Maths Extension 1 – Trigonometry

Trigonometry
 Trigonometric Ratios
 Exact Values & Triangles
 Trigonometric Identities
 ASTC Rule
 Trigonometric Graphs
 Sine & Cosine Rules
 Area of a Triangle
 Trigonometric Equations
 Sums and Differences of angles
 Double Angles
 Triple Angles
 Half Angles
 T – formula
 Subsidiary Angle formula
 General Solutions of Trigonometric Equations
 Radians
 Arcs, Sectors, Segments
 Trigonometric Limits
 Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions
 Integration of Trigonometric Functions
 Integration of sin2x and cos2x
 INVERSE TRIGNOMETRY
 Inverse Sin – Graph, Domain, Range, Properties
 Inverse Cos – Graph, Domain, Range, Properties
 Inverse Tan – Graph, Domain, Range, Properties
 Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
 Integration of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

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 Maths Extension 1 – Trigonometry

Trigonometric Ratios

θ
hypotenuse hypotenuse
opposite

adjacent
θ
adjacent opposite

opposite
Sine sin  = hypotenuse
adjacent
Cosine cos  = hypotenuse
opposite
Tangent tan  = adjacent
1 hypotenuse
Cosecant cosec  = sin 
= opposite
1 hypotenuse
Secant sec  = cos
= adjacent
1 adjacent
Cotangent cot  = tan 
= opposite

sin  = cos 90   

cos  = sin  90   

tan  = cot  90   

cosec  = sec 90   

sec  = cos ec 90   

cot  = tan  90   

60 seconds = 1 minute 60’’ = 1’

60 minutes = 1 degree 60’ = 1°

sin  cos
tan   cot  
cos sin 

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 Maths Extension 1 – Trigonometry

Exact Values & Triangles

30°

1
2 2
3

45° 60°
1 1

0° 30° 60° 45° 90° 180°

1
sin 0 1
2 2
3
2 1 0
cos 1 2
3 1
2
1
2 0 –1
1
tan 0 3 3 1 –– 0
cos e 2
–– 2 2 1 ––
c 3

sec 1
2
3 2 2 –– –1
1
cot –– 3 3 1 0 ––

Trigonometric Identities
sin 2   cos 2  =1
cos 
2
= 1  sin 2 
sin 2  = 1  cos 2 

1  cot 2  = cosec2 
cot 2  = cosec2  – 1
1 = cosec2  – cot 2 

tan 2   1= sec 2 
tan  =
2
sec 2   1
1 = sec 2   tan 2 

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 Maths Extension 1 – Trigonometry

ASTC Rule

90°
2nd Quadrant 1st Quadrant
S A
180° 0
360
3rd Quadrant T C 4th Quadrant

270°

First Quadrant: All positive

sin  sin  +
cos cos +
tan  tan  +

Second Quadrant: Sine positive

sin 180    sin  +
cos180    – cos –
tan 180    – tan  –

Third Quadrant: Tangent positive

sin 180    – sin  –
cos180    – cos –
tan 180    tan  +

Fourth Quadrant: Cosine positive

sin  360    – sin  –
cos 360    cos +
tan  360    – tan  –

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 Maths Extension 1 – Trigonometry

Trigonometric Graphs

Sine & Cosine Rules

Sine Rule:
a b c sin A sin B sin C
  OR  
sin A sin B sin C a b c

b c

C B
a

Cosine Rule:
a 2  b 2  c 2  2bc cos A

b c
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a
 Maths Extension 1 – Trigonometry

Area of a Triangle
A  12 ab sin C  C is the angle
 a & b are the two adjacent sides

b a

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 Maths Extension 1 – Trigonometry

Trigonometric Equations
 Check the domain eg. 0    360
 Check degrees ( 0    360 ) or radians ( 0    2 )
 If double angle, go 2 revolutions
 If triple angle, go 3 revolutions, etc…
 If half angles, go half or one revolution (safe side)

Example 1
Solve sin θ = 1
2 for 0    360
sin  = 12
 = 30°, 150°

Example 2
Solve cos 2θ = 1
2 for 0    360
cos 2 = 12
2 = 60°, 300°, 420°, 660°
 = 30°, 150°, 210°, 330°

Example 3
Solve tan 2 = 1 for 0    360
tan 2 = 1

2 = 45°, 225°
 = 90°

Example 4
sin 2  cos  0
2 sin  cos  cos =0
cos  2 sin   1 = 0

cos =0 sin  =  12
 = 90°,  = 210°,
270° 330°

Example 5
3 sin   cos 2  2

3 sin   1  2 sin 2   = –2

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 Maths Extension 1 – Trigonometry

