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Annual Report
200809

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Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute
Jhansi 284 003

Citation
Editors

: IGFRI, 2009. Annual Report 200809

Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi
: Dr A.K. Roy
Dr K.C. Pandey
Dr P.K. Pathak
Dr S.K. Mahanta
Dr Arvind Kumar Rai
Dr S.K. Rai
Shri R.B. Bhaskar
Shri A.K. Saxena
Shri Shailendra Sinha

Weather Report

: Dr S.K. Rai
Shri Pradeep Behari

Photography
Cover Design

: Ashok Kumar Singh

: Xpedite Computer Systems

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Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute
Jhansi-284 003 (Uttar Pradesh)
: +91 510 2730666
: +91 510 2730833
: http://igfri.ernet.in
: igfri@igfri.ernet.in

Cover page
Inside cover page
Inside back cover page
Back cover page

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: Shri V.K. Bharti

Shri Ashok Shastri

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Glimpses of IGFRI Research

Livestock Production
Bulletins published by Institute
Extension Activities

Preface
The horizon of IGFRI is expanding rapidly in the process of unraveling the secrets of
fodder cultivation with the advent of technology. Striking a balance in conducting
integrated research connecting all relevant fronts of fodder research is of prime concern
in the management adopted by the Institute thus giving big hand to multidisciplinary
research projects. Rapid strides were made in seed production, development of
infrastructure, and creation of water harvesting and storage facilities. Concerted efforts
led to significant and positive growth of the Institute that included notification of some
important varieties particularly of perennial grasses during the period under report and
registering of nine novel germplasm with NBPGR. Likewise the recognition of the
commitment of the research personnel is evident from a number of projects funded by
several agencies like Ministry of Forests and Environment, Department of Biotechnology, AICRPDA, Department
of Animal Husbandry, G.B. Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment Department, Himachal Pradesh Forest
Sector Reforms Project, Uttar Pradesh Council of Agricultural Research etc. We mention with a sense of gratitude
and achievement that the Department of Biotechnology came forward to fund our research considering the fact
of low genetic base in major forage crops with an outlay of more than five crores of rupees to facilitate exploitation
of the improved genetic base under the project Network Programme on Forage Biotechnology. Another feather
in the cap is a recognizable forward leap in publication activity both in quantitative and qualitative terms with a
total of 76 publications including both international and national journals compared to low numbers reported
during yesteryears.
IGFRI is one of the front running institutes in Human Resource Development to organize massive off-campus
training by the NAARM for all categories of its staff at Jhansi. During the year, 43% of total staff of IGFRI (in
total 84% during last three years) has been trained in relevant fields. It is worth mentioning that special emphasis
was placed on training of SSG of IGFRI for personality development and allied fields, which brought about
perceptible attitudinal change. Similarly, administrative, finance and technical staff were given relevant training
by NAARM again in an off-campus mode. Besides receiving training, IGFRI also imparted in-house training to
various State agencies and user groups at the Institute.
This period is expected to be different from the previous ones since IGFRI received a great support during
this period from ICAR in the form of scientific personnel recruited for strengthening the research base. This
step certainly widened the scope of the Institute to plan and execute need based and highly focused research
projects in all domains of fodder research. Sincere efforts are made to present this Annual Report as a source of
information, of all fronts of fodder research specific to varied situations prevailing in India, for planners,
researchers, persons involved in extension and education. With high levels of confidence it can be said, Wherever
is fodder, there is IGFRI, anywhere in India.
I am highly grateful and indebted for the guidance and support given from time to time by Dr Mangala Rai,
Secretary, DARE and Director General, ICAR; Dr Swapan Kumar Dutta, Deputy Director General (Crop
Science), Dr S.P. Tiwari, Deputy Director General (Education and Crop Science), Dr P.L. Gautam, Ex-Deputy
Director General (Crop Science). The support received from all staff of Crop Science Division is gratefully
acknowledged.
I am indebted to the members of various functional committees especially the Research Advisory Committee
headed by Dr R.M. Singh and the Institute Management Committee, Institute Research Council and Project

Monitoring and Evaluation Committee, which collectively provided the rudder to the Institute in planning and
implementing new initiatives of research, its monitoring, evaluation and refining, from time to time.
Any success is the result of group effort and team spirit. It is my pleasure to thank all heads of divisions,
Project Coordinator AICRP(FC), scientific, technical, administrative and supporting staff for their timely
assistance and contribution in all matters of management of the Institute. My special thanks are always due to
the Chairman, Editorial Committee Dr A.K. Roy and members whose interest and skills brought this Annual
Report in a presentable source of information about activities and achievements of the Institute.
I wish this annual report will be useful for all stake holders of forage resource development

August 2009
Jhansi

(K.A. Singh)
Director

Contents
Preface
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Executive Summary
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.

Introduction
Weather & Crop
Research Achievements
3.1
Crop Improvement
3.1.1
Collection, Evaluation and Conservation of Forage Genetic Resources
3.1.2
Variety Evaluation Trials in Different Agro-climatic Region of India
AICRP on Forage Crops
3.1.3
Cultivar Development
3.1.4
Maintenance Breeding
3.1.5
Genetical and Biotechnological Approach for Forage Crop Improvement
3.2
Management of Production Resources for Enhanced Grassland and
Fodder Productivity
3.2.1
Cultivated Fodder
3.2.2
System Synthesis
3.2.3
Grassland and Silvi/horti Pasture Management
3.2.4
Development of Seed Standards and Seed Production Technologies
3.2.5
Farm Mechanization for Efficient Forage Production
3.3
Nutritional Evaluation of Forage Resources and Developing Niche Based
Feeding systems for Livestock
3.4
Socio Economic Studies and Impact Analysis of Transfer of Technology
3.5
Inter-Disciplinary Projects
Seed Production
Technologies Assessed and Transferred
Recognitions and Awards
Human Resource and Development
Approved Ongoing Projects
RAC, IMC, IRC and PME
Infrastructure
Foundation Day, National Seminar and Workshops
Administration, Accounts and Research Farm
Publications
Distinguished Visitors
List of Personnel

Acronyms

iii
v

1
3
8

54
56
58
60
64
71
73
82
83
86
97
99
103

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vii

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

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viii

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ix

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IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

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cgqfu;k vkSj Y;wfluk vk/kkfjr oupjkxkg i)fr%
cgqfu;k vkSj Y;wfluk vk/kkfjr ou pjkxkg 1-0 Mh,e
Vu@gs- dh rqyuk esa Y;wfluk vk/kkfjr ou pjkxkg esa
la
s l flfy,fjl rFkk LVkbykslUs Fkl gekVk la;kstu
esa tSoHkkj mRiknu 1-31 Vu Mh,e@gs- lokZf/kd FkkA
isMk+ as dh NaVkbZ }kjk lokZf/kd ikh pkjk 1-31 Vu
Mh,e @gs- cgqfu;k ekykxsfjsdk esa ik;k x;kA
ou pjkxkg% ikap o"kZ iqjkus pjkxkg@ou pjkxkg esa
pjkbZ mijkar iqutZuu ls Kkr gqvk fd lokZf/kd vkSlr
mit 5-14 Vu Mh,e@gs- izkfrd pjkxkg {ks= esa Fkh
mlls de vpjkbZ {ks= 4-58 Vu Mh,e@gs- rFkk mxk,
x, pjkxkg [kaMksa esa 4-47 rFkk 3-81 Vu Mh,e@gs- FkhA
m|ku pjkxkg vk/kkfjr i)fr izfr:i.k% vkbZvkjvkj
vkarfjd okilh nj% rFkk fodflr izfr:i.k ds
,dhdj.k ij vk/kkfjr vkaoyk+ih- esDlhee vk/kkfjr
csj+ih- esDlhee m|ku pjkxkg i)fr dh rqyuk esa
vf/kd fdQk;rh FkhA
m|ku pjkxkg% vkaoyk vk/kkfjr m|ku pjkxkg i)fr
esa fxuh ?kkl$LVkbykslFas kl gekVk esa pkjk mRiknu
4-4 Vu Mh,e@gs-] LVkbykslFas kl gekVk 2-1 Vu
Mh,e@gs- ,dy rFkk isM+ksa ds la;kstu ds lkFk
2-2 Vu Mh,e@gs- dh rqyuk esa lokZf/kd FkkA ,dy
pjkxkg 3-2Vu@gs- dh rqyuk esa isMk+ as ds la;kstu ds
lkFk 6-3Vu@gs- lokZf/kd vkSlru 'kq"d inkFkZ
mRiknu FkkA
csj vk/kkfjr m|ku pjkxkg iz.kkyh eas lw{erRoksa ds
fNM+dko 5-74&6-52% ls Qyksa dk LFkkf;Ro c<+kA fcuk
esM
a ca/kh [kaM10-9Vu Mh,e@gs- dh rqyuk esa ca/kh
x

