Technological University of the Philippines

Ayala Blvd., corner San Marcelino St., Ermita Manila

College of Engineering
Civil Engineering Department

CE 25-3D
Elementary and Higher Surveying (Lec)

Assignment No.2
Theory of Errors and Measurements

Marquez, Jhyrelle A.
14-205-204
Date of Submission: January 6, 2015

Engr. Jesus Ray M. Mansayon

Instructor

1. Given the dimensions of the following tracts of land:

a.)
b.)
c.)
d.)
e.)

108.75 m by 76.82 m
940.08 m by 1296.73 m
13.36 m by 50.08 m
1258.30 m by 624.03 m
8476.55 m by 121.79 m

Determine the area of each tract in square meters, square kilometers, ares, and hectares.
Given:
a.)
b.)
c.)
d.)
e.)

108.75 m by 76.82 m
940.08 m by 1296.73 m
13.36 m by 50.08 m
1258.30 m by 624.03 m
8476.55 m by 121.79 m

Required:
area in square meter
area in square kilometer
area in ares
area in hectares
Solution:
=
a.) = 108.752 76.822
= .
1 2

= 8354.175 2

1000000 2

= .

= 8354.175 2

1
100 2

= .
= 83.542

1
100

= .

b.) = 940.08 1296.73

= .
= 1219029.94 2

1 2
1000000 2

= .
= 1219029.94 2

1
100 2

= .
1

= 12190.30

100

= .
c.) = 13.36 50.08
= .
= 669.0688 2

1 2
1000000 2

= .
= 669.0688 2

1
100 2

= .
= 6.690688

1
100

= .

d.) = 1258.30 624.03

= .
= 785216.949 2

1 2
1000000 2

= .
= 785216.949 2

1
100 2

= .
= 7852.169

1
100

= .
e.) = 8476.55 195.42
= .
= 1032359.02 2

1 2
1000000 2

= .
= 1032359.02 2

1
100 2

= .
= 10323.59

1
100

= .

2. Following are the dimensions for length, width, and depth of five excavated borrow
pits for a highway project.
a.)
b.)
c.)
d.)
e.)

113.26 m, 35.48 m, and 18.60 m

50.08 m, 39.25 m, and 7.14 m
243.55 m, 76.19 m, and 24.66 m
42.055 m, 8.605 m, and 12.332 m
9.5 m, 6.3 m, and 4.9 m

Determine the volume of each pit in cubic meters.

Given:
a.)
b.)
c.)
d.)
e.)

113.26 m, 35.48 m, and 18.60 m

50.08 m, 39.25 m, and 7.14 m
243.55 m, 76.19 m, and 24.66 m
42.055 m, 8.605 m, and 12.332 m
9.5 m, 6.3 m, and 4.9 m

Required:
Volume in cubic meters.
Illustration:
Solution:
=
a.) = 113.26 35.48 18.60
= .
b.) = 50.08 39.25 7.14
= .
c.) = 243.55 76.19 24.66
= .
d.) = 42.055 8.605 12.332
= .
e.) = 9.5 6.3 4.9
= .

3. Given the following numbers: 45.63, 5.700, 4010, 0.00037, 0.000940, 6.0090, 7.00,
9.5 x 108, 4.00 x 107, 2.604 x 1018 and 3.00 x 10-16. For each number, identify the
significant figures. Tabulate values accordingly.
Given:
45.63
5.700
4010
0.00037

0.000940
6.0090
7.00
9.5 x 108

4.00 x 107
2.604 x 1018
3.00 x 10-16

Required:
significant figures of each number
Illustration:
Solution:

NUMBER
45.63
5.700
4010
0.00037
0.000940
6.0090
7.00
9.5 x 108
4.00 x 107
2.604 x 1018
3.00 x 10-16

SIGNIFICANT
FIGURES
4, 5, 6,3
5, 7, 0
4, 1, 0
3, 7
9, 4, 0
6, 0, 9
7, 0
9, 5
4, 0
2, 6, 0, 4
3, 0

NUMBER OF
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
4
4
4
2
3
5
3
2
3
4
3

