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SECONDDIVISION

[G.R.No.11151719.July31,1996]

THEPEOPLEOFTHEPHILIPPINES,plaintiffappellee,vs.ROGERAUSTRIA
YNAVARROaliasBERNIE,accusedappellant.
DECISION
ROMERO,J.:

AppellantRogerNavarroAustriawaschargedwiththecrimesofFrustratedMurderinthree
separateinformationsfiledwiththeRegionalTrialCourtofLingayen,Pangasinan,towit:
INFORMATION
TheundersignedherebyaccusesROGERN.AUSTRIA@BernieofthecrimeofFRUSTRATED
MURDER,committedasfollows:
Thatonoraboutthe25thdayofSeptember1989,inthemorning,inbarangayDomalandanWest,
municipalityofLingayen,provinceofPangasinan,NewRepublicofthePhilippinesandwithinthe
jurisdictionofthisHonorableCourt,theabovenamedaccusedarmedwithabladedweapon,withintent
tokill,withtreacheryandtakingadvantageofhissuperiorstrength,didthenandtherewilfully,
unlawfullyandfeloniouslyassaultandstabMyleneSamsoninherdwelling,inflictinguponherthe
followinginjuries:
Stabwound2cm.midepigastricareapenetratingperforatingleftlobeliver.
Stabwound2cm.lefthypochondriacareawithomentalavisceration,penetratinglaceratingthebodyof
pancreas,
theaccusedhavingthusperformedalltheactsofexecutionwhichwouldhaveproducedthecrimeof
Murderasaconsequencebutwhich,nevertheless,didnotproducebyreasonofcausesindependentof
thewilloftheaccused,thatis,thetimelymedicalassistancerenderedtosaidMyleneSamsonwhich
preventedherdeath,toherdamageandprejudice.
ContrarytoArt.248inrelationtoArt.6oftheRevisedPenalCode.
Lingayen,Pangasinan,November20,1989.[1]
xx
INFORMATION
TheundersignedherebyaccusesROGERAUSTRIAyNavarro@BernieofthecrimeofMURDER,
committedasfollows:
Thatonorabout1:00oclockinthemorningofSeptember25,1989,atbarangayDomalandanWest,
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municipalityofLingayen,provinceofPangasinan,NewRepublicofthePhilippinesandwithinthe
jurisdictionofthisHonorableCourt,theabovenamedaccused,armedwithapointedsharpbladed
weapon,withintenttokill,withtreachery,evidentpremeditationandtakingadvantageofsuperior
strength,didthenandtherewilfully,unlawfullyandfeloniouslystabMyrnaC.Samson,inflictingupon
herthefollowinginjuries:
ThoracicCage:
Neckstabwound1inchwide1inchdeep,left,side.
Shoulderstabwound1inchwide,thru&thrulateralthird,right.
Chestpresenceofmultiplestabwounds,nine(9)innumberof
samesizes,1inchwide,butdifferentdepthsofpenetration.
Abdomenstabwound1inchwide,7inchesdepth1/2inchawayfrom
thenavelrightside.
stabwound1inchwide,5inchesindepth,aboveeliacchest
leftside.
Extremities:
Upperstabwound1inchwide,threeinchesdeep,middleportion
ofarm,lateralsideleft.
incisedwound2incheslong,one(1)inchbelowcubital
fosealeftforearm.
incisedwound2incheslong,lateralsidearm,right.
incisedwound2incheslongpalm,left.
whichcausedherdeathasaconsequence,tothedamageandprejudiceofherheirs.
ContrarytoArt.248oftheRevisedPenalCode.
Lingayen,Pangasinan,November20,1989.[2]
xx
INFORMATION
TheundersignedherebyaccusesROGERAUSTRIAaliasBernieofthecrimeofMURDER,
committedasfollows:
ThatonoraboutSeptember25,1989inbarangayDomalandanWest,municipalityofLingayen,province
ofPangasinan,NewRepublicofthePhilippinesandwithinjurisdictionofthisHonorableCourt,the
abovenamedaccusedarmedwithabalisong,withintenttokillandbymeansoftreacheryandwith
abuseofsuperiorstrengthdidthenandtherewilfully,unlawfullyandfeloniouslyassaultandstabTyrone
Samsoninflictinguponhimthefollowinginjuries:
CHEST:
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stabwound1inchwide,1/2inchdeep,manubruimsterne,
stabwound1inchwide,1/2inchdeepjustabovetherightareola,
stabwound1inchwide,1/2inchdeep,levelofthe4thKSmidaxillaryline,right
side.
