Chapter 11 - Properties of Solutions

I. Solution Composition
A. Because a mixture, unlike a chemical compound, has variable composition, the relative amounts of
substances in a solutions must be specified.
B. Defining Solution Content
i. General terms to describe solution content
1. dilute -

L b

2. concentrated ii. Precise definitions to describe solution content

1. Example:
A solution is prepared by mixing 1 .OO g ethanol (C2HsOH) with 100.0 g water to give a final volume
Calculate the molarity, mass percent, mole fraction, and molality of ethanol in this solution

h7 CWI-

2. Molarity (M) - moles per

I
Maw Percent (mlm)
grams of solute per 100 g of
solut~on

~ofrohtas
MI
Lita

Volume Percent (vhr)

mL of solute per 100 mL of

solut~on

MassNolurne Percent (I&)

grams of solute per 100 mL of
solut~on

---

I'arts per hundred (pph)

*loo
*---,&&,,,
Parts per million (pprn)

x 100

:
* rlaC
Parb per billion (ppb)

~-lP.rn*

' 'I
\

)m%

XI^

4. Mole Fraction (X) - ratio of the number of moles of a given component to the
total number of moles of a solution.
x

A solution is prepared by mixing 1.OO g ethanol (C2HsOH) with 100.0 g water to give a final volume
of 101 mL.Calculate the molarity, mass percent, mole fraction, and molality of ethanol in this solution

5. Molality (m) - Moles of solute per kilogram solvent

Why use molality instead of molarity? Volumes change with temperature (so molarity varies with
temperature). Molality is independent of temperature

6. Normality (N) equivalents per liter of solution

a. the number of equivalents depends on the reaction taking place
i. acid-base reactions - the equivalent mass of acid or bass that
can furnish or accept exactly 1 mole of protons

(m.

Normality
Molar Mass
Equivalent Mass

Acid or Base

Molarity vs. Normality

HCI
H2S04

NaOH

3 6 ~ d 6
f

~A
8

ii. redox reactions - the equivalent is defined as the quantity of

oxidizing or reducing agent that can accept 1 mole of electrons.

~ i / ~ i *

&AC~/.
-I

/'

~ 0-l
L 0.0/604fa soy
FP"Y/lI ,aloo
y CL~~.I

'Ibee
of I i

1. Example:

Since MnOd ion present in 1 mole of KMn04

consumes 5 moles of electrons, the equivalent mass is the
molar mass divided by 5.

fH
17s4hsy

lh

7j.u

+
s,

58ow

F/*---.

/mol H t q

.ygg

1m4%-4

-dm

1.23~40/1.~4
L
m L <&;*ln
+

--

~ 2 3 0 2

7. Example:
The electrolyte in automobile leid storage batteries is a 3.75 M sulfuric acid solution that has a density

Consider a solution

ed by mixing 10.0 g of methanol (CH30H, density o f the solution is 0.8?0

""5c
of water_ alculate the composition in terms of:

dmL)with 50-

-- -

l-o~ofiCU30 K
50.0 7 4 i - d t lo.0~
eH!6d

a.) mass %

c.)mole fraction

, , $&

ibus
I 0 . 0 c3ortx
~
~ 2 ~ 0 4 ~
,co

I %'

beg+

ihu1eu307

d.) lLiolality (rn)

e.) Molarity (M)

a#0%
ncu,os

(~O~OJHZ~

A. The extent to which a solute dissolves in a particular solvent depends upon:

i. the nature of solvent-solute particles and the interactions between them.
ii. Temperature of the solution
iii. Pressure (for gaseous solutes)
B. Factors Affecting Solubility
i. "like dissolves like"
1. Intermolecular Forces - two substances with similar intermolecular forces
(hydrogen bonding, dipole forces, London Dispersion) will be soluble in on
another.
2. Example: Pentane (CSH12) and hexane (C6H14)
a. What is the strongest intermolecular force between pentane and
hexane molecules?

--C-Ct

--'
-

Pentane: H-Bonding I Dipole Forces

Hexane: H-Bonding I Dipole Force

-C -6. Are hexane and pentane soluble in each

c. Which typeof@pmces w?
p e n p " ; : d z a n e be soluble?
Polar Solvents I onpolar Solvents
ii. Organic compounds which contain -OH (hydroxyl) functional groups tend to be
soluble in water.
1. Examples: Methanol, Ethanol and Ethylene Glycol
3

H-C-OH
Methyl Alcohol

H-c

-C-OH

Ethyl Alcohol

H-C

-C-H

Ethylene
-- Glycol

3. Hydrogen bonding is the principle intermolecular force holding each of the

above molecules together when in the liquid or solid state.
4. Each molecule is similar in structure to water, which explains the solubility
compatibility between the substances.
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'

(b bb

P-.
solubility decreases.

- Hydrophobic

--~-

,&sorbs

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C. Effect of Temperature on Solubility

Increasing the temperature of a solution increases the

solubility of the solute.
m'mo US grnDissolving a solid in a liquid is usually an endothermic
process; heat must be absorbed to break down the crystal
lattice of the solid.

iii. Saturated solution - saturation is the point at which a solution of a substance can
dissolve no more of that substance and additional amounts of that substance will
appear as a precipitate.
1. This point of maximum concentration, the saturation point, depends on the
temperature of the liquid as well as the chemical nature of the substances
involved.
2. Supersaturated solution - Cooling a saturated solution will result in that the
concentration is actually higher than the saturation point, the solution has
become supersaturated.

D. Effect of Pressure on Solubility

i. Pressure has a major effect on solubility only for gas-liquid systems.
ii. Henry's Law - At a constant temperature, the amount of a given gas dissolved in a
given type and volume of liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that
gas in equilibrium with that liquid.
Where:

s,
fi

-Sf
- -

p,

Cg= kPg

C, = concentration of a gas
P, = partial pressure of the gas
k = constant for a given gas-liquid system.

iv. Example
The solubility of pure nitrogen in blood at body temperature, 37 OC, and one atmosphere is 6.2 x
M.
If a diver breathes air (X,? = 0.78) at a depth where the total pressure is 2.5 atm, calculate the
concentration of nitrogen in her blood.
=
6 , x/dq&fi/
~

- s4++,c$=k P

c$]

~ . ' ~ y l ~ d hy

\+-

% k== d .2

/,OG~Y

p~

x-

- C ~ ~ / *A-d L
~ p /l U :

*-/I,%)L/~'P$-

)(

7,

x,

x/O'

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