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"@" and ":@" redirect here. For emoticon, see List of emoticons. For the letter A within a circle, see Enclosed A.
For the album by John Zorn and Thurston Moore, see "@" (album).
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The at-sign, @, normally read aloud as "at", also commonly called the at symbol or commercial at, and less
commonly a wide range of other terms (such as the atpersand,[1][2][3] strudel[4]), is originally an accounting and
commercial invoice abbreviation meaning "at the rate of" (e.g. 7 widgets @ 2 = 14). It was not included on the
keyboard of the earliest commercially successful typewriters, but was on at least one 1889 model [5] and the very
successful Underwood models from the "Underwood No. 5" in 1900 onward. It is now universally included
oncomputer keyboards. The mark is encoded at U+0040 @ COMMERCIAL AT (HTML @).
The fact that there is no single word in English for the symbol has prompted some writers to use the
French arobase[6] or Spanish and Portuguese arrobaor to coin new words such
as asperand,[3] ampersat[7] or apetail[citation needed]but none of these has achieved wide usage.
Contents
[hide]
History[edit]
1 History
o 1.1 Origin theories
o 1.2 Historical use
2 Modern use
o 2.1 Commercial usage
o 2.2 Contemporary usage
o 2.3 Computer programming
o 2.4 Gender-neutrality in Spanish and Portuguese
o 2.5 Other uses and meanings
Origin theories[edit]
@ used to signify French "" ("at") from a 1674 protocol from a Swedish court (Arbogardhusrtt och magistrat)
The Aragonese @ symbol used in the 1448 "taula de Ariza" registry to denote a wheat shipment from Castile to theKingdom of
Aragon.[8]
@ symbol used as the initial "a" for the "amin" (amen) formula in the Bulgarian translation of the Manasses Chronicle (c. 1345).
There are several theories about the origin of the commercial at character.
Historical use[edit]
Whatever the origin of the @ symbol, the history of its usage is more well-known: it has long been used
inSpanish and Portuguese as an abbreviation of arroba, a unit of weight equivalent to 25 pounds, and derived
from the Arabic expression of "a quarter" ( pronounced ar-rub).[9] An Italian academic claims to have traced
the @ symbol to the 16th century, in a mercantile document sent by Francesco Lapi fromSeville to Rome on May
4, 1536.[10] The document is about commerce with Pizarro, in particular the price of an @ of wine in Peru. In
Italian, the symbol was interpreted to mean amphora (anfora). Currently, the wordarroba means both the atsymbol and a unit of weight. In Italian, the symbol represents one amphora, a unit of weight and volume based
upon the capacity of the standard amphora jar, and entered modern meaning and use as "at the rate of" or "at
price of" in northern Europe.
Until now, the first historical document containing the @ symbol as a commercial one is the Spanish "Taula de
Ariza", a registry to denote a wheat shipment from Castile to Aragon in the year 1448.
Modern use[edit]
Commercial usage[edit]
In contemporary English usage, @ is a commercial symbol, called at site or at rate meaning at and at the rate of.
It has rarely been used in financial documents[clarification needed] or grocers' price tags, and is not used in
standard typography.[11]
Since 23 October 2012, the At-sign is registered as a trade mark by the German Patent and Trade Mark Office
DPMA (registration number302012038338) for @T.E.L.L. While company promoters have claimed that it may
from now on be illegal for other commercial interests to use the At-sign, this only applies to identical or
confusingly similar goods [12] and no court, German or otherwise, has yet ruled on this purported illegality.
Contemporary usage[edit]
A common contemporary use of @ is in email addresses (transmitted by SMTP), as
in jdoe@example.com (the user jdoe located at site the example.com domain). BBN Technologies' Ray
Tomlinson is credited with introducing this usage in 1971.[13] This idea of the symbol representing located at in the
form user@host is also seen in other tools and protocols; for example, the Unix shell command ssh
jdoe@example.net tries to establish an ssh connection to the computer with
the hostname example.net using the username jdoe.
On web pages, organizations often obscure email addresses of their members or employees by omitting the @.
This practice, known as address munging, makes the email addresses less vulnerable to spam programs that
scan the internet for them.
Another contemporary use of the @ symbol in American English is adding information about a sporting event.
Opposing sports teams sometimes have their names separated by a v. (for versus). However, the "v." may be
replaced with "@" when also conveying at which team's home field the game will be played. In this case, the
away team is written first.[14]
On some online forums without threaded discussions, @ is used to denote a reply; for instance: "@Jane" to
respond to a comment Jane made earlier. Similarly, in some cases, @ is used for "attention" in email messages
originally sent to someone else. For example, if an email was sent from Catherine to Steve, but in the body of the
email, Catherine wants to make Keirsten aware of something, Catherine will start the line "@Keirsten" to indicate
to Keirsten that the following sentence concerns her. This also helps with mobile email users who cannot see
bold or color in email.
In microblogging (such as Twitter and StatusNet-based microblogs), @ before the user name is used to send
publicly readable replies (e.g. "@otheruser: Message text here"). The blog and client software can automatically
interpret these as links to the user in question. This use of the @ symbol was also made available to Facebook
users on September 15, 2009.[15] In Internet Relay Chat (IRC), it is shown before users' nicks to denote they have
operator status on a channel. A person giving a talk with a slide deckmay indicate how to make contact using
their Twitter ID. The slide shows their name, possibly an email address and their ID with the @ prefixed, Twitter
assumed.