BACK:
presenceofmultiplestabwounds,seventeen(17)innumberwithuniformwidth,
(1inchwide)butdifferentdepthragingfrom1/2inchtonine(9)inches.
UPPEREXTREMITY:
stabwound,1inchwide,1inchdeeparm,right.
LOWEREXTREMITY:
stabwound1inchwide,21/2inchdeeplateralside,thighright,
stabwound1inchwide,3inchesdeeplateralside,thigh,left.
stabwound1inchwide,7inchesdeepbelowthetipofscapula,rightpenetrating
thelowerlobeofrightlung
stabwound1inchwide,8inchesdeeplevelofthe6thentercostalspace,posterior
axillaryline,leftside,penetratingthelowerlobeofleftlung
stabwound,1inchwide,9inchesdeep,levelofthe7thentercostalspace,
posterioraxillaryline,leftside,penetratingtheinferiorlobeofleftlung.
whichinjuriesdirectlycausedhisdeathtothedamageandprejudiceofhisheirs.
ContrarytoArt.248oftheRevisedPenalCode.
Lingayen,Pangasinan,November20,1989.[3]
AppellantpleadednotguiltytoeachofthecrimeschargedintheforegoingInformations.
ThethreecasesweretriedjointlyandonJune14,1993,thetrialcourtrenderedadecision,the
dispositiveportionofwhichstates:
WHEREFORE,theaccused,RogerAustriayNavarro,aliasBernie,isherebyfoundguiltybeyond
reasonabledoubtofthethree(3)crimesofMurderontwo(2)counts,definedandpenalizedunder
Article248oftheRevisedPenalCodeunderCriminalCaseNos.L4168andL4189,and,under
CriminalCaseNo.L4166,ofFrustratedMurder,definedandpenalizedunderArticle248inrelationto
Article6oftheRevisedPenalCode,andheisherebysentencedtosufferthefollowingpenalties:
UnderCriminalCasesNos.L4168andL4169,imprisonmentofdoublereclusionperpetuaand
UnderCriminalCaseNo.L4166,Four(4)YearsandSix(6)MonthsofprisioncorreccionaltoSixteen
(16)YearsandSix(6)Monthsofprisionmayor
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Andunderthesaidthree(3)cases,toindemnifytheheirsofMyrnadelaCruzSamsonintheamountof
P50,000.00,andtheheirsofTyroneSamsoninthesameamountofP50,000.00,andMyleneSamsonin
theamountofP40,000.00.
Andtopaycosts.
SOORDERED.[4]
Theprosecutionsversionoftheeventsleadingtoappellantsconvictionisasfollows:
On September 25, 1989, between 12:00 midnight and 1:00 in the morning, Myrna dela
Cruz Samson and six of her seven children namely, victim Mylene, Mary Ann, Melanie, Myra
Liza, Teddy and victim Tyrone were fast asleep in their house located at Barangay
Domalandan,Lingayen,Pangasinan.MyrnaandhersonsTyroneandTeddy,weresleepingin
oneroomwhileMyrnasdaughtersweresleepinginanotherbedroom.
Appellant, who was the Samsons next door neighbor, suddenly entered their house,
without their knowledge and consent, and proceeded to the room where Myrna and her two
sons were sleeping. He stabbed Myrna and Tyrone with a balisong several times. The
victims managed to run away but appellant chased them, continuing with the stabbing until
MyrnafelldeadbythestairsandTyroneinfrontofthealtar,inthevacantthirdbedroom.
While the stabbing was going on, Myrnas 12year old daughter Mylene woke up and
peepedthroughanopeningoftheirbedroomsdoorwhichwasadjacenttothebedroomofher
mother.Shesawappellantstabbinghermotherfirst,thenherbrotherTyrone.Whenappellant
noticedherpeeping,hewentafterherandlikewisestabbedherseveraltimesinsidetheroom.
Thereafter,heleftthehousethroughthekitchendoor.
GuadalupedelaCruz,motherofMyrna,wasawakenedfromhersleepbythecommotion
andmoaninginherdaughtershouse,whichwasonlyaboutfive(5)metersawayfromherown
house.Sherushedtothevictimshouseandopenedthedoor.Uponenteringthehouse,she
sawherdaughterMyrnasprawleddeadonthefloor.Thereupon,sherushedtothekitchenand
sawappellantrunningawaywithabalisong.ShelookedforhergrandsonTyroneandfound
him also sprawled dead on the floor while her granddaughter Mylene was in a room, already
weakbecauseofherstabwounds.
