IEC 61850 Process Bus

IEC 61850 Process Bus
Scope
IEDs for Process Bus
Page 26
Digital Substations In Context

Smart Transmission Grids
Smart Control rooms
Digital Substations
Smart Power
electronics
Extended IEC 61850 Interfaces

Advanced Sbstation User Interface
On-Line Stability
Smart Dispatch
Management of Renewables
Demand Response
Management
On-Line Asset Management
1Gbit/s Ethernet
VSC Grid Connections
Cyber & Physical Security
STATCOM for Wind
Wide Area Protection & Control

Substation State Estimation
Digital NCIT & Substation
Equipments
Static Var Compensators

Energy Storage
Generic Digital SS Architecture

Grid Control
Rooms
SG APPS
Other
substations
Digital SS Components
Integrated Substation Automation System with
WAN
SCS HMI
SG APPS
CMS
PDC
1. Substation Control System (SCS)

2. Condition Monitoring System (CMS)
3. Smart Grid Applications (SG APPS Cyber,
Intrusion,
Wide Area Management)
4. Substation Phasor Data Concentrator
Proxy
Switches
Multiple Ethernet
IEC61850.8-1
Station Bus
C37.118 Phasor Data
sPDC
BCU
Multiple Ethernet
IEC61850.9-2 &
IEC61850.8-1
Process Bus
WACU
Prot. Px40
AMU
DMU
CMU
DRUs
Primary Eqpt with

embedded sensors
for Condition Monitoring
APPS 2012 Stafford UK
Several IEDs
1. Protection / Measurement with 9-2 interface
2. Bay Controller Unit (BCU)
3. Condition Monitoring Unit (CMU)
4. Switches & Telecom
5. Proxy Server
6. Merging Units
7. Wide Area Control Unit
8. Power Quality /Disturbance Record Unit
(DRU)
9. Energy Meters
Scope
Page 26

Process Bus Elements
Ethernet Network, 100 Mb/s
IEC 61850-9-2 LE for Sampled Values SV
Current measurement (CT)
Voltage measurement (VT)
IEC 61850-8-1 GOOSE Service
Status position of Circuit Breaker / Switches (CB)

Trip signals from protections to CBs (Trip)
Commands from Control Systems (Open/Close)
Others (monitoring status reports, health, settings)
Time synchronisation
Microsec accuracy required

Logical View Of SA
Station Level
9
Function B
Function A
61850-8-1
1
Bay Level
HV Equipment
Protection
Technical Services
8
Control
61850-9-2
61850-8-1
Bay Level
6
3
Protection
4
HV Equipment
Control
IEC 61850 -9-2 Overview

Sampled Value Transmission
Unidirectional link (MU to IED)
Physical layer : Optic fibre (copper optional)
Data Link layer : Ethernet 100 Mbit/s
Application Layer : IEC 61850-9-2 Light Edition guideline to aid
implementation and interoperability

Sampling rate : 80 or 256 samples per cycle
Neutral current and/or voltage may be measured, or derived
Sampled values are multicast on the LAN
Defines Logical Device MU
Synchronising of sampling

IEC 61850-9-2LE Sampled Values
Each SV message has 4 voltages, 4 currents
Primary values, quality info
Current : 1mA to 2.14 MA, Voltage : 10mV to 21.4 MV
(I1a, I1b, I1c, I1n, V1a, V1b, V1c,
V1n)
Protection
Bay 1
4V; 4I
4V; 4I
Protection
Bay 2
MU-L1
MU-L2
(I2a, I2b, I2c, I2n, V2a, V2b, V2c,
V2n)

-9-2LE Sampled Value Frame
Iax1000 IaQuality Ibx1000 IbQuality Icx1000 IcQuality Inx1000 InQuality

32bitInt
32bits 32bitInt
32bits 32bitInt
32bits 32bitInt
32bits
Vax1000 VaQuality Vbx1000 VbQuality Vcx1000 VcQuality Vnx1000 VnQuality
32bits 32bitInt
32bits 32bitInt
32bits
32bitInt
32bits 32bitInt
SV frames are multicast

MAC Address range: 01-0C-CD-04-00-00 to 01-0C-CD-04-1F-FF
input on Merging Units
Note the frame overhead : 24 bytes of raw data (per 3-phase
voltage and current) in about 125 byte Ethernet frame

Merging Unit Typical Naming
AMU : Analogue Merging Unit
Interface with conventional instrument transformers
DMU : Digital Merging Unit