2 sin 2   3 sin   1 =0
 2 sin   1 sin   1 =0

sin  =  12 sin  = –1
 = 210°,  = 270°
330°

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 Maths Extension 1 – Trigonometry

Sums and Differences of angles

sin     = sin  cos   cos sin 
sin      = sin  cos   cos sin 
cos     = cos  cos   sin  sin 
cos    = cos cos   sin  sin 
tan   tan 
tan     = 1  tan  tan 
tan   tan 
tan      = 1  tan  tan 

Double Angles
sin 2 = 2 sin  cos

cos 2 = cos2   sin 2 

= 1  2 sin 2 
= 2 cos 2   1

tan 2 2 tan 
= 1  2 tan 2 

sin 2  = 12 1  cos 2 
cos 2  = 12 1  cos 2 

Triple Angles
sin 3 = 3 sin   4 sin 3 
cos 3 = 4 cos3   3 cos
3 tan  tan 3 
tan 3 = 1  3 tan 2 

Half Angles
sin  = 2 sin 2 cos 2

cos = cos2 2  sin 2 2

= 1  2 sin 2 2
= 2 cos 2 2  1

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 Maths Extension 1 – Trigonometry

tan  2 tan 2
= 1  2 tan 2 2

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 Maths Extension 1 – Trigonometry

Deriving the Triple Angles

sin 3 = sin  2    _
= sin 2 cos  cos 2 sin  Normal double angle_
=  
2 sin  cos cos  1  2 sin 2  sin  Expand double angle_
= 2 sin  cos   sin   2 sin 
2 3
Multiply_
=  
2 sin  1  sin 2   sin   2 sin 3  Change sin 2   cos2   1
= 2 sin   2 sin   sin   2 sin 3 
3
_
= 3 sin   4 sin 3  Simplify_

cos 3 = cos 2   
= cos 2 cos  sin 2 sin 
=  2 cos2   1 cos  2 sin  cos sin 
= 2 cos3   cos  2 sin 2  cos
= 2 cos3   cos  21  cos2   cos
= 2 cos2   cos  2 cos  2 cos3 
= 4 cos3   3 cos

tan 3 = tan  2   
tan 2  tan 
= 1  tan 2 tan 
2 tan 
1 tan 2 
 tan 
=
1 2 tan  tan 
1 tan 2 
2 tan   tan   tan 3 
1 tan 2 
= 1 tan 2   2 tan 2 
1 tan 2 
3 tan   tan 3 
= 1  3 tan 2 

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 Maths Extension 1 – Trigonometry

T – Formulae
Let t = tan 2
2t
sin  = 1 t2
1 t2
cos = 1 t2
2t
tan  = 1 t2

sin  = 2 sin 2 cos 2 Using half angles

2 sin cos
2

2
_
= cos2   sin 2
Divide by “1”
2 2
sin 2   cos 2   1

2 sin 2 cos 2
cos 2 2
=
cos 2 2  sin 2 2
Divide top and bottom by
cos 2 2 cos 2 

2 tan 2
= 1  tan 2 2
2t
= 1 t2 cos ’ cancel; sin
cos becomes tan

cos = cos 2 2  sin 2 2 tan  sin 

= cos
cos2 2  sin 2 2
= cos 2 2  sin 2 2 2t
1 t 2
= 1 t 2
cos  sin
2
2
2
2 1 t 2
cos 2 2
=
cos 2 2  sin 2 2 =
2t
1 t2
cos 2 2

1  tan 2 2
= 1  tan 2 2
1 t2
= 1 t2

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 Maths Extension 1 – Trigonometry

Subsidiary Angle Formula

a sin x  b cos x = R (sin x cos x  cos x sin x)
= R sin x cos x  R cos x sin x

a = R cos x  a2 = R 2 cos 2 x
b = R sin x  b2 = R 2 sin 2 x
a 2  b2
sin 2 x  cos 2 x  1 = R2

b
R a 2  b2 tan  
a

a sin x  b cos x =C R sin( x   )

a sin x  b cos x =C R sin( x   )
a cos x  b sin x =C R cos( x   )
a cos x  b sin x =C R cos( x   )

Example 1
Find x. 3 sin x  cos x  1
1
R = 3 2
 12 tan  = 3
= 4  = 30°
=2

2 sin( x  30)=1
sin( x  30) = 12
x  30 = 30°, 150°
x = 60°, 180°

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 Maths Extension 1 – Trigonometry