GuadalupedelaCruzcalledforthebarangaycaptain,informedhimofwhattranspiredand
requested him to report the incident to the police of Lingayen, Pangasinan. Mylene was
broughttothePangasinanGeneralHospitalinDagupanCityfortreatmentofherstabwounds
whilethebodiesofMyrnaandhersonTyronewerebroughttotheFunerariadeGuzman.
Dr. Noel Manaois examined Mylene and found two (2) stab wounds, both of which were
deepandcouldhavecausedherdeathwereitnotforthetimelymedicalattentiongiven.
Dr. Jose S. Rosario, Municipal Health officer of Lingayen, conducted autopsies on the
bodies,preparedtheautopsyreportsanddescribedtheinjuriessufferedbythevictims.
Onhispart,appellantdeniedhavingkilledMyrnaSamsonandhersonTyroneSamsonand
deniedattemptingtokillMyleneSamson.[5]Heclaimedthathehadnopriormisunderstanding
withMyrnaSamsonorherhusbandorherchildren.[6]
Appellant sought to establish the defense of insanity by presenting Dr. Constantine D.
Della,apsychiatristatBaguioGeneralHospital,whoexaminedandtreatedappellantonApril
23,1991andwhoissuedaPsychiatricEvaluationdatedNovember14,1991statingthat:
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Inviewoftheforegoinghistory,examinations,interviews,andobservations,thepatientRogerN.
AustriaisfoundtobesufferingfromalongstandingillnessclassifiedasSchizophrenicPsychosis,
Paranoidtype.Thisismanifestedbythepatientasfollows:(1)deteriorationinareasofwork,social
relations,andpersonalhygiene(2)auditoryhallucinations(3)incoherenceandirrelevance(4)talking
byhimself(5)delusionsofgranduer(6)delusionofpersecution(7)poorimpulsecontrol,judgment,
andinsight(8)walkingaimlessly(9)failuretosleepwelland(10)violentanddestructivebehavior.[7]
The trial court, however, found that appellant was sane when he committed the crimes
chargedandforthwithconvictedhim.
Beforeusnowonappeal,appellantassignsthefollowingerrors:
I

THECOURTAQUOERREDINNOTGIVINGPROBATIVEWEIGHTTOTHETESTIMONYOF
ANDPSYCHIATRICEVALUATIONBYDR.CONSTANTINED.DELLAFINDINGTHE
ACCUSEDROGERAUSTRIATOBELABORINGFROMALONGSTANDINGMENTAL
ILLNESSCLASSIFIEDASSCHIZOPHRENICPSYCHOSIS,PARANOIDTYPE.
II

THECOURTAQUOERREDINAPPRECIATINGTHEAGGRAVATINGCIRCUMSTANCESOF
TREACHERYANDABUSED(SIC)OFSUPERIORSTRENGTHAGAINSTTHEACCUSEDAND
CONSEQUENTLYINSENTENCINGTHEACCUSEDOFDOUBLERECLUSIONPERPETUAIN
CRIMINALCASESNOS.L4168ANDL4169ANDINCRIMINALCASENO.L4166FORFOUR
(4)YEARSANDSIX(6)MONTHSOFPRISIONCORRECCIONALTOSIXTEEN(16)YEARSAND
SIX(6)MONTHSOFPRISIONMAYOR.
Inamplificationofhisfirstassignmentoferror,appellantcontendsthathewasfirstadmitted
toaMentalHospitalin1972,diagnosedwithSchizophrenicPsychosis,Paranoidtypeandwas
confinedthereinforaboutamonththesecondtimein1977forthreeweeks,thethirdtimein
1988foraboutamonth,andthelasttimeonApril8,1991.[8]
Accordingly,appellantargues,thetrialcourterredinpresumingthathewasmentallystable
since being released from confinement, as it was only the schizophrenic manifestations that
disappearednotthediseaseitself.
Themainissuepresentedbeforeusiswhetherornottheaccusedwasinsaneatthetime
ofthecommissionofthecrime,aswouldexempthimfromcriminalliability.Theanswerand
resultantdecision,therefore,hingesonthemeaningofinsanity.