Interface with CB / isolators / earth switches
CMU : Condition Monitoring Merging Unit

DMU with condition monitoring features
NMU : Numerical Merging Unit

Interface with digital instrument transformers

Conventional Bay typical
Main 1, Main 2, BCU
Individual CT cores per IED
Independent tripping paths for
Main 1 and Main 2 typically
Status &
Trips
CB
Main 1, Main 2, BCU

AMU, DMU
Ethernet links and
switches
Time synch eqpt
-8-1 PRP
-8-1 PRP
DMU#1
DMU#2
-9-2LE
-8-1 PRP
BCU
C264
-9-2LE
-8-1 PRP
-9-2LE
-9-2LE
AMU #3
-9-2LE
AMU #2
-9-2LE
AMU #1
-8-1 PRP
Main 2
P446
Main 1
P546
Digital Bay - Typical
Process Bus
(conceptual)

Sampling Synchronisation Why ?
Protection functions/algorithms require all input quantities to be
supplied in real time
Relay inputs may be from multiple MUs
o Substation layout
o Customer specifications
Eg: Distance Protection (Voltage & Current)
Both voltage & current supplied by one MU; synchronisation provided by
the MU
Voltage from MU1 and Current from MU2; synchronisation by common
time reference input to MU

1 ms delay
V 0
V 18
2.5 ms delay
AMU #2
I 36
-9-2LE
I 81
SV frames from different MU may have uneven delays

Relay measurements will be incorrect unless the SV frames are timealigned

Sampling Synchronisation - Techniques
1 PPS input on Merging Units
Merging Units with capability for IEEE 1588 synchronisation
Sampled Value frames carry synchronisation info
Time tags (count) relative to the start of the sec
Identifier for sync source Global, Local or No Sync
Sample Count
0 3999 at 50 Hz
0 4799 at 60 Hz
Counter resets every sec when a
time sync signal is received
Indicates if the SV
frame is synchronised

Sampled Values Alignment in Relays
Time alignment of SV frames is necessary, and ensures correct
operation of protection functions dependent on multiple MUs
The number of MUs may change depending on site
requirements and customer preferences
Delays arise from
Merging Units, due to their processing
Network, depending on its configuration and switches
Delays have a direct impact on the operating time of the scheme
Time tags (count) relative to the start of the sec

Identifier for sync source Global, Local or No Sync

Sampled Values Alignment in Relays
Case 1: Relay with

1 MU
MU Delay: Relay setting,

indicates worst case relative
delay expected in receiving
SV from all MUs linked to
the relay
Case 2: Relay with

2 MU
In this case, no delay

between SV frames from
MU#1 and MU#2
Case 3: Relay with

2 MU
In this case, there is a 1ms

delay between SV frames
from MU#1 and MU#2
Sampling Synchronisation Accuracy
Time source accuracy +/- 1s

SamplingacrossmultipleMUs synchronisedtowithin+/ 4s
MUshouldbecapableofcompensatingnetworkdelays>2s
MiCOM P594
Sampling Synchronisation 1 PPS

1PPS signal, transmitted by fibre as medium
Rise and fall time < 20ns
Clock source : Typically based on GPS
Global 1PPS: GPS is alive, pulse width between 5s and 500 ms
Local 1PPS : Pulse width between 0.9s and 1.1s
No Sync : Merging Unit hold-over mode
-9-2LE SAV
1PPS
P594
Merging Unit
IEC 61850-9-2 Overview
Sampling Synchronisation IEEE 1588
It is a high precision time synchronization (<1us) for

synchronising real-time clocks on an Ethernet LAN
Also called PTP Precision Time Protocol
Current standard : IEEE 1588 version 2
No need for separate cabling (IRIG-B, 1PPS)
Fault tolerance using Redundant Clocks
Reduces reliance on GPS
How does IEEE 1588 compare with NTP (SNTP) ?
Master/slave arrangement, against peer-peer in NTP

Target of microsec accuracy vs millisec in NTP
NTP is intended for internet, IEEE 1588 for LAN with few subnets
Smaller network message & computation requirement
Both include latency correction
NTP has to be configured, whereas IEEE1588 is self-organising
Master
Slave / Master
Slave / Master

IEEE 1588 - Time correction on the network
Master
t1
t4
Slave
t2
t3
Sync message from Master
t1, t2, t3, t4

known to Slave
Follow Up message from Master with value of t1

Delay Request message from Slave
Delay Response from Master with value of t4

IEEE 1588 - Time correction on the network
MS
= t2 t1
= Clock offset + MS delay
SM
= t4 t3
= Clock offset + SM delay
Clock offset = {( MS SM) (MS delay SM delay )}/2

