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Received 3 June 2004; received in revised form 25 May 2005; accepted 26 May 2005
Available online 15 July 2005
Abstract
In this research, an experimental test on a full-scale model of a steel and concrete composite plate girder with prefabricated slabs under
hogging moments was cautiously conducted and observed in order to study crack control. Details of prefabricated slab transverse joints were
determined from previous research. The test specimen was an overhanging simple support beam, in total 28 m long. Through the four-point
flexural test, the behaviour of the composite girder under hogging moments was observed. From the test results, crack development, crack
widths and strain of the composite section before and after cracking were observed. Initial cracking load and crack spacing were viewed
and the relations between crack spacing and transverse reinforcement spacing were studied. Moreover, the composite section behaviour of
the precast deck with loop joints was confirmed. Test results were analyzed by design equations in each code for crack control. The flexural
stiffness of the composite section after cracking is compared with that of the proposals in EUROCODE 4-2 and discussed.
2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Steel and concrete composite plate girder; Prefabricated slab; Loop joint; Hogging moment; Crack control; Crack width; Crack spacing; Flexural
stiffness of composite section; Eurocode 4-2
1. Introduction
Steel and concrete composite bridges are very attractive
solutions for short and medium span bridges. However, for
steel and concrete composite continuous bridges, when a
concrete slab is in tension and a lower flange of a steel
girder is in compression under hogging moments, there are
shortcomings in view of durability and strength. Especially,
concrete cracking affects the durability and service life
Corresponding address: Civil, Urban and Geo-system Engineering,
Seoul National University, San 56-1 Shinlim Dong, Kwanak Gu, 71100
Seoul, Republic of Korea. Tel.: +82 288 073 55; fax: +82 288 703 49.
E-mail addresses: ryu99@snu.ac.kr (H.-K. Ryu),
changsp@plaza.snu.ac.kr (S.-P. Chang), yjkim@kict.re.kr (Y.-J. Kim),
bskim@kict.re.kr (B.-S. Kim).
1 Also at: Korean Earthquake Engineering Research Center, Seoul
National University, San 56-1 Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742,
Republic of Korea.
2 Also at: Department of Civil Engineering, Seoul National University,
San 56-1 Shinlim-Dong, Kwanak-Gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea.
0141-0296/$ - see front matter 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2005.05.015
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(c) Elevation.
Fig. 1. Test specimen.
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320
240
400
500650
410520
520
Table 2
Compressive strength of concrete and mortar (MPa)
Precast concretea
Transverse jointb
Shear connectionb
Strength (MPa)
Note
36
57
43
28 days
Loading time
Loading time
(1)
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the analysis was compared with the test results (Fig. 8). It is
worth noting that, in the elastic range, the stiffness of the slab
in hogging moment regions can be included in the flexural
stiffness of the composite section. In the serviceability limit
state, an uncracked section could be assumed for the flexural
stiffness of composite sections.
3.2. Cracking
Psh
1.
Pcp
(2)
Psh can be calculated using Eq. (1) over the shear spans,
and Pcp is the horizontal force of the concrete slabs or steel
girders at the full sectional plastic moment.
In the test specimen, the degree of shear connection was
estimated to be higher than unity according to Eq. (2), and
then in the test, maximum slips were measured at 0.06 mm
until 80% of maximum load (Fig. 6). It is considered that the
experimental slips monitored during the tests were scattered
due to the very low values measured. From this result, it
is considered that the shear connection would not reach
the ultimate load state [7], thus the test specimen could
be assumed as the full composite section until the ultimate
state.
To be compared with the test results, elastic analyses
were carried out with a 3-D finite element model (Fig. 7)
by the commercial finite element code, ABAQUS v6.3. The
concrete slab and the steel girder were modeled with 8-node
shell elements. The slab and the plate girder were connected
by beam elements to describe the shear connection. The
number of finite element in which the test specimen was
divided was 3024 in total. From the analysis, the flexural
stiffness of the composite section could be evaluated, and
variation of the flexural stiffness with increasing load in the
test could be compared with results of the finite element
analysis.
During the static test in the elastic range of loading,
the flexural stiffness of the composite girder showed linear
elastic behaviour. Deflection of the end of the girder from
1
1+
hc
2z 0
(1 + s n 0 )
(3)
where s = As /Act
Act is the area of the tensile zone immediately prior to
cracking of the cross section (for simplicity the area of the
concrete section within the effective width should be used),
As is the area of reinforcement steel within the effective
width,
fctm is the mean tensile strength of concrete,
h c is the depth of the concrete slab,
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Table 3
Cracking load (kN) and crack spacing (mm)
Cracking load
(cal.)
Cracking load
(test)
Ratio
(test/cal.)
Minimum crack
spacing
Maximum crack
spacing
Average crack
spacing
Average tr-re-bar
spacinga
405
340
0.84
77
280
165
173
divide the first and second stages, the initial cracking load
should be considered, which can be evaluated from Eq. (3).
Also, the moment at the beginning of the stabilized crack
formation should be evaluated to define the level of crack
stabilizing. The bending moment, Mcr,ts , at the beginning of
the stabilized crack formation can be calculated using the
following equation,
Mcr,ts = [Ns,cr Ns,ts ]
I2
As z 2
(4)
(5)
f ctm As
s st
E a Ia
1
Ns a
M
(6)
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(7)
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(a) Section A.
(b) Section B.
(c) Section C.
(d) Section D.
(e) Section E.
Fig. 13. Momentcurvature curve.
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Acknowledgement
Fig. 16. Momentcrack width curve.
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20114.
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[12] AASHTO. LRFD Bridge Design Specifications.SI units, 2nd ed.1998.