4. The three angles of a triangle were measured with the following results: A = 42 05,
B = 115 38 and C = 22 08. Determine the most probable value of each angle.
Given:
A = 42 05
B = 115 38
C = 22 08

Required:
Most probable value of each angle (x )
Illustration:

B
115 38
A

42 05
22 08
C

Solution:

42 05

115 38

22 08

Total

179 51

=
= 179 51 180
= +

c
1
9 = +3
3
1

9 = +3
3
1
9 = +3
3

x = +

5. The interior angles of a quadrilateral were observed to be: A = 100 35 40, B = 118
44 15, C = 80 54 35, and D = 59 45 50. Determine the most probable value of
each of these angles.
Given:
A = 100 35 40
B = 118 44 15
C = 80 54 35
D = 59 45 50
Required:
Most probable value of each angle (x )
Illustration:

A
100 35 40

D
59 45 50

118 44 15
80 54 35

C
Solution:

100 35 40

118 44 15

80 54 35

59 45 50

Total: 360 00 20

=
= 360 00 20" 360
= "

c
1
20" = 5"
4
1
20" = 5"
4
1
20" = 5"
4
1
20" = 5"
4

x = +

6. A surveying instructor sent all the 40 students in his class out to measure a distance
between two points marked on a runway. The students working in groups of four
came up with 10 different measurements as follows: 920.45, 921.05, 921.65, 920.25,
920.15, 921.85, 921.95, 920.45, 921.15, and 921.35 meters. Assuming these values
are equally reliable and that variations result only from accidental errors, determine
the relative precision of a single measurement and the relative precision of the
mean.
Given:
920.45
921.05
921.65
920.25

920.15
921.85
921.95
920.45

921.15
921.35

Required:
relative precision of a single measurement ()
relative precision of the mean ()

Illustration:
x (m)
Pt. 2

Pt. 1
Solution:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

()
920.45
921.05
921.65
920.25
920.15
921.85
921.95
920.45
921.15
921.35

= 10

= 9210.3

x
()

x = .

( x )2
(2 )
0.3364
0.0004
0.3844
0.6084
0.7744
0.6724
0.8464
0.3364
0.0144
0.1024
( x )2 = 4.076

Computation
x =

x =

x = .

(x
)2
1
4.076

= 101

= .

= 0.4528888889 2

= .

= .

= 0.6745

= 0.6745

= 0.6745 (0.0629701991)

= 0.6745 (0.2128118627)

= 0.4539183993

= 0.01435416014

0.4539183993

x
921.03

0.0629701991
10

0.1435416914

x
921.03

7.

A line is measured on a windy day as 338.65 m. the same line measured 338.37
m on a calm day. If the latter measurement is given four times the reliability of the first,
determine the most probable value of the measured line.
Given:
338.65 m - windy day (Weight 1)
338.37 m - calm day (Weight 4)
Required:
Most probable value (x )
Illustration:

338.65m (Windy day)

338.37m (calm day)

Pt. 2

Pt. 1

Pt. 1

Pt. 2

Solution:

Weather

()

Weight

x
()

Windy

338.65

338.65

Calm

338.37

1353.48

1692.13

Total

x =

x =

x = .

8. An angle ABC is measured at different times various instruments and procedures. The
results which are assigned certain weights, are as follows: 75 09 26, weight of 4;
75 09 25, weight of 3; 75 09 27, weight of 1. Determine the most probable value
of the angle measured.
Given:

weight

A
B
C

75 09 26
75 09 25
75 09 27

4
3
1

Required:
Most probable value of angle (x )
Illustration:
A

Solution

()

Weight

x
()

75 09 26

300 37 44

75 09 25

225 28 15

75 09 27

75 09 27

601 15 26

601 15 26

Total

x =
x =

601 15 26

x = .