MS delay + SM delay = { MS + SM }
ASSUME: MS delay = SM delay = Path delay
Then:
Clock offset = { MS SM}/2
Path delay = { MS + SM}/2
M : Master Clock
S : Slave Clock
Scope
IEDs for Process Bus Applications

Relay - Example
MiCOM P444 Distance Relay with SV Interface
Have the 9-2 board instead of the Analogue module

The 9-2 module resamples the SV received
Analogue module output on the internal bus at relay sampling rate
No change in protection algorithms
Selection of SV inputs
/ Logical Nodes

Relay - Example
Px4x Process Bus Interface
Interface for -8-1 GOOSE

Interface for -9-2LE
Sampled Values

Relays
Interfacing SV to Relays
Point to point connections
Feasible when all the SV required by a relay are
available from a single MU
Simple network, minimum delay, minimal
engineering effort
IA1, IB1, IC1
VA, VB, VC
IEC 61850
Merging
Unit 1
MiCOM P446

Relays
Interfacing SV to Relays Transformer
Protection
HV Current - 1
TV Current - 2
HV+LV+TV
TV Current - 1
Point to point
connection
not possible
HV Current 2
LV Current
P645

Relays
Networked connections
Required if the SV required by a relay are from multiple MU,
eg: transformer IED, busbar IED
-9-2LE
Ethernet switch(es) involved, possibility of additional delays

and sample jitter; substation-hardened switches required,
similar to Station Bus applications.

Relays
Networked connections - redundancy
Network redundancy for SV may be achieved by external
devices such as a RedBox, or it may be integral to the relay
Note that network redundancy only accounts for
communication link failures
LAN A
LAN B

Relays
Settings for relay / MU configuration Logical Nodes
Number of MU could vary with application

Merging Units
Merging units perform all the digital data processing necessary to produce a
precise, time-aligned output data stream of sampled values according to the
IEC 61850-9-2 standard
Includes tasks such as sampling, analogue to digital conversion, scaling,

precise real-time referencing to the start of the last second and message
formatting
Design varies with the applied technology of the instrument transformers (eg:
optical, Rogowski, voltage dividers, or conventional wound instrument
transformers), the switchgear type and mounting space available
Alstom Grid portfolio will cover such solutions, for application in new
substations with digital NCITs, as well as refurbishments of older
conventional substations, or partial replacement by new sensors.

Merging Units - Functionality
FUNCTIONALITY TRANSFERRED
TO A DIGITAL MERGING UNIT
FUNCTIONALITY TRANSFERRED
TO AN ANALOGUE MERGING UNIT

Merging Units - Mounting
Located in the switchyard in the case of AIS
Close to primary eqpt, inside LCC, for instance
Fibre optic cabling for protection signals

Ethernet Switches
What are the requirements for switches on Process Bus ?
Industrial, substation-hardened
Switches should be managed, to optimise LAN performance
Check the number of Fibre / Copper ports available and compare
with the application requirements
Switches should be VLAN-aware
Switches that are transparent clocks for IEEE 1588, where required
for time synchronisation
!! Protection scheme is dependent on switches !!
Typically, switches would be located with protection / BCU
Other IEDs may, optionally, integral a switch board

Ethernet Switches
IEC 61850-3 : Switches , like relays, should comply with the
type withstands tests designed to simulate substation EMI

phenomena such as:
Lightning impulses
Switching of inductive loads
Electrostatic discharges
Radio frequency interference due to portable radio handsets
Earth potential rise resulting from system fault conditions

Ethernet Switches
IEEE 1618 : Standard for Environmental and Testing

Requirements for Communications Networking Devices in
Electric Power Substations
Defines optional Class 2 - requires that, during the

application of the type tests, the switch must exhibit:
No communications errors
No communications delays
No communication interruptions

Ethernet Switches - Example
2 x RJ45
Cascading H356 for additional ports

APPS 2012 Stafford4UKx
LC Multimode
Scope
Page 26
Process Bus Architecture Examples

Single AMU-DMU
Process Bus
IEC61850-8.1 and 9-2
Ethernet 100 Mbps
BCU
Control Room
MP2
ESW
Separate networks for