ForapersontobeadjudgedinsaneunderArt.12oftheRevisedPenalCode,hemustbe
deprivedcompletelyofreasonordiscernmentandfreedomofthewillatthetimeofcommitting
thecrime.[9]
On various occasions, this court has also declared that insanity exists when there is
complete deprivation of intelligence in committing the act, that is, the accused is deprived of
reason,heactswithouttheleastdiscernmentbecausethereiscompleteabsenceofthepower
to discern, or that there is total deprivation of freedom of the will. Mere abnormality of the
mentalfacultieswillnotexcludeimputability.[10]
Section 1039 of the Revised Administrative Code defines insanity as a manifestation in
languageorconductofdiseaseordefectofthebrain,oramoreorlesspermanentlydiseased
ordisorderedconditionofthementality,functionalororganic,andcharacterizedbyperversion,
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inhibition,ordisorderedfunctionofthesensoryoroftheintellectualfaculties,orbyimpairedor
disorderedvolition.
However, there is a vast difference between an insane person and one who has worked
himselfupintosuchafrenzyofangerthathefailstousereasonorgoodjudgmentinwhathe
does.[11]
Inthepresentcase,theaccusedhadbeentreatedbeforeforschizophrenia,paranoidtype.
Schizophrenia is defined as a chronic mental disorder characterized by inability to
distinguish between fantasy and reality, and often accompanied by hallucinations and
delusions.[12](underscoringsupplied)
AParanoidTypeSchizophreniaisdescribedasfollows:
Frequentlytheprepsychoticpersonalityoftheparanoidschizophrenicischaracterizedbypoor
interpersonalrapport.Oftenheiscold,withdrawn,distrustful,andresentfulofotherpersons.Manyare
truculent,haveachipontheshoulderattitude,andareargumentative,scornful,sarcastic,defiant,
resentfulofsuggestionsorofauthority,andgiventocausticremarks.Sometimesflippant,facetious
responsescoveranunderlyinghostility.
xxx.Thepatientspreviousnegativeattitudesbecomemoremarked,andmisinterpretationsare
common.Ideasofreferenceareamongthefirstsymptoms.Disordersofassociationappear.Many
patientsshowanunpleasantemotionalaggressiveness.Throughdisplacement,thepatientmaybeginto
actouthishostileimpulses.Hisgriponrealitybeginstoloosen.Atfirsthisdelusionsarelimited,but
latertheybecomenumerousandchangeablexxx.Delusionsofpersecutionarethemostprominent
occurrencesinparanoidschizophrenia,butexpansiveandobviouslywishfulfillingideasand
hypochondriacalanddepressivedelusionsarenotuncommon.Withincreasingpersonality
disorganization,delusionalbeliefsbecomelesslogical.Verbalexpressionsmaybeinappropriateand
neologistic.Thepatientissubjectedtovaguemagicalforces,andhisexplanationsbecomeextremely
vagueandirrational.Imaginativefantasymaybecomeextremebuttakeonthevalueofreality.
Repressedaggressivetendenciesmaybereleasedinamajoroutburstsomeinarticulateparanoidsmay
manifestanunpredictableassaultiveness.Manyparanoidschizophrenicsareirritable,discontented,
resentful,andangrilysuspiciousandshowasurlyaversiontobeinginterviewed.Somemanifestan
unapproachable,aggressivelyhostileattitudeandmayliveinabitteraloofness.[13]
Doesschizophreniathereforefallundertherecognizeddefinitionsofinsanitywhichwould
qualifyitasanexemptingcircumstance?Itdepends.