[kaMksa esa 14-1 Vu Mh,e@gs- pkjk mRiknu vf/kd FkkA

ve:n vk/kkfjr m|ku pjkxkg esa dafir [kkbZ iz.kkyh
pkjk mRiknu ds fy, 6-6 Vu Mh,e@gs- izHkkoh FkkA
vkaoyk vk/kkfjr ou pjkxkg iz.kkyh esa mPpre apkbZ
RkFkk dkyj O;kl daVjw dafir [kkb;ksa esa 176-6 lseh
rFkk 3-99 lseh ns[kk x;kA lkFk gh lkekU; dh rqyuk
esa mPp pkjk mRiknu 4-70 Vu Mh,e@gs- 62&65%
vf/kd FkkA
cht izk|
s kSfxdh
cht vadqj.k% lsfgek ujoksle cqansy lse ?kkl
cksfFkDyksok baVjehfM;k] czd
s fs j;k MhdecsUl] flVsfj;k
LQsflysVk rFkk gsVkis ksxkWu dUVksjVl cqna y
s yaik&1
?kklksa esa oSdfYid rkieku 20&35 fMxzh lsfYl;l
16?k-@8?ka- rFkk izdk'k ds dkxt ij okrkoj.k esa
th ,3 100 ihih,e rFkk iksVfS 'k;e ukbVVs 0-2%
ls cht mipkj djus ij chtks a ds va d q j .k es a
lq/kkj gqvkA LVkbykslFas kl fl;kczkuk esa chtksa dks jsxeky
ls jxM+us ij chtksa esa lokZf/kd vadjq .k 86% ns[kk
x;kA
cht tSfodrk% cjlhe esa dejs ds rkieku ij chtksa
dks 2 ?kaVs rd ikuh esa fHkxksdj j[kus ds ckn VsVk tksfy;e
fofy;u 0-5% esa uXu chtksa dks 12 ?kaVs rd Mqcksus ij
tSfod chtksa ds LVsu dk rjhdk lcls mke jgkA
ikni Ik'kq lac/a krk
tSfod [ksrh% [kjhQ rFkk jch esa fxuh?kkl fdLe &
gkfey dks e'k% yksfc;k rFkk cjlhe ds lkFk var%
Qlyh mxkus ij vdkcZfud [skrksa dh rqyuk esa dkcZfud
[ksrkssa esa 30% gjk rFkk 25% 'kq"d inkFkZ vf/kd izkIr
gqvkA tSfod [ksrh ds rgr ikyha xbZa xk;ksa esa
vkSlru izfrfnu nw/k izkfIr vf/kd FkhA Fkkjikjdj]
fxj rFkk lfgoky xk;ksa esa vdkcZfud 14-01] 1328
rFkk 3500 fdxzk@fnu iz.kkyh dh rqyuk esa dkcZfud
iz.kkyh esa vkSlru izFke nw/k izkfIr 1551] 1335
rFkk 5200 fdyksxkz e FkhA bu xk;ksa esa vdkcZfud iz.kkyh
7] 8-33 rFkk 9-66 fdxzk dh rqyuk esa dkcZfud iz.kkyh
esa vkSlr vf/kd izkfIr 8-25] 8-35 rFkk 13-5 fdxzk FkhA

ftu [ksrksa esa cjlhe rFkk tbZ dks tSfodh fof/k ls

mxk;k x;k ogka ij lw=fe;ks]a dksyea cksyus ,oa ekbVl
dh tUrqvksa dh tula[;k e`nk esa c<+h gqbZ FkhA
yhQehy vuqijw .k% LVkbykslFas kl fl;kczkuk ls rS;kj
vkgkj ls vuqijw .k HksMk+ as ds fy, 3-18% Mh,evkbZ]
6-28% Mhlhih rFkk 56-5% VhMh,u feyk tks fd
fdQk;rh fodYi ds :Ik esa iz;ksx fd;k tk ldrk gSA
[kfut deh% fofHkUu jkT;ksa ls izkIr /kku ds iqvky ds
uewuksa ls Kkr gqvk fd xk;ksa ds vkgkj esa dSfYl;e
dh ek=k 0-49] 70-88% Ik;kZIr Fkh ,oa QkLQksjl
0-03&0-15 %] eS f Xufl;e 0-06&0-09 %] rka c k
4-8&6-7 ihih,e rFkk tLrk 12-4&28-8 ihih,e dh
deh FkhA
o`{k pkjk vkgkj esa izfrxq.krk dkjd% ns'k ds nf{k.kh
{ks=ksa ls ,df=r pkjk o`{k vkgkj uewuksas esa MycftZ;k
ysVhQksfy;k] Qkbdl jslhfel rFkk ,Vksdkjil
gsVksfQYyl dh ifk;ksa esa Q~ysoksukW;M izkfrd
,aVhvkWDlhMsVa dh mPp ek=k Fkh tksfd 1-17&1-64
xzke@100xzke FkhA
ijthohukkh vo'ks"kksa dk fo'ys"k.k% >kalh esa vkgkj
ds uewuksa esa ijthohuk'kd vo'ks"kksa dh fuxjkuh djus
ij irk pyk fd ljlksa dh [kyh ds uewuksa esa vf/kdre
lhek 56% rFkk xsgwa ds Hkwls 41% esa ijthohuk'kh
vo'ks"k ik, x,A yfdu nw/k ds uewuksa esa vkWjxsuksDa yksVhu
21% dh de ek=k rFkk vkWjxsuksa QkLQsV ;ksfxdksa dh
44% ek=k Fkh ysfdu flUFksfVd ikjhFkzk;M ds vo'ks"k
ugha ik, x,A
vkgkj ijh{k.k% ,d o"kZ rd cjlhe dh lw[kh
?kkl ls fufeZr QhM Cykd ds HkaMkj.k esa dPps izkVs hu
dh ek=k 9-3% rd ?kVh tcfd cdjh rFkk HksMk+ as esa
Mh,e ds lsou dh ek=k 3-44&4-12% rFkk iks"kd
rRoksa dk mi;ksx Mh,eMh % 58-3&60-3% vizHkkfor
FkhA
Hknkojh HkSl ds c<+rs gq, cNM+kas esa tbZ ts,pvks
2000&4 rFkk Tokj pkjk ftUgsa 40%60 ds vuqikr
esa feyk;k Fkk] dks lokZf/kd lsou 'kjhj Hkkj dk
2-97% fd;k x;k rFkk mi;ksx vks,eMh 64-2%
FkkA

