used to
measure the ability of the receiver to accept a given band of frequencies and reject all others. For
example, with the commercial AM broadcast band, each stations transmitter is allocated a
10KHz bandwidth. Therefore, for a receiver to select only those frequencies assigned to a single
channel, the receiver must limit its bandwidth to 10KHz. If the pass band is greater than 10KHz,
more than one channel may be received and demodulated simultaneously. If the pass band of a
receiver is less than 10KHz, a portion of the modulating signal information for that channel is
rejected or blocked from entering the demodulator and, consequently lost.
PROCEDURE:
1. Switch ON the trainer kit.
2. Initial setup is made as follows.
a. Set audio oscillator frequency as 1KHz and amplitude as 1Vp-p
b. Adjust the carrier frequency of AM transmitter to one position.
c. Adjust the gain of the audio amplifier in some position.
Page 84 of 86

BLOCK DIAGRAM:
Page 85 of 86

TABULATION:
No
dB
-3
-60
Bandwidth
1. Now tune the gang capacitance in the preselector block, such that the output is of
maximum amplitude.
2. Connect CRO across test point and find out -3db bandwidth of IF amplifier. Also
find out -60db bandwidth of IF amplifier
3. Calculate Shape factor for various input signal.
VIVA QUESTIONS:
1.Define Selectivity.
2.What is sensitivity?
3.Define Q factor in AM receiver.
4.What are the three noises present in the AM reciver?
5.Define shape factor.
RESULT :
Thus the characteristics of the AM receiver is studied.
Page 86 of 86

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www.Vidyarthiplus.

Department of Electronics and Communication

Subject Code: EC57

Year & Semester

NAME OF THE EXPERIMENTS

Amplitude modulation and Demodulation

Frequency modulation and Demodulation

Pulse Code Modulation

Time Division Multiplexing

Line Coding Techniques

Amplitude Shift Keying

Phase Shift Keying

Frequency Shift Keying

Quadrature Phase Shift Keying

Phase Locked Loop

Error Control coding using MATLAB

Einstein College of Engineering

AMPLITUDE MODULATION & DEMODULATION

Einstein College of Engineering

AMPLITUDE MODULATION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

DEMODULATION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Einstein College of Engineering

Decreased. The purpose of any detector or demodulator is to recover the original

Circuit connections are given as shown in the circuit diagram.

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

FREQUENCY MODULATION CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Einstein College of Engineering

FREQUENCY MODULATION & DEMODULATION

Einstein College of Engineering

PIN DIAGRAM (XR-2206):

Einstein College of Engineering

The modulation index is defined as the ratio of the maximum frequency

By Carlsons rule BW = 2 (F+ Fm(max))

= Maximum frequency deviation

= Maximum modulating frequency

Connections are given as per the circuit diagram.

Measure the carrier signal frequency at the pin2 of IC XR2206.

Apply modulating AF signal at pin7 of IC XR2206.

Observe the frequency-modulated signal on DSO.

Calculate the modulation index.

Calculate the BW.

Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

Modulated signal is given as the input to 565.

In demodulated output the original message signal is recovered.

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

SAMPLING CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

PAM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Make connections as shown in the diagram.

Einstein College of Engineering

PWM CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Einstein College of Engineering

Make connections as shown in the diagram.

Einstein College of Engineering