SURGE IMPEDANCE LOADING (SIL)

L
Surge impedance of a line, Zo ' .
C

(kVLL)2
SIL ' , (MW)
Zo

A transmission line loaded to its surge impedance loading:

(i) has no net reactive power flow into or out of the line, and
(ii) will have approximately a flat voltage profile along its length.

For (i) to hold:

V2 V2 TL V L
I 2XL ' , or, ' XL Xc ' , or, ' ' Zo ' Load impedance
Xc I2 TC I C

This means that there will be no net reactive power flow at surge-impedance
loading.
For (ii) to hold:
Vs 'AVr % BIr ; Is ' CV r % DI r ,

sinh ZY
where, A' D ' cosh ZY ; B' Zosinh ZY ; C ' ; Z' jT LR ; Y ' jT CR
Zo

jTR 2BfR 2BR

ZY ' jTR LC' 'j 'j
<c f8 8

2BR
sin
2BR 2BR 8
Then, A' D ' cos ; B' j Zo sin ; C'j
8 8 Zo

Vr
At surge&impedance loading , ' Zo .
Ir

B 2BR 2BR 2BR

And, V s ' (A% )Vr ' (cos % j sin )Vr ' Vr ptan&1 ,
Zo 8 8 8

2BR 2BR 2BR

Is ' (C Zo % D)Ir ' ( j sin % cos )Ir ' Ir ptan&1
8 8 8

This means that the line will have a flat voltage profile, i.e., no voltage drop.
 LOADABILITY CURVES

Loadability of a line is limited by :

(i) thermal limitation (I2R losses)

(ii) voltage regulation
(iii) stability limitation

(EPRI Publication EL-2500)