HksMksa esa cjlhe ls ljlksa ds dsd ds izfrLFkkiu ij

lq/kkj ih<0-05 nSfud Tokj dM+oh ds pkjs dk lsou
23-2%] Mh,evkbZ 2-2%] iks"kd rRoksa dk mi;ksx
vks,eMh % 8% ;wfuV rFkk dqy ikpu'khy iks"kd rRo
dk lsou 44-8% FkkA
Xkk;ksa esa izfrfdyks nw/k dh mit esa vkgkj dh ykxr
:- 8-22 ih<0-05 Fkh tc nks vkfFkZd lkUnz.k okys
feJ.k dh vis{kk lk/kkj.k f[kyk;k x;kA tkS 50%
:- 6-90 rFkk ljlksa dh [kyh 100% 6-31 Lrjksa ij
lLrs [kk| tSls xsgaw pkSdj] ikk Hkkstu rFkk ;wfj;k dk
125 fnu okys iz;ksx esa bLrseky fd;k x;kA
QkeZ e'khujh ,oa dVukskj rduhdh
Pkkjk dVkbZ ;a=% 26-1 fdyksokV ds VDs Vj ls pyus
okyk pkjk dVkbZ ;a= 70&82 % QhYM n{krk ,oa 94&98%
dVkbZ n{krk ds lkFk gjh cjlhe dks 10 lseh ij ls
dkVus esa l{ke ik;k x;kA gkFk ls dVkbZ djus dh
rqyuk esa e'khu ls dVkbZ djus ij 25 Jfed fnol@gsdh cpr ns[kh xbZA
Pkkjk dqV~Vh e'khu% 26-1 fdyksokV ds VDs Vj ls
pkfyr mPp {kerk dh pkjk dVkbZ e'khu] Tokj gjh o
lw[kh eDdk ds rus] usfi;j ?kkl] yksfc;k dh gs] tbZ]
fxuh ?kkl ,oa ls
a l ?kkl dks dkVus esa mi;ksxh fl)
gqbAZ bllss gjs pkjs dh dqVV~ h 100% o lw[ks pkjs dh
98-2% dh n{krk ls dk;Z fd;k x;k rFkk bldh dVkbZ
{kerk 52-8 ls 76-3 fDao-@gs- ikbZ xbZA
Xkq.kokkiw.kZ mRikn
dVukskj rduhdh% 70% xsgaw dk Hkwlk 15% LVkbyks
ehy 15% lqccwy ikh ds lkFk 9% Xokj cht ikmMj
feykdj cuk;k gqvk la/kfBr [kaM dk ?kuRo 323-2
fdxzk-@?ku eh- FkkA c<+rs gq, Hknkojh uj HkSl
a ksa ds uj
cPpksa ij f[kykus ds ijh{k.k ds nkSjku ;g ik;k x;k fd
os bls [kkus esa Lohdkj djrs gSAa
pkjk lalk/ku dh HkaMkj.k i)fr% dkaxM+k fgekpy
izn's k] ujflagiqj e/; izn's k] dBqvk ,oa tEew tEew
,oa d'ehj esa fofHkUu HkaMkj.k x`gksa esa HkaMkfjr xsgaw ds
Hkwls es]a 6&12 eghus esa 7&14 izfr'kr dPps izkVs hu dh
xi

dk;Zdkjh lkjka'k

dk;Zdkjh lkjka'k

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

dk;Zdkjh lkjka'k

{kfr ,oa js'ksnkj inkFkksaZ esa 2&3 izfr'kr o`f) ns[kh xbZA vknzZ ikfjfLFkfrd ra= esa 80-51] 54-80] 41-73] 24-77]
10-86 rFkk 'kq"d ikfjfLFkfrd ra= esa e'k% 61-89]
85-06] 59-21] 49-17] 42-04] 65-85 FkkA 'kq"d {ks= esa
lkekftd & vkfFkZd fo'ys"k.k
Ik'kq/ku mRiknu rFkk izc/a ku esa ySfa xd eqn~n%s esjB xjhc fdlku esa ize[q k vkthfodk fodYi] NksVs tkuoj
flafpr rFkk tks/kiqj o"kkZ vk/kkfjr ftyksa ds rhu $ Qly $ Ms;jh $ Je ftlds ckn Qly $ Ms;jh]
p;fur xkao] esa efgyk,a 80% ls vf/kd Ik'kq/ku izc/a ku Qly $ Je rFkk Ms;jh $ Je FkkA v)Z'kq"d {ks=ksa esa
ls lacfa /kr dk;ksZa esa O;Lr ik;ha xbZA ikq vof'k"V Qly $ Ms;jh] ftlds ckn NksVs tkuoj $ Qly $
lkexzh lkQ djus 90-83%] ikuh Hkjus 91-24%] Ms;jh $ Je] Ms;jh $ Je rFkk Qly $ Ms;jh $ Je
bZ/a ku ds fy, ydM+h ,df=r djus 87-7% rFkk pjkbZ xjhc fdlkuksa ds fy, ize[q k vkthfodk lk/ku FksA
dk;Z 67-57% esa ;ksxnku ns[kk x;kA flafpr {ks=ksa esa
rduhdh varj fo'ys"k.k% 'kq"d ikfjfLFkfrd ra=
HkSl
a ksa dh la[;k vf/kd FkhA tcfd o"kkZ vk/kkfjr {ks=ksa esa 62-46 rFkk mi vknzZ ikfjfLFkfrd ra= 56-71% dh
rqyuk esa v)Z'kq"d ikfjfLFkfrd ra= 65-49 esa Ik'kq mRiknu
vU; nw/kk: Ik'kqvksa dh la[;k vf/kd FkhA
ySfa xd eqn~nksa ds fo'ks"k lanHkZ ds lkFk ?kjsyq fo'ys"k.k% ds fy, vuq'kaflr izk|
s kSfxdh varj vf/kd FkkA
rduhdh LFkkukarj.k rFkk mudk ewY;kadu% eDdk
lHkh oxksZa esa [ksrksa ij dke djus okyh efgykvksa dks
Ik'kqikyu] Qly mRiknu vkSj ?kjsyq xfrfof/k;ksa esa ts,e&216 rFkk ,l,p,l&72 rFkk Tokj iztkfr
layXu ik;k x;kA "kd efgyk,a Ik'kqkkyk dh lkQ lh,l,p&23] ,lihih 1616 rFkk lh,l,p 17 iztkfr;ksa
lQkbZ] vkgkj nsu]s daMs cukus vkSj xkscj dh [kkn rS;kj dk ize[q k izn'kZu e'k% 124 rFkk 119 fdlkuksa ds ;gka
djus rFkk tkuojksa ds fy, ikuh] pkjk ykus ,oa muds fd;k x;kA [kjhQ ds ekSle esa ,e ih pjh rFkk Xokj ds
LokLF; dh ns[kHkky djus esa tgka viuk ;ksxnku nsrh 78 izn'kZu rFkk jch esa cjlhe ds 78 izn'kZu ns'k ds
gSa ogha iq:"k fdlku nw/k fudkyus] nw/k dh fch djus fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa fd, x,A
rFkk muds tkuojksa dh ns[kHkky esa lgk;rk djrs gSAa
fgekpy izn's k esa f"k tksr dk vkadyu% dkaxM+k
pkjk foIi.ku% xksokgVh esa gjs pkjs ds fy, eq[; ftys esa vkSlr Ik'kq/ku 4-23 gSA mkjnkrkvksa }kjk LVky
foIi.ku rjhdk vke lEifk Hkwfe miHkksDrk 90% eq[; QhfMax 20% gS 8% tkuojksa dks vko';d iks"kd rRo
Fkk tcfd lw[ks pkjs ds fy, mRiknd & miHkksDrk iznku fd, tkrs gS]a 30% fdlku nw/k nsus okyh xk;ksa
45% rFkk mRiknd & xkao O;kikjh rFkk [kqnjk & dks fy, lkfUnzr vkgkj nsrs gSa vkSj 40% fdlku vkSlr
miHkksDrk 40%] mRiknd &[kqnjk & miHkksDrk 15% 6 fdxzk- nw/k@fnu nsus okyh xk;ksa dks gjk pkjk f[kykrs
FkkA
gaAS 3% fdlku [kfut feJ.k okyk vkgkj nsrs gSAa xsgaw
fdlkuksa ds lalk/ku esa pkjk mRiknu rduhdh% >kalh dh Hkwlh o"kZ Hkj eq[; pkjk ds :Ik esa tkrh gSA 14&50%
ftys ds 12 xkaoksa esa ftuessa pkjk izn'kZu fd;k x;k] esa fdlkuksa ds Ik'kqvksa esa rjg rjg dh iztuu leL;k,a
,e ih pjh pkjk] eDdk dk gjk pkjk] cjlhe rFkk tbZ tSls ,u,LVl 6-87&8-51% rFkk nqckjk iztuu
ds pkjs dh ykxr ykHk vuqikr e'k% 1%1-97] 1%2-11] 5-84&11-35% vkbZAa ?kj esa nw/k dk vkSlr mRiknu
1%2-32 rFkk 1%2-24 ik;k x;kA
3&10 yh- izfrfnu ds e/; jgkA vf/kdrj fdlkuksa essa
vkthfodk dh :ijs[kk rFkk Ik'kq/ku mRiknu iz.kkyh tkuojksa ds izfr larfq yr vkgkj] pkjs dh vko';drk
dk fo'ys"k.k% 'kq"d ikfjfLFkfrd ra= esa ldy vk; dqy izc/a ku iz.kkyh ds fo"k; esa vKkurk ns[kh xbZA
mRiknu ij vk/kkfjr dqy mRiknu :Ik;s izfro"kZ ls
mkjh dukZVd ds FkzhfV;j &AA 'kgjksa tSls & gqcyh&
irk pyk fd Ik'kqvksa ls vk; izfrkr izfr 'ks;j Hkwfeghuks]a /kkjokM+] csyxkao rFkk csxyiksV esa 'kgjh & iSjh 'kgjh esa
lhekUr] y?kq] e/;e cM+s fdlkuksa ds fy, vkSlr 82-33] Ik'kq/ku mRiknu iz.kkyh vkSj pkjk cktkj dk v/;;u
87-97] 78-84] 57-65]rFkk 83-52 Fkk tcfd 80-51 mi fd;k x;kA ewY;kafdr fd, x, 7 ekinaMksa esa pkSdj dh
xii