General Solutions of Trigonometric Equations

sin   sin  Then   n  (1) n 

cos  cos Then   2n  

tan   tan  Then   n  

Radians
c = 180°
c
1° = 180

Arcs, Sectors, Segments

Arc Length
l = r l

θ r

Area of Sector
A = 12 r 2

θ r

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 Maths Extension 1 – Trigonometry

Area of Segment
A = 12 r 2   sin  
Segment

θ
r

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 Maths Extension 1 – Trigonometry

Trigonometric Limits
sin x tan x lim cos x
lim
x 0 x
= lim
x0 x
= x 0 =1

Differentiation of Trigonometric Functions

d
 sin x 
dx = cos x
d
 sin f ( x)
dx = f ' ( x) cos f ( x)

d
 sin(ax  b) 
dx = a cos(ax  b)

d
 cos x 
dx =  sin x

d
 cos f ( x)
dx =  f ' ( x ) sin f ( x )

d
 cos(ax  b) 
dx =  a sin( ax  b)

d
 tan x 
dx = sec 2 x

d
 tan f ( x)
dx = f ' ( x) sec 2 f ( x )

d
 tan(ax  b) 
dx = a sec 2 (ax  b)

d
sec x
dx = sec x. tan x

d
cos ecx
dx =  cot x. cos ecx

d
cot x
dx =  cos ec 2 x

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 Maths Extension 1 – Trigonometry

Integration of Trigonometric Functions

1
 cos ax dx = a
sin ax  c

1
 sin ax dx = 
a
cos ax  c

1
 sec dx = tan ax  c
2
ax
a

1  x
 a x2 2 dx = sin 1    c
a

1  x  x
 a x2 2 dx = cos 1    c __OR__  sin 1    c
a
  a

1 1  x
a 2
 x2
dx = a
tan 1    c
a

1
 cos ec dx =  cot ax  c
2
ax
a

1
 sec ax. tan ax dx = a
sec ax  c

 cos ecax. cot ax 1

=  cos ecax  c
dx a

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 Maths Extension 1 – Trigonometry

Integration of sin2x and cos2x

cos 2 x = 2 cos 2 x  1
cos 2 x  1 = 2 cos2 x
1
2
 cos 2 x  1 = cos 2 x
 cos x dx =   cos 2 x  1 dx
2 1
2

= 12  12 sin 2 x  x   C
= 14 sin 2 x  12 x  C

 cos
2
x dx = 14 sin 2 x  12 x  C

cos 2 x = 1  sin 2 x
2 sin 2 x = 1  cos 2 x
sin 2 x = 12 1  cos 2 x 
 sin dx =  1  cos 2 x  dx
2
x 1
2

= 12  x  12 sin 2 x   C
= 12 x  14 sin 2 x  C

 sin
2
x dx = 12 x  14 sin 2 x  C

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 Maths Extension 1 – Trigonometry

INVERSE TRIGNOMETRY
Inverse Sin – Graph, Domain, Range, Properties

y
1  x  1

2

x  
  y
-2 2 2 2

 2

sin 1 ( x )   sin 1 x

Inverse Cos – Graph, Domain, Range, Properties

y
1  x  1


 0 y 
2

x
-1 0 1

cos 1 (  x )    cos 1 x

Inverse Tan – Graph, Domain, Range, Properties

y
2

All real x
2

x  
  y
2 2

tan 1 (  x)   tan 1 x
 
2
-2
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Maths Extension 1 – Trigonometry

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 Maths Extension 1 – Trigonometry

Differentiation of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

d
dx

sin 1 x  =
1
1  x2

d
dx

sin 1 x
a
 =
1
a2  x2

d
dx

sin 1 f ( x )  =
f ' ( x)
1  [ f ( x )]2

d
dx

cos 1 x  = 
1
1  x2

d
dx

cos 1 x
a
 = 
1
a2  x2

d
dx

cos 1 f ( x)  = 
f ' ( x)
1  [ f ( x)]2

d

tan 1 x  =
1
dx 1  x2

d

tan 1 x
a
 =
a
dx a  x2
2

d

tan 1 f ( x)  =
f ' ( x)
dx a  [ f ( x)]2

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 Maths Extension 1 – Trigonometry

Integration of Inverse Trigonometric Functions

1  x
 a x2 2 dx = sin 1    c
a

1  x  x
 a x2 2 dx = cos 1    c __OR__  sin 1    c
a a

1 1  x
a 2
 x2
dx = a
tan 1    c
a

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