9. Two sides and the included angle of a triangle were measured and the probable error
of each value were computed as follows: a = 267.55 m 0.05 m, b = 564.75 m 0.06
m, and angle C = 57 15 45. Determine the area of the triangle and the probable error
of the area.
Given:
a = 267.55 m
= 0.05 m
b = 564.75 m
= 0.06 m
C = 57 15 45
Required:
Area (A)
Probable Error of Area ( )
Illustration:
B

C = 57 15 45
A
b = 564.75 0.06 m

Solution:
1

= 2 sin
1

= 2 (267.55)(564.75) sin( 57 15 45)

= .
= ()
1

= 2 sin ( )2 + ( )2
1

= 2 sin(57 15 45)(267.55 0.05)2 + (564.75 0.06)2

= .

10. A line AE is divided into segments for measurement with a tape. The result were AB
= 134.10 m 0.040 m, BC = 320.63 m 0.055 m, CD = 173.73 m 0.056 m, and
DE = 160.85 m 0.050 m. Determine the length of the line and the probable error of
the measured length.
Given:
AB = 134.10 m; PEAB = 0.040 m
BC = 320.63 m; PEBC = 0.055 m
CD = 173.73 m; PECD = 0.056 m
DE = 160.85 m; PEDE = 0.050 m
Required:
Length (L)
Probable Error of the Length (PEL)
Illustration:
134.10
0.040 m

320.63 0.055 m

173.73 0.056 m 160.85 0.050 m

Solution:
= + + +
= 134.10 + 320.63 + 173.73 + 160.85
= .
= ( )2 + ( )2 + ( )2 + ( )2
= (0.040)2 + (0.055)2 + (0.056)2 + (0.050)2
= .

11. The four approximately equal sides of a tract of land were measured and the
measurements included the following errors: 0.085 m, 0.014 m, 0.0175 m, and
0.205 m, respectively. Determine the probable error for the total length (or perimeter)
of the tract.
Given:
PE1 = 0.085 m
PE2 = 0.014 m
PE3 = 0.0175 m
PE4 = 0.205 m
Required:
Probable Error (PEP)
Illustration:

Solution:
= (1 )2 + (2 )2 + (3 )2 + (4 )2
= (0.085 )2 + (0.014)2 + (0.0175)2 + (0.205)2
= .

12. Two sides of rectangle were measured being 226.25 m 0.03 m and 307.28 m
0.04 m. Determine the area of the figure and the probable error of the area.
Given:
L = 226.25 m; PEL = 0.03 m
W = 307.28 m; PEW = 0.04 m
Required:
Area (A)
Probable Error of the Area (PEA)
Illustration:

W = 307.28 0.04 m

L = 226.25 0.03 m

Solution:
=

= ( )2 + ( )2

= 226.25 307.28

= (226.2 0.04)2 + (307.28 0.03)2

= .

= .

13. Plane surveying is that type of surveying in which the earth is considered to be a flat
surface. Distances and areas involved are of limited extent and the
a.) approximate shape of the earth is considered
b.) theoretical shape of the geoid is evaluated
c.) exact shape of the earth is disregarded
d.) shape of the earth is considered as geoid
Plane surveying is the survey in which the earth surface is assumed to be plane and
the curvature of the earth is ignored. The correct answer is c.

14. A photogrammetric survey makes use of photographs taken with specially designed
cameras either from
a.) a ship or an elevated ground station
b.) the ground surface or underwater
c.) a field or a laboratory environment
d.) a map or a scaled drawing
e.) airplanes or ground stations

Photogrammetric survey is a type of survey which makes use of photographs taken

with specially designed cameras either from airplanes or ground stations. The
answer is e.

15. The meter is now defined as a length equal to

a.) 1/10,000,000 of the earths meridional quadrant
b.) 650,736.37 wavelengths of the bright-red light produced by burning silver electrodes
c.) 39.27 inches
d.) 0.001 kilometers
e.) 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of the orange-red light produced by burning krypton at a
specified energy level in the spectrum.

The meter is now defined as a length equal to 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of the

orange-red light produced by burning krypton at a specified energy level in the
spectrum. The answer is e.