ek=k rFkk ekdkZ ikq vkgkj nw/k mRiknu ds fy, fo'ks"k yhQehy ds izHkko dks iznf'kZr fd;k x;kA
egRo ds FksA O;Ld Ik'kq bdkb;ksa dh la[;k dk ldkjkRed
lac/a k vk; ds lkFk FkkA
vf[ky Hkkjrh; lefUor ifj;kstuk
czhMj cht% jch ekSle esa tbZ] cjlhe] ywluZ rFkk
vkthfodk lq/kkj ds fy, [ksrh iz.kkyh
ljlksa dh cht iztkfr;ksa ds fy, 328-95 fDao- czhMj
Qly@o`{k izc/a ku% [kjhQ ds nkSjku pkjs ds fy, lhM dh ekax FkhA pkjk cht dk mRiknu 433-7 fDao- Fkk
fxuh ?kkl ds vfrfjDr gjs pus ds&851] dkyk puk tksfd ekax i= ls 32% vf/kd jgkA
ihoh&31] fllsee thVh&1 rFkk lCth yksfc;k dk'kh
[kjhQ esa Tokj] lwMku pjh] eDdk] cktjk] VhvkslVas h
dapu iztkfr;ksa dks fdlkuksa ds [ksrksa esa yxk;k x;kA yksfc;k] fxuh ?kkl] <Sp
a k] MkyhdkWl rFkk jkblchu dh
jch ds nkSjku cjlhe ojnku rFkk ts,poh&146 rFkk 33 iztkfr;ksa ds czhMj lhM dk mRiknu 134-94 fDaotbZ ts,pvks 822 dks mUur izc/a ku }kjk yxk;k x;k FkkA tksfd ekax 117-99 fDao- dh vis{kk ls 14-5%
ftlls gjk pkjk mit xkao esa lk/kkj.k i)fr }kjk vf/kd FkkA
izkIr mit 37-5&41 Vu pkjk dh rqyuk esa 24&33%
vf/kd FkhA
vf/klwpuk ,oa tkjh djus ds fy, igpkuh xbZ iztkfr;ka
LkhMfMy dk iz;ksx djrs gq, iafDr esa xsgaw dh cqvkbZ
usfi;j cktjk gkbfczM vkj ch ,u&30% ,eihdsoh]
djus ds ifj.kkeLo:Ik vPNh Qly o`f) rFkk cht esa jkgksjh }kjk fodflr fuxZr ,uch gkbfczM iztkfr
1-5 fDao-@gs- dh cpr dhA lCth okyh Qlyksa esa vkjch&13 dh igpku dsUnzh; {ks= ds fy, vf/klwpuk
eVj ih,loh&6 dk izn'kZu mPp iSnkokj ds fy, tkjh djus gsrq dh xbZA bl iztkfr esa mPp gjk pkjk
71-6 fDao-@gs- fdlkuksa }kjk mxkbZ tkus okyh fdLe mRiknu djus dh {kerk 100-2 Vu@gs- 'kq"d inkFkZ
40&45 fDao-@gs- dh rqyuk esa cgqr gh vPNk FkkA
23-6 Vu@gs- rFkk dPpk izkVs hu mit 2-4 Vu@gs-
Ik'kq/ku izc/a ku% Ik'kq/ku ekfydksa dks oSKkfud fof/k ls lkFk gh izfrfnu mRikndrk 5-9 fDao-@gs- izfr fnu
Qly vo'ks"kksa dks j[kus vkSj HkaMkj.k ds fy, izf'kf{kr gjk pkjk ftlesa vkXtsfyd vEy dh de ek=k
fd;k x;kA cdjh rFkk HkSl
a ksa dh mRiknu o`f) ij >2 ihih,e FkhA

xiii

dk;Zdkjh lkjka'k

dk;Zdkjh lkjka'k

Executive Summary
Indian Grassland and Fodder Research Institute, Jhansi
was established by Government of India in 1962 for
organized research in the field of grassland and
cultivated fodder crops. In 1966, the administrative
control of the institute was transferred to the Indian
Council of Agricultural Research. All India Coordinated
Research Project on Forage Crops (AICRP-FC) has
been functioning since 1970 to coordinate multilocation
testing of varieties and production technologies in
forage crops under different agroclimatic regions of
the country. For integrating forage production with
existing farming system, research has been re-oriented
with emphasis on multidisciplinary, basic and strategic
research. New initiatives taken up earlier became
operational during the year. Implementation of some
of the important externally funded projects from
funding agencies like Department of Animal Husbandry
and Department of Biotechnology, Government of India
are underway.
Weather and Crops
Monsoon arrived in Bundelkhand region in 24th
SMW (1117, June). The total rainfall occurred during
the year (March, 2008Feb, 2009) was 1273.3 mm in
52 rainy days. The annual rainfall was 40.2% excess
from its long period average (908.6 mm). Cumulative
rainfall during Pre-monsoon season (March to June)
was 620.6% more than its normal. The rainfall during
monsoon season was 457.0 mm and rainfall deficiency
from the long period average (721.5 mm) was 36.7%.
Post monsoon (OctoberNovember) and winter
(December to February) season received scant rainfall
of 16.0 and 6.2 mm respectively. A heavy rainfall (252.8
mm) occurred in four rainy days during 24th SMW and
it was 2403% higher than the normal. Similarly, 25th
SMW also received excess (919%) amount of rainfall
(320.0 mm) in six rainy days. However, three weeks
(34 to 36th SMW) received rainfall less than one mm
xiv

and rainfall deficiency ranged between 99 to 100%.