-8-1 and -9-2
One CT core, SV
distributed by single
AMU
Status / trips via

single DMU
Single AMU / DMU,

thus failure affects full
protection & control of
the bay
Switch failure affects

full protection and
control of the bay
MP1
ESW
-8-1
Switchyard / GIS Room
-9-2
DMU
AMU
ESW
Substation Grade
Ethernet Switch
Note: Conceptual architecture only,

the functionality of MP1, MP2 etc. is unspecified
Process Bus Architecture Examples

Dual AMU-DMU
Process Bus
IEC61850-8.1 and 9-2
Ethernet 100 Mbps
BCU
Control Room
Switchyard / GIS Room
MP2
-9-2
Main 1 and Main 2

protections have
independent AMU and
DMU, separate
networks
SV and GOOSE for

BCU and MP2 share
common switch
Independent CT cores
for Main 1 and Main 2
via AMU1 and AMU2
Two independent trip

outputs available
DMU1 and DMU2
MP1
ESW
-8-1
-8-1
-9-2
AMU
DMU
AMU
ESW
Substation Grade
Ethernet Switch
Note: Conceptual architecture only,

the functionality of MP1, MP2 etc. is unspecified
DMU
Process Bus Architectures

Whats missing in the previous architectures ?
Time synchronisation for sampled values
Distribution of busbar voltage for check sync
Merging Unit with redundant ports
IEDs with redundant ports for Process Bus
Merging Unit common for analogues and digitals
> Architecture must be optimised for the application <

Illustration of Time Sync, PRP
A
B
C
D
E
P594
H xxx
H xxx
E
CB

Example of migration strategy
A
BCU
-9-2LE
C
I/O Card
-9-2LE
I/O Card
-9-2LE
I/O Card
Main 2
Main 1
P594
-9-2LE
AMU #3
-9-2LE
AMU #2
-9-2LE
AMU #1
Physical
Wiring
CB
Scope
Page 26
Pilot Project ENDESA, Spain
ENDESA substation:
SE Llobregat
145kV
NCIT : Technology Choice

Advanced Measuring Systems for I & V
AIS: LV to 1100 kV & GIS: 145 to 800KV applications
Faraday Technology
Capacitor divider Technology
Rogowski Technology
Application
AIS/GIS
AIS
GIS
GIS
Technology
Optique-Faraday
Capacitiv
Rogowski
Capacitive
Solutions
for Metering
COSI-CT
I measure
COSI-VT
V measure
Rogowski
I measure
CEVT
V measure
and Protection
applications
Optical CT Benefits
- Ease and flexibility of mounting
- Lightweight (eg: 65 Kg vs 720 Kg at 245 KV)
COSI-CM 245kV
COSI-CT+ CVT
Significant savings:
Substation footprint,
Refurbishing works,
Foundations & supporting
structures,

John Deer Wind Farm, USA
69 kV horizontal mounting
550kV CB-mounted CT
550kV CB
550kV
COSI-CT
Integration of CT & VT in GIS
NCIT Advantages
Cost Savings (particularly at voltages above 200kV)
Compact and lightweight primary current and voltage transformers
Space-efficient, easily transportable
Digital Standard IEC 61850-9.2 - Interoperability

Interoperability between conventional CT/VTs, other vendors
supporting IEC 61850-9.2, and test equipment
Ease of integration in the Total Digital Substation.
Safety - Reliability - Availability

No explosion risk
No wired cross-site CT connection
Measurement Improvement
No saturation, no ferroresonance, accurate transient response
High bandwidth: Wide dynamic range for Protection short circuits,
whilst retaining accuracy for low-current Measurement
Process Bus - Some Benefits
Eliminate or reduce significantly the use of copper in

secondary circuits
Fibre optic replaces copper
Enhances operator safety
Eliminates EMI
Delinks data acquisition (currents, voltages) from

signal processing / algorithms
Potential for reduced shut-downs for refurbishment
Relays (algorithms) may be upgraded independent of

acquisition
Easier integration of sensors into smart grid solutions
http://www.alstom.com/grid/sas/

IEC 61850 Process Bus

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IEC 61850 Process Bus

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IEC 61850 Process Bus

IEDs for Process Bus

Digital Substations In Context

Extended IEC 61850 Interfaces

VSC Grid Connections

Cyber & Physical Security

STATCOM for Wind

Wide Area Protection & Control

Static Var Compensators

Generic Digital SS Architecture

1. Substation Control System (SCS)

Primary Eqpt with

APPS 2012 Stafford UK

IEDs for Process Bus