Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1!
Why Multicast?!
Objective:!
Ecient one-to-many or many-to-many delivery of same data at
roughly the same time!
2!
Repetitive Unicast!
Easy to implement and deploy!
Doesnt scale to the size of the group.!
Bandwidth bottleneck at the sender or its link!
Sender has to keep track of every receivers join and leave.!
sender
receiver
receiver
receiver
3!
IP Multicast!
Ecient transmission!
Require router support!
Proposed in late 80s, implemented in most OS and
routers, some deployment and use in current networks,
especially intra-domain.!
sender
group address:
224.2.127.254
receiver
receiver
receiver
4!
IP Multicast Architecture!
service model
host-to-router protocol
(IGMP)
hosts
edge
routers
IP Multicast Addresses!
Class D IP addresses:!
! 1! 1!1!0!
group ID!
!
224.0.0.0239.255.255.255
!
7!
Receive!
IP Multicast in LAN!
Send!
UDP socket, use mcast address as the destination, enable/disable loopback to local host, specify TTL.!
01:00:5E:00:00:0001:00:5E:7F:FF:FF !
8!
Multicast Address!
An IP Multicast address is a logical group address!
Not tied to particular hosts or interfaces!
9!
IP Multicast Architecture!
service model
host-to-router protocol
(IGMP)
hosts
edge
routers
10!
11!
Q!
hosts:!
G"
G!
G"
G"
14!
IP Multicast Architecture!
service model
host-to-router protocol
(IGMP)
hosts
edge
routers
16!
Multicast Routing!
Objective build distribution trees
connecting LANs for multicast trac.!
The leaves of the distribution tree are the
subnets containing at least one group member
(report by IGMP)!
17!
z
t
a
19!
S
5
forward only
to child link
a
duplicate packet
child link of x
for S
6
y
a
z
z
b
b
20!
On timeout: !
Prune state dropped!
Flow is reinstated to allow flooding packets!
Downstream routers re-prune!
Note: this is a soft-state approach !
G
22!
G
23!
Pruning!
G
Prune (s,g)
S
Prune (s,g)
G
24!
Grafting!
G
G
G
Report (g)
Graft (s,g)
S
Graft (s,g)
G
25!
G
G
G
26!
DVMRP Evaluation!
Data-driven, simple and robust!
Failure mode!
fully distributed design, no single point of failure !
may deliver packets to unwanted places, but never fails to
deliver to all interested receivers!
28!
MOSPF Evaluation!
Membership driven!
get ready for data; idle trees?!
Failure mode!
Fully distributed; Data delivery reliability relies on
membership info distribution reliability!