Cumulative rainfall during the active monsoon period
(21 to 41st SMW) was 1228.4 mm and it was surplus
by 47.1% from average (835.9 mm). This was the first
wet year after four consecutive drought years.
Crop Improvement
Germplasm enrichment
Existing gene pool was enriched by addition of 63
accessions of Vigna unguiculata.
Germplasm conservation
Five thousand twenty nine accessions of various
forage crops are being conserved under MTS module.
Cultivar Development
Varieties identified
Bundel Guinea-2 (Panicum maximum)
IGHC 03-4 (Heteropogon contortus)
JHPM 05-2 (Pennisetum glaucum)
Registration of germplasm
Nine proposals for novel germplasm registration
have been submitted to novel germplasm registration
committee, NBPGR. Six proposals are for ploidy series
of Guinea grass (3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 8x, 9x), two for Bajra
(tetraploid male sterile and its maintainer) and one for
pentafoliate Berseem.
Evaluation
Sorghum
Out of eighteen stay green sorghum evaluated for
tolerance to receding soil moisture under field
conditions, lines SGS-152, SGS-221, SGS-153 and
CSV-15 were identified as tolerant genotypes.

Hedge lucerne
Forty-four accessions of Desmanthus virgatus were
evaluated and EC-400996, 401003, 401012 and EC401042 were identified as high yielder.
Siratro (Macroptelium atropurpureum)
Thirty-five exotic were evaluated and EC-400356,
400358, 400938 and 400948 were identified as high
yielder.
Medicago species
M. scutellata showed moderate resistance against
lucerne weevil and superiority for fodder yielding
potential out of 132 accessions evaluated.
Clitoria ternatea
Lines, viz. IL 7-3, 1531-1, 173-1 and 1530-1 with
243.5, 239.6, 228.5 and 223.6 q/h GFY and 58.7, 54.3,
47.8 and 43.5 q/h DMY, respectively were identified
as high yielder.
Oat
NGB 4871, NGB 7021 and OS-6 performed better
showing 11%, 5%, 5% increase over the best check
JHO 99-2 (30 q/ha) for seed yield potential.
Berseem
13 interspecific hybrid lines (T. alexandrinum T.
apertum)in F6 generation showed better crude protein
content than the check variety Wardan (23.1%)
Intervarietal progenies in F 2 generation showed
segregation for date of flowering, secondary
branching, basal branching and regeneration. Plants
were selected for early flowering like Fahli and Saidi,
and late flowering like Mescavi and intermediate types.
Maintenance breeding
Approximate 500 kg of nucleus seed was produced
for the released varieties of Guar, Sem, Berseem, Oats
etc.
Genetics and Biotechnology

progenies from obligate sexual (SPM 92) and obligate

apomictic (Riversdale) crosses
F2 plants derived individually from a F1 with limited
BIII capacity (viz. plant 51, 11%) as well as another
F1 with higher BIII capacity (viz. ss39, 36%) have been
isolated to estimate number of genes involved in the
process.
A ploidy series represented by 3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 8x
and 9x was developed by Hybridization-supplemented
Apomixis-components Partitioning Approach (HAPA)
utilizing embryo-sac clearing and FCSS for study of
genome dosage effects in expression of apomixis
components
Pennisetum
More than 1200 F1s originating from pearl millet
(2n=4x=28) and P. squamulatum (2n=8x=56) were
established and characterized cytologically utilizing
leaf flow cytometry. One line (H31) identified to
produce upto 40% BIII hybrids. Utilizing embryo-sac
analysis, plants with obligate apospory, obligate
sexual, facultative apospory/sexual and autonomous
endosperm development have been identified.
Cenchrus
Identified sexual plant in Cenchrus ciliaris was
characterized by using 10-mer random primers (OPJ13 and OPP-14) which produced bands of 225 bp and
1.2 kb, respectively, specific to the sexual plants as
well as in other sexual plants in the F 2 mapping
population of C. ciliaris. It showed distinct
morphology and flowering behaviour as compared to
any other commonly found apomictic plants of C.
ciliaris.
Lucerne
From 56 days old seedlings of cv Chetak, on an
average 27 plants per apical meristem were regenerated
on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l TDZ and
1.0 mg/l BAP, which showed more than 75% survival
under field conditions. Normal growth and
development, flowering and seed setting were
observed in the regenerated plants.

Guinea grass apomixis

Plant protection

F 1 plant (N3/1/7/2) was identified with high

expression (upto 20%) of autonomous endosperm
development in developing embryo-sacs out of 250

In cowpea, seed treatment with asafoetida @ 2%

followed by spray with Ipomoea leaf extract @ 8%
significantly reduced (80%) the root knot incidence,
xv

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Executive Summary

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

without affecting the Rhizobium nodulation. In vitro

tests revealed that 15% concentration of asafoetida
effectively reduced the mycelia growth of Rhizoctonia
bataticola colony by 71100%.
Organic manuring
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

In guinea grass + berseem intercropping system, all

the FYM levels recorded higher forage yield than
inorganic fertilizer application. Maximum forage yield
(75.22 t green or 10.32 t dry matter/ha) was recorded
with the use of 30 t FYM/ha (full dose) to berseem and
25 t FYM/ha to guinea (50% reduced quantity), which
was 13% higher than inorganic fertilizer dose,
application of FYM increased OC, available N and K.
Fodder production under rainfed conditions
Soil moisture conservation and nutrient
management
In kharif season, deep summer ploughing + two
harrowing (MCP2) in each season produced maximum
fodder yield of bajra + cowpea (33.22 t green and 5.48
t dry matter/ha).
Perennial based fodder production system
In the kharif season, combination of paired rows of
Pennisetum trispecific hybrid with seasonal fodder
crops recorded highest green (53.8 t/ha) and dry matter
yields (11.3 t/ha) followed by alternate planting of
Pennisetum trispecific hybrid + Leucaena (47.8 t green
and 10.59 t dry matter/ha).