@ is also used on some wireless routers/modems, where a solid green @ symbol indicates the router is
connected and a solid amber @ indicates there is a problem[citation needed].
Computer programming[edit]
@ is used in various programming languages although there is not a consistent theme to its usage. For example:
In Portuguese and Spanish, as well in other West Iberian languages where many words end in '-o' when in the
masculine gender and end '-a' in the feminine, @ is sometimes used as a gender-neutral substitute for the
default 'o' ending,[23] which some advocates of gender-neutral language-modification feel indicates implicit
linguistic disregard for women. These languages do not possess a neutral gender and the masculine forms are
also used traditionally when referring to groups of mixed or unknown sex. The at-sign is intended to replace
the desinence '-o', including its plural form '-os', due to the resemblance to a digraph of an inner letter 'a' and an
outer letter 'o'.
As an example of the @ being used for gender-inclusive purposes, we can consider the Spanish and Portuguese
word amigos. When the word represents not only male friends, but also female ones, the proponents of a genderinclusive language replace it with amig@s. In this sense, amigos would be used only when the writer is sure the
group referred to is all-male. Usage of amigas is the same in traditional and such new forms of communication.
Alternative forms for a gender-inclusive at-sign would be the slash sign(amigos/as) and the circle-A,
(amigs).[citation needed] However, it is more common to use the masculine ending first and include the feminine in
parentheses, as in amigos(as). For more about this, see Satiric misspelling.
The Real Academia Espaola disapproves of the use of the at-sign as a letter.[24]
used, and it comes from the word "round" (from its shape), but that is
nothing like the mathematical symbol A-rond (rounded A). Others call
it aron, or la (Romanian word for at).
Unicode variants[edit]
In culture[edit]
The Museum of Modern Art admitted the at sign to its architecture and
design collection.[26]
Author Philip Pullman added the category of "things that were invented for
one purpose, but are used for another" to his "Museum of
Curiosity" collection with the @ as an example.[30]
John Lloyd, pledged on QI series A DVD to support widespread use of the
term "Astatine" to refer to the symbol. This name was chosen as the
chemical element astatine has the chemical symbol "At".[31]
American R&B singer Usher used a version of the at sign in his career,
where the "a" was replaced with the vowel "u" from his name. Puerto Rican
artist Miguelito also uses his version of the at sign where the "a" is replaced
by the letter "m" from his name in his own line of merchandise that includes
clothes, school supplies, his studio albums, etc.
A Chinese couple tried to name their son @pronouncing it "ai ta" or "love
him"according to the Chinese State Language Commission.[32][33]
In the 1980 Video Game Rogue, presented in ASCII graphics, the player
character is represented by the @. Many similar games, called Roguelikes,
use the same presentation, and traditionally use the @ to represent the
player character as well.
See also[edit]
Circle-A
Enclosed A (, )
ASCII
Unicode
References[edit]
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21. Jump up^ "Visual FoxPro Programming Language Online Help: SET
UDFPARMS (Command), or MSDN Library 'How to: Pass Data to
Parameters by Reference'.". Microsoft, Inc. Retrieved 2011-02-19.
22. Jump up^ ""Windows PowerShell Language Specification 3.0 (PDF)"".
23. Jump up^ Martell-Otero, Loida (Fall 2009). "Doctoral Studies as
Llamamiento, or How We All Need to be 'Ugly Betty'". Perspectivas: 84
106.
24. Jump up^ DPD 1 edicin, 2 tirada
25. Jump up^ Constable, Peter, and Lorna A. Priest (October 12, 2009) SIL
Corporate PUA Assignments 5.2a. SIL International. pp. 59-60. Retrieved
on April 12, 2010.
26. ^ Jump up to:a b "Why @ Is Held in Such High Design Esteem". The New
York Times, Alice Rawsthorn, March 21, 2010. 2010-03-22. Archived from
the original on 24 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-04-25.
27. Jump up^ "At last, France has a name for the @ sign", December 9,
2002, iol.co.za
28. Jump up^ Orthographe fixe par la Commission gnrale de terminologie
et de nologie (Journal officiel du 8 dcembre 2002)
29. Jump up^ "The ARRL Letter", Vol. 23, No. 18, April 30, 2004
30. Jump up^ "Meeting Twelve P-51 Mustang, Tempting Fate, Inventions
Being Used for Things They Weren't Designed For". The Museum of
Curiosity. Season 2. Episode 6. 8 June 2009.
31. Jump up^ John Lloyd and John Mitchinson (6 November 2006). QI The
Complete First Series: "Factoids" (Audio Commentary) (DVD). BBC and 2
Entertain. OCLC 271537078.UPC 5014503232528.
32. Jump up^ "English invades Chinese language", August 17, 2007",
People's Daily Online
33. Jump up^ "Couple try to name baby @", August 17, 2007, NZ Herald
External links[edit]
Look up commercialat or at sign in
Wiktionary, the free
dictionary.
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