Wehavestatedthatwheninsanityofthedefendantisallegedasagroundofdefenseor
reasonforhisexemptionfromresponsibility,theevidenceonthispointmustrefertothetime
precedingtoactunderprosecutionorattheverymomentofitsexecution.Insuchcase,itis
incumbentupondefendantscounseltoprovethathisclientwasnotinhisrightmindorthathe
actedundertheinfluenceofasuddenattackofinsanityorthathewasgenerallyregardedas
insanewhenheexecutedtheactattributedtohim.[14]Inordertoascertainapersonsmental
condition at the time of the act, it is permissible to receive evidence of his mental condition
duringareasonableperiodbeforeandafter.Directtestimonyisnotrequirednorarespecific
actsofdisagreementessentialtoestablishinsanityasadefense.Apersonsmindcanonlybe
plumbedorfathomedbyexternalacts.Thereby his thoughts, motives and emotions may be
evaluatedtodeterminewhetherhisexternalactsconformtothoseofpeopleofsoundmind.To
proveinsanity,clearandconvincingcircumstantialevidencewouldsuffice.[15]
Under presentday American jurisprudence, the states have a variety of rules regarding
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who hears the burden of proof in insanity defense cases. Many states and the federal
government have placed the burden on the defendant to prove legal insanity by a
preponderanceofevidence.Thisisnowthemajorityrule.[16]
InPeoplev.Rafanan,[17]thedefenseofinsanityduetoschizophreniawasrejectedbythe
Courtastheevidencepresentedshowedthatiftherewasimpairmentofthementalfaculties,
such impairment was not so complete as to deprive the accused of intelligence or the
consciousnessofhisacts.Thus,accusedRafananwaschargedwithrapeandtheprosecution
wasabletoprovethathewasawareofthereprehensiblemoralqualityofthesexualassault.
In other words, there was no complete loss of intelligence that would have entitled the
accusedtotheexemptingcircumstanceofinsanity.
Likewise, in the earlier case of Peoplev.Puno,[18] this Court held that the accused Puno
was not legally insane when he killed his victim because he was not completely deprived of
reasonorwill.Itwasthetestimonyofthethreepsychiatristspresentedbythedefensetothe
effectthatPunoactedwithdiscernmentthatultimatelyledtohisconviction.
In the instant case, Dr. Della testified during crossexamination that appellants long
standingillnesscannotbecuredbymedication.
PROS.BUGARIN:
Q.Withthiskindofmentalillness,Doctor,yourfindingswouldshowthatwiththeproperapplication
ofmedicines,thepatientwillbecured?
A.Theadmissionwillnotprovidecure,butonlyimprovementofthepatient.Itislikeadiabetes.
Themedicationswillonlycontrolthesicknessbutwillnotactuallyeradicatethedisease.[19]

He also testified that when the crimes occurred, appellant was suffering auditory
hallucinationsandhavingarelapse.[20]
Evidence of the accuseds mental and emotional state prior to the commission of the
crimesiscontainedinthePsychiatricEvaluationpreparedbyDr.Della:
InSeptember1989,Rogerwasbehavingunusuallyagain.Theauditoryhallucinationsrecurredthis
timehewashearingthedevilspeakingtohim,hewasunabletosleepwellatnightandhewalked
aimlessly.Oneweeklater,onSeptember24,1989,afterhavingbeenintoxicatedbytenbottlesofbeer
hewassuddenlyoverpoweredbytheurgetohavesexualintercoursewithMyrna.Inthedarknessofthe
night,hewenttoMyrnashousetofindherandherchildrenfastasleep.She(sic)forcedherintohaving
sexwithhimbutMyrnavehementlyresisted.Inthatmomentofrejection,Rogerrememberedhaving
beenorderedbyvoicescomingfromtheenvironmenttokillMyrna,heimmediatelytookholdofaknife
andstabbedMyrnatodeath.Myrnastwochildrenwhowitnessedthecrimecriedfrantically.Again,the
voicescommandedRogertokillbothchildren.Hesucceededinkillingonebuttheother,while
sustainingseveralwounds,survived.Inhisfrenzy,heinadvertentlylaceratedhisrightpalm.Afterthe
attack,hehurriedhome.(PsychiatricEvaluation,Re:RogerN.Austria,p.3).
The Court is convinced that the testimonial and documentary evidence marshalled in this
casebyacknowledgedmedicalexpertshavesufficientlyestablishedthefactthatappellantwas
legally insane at the time he committed the crimes. His previous confinements, as early as
1972,hiserraticbehaviourbeforetheassaultsandDr.Dellastestimonythathewashavinga
relapse all point to a man deprived of complete freedom of will or a lack of reason and
discernmentthatshouldthusexempthimfromcriminalliability.However,heisstillcivillyliable
underArticle101oftheRevisedPenalCodewhichstates:
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ART.101.Rulesregardingcivilliabilityincertaincases.Theexemptionfromcriminalliability
establishedinsubdivisions1,2,3,5and6ofArticle12andinsubdivision4ofArticle11ofthisCode
doesnotincludeexemptionfromcivilliability,whichshallbeenforcedsubjecttothefollowingrules:
First.Incasesofsubdivisions1,2,and3ofarticle12,thecivilliabilityforactscommittedbyan
imbecileorinsaneperson,andbyapersonundernineyearsofage,orbyoneoverninebutunderfifteen
yearsofage,whohasactedwithoutdiscernment,shalldevolveuponthosehavingsuchpersonunder
theirlegalauthorityorcontrol,unlessitappearsthattherewasnofaultornegligenceontheirpart.
Shouldtherebenopersonhavingsuchinsane,imbecileorminorunderhisauthority,legalguardianship,
orcontrolorifsuchpersonbeinsolvent,saidinsane,imbecile,orminorshallrespondwiththeirown
property,exceptingpropertyexemptfromexecution,inaccordancewiththecivillaw.
Second.Incasefallingwithsubdivision4ofarticle11,thepersonforwhosebenefittheharmhasbeen
preventedshallbecivillyliableinproportiontothebenefitwhichtheymayhavereceived.
Thecourtsshalldetermine,intheirsounddiscretion,theproportionateamountforwhicheachoneshall
beliable.
Whentherespectivesharescannotbeequitablydetermined,evenapproximately,orwhentheliability
alsoattachestotheGovernment,ortothemajorityoftheinhabitantsofthetown,and,inallevents
wheneverthedamagehasbeencausedwiththeconsentoftheauthoritiesortheiragents,indemnification
shallbemadeinthemannerprescribedbyspeciallawsorregulations.
Third.Incasesfallingwithinsubdivisions5and6ofarticle12,thepersonsusingviolenceorcausingthe
fearshallbeprimarilyliableandsecondarily,or,iftherebenosuchpersons,thosedoingtheactshallbe
liable,savingalwaystothelatterthatpartoftheirpropertyexemptfromexecution.
Thus,followingtheaboveprovision,theaccusedmustmakeindemnificationtotheheirsof
his victims, Myrna C. Samson and Tyrone Samson and to the victim who survived, Mylene
Samson,inthefollowingamounts:
1.P50,000.00totheheirsofMyrnadelaCruzSamson
2.P50,000.00totheheirsofTyroneSamsonand
3.P40,000.00toMyleneSamson.

Finally, since appellant is not criminally responsible, the aggravating circumstances of


treacheryandabuseofsuperiorstrengtharenotapplicableeither.Fortheaboveaggravating
circumstances to be appreciated, it must be shown that appellant consciously adopted the
sameasamodeofattackagainsthisvictimstoinsureitscommissionwithoutrisktohimself.[21]
Thisisnotthecaseatbar.
WHEREFORE, the Court ACQUITS appellant Roger Austria of the crimes of Murder and
Frustrated Murder by reason of insanity and he is ordered confined at the National Mental
Hospitalfortreatmentuntilfurthernotice.TheCourtfurtherordersappellanttoindemnifythe
heirsofMyrnadelaCruzSamsonintheamountofP50,000.00,theheirsofTyroneSamsonin
thesameamountofP50,000.00,andMyleneSamsonintheamountofP40,000.00.
SOORDERED.
Regalado,(Chairman),Puno,Mendoza,andTorres,Jr.,JJ.,concur.
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[1]Rollo,p.7.
[2]Rollo,pp.89.
[3]Rollo,pp.1011.
[4]Rollo,p.26.
[5]TSN,January30,1992,p.9.
[6]TSN,p.23.
[7]AppellantsBrief,p.12Rollo,p.42.
[8]TSN,April22,1992,pp.1112.
[9]Peoplev.Formigones,87Phil.658,660.
[10]Peoplev. Ambre, G. R. No. 52688, October 17, 1980 People v. Renegado, 57 SCRA 275 (1974) People v.

Cruz,109Phil.288.
[11]U.S.v.Vaquilar,27Phil.89,91.
[12]EncyclopediaandDictionaryofMedicineandNursing,MillerKeane,p.860.
[13]NoyesModernClinicalPsychiatry,SeventhEdition,pp.380381.
[14]US.v.JoseGuevarra,27Phil.547.
[15]Peoplev.Bonoan,64Phil.87Peoplev.Renegado,57SCRA275(1974).
[16]ClinicalHandbookofPsychiatryandtheLaw,PaulS.ApplebornandThomasG.Gutheil(1982).
[17]204SCRA65(1991).
[18]105SCRA151(1981).
[19]TSN,April22,1992,pp.1213.
[20]TSN,April22,1992,pp.3536.
[21]Peoplev.Tumaob,83Phil.738.

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