Evapotranspiration studies
The water use efficiency (WUE) of the system
(berseem was grown in interspaces of guinea grass)
was worked out to be 23.45, 30.13, 21.78 and 24.30 kg
dm/ha mm and the crop coefficient of the system was
1.13, 1.30, 1.48 and 1.16 from 1st to 4th cut, respectively.
Spectral characteristics of fodder crops
The reflectance difference (RD) showed that the
single reflectance at 613 and 726 were most sensitive
to N application in oat. Similarly, lucerne reflectance
was most sensitive to N application at 602 and 690
nm. The reflectance values at 689 had highest
correlation with leaf N (r=0.42) in rabi crops.
Weather-pest and disease interaction
Lucerne
The incidence of black aphid appeared during 50th
SMW (Tave=16.4C). The peak population of black
aphid was achieved with 353 accumulated degree days
(DD). The spotted alfalfa aphid initiated in beginning
of March with low population (1.2/five leaves) and the
accumulated DD required for its incidence was
estimated to be 575 DD.
Sorghum

Herbicide residue and soil enzyme studies

The leaf blight and sooty stripe diseases were

initiated with low severity (0.29 to 1%). The disease
progressions of both the diseases reflect that initially
the basic infection rate ranged between 0.17 to 0.32
units/day.

Enzyme activity and fodder yield

Grassland and silvipastoral management

Soil alkaline phosphatase activity showed a peak

after one week of atrazine application in sorghum both
with sole inorganic (0.122 mg PNP/g soil/hr) and 50%
organic + 50% inorganic (0.130 mg PNP/g soil/hr)
nutrient supplementation.
Herbicide residues
After 35 days, 0.0338 mg/kg atrazine could be
measured in soil, which amounted to about 88%
degradation of initial concentration. No residue of
atrazine was detected in plant samples collected at
harvest time.

xvi

Himachal Pradesh Grassland survey

The area under grassland in Himachal Pradesh
constituted 16.53% (917,702.73 ha) of the total area of
the state and grasslands occupied 15.38, 21.56, 17.99
and 15.32 percent area of geo-climatic zone 1 (Low
hill sub tropical), 2 (Mid hill sub humid), 3 (Mid hill
temperate wet) and 4 (High hill temperate) respectively.
The existing annual forage production level from
grasslands was assessed to be 4.82 t green and 1.65 t
dry on per ha basis (with 7% average crude protein).
Average grazing pressure in the state was 3.17 ACU/

Executive Summary

Ex situ conservation of grasses, legumes,

shrubs and trees in rainfed field conditions
Realization of top feed on account of pruning
management was highest in Ziziphus xylopyrus (1.29
0.27 kg/plant) and Grewia optiva stand (10 year old),
above ground biomass varied from 11.0714.73 kg/
plant. Out of 4 promising selections of Leucaena
leucocephala, S-10 has shown better survival (98.1%)
and growth.
Grass-legume intercropping
Guinea grass- Stylosanthes seabrana intercropping
gave significantly higher total dry matter yield (9.56
t/ha). Among weed management practices, hand
weeding 35 days after sowing significantly increased
dry matter yield of Guinea grass + legumes (10.29 t/
ha).

Bauhinia and Leucaena based silvipasture

system
Biomass production of Cenchrus ciliaris and
Stylosanthes hamata combination was higher (1.31
DM t/ha) in Leucaena based silvopasture as compared
to 1.0 DM t/ha in Bauhinia based silvopasture. Highest
leafy fodder through tree pruning was obtained in
Bauhinia malabarica (3.16 DM t/ha).
Silvipasture
Post grazing regeneration in five year old pasture/
silvopasture revealed that highest average herbage
yield was attained in natural pasture grazed areas (5.14
t DM/ha) followed by ungrazed areas (4.58 t DM/ha)
and sown pasture blocks (4.47 and 3.81 t DM/ha).
Among silvopasture stands, MPTS + natural pasture
provided highest herbage yield followed by MPTS +
reseeded pasture and MPTS + sown pasture.
Hortipastoral system modeling
Based on the IRR (Internal rate of return percentage)
and integration of evolved models, Aonla + P.
maximum based system was found to be more
economical than that of the Ber + P. maximum
hortipastoral system.

Hortipasture
In aonla based hortipastoral system the forage
production of guinea grass + Stylosanthes hamata was
significantly higher (4.4 t DM/ha) as compared to sole
S. hamata (2.8 t DM/ha) and in association with tree
(2.2. t DM/ha). The average dry matter production in
association with tree was also higher (3.6 t/ha) as
compared to sole pasture (3.2 t/ha).
In rejuvenation of ber based hortipastoral system,
the fruit set was significantly influenced with
micronutrient spray (5.746.52%). The forage
production was significantly higher in bunded plot
(14.1 t DM/ha) as compared to without bund plot (10.9
t DM/ha).
In guava based hortipastoral system staggered
trench was found effective in terms of forage
production (6.6 t DM/ha). In aonla based hortipastoral
system, maximum height and collar diameter was
recorded with contour staggered trenches (176.6 cm
and 3.99 cm) as well as significantly higher pasture
production (4.70 t DM/ha) which was 6265% higher
than control.
Seed germination
In grasses (Sehima nervosum cv. Bundel Sen Ghas1), Bothriochloa intermedia, Brachiaria decumbens,
Setaria sphacelata and Heteropogon contortus cv.
Bundel lampa-1) seed germination improved
significantly by invigoration seed pre treatment of GA3
(100 ppm) and KNO3 (0.2%) at alternate temperature
of 2035C (16 h/8 h) under light environments on
top of the papers after 8 months of seed storage. In
Stylosanthes seabrana maximum germination (86%)
was recorded in the seeds scarified by coarse sand
paper.
Seed viability
In berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum)
preconditioning of seeds in water for 2 h at room
temperature and then soaking of naked seeds in 0.5
per cent tetrazolium solution for 12 h is the best method
for staining of viable seeds.
Organic farming
Intercropping of guinea (cv Hamil) with cowpea
and berseem in Kharif and Rabi respectively, produced

xvii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

ha. It was higher in low hills (614 ACU/ha), moderate

in mid hills (26 ACU/ha) and low in high hills (0.01
1.50 ACU/ha).

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

30% more green and 25% more dry matter under

organic fields in comparison to inorganic fields. Both
the average lactation yield and peak yield per day were
higher in cows reared under organic farming.
Tharparkar, Gir and Sahiwal cattle had average first
lactation yield of 1551, 1335 and 5200 kg, respectively
under organic system of production as against 1401,
1328 and 3500 kg per day, respectively under inorganic
system. These cattle had average peak yield of 8.25,
8.35 and 13.5 kg, respectively under organic and 7,
8.33 and 9.66 kg, respectively under inorganic system.
Nematode, collembolan and mites population in the
soil increased significantly (p<0.05) in the fields where
berseem and oat were produced organically.
Plant- Animal Relationship
Animal Nutrition
Leaf meal supplementation
Evaluation of stylo meal, prepared from Stylosanthes
seabrana, in sheep showed 3.18% DMI, 6.28% DCP
and 56.5% TDN and can be used as economical
substitute of concentrates.
Mineral deficiency
Mineral status of paddy straw samples from different
states revealed that only Ca content (0.490.88%) was
adequate in meeting the dietary need of cattle whereas
P (0.030.15%), Mg (0.060.09%), Cu (4.86.7 ppm)
and Zn (12.428.8 ppm) were deficient.
Antiquality factors in top feed
Among the top feeds collected from southern region
of the country, Dalbergia latifolia, Ficus racemes and
Atropcarpus heterophyllus leaves were found to contain
higher amount of flavonoids (a natural antioxidants)
ranging from 1.17 to 1.64 g/100 g.
Pesticide residue analysis
Monitoring of feed samples of Jhansi for pesticide
residues revealed that mustard cake samples were
contaminated to a maximum extent (56%) followed by
gram chunni (50%) and wheat straw (41%). But milk
samples had less contamination with organochlorine
(21%), no contamination with synthetic pyrethroids and
about 44% contamination with some organophosphate
compounds.
xviii

Feeding trials
After one year of storage of berseem hay based feed
block, the crude protein content was reduced by 9.3%
while DM intake (3.444.12%) and nutrient utilization
(DMD: 58.360.3%) was unaffected in both goats and
sheep.
Green oat (JHO 2000-4 variety) and sorghum stovers
mixed in a ratio of 40: 60 showed optimum feed intake
(2.97% of body weight) and utilization (OMD: 64.2%)
in growing Bhadawari buffalo calves.
Replacement of mustard cake with berseem
improved (P< 0.05) daily stover intakes (23.2%), DMI
(31.2%), nutrient utilization (OMD: 8% units) and TDN
intake (44.8%) in sheep fed sorghum stover based diets.
Feed cost per kg of milk yield was significantly (P <
0.05) high in cows (Rs 8.22) when fed normal
concentrate mixture than those fed on two economical
concentrate mixtures, prepared on replacement of
barley and mustard cake at 50% (Rs6.90) and 100%
(Rs 6.31) levels with cheaper ingredients like wheat
bran, leaf meals and urea during 125 days of
experimental feeding.
Farm Machinery
Forage harvester
A cutter bar type forage harvester operated by 26.1
kW capacity tractors was able to cut berseem up to a
minimum height of 10 cm with 7082% field efficiency
and 9498% cutting efficiency. 25 man-days per hectare
were saved by machine in comparison with manual
harvesting.
Chaff cutter
High capacity chaff cutter operated by 26.1 kW
tractor was useful for chaffing Sorghum (green and
dry), maize stalks, napier grass, cowpea hay, oats,
guinea grass and cenchrus grass. It chopped freshly
harvested fodder with 100% cutting efficiency and dried
hay material with 98.2% chopping efficiency in a
chopping capacity range of 52.8 to 76.3 q/h.
Post Harvest Technology
Value added products
Densified blocks of 70% wheat straw, 15% stylo
meal, 15% Leucaena leaf meal added with 9% guar

Executive Summary

Storage system of fodder resources

Wheat straw stored for six to twelve months in
different storage structures in Kangra (HP),
Narsinghpur (MP), Kathua and Jammu (J&K) showed
714% loss in CP and 23% increase in fibre content.
Gender Issues Analysis
Gender Issues in livestock production and management

Livelihood profile and livestock production system

analysis
Gross income pattern based on total production (Rs/
year) indicated that per cent share from animal
component for landless, marginal, small, medium,
large and average farmer was 82.33, 87.97, 78.84,
57.65, 65.18 and 83.52 in arid ecosystem, 61.89, 85.06,
59.21, 49.17, 42.04, 65.85 in semi-arid ecosystem;
80.51, 54.80, 41.73, 24.77, 10.86, 80.51 in sub humid
ecosystem respectively. For resource poor farmers, in
arid region, major livelihood option was small
ruminants+ crop+ dairy + labour followed by crop +
dairy, crop + dairy + labour and dairy + labour. In
semi-arid region, crop + dairy followed by small
ruminants + crop + dairy + labour, dairy + labour and
crop + dairy + labour was major livelihood option for
resource poor farmers.

In three selected village of Meerut (irrigated) and

Jodhpur (rainfed) districts, women were engaged in
more than 80 percent of the work related to the
management of livestock. They contribute in the
cleaning of waste material (90.83%), watering
(91.24%), collection of fuel wood (87.7%) and grazing
(67.57%). Number of cattle was more in rainfed zone,
whereas number of buffaloes was more in irrigated
zone.

Technological gap related to recommended animal

production was higher in semi-arid eco system
(65.49%) compared to arid (62.46%) and sub-humid
ecosystem (56.71%).

Household analysis with special reference to gender issues

Transfer of Technologies and their evaluation

In all categories farmwomen were found to be

involved in animal husbandry, crop production and
household activities. Female farmers contribute in
animal shed cleaning, feeding, dung cake making,
preparation of farm yard manure, bringing fodder and
water and health care, whereas male farmers were
engaged in milking, feeding, milk sale and health care.
Fodder marketing
At Guwahati, the main marketing channels for green
fodders were-common property land-consumer (90%)
while for dry fodders these were; producersconsumers (45%) and producers-village traders and
retailers-consumers (40%), Producers- retailersconsumers (15%)
Fodder production technology in the farmers resources use matrix
In twelve forage-demonstrated villages of Jhansi
district, cost benefit ratio of MP Chari fodder, maize
green fodder, berseem and oat fodder were 1:1.97,
1:2.11, 1:2.32 and 1:2.24 respectively.

Technological gap analysis

Front line demonstrations on maize (JM-216 and

SHS-72) and sorghum (cv. CSH-23, SPV1616 and
CSH-17) varieties were conducted with 124 and 119
farmers respectively.
During kharif, 78 demonstrations on MP chari and
guar and in rabi 78 demonstrations including minikit
on berseem and 190 demonstrations on oats were
conducted in different parts of the country.
Regular Farmers Workshop/Kissan Gosthi were
organized.
Estimation of forage requirement of different livestock and farm holdings in Himachal Pradesh
The average livestock holding at Kangra district is
4.23. Stall feeding is practiced by 20% of the
respondents. About 8% of the animals were offered
required amount of nutrients. Thirty percent farmers
were feeding concentrates to lactating cows and 40%
farmers were feeding green fodder to lactating cows
producing average 6 kg milk/day.
Mineral mixture feeding was practiced by 3% of
farmers. Wheat straw was the main roughage fed
xix

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

gum waste powder as binder had density of 323.2 kg/

m 3. Feeding trial on growing Bhadawari male
buffaloes indicated acceptance of feed blocks.

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

during all seasons. The livestock of 1450% farmers

had different reproductive problems such as anestrous
(6.878.51%) and repeat breeding (5.8411.35%). The
average milk production in the household ranged from
3 to 10 liters/day. Majority of farmers were ignorant
about the balanced feeding, forage requirements of the
animals and management system.
Urban-Peri Urban Livestock Production Systems
and Fodder Markets of Karnataka was studied from 3
tier-II cities, viz. Hubli-Dharwad, Belgaum and
Bagalkote of northern Karnataka. Out of the 7
parameters assessed, quantities of bran and branded
feeds showed significant positive relationship with the
milk yield. Number of adult cattle units possessed
showed significant positive relationship with the
income from livestock.
Farming System Approach for Livelihood
Improvement
Crop/Tree management
During Kharif, in addition to guinea grass for forage,
improved varieties of green gram (K-851), black gram
(PV-31), sesamum (GT-1) and vegetable cowpea (Kashi
Kanchan) were introduced in the farmers fields. During
Rabi, berseem (Wardan and JHB-146) and oat (JHO822) were introduced with improved management
practices which recorded 2433% higher green fodder
yield than commonly obtained in the village (37.541.0
t in 4 cuts).
Line sowing of wheat using seed drill resulted in
the saving of 1.5 q/ha seed and better crop growth.

xx

Among the vegetable crops, the performance of pea

(PSV-6) was best in producing higher yield (71.6 q/
ha) as compared to 4045 q/ha in farmers practice..
Livestock management
Livestock owners were educated about scientific
storage and handling of crop residues. Supplementation
of leaf meal on the productivity and growth of goats
and buffaloes were successfully demonstrated.
Breeder Seed
The indent of breeder seed during Rabi was 328.95
q for 20 varieties in oats; berseem; Lucerne and
mustard. The total production of forage seed was 433.7
q about 32.0% higher than the quantity indented.
In Kharif, Breeder seed indent was 117.99 q for 33
varieties in sorghum, sudanchari, maize, bajra, teosinte,
cowpea, guinea grass, Dhaincha, Dolichos and rice
bean. The overall breeder seed produced (134.94 q)
was 14.5 per cent higher than the indent (117.99 q).
Varieties identified for notification and release
Napier bajra hybrid (RBN-13)
NB hybrid variety RBN-13 developed by MPKV,
Rahuri has been identified for notification and release
for the central zone This variety has high yield potential
of green fodder (100.2 t/ha), dry matter (23.6 t/ha) and
crude protein yield (2.4 t/ha) as well as per day
productivity (5.9 q/ha/day of green fodder) with low
oxalic acid content (> 2 ppm).