16. The sexagesimal units of angular measurement are the

a.) grad, centesimal minute, and centesimal second
b.) degree, minute, and second
c.) radian and steradian
d.) mil, grad, and radian
e.) hours, minutes, and seconds

Degree, minute, and second are the sexagesimal units of angular measurement.
The answer is b.

17. When rounded off to the nearest hundredth, 36.24445 becomes

a.) 36.25
b.) 36.26
c.) 36.2
d.) 36.3
e.) 36.24

Answer: b

18. A line, known to be 150.000 m long, is measured five times with a steel tape in the
following order: 150.004, 149.998, 149.997, 150.005, and 149.996 meters,
respectively. The more accurate of the five measurements is the
a.) 1st measurement
b.) 2nd measurement
c.) 3rd measurement
d.) 4th measurement
e.) 5th measurement
Answer: b

19. If for particular measurement the probable error of the mean is 0.09 m and the most
probable value of the measurement is 362.70 m, the relative precision would be
expressed as
a.) 1/4030
b.) 0.000248
c.) 1:362.70
d.) 1:0.09
e.) 1/363

Given:
= 0.09
= 362.70
Required:
Relative Precision (RP)
Solution:
=
=
=

0.09
362.70
1
4030

Answer: letter a

20. The interior angles of a hexagon were observed and recorded as follows: A = 122 31
02, B = 123 26 17, C = 130 05 07, D = 120 15 47, E = 160 50 35, and F = 62
53 07. The discrepancy of the measurement is
a.) 0 30
b.) 2 30
c.) 1 00
d.) 2 50
e.) 1 30

Given:
A = 122 31 02
B = 123 26 17
C = 130 05 07
D = 120 15 47
E = 160 50 35
F = 62 53 07
Required:
Discrepancy (d)
Illustration:
B
C
123 26 17
A

130 05 07

122 31 02
120 15 47

62 53 07

160 50 35

Solution:

A
B
C
D
E
F
TOTAL

x
122 31 02
123 26 17
130 05 07
120 15 47
160 50 35
62 53 07
720 01 55

Computation
=6
= ( 2)180
= (6 2)180
= 720

= |720 01 55"|
= "

21. Five measurements were made to determine the length of a line and recorded as
follows: 350.33, 350.22, 350.30, 350.27, 350.30 meters. If these measurements were
given weights of 4, 5, 1, 4, and 6, respectively, the most probable value of the length
measured is
a.) 350.26 m
b.) 350.29 m
c.) 350. 30 m
d.) 350.27 m
e.) 350.28 m
Given:
350.33 m (weight = 4)
350.22 m (weight = 5)
350.30 m (weight = 1)
350.27 m (weight = 4)
350.30 m (weight = 6)
Required:
Most probable value ( )

Illustration:

Pt. 1

Pt. 2

Solution

()

Weight

x
()

350.33

1401.32

350.22

1751.10

350.30

350.30

350.27

1401.08

350.30

2101.80

20

7005.60

TOTAL

=
=

()

7005.60
20

= 350.28
Answer: letter e

22. The base and altitude of a triangular lot were measured with certain estimated
probable errors as follows: b = 215.50 0.18 m and h = 69.40 0.16 m. The true area
of the lot probably
a.) is equal to 7514.52 sq m
b.) is equal to 7441.18 sq m
c.) falls between 7441.18 and 7477.85 sq m
d.) falls between 7477.85 and 7514.52 sq m
e.) falls between 7441.18 and 7514.52 sq m

Given:
b = 215.50 m; PEb = 0.18 m
h = 69.40 m; PEh = 0.16 m
Required:
True Area of the Lot (A)

69.40 0.16 m

Illustration:

215.50 0.18 m
Solution:
1

= 2 (215.50 0.16)2 + (69.40 0.18)2

= 18.34 2

= 2
= 2 (215.50)(69.40)

= 7477.85 2
Answer: The Area of the lot is . . and it falls between 7451.51
m2 to 7496.19 m2.