1
Introduction
The Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Government
of India, established Indian Grassland and Fodder
Research Institute (IGFRI) at Jhansi in 1962 to carry
out research of basic, strategic and applied nature, on
all the aspects of fodder production and utilization.
Later on the administrative control of the IGFRI was
transferred to the Indian Council of Agricultural
Research with effect from April 1, 1966. Now the
institute is organized into seven multi-disciplinary
research divisions (Fig.1). These are Crop
Improvement, Crop Production, Grassland and
Silvopasture Management, Plant Animal Relationship,
Farm Machinery and Post Harvest Technology and
Social Sciences. Besides different units of Support and
Services, the institute has three regional stations,
located at Avikanagar in Rajasthan, Tegur near
Dharwad in Karnataka and Srinagar in J&K
(temporarily located in CSKHPKV campus, Palampur)
to supplement the research activities under arid, semiarid and temperate ecosystem. All Indian Coordinated
Research Project on Forage Crops came into existence
in 1970 at this institute with mandate of identifying
high yielding varieties and production system for
various agro climatic zones through its 18 research
centers located throughout the country. The institute
has established linkages with various state agricultural
universities and research institutes/organization at the
national and international levels.
IGFRI is conducting, collating and coordinating
research, training and technology transfer programmes
in the fields of cultivated forage crops, grassland, silvihortipasture, seed production technology, farm tools

and implements, post harvest technology, forage based

sustainable feeding system and nutrient utilization by
large and small ruminants. The IGFRI has developed
3 high yielding varieties of fodder and pasture crops
during the year. The technology evolved for forage
production, grassland/silvopasture management has
given manifold increase in production. Similarly, seed
production technologies have been evolved. The
research work on plant-animal interface, forage
conservation, post-harvest technology and
development of low cost farm implements has given
promising results. The technology transfer and human
resources development programme have been
strengthened.
Research has been reoriented to break the biological
barrier. Basic and strategic researches in plant breeding
and genetics with biotechnological interventions and
biochemical tools have given a ray of hope of
unrevealing the secrets of forage resource improvement. The multi-disciplinary approaches have helped
to generate wholesome technologies related to forage
production and utilization. Integrating forage
production with existing farming systems through
silvi/hori-pasture has started to give fruit by improving
the use efficiency of inputs and land resources. New
initiatives taken up earlier also became operational
during the year. Thus every effort, through institute
and externally aided programmes, is going on in
attaining the new heights in the research, training and
technology transfer related to grassland, pasture and
fodder crop production and utilization.

IGFRI Organizational Chart

Research Advisory
Committee

Quinquennial Review
Team

DIRECTOR
Institute Management
Committee

Planning, Monitoring,
Evaluation of Research

Administration

Institute Research
Council

Audit & Accounts

PME Cell, IPR Cell,

Bio-safety Cell

Management
Plant Animal Relationship
Seed Technology
Farm Machinery and
Post Harvest Technology
Social Science

AICRP on
(Forage Crops)

Central Research Farm,

Library, ARIS Cell

Divisions

Crop Improvement
Crop Production
Grassland and Silvipasture

Service & Support

Centres of AICRP (Forage Crops)

Regional Research Stations
Dharwad (Karnataka)
Avikanagar (Rajasthan)
Palampur (Himachal Pradesh)

Fig. 1: IGFRI organogram

CSK HPKV, Palampur

PAU, Ludhiana
CCS HAU, Hisar
GBPUAT, Pantnagar
RAU, Bikaner
NDUAT, Faizabad
BAU, Ranchi
BCKV, Kalyani
JNKVV, Jabalpur
RAU, Bikaner

AAU, Anand
BAIF, Urulikanchan
MPKV, Rahuri
ANGRAU, Hyderabad
USA, Tiptur
TNAU, Coimbatore
KAU, Vellayani
BCKV, Kalyani
OUAT, Bhubaneswar
AAU, Jorhat

2
Weather and Crops

Rainfall departure from normal (%)

With strengthening and deepening of monsoon winds

and widespread rainfall activity, southwest monsoon
advanced into southeast Bay of Bengal, Andaman and
Nicobar Islands, and north Andaman Sea on 12 May,
almost 8 days in advance. Monsoon set in over Kerala
on 31st May, one day prior to the normal date (1 June).
Further, advancement took quite rapidly, mainly due
to a depression (56 June) over the east central
Saurashtra and Kutch and neighbourhood. By 16 June,
southwest monsoon covered most parts of the country
except for some parts of Rajasthan. Rapid advance of
monsoon was attributed to the interaction of monsoon
circulation with mid latitude westerly system. The
monsoon covered the entire country by 10th July against
normal date of 15 th July. Monsoon arrived in
Bundelkhand region in 24 th SMW (standard
meteorological weeks) (1117, June). The total rainfall
occurred during the year (March, 2008Feb, 2009) was
1273.3 mm in 52 rainy days. (Table 1). The annual
rainfall was 40.2% excess from its long period average
(908.6 mm). The seasonal rainfall deficiency or excess
is shown in Fig. 2. The excess rainfall in Pre monsoon
season for the Bundelkhand region as whole was mainly
due to heavy rainfall in three (24, 25 and 26th SMW)
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
-100
-200

Annual

Pre-monsoon Monsoon Post-Monsoon Winter

Season

Fig. 2

Seasonal rainfall departure from its normal

consecutive weeks which contributed 80% of the total

rainfall occurred during this season. Cumulative rainfall
during Pre-monsoon season (March to June) was
620.6% more than its normal. The rainfall during
monsoon season was 457.0 mm and rainfall deficiency
from the long period average (721.5 mm) was 36.7%.
This could be attributed to break in monsoon condition
during 29, 35, 36 and 37 th SMW. Post monsoon
(October November) and winter (December to
February) season received scant rainfall of 16.0 and
6.2 mm respectively.
Weekly rainfall distribution pattern along with per
cent departure from normal during the SMW of
monsoon season is shown in Fig. 3. Jhansi region
received first showers in 21st SMW with 13.4 mm of
rainfall in one rainy day. Since, monsoon activity was
dynamic in the beginning of the season and thus rainfall
was also occurred in further two weeks. A heavy rainfall
(252.8 mm) was occurred in four rainy days during
24th SMW and it was 2403% higher than the normal.
Similarly, 25th SMW also received excess (919%)
amount of rainfall (320.0 mm) in six rainy days.
Distribution of rainfall was good in subsequent three
weeks (2628th SMW), and these also received good
amount of rainfall which was excess in the range of
4.9 to 162.8%. A rainfall deficiency of 70.9% was
observed in 29th week SMW, which received only 6.8
mm of rainfall in one rainy day. Further in four weeks
30 to 33rd SMW received excess rainfall in the range
of 1.23 to 6.9% from their respective normal. Ensuing
three weeks (34 to 36th SMW) received rainfall less
than one mm and rainfall deficiency ranged between
99 to 100%. However, further one week received excess
rainfall by 50.9% from long period average. Cumulative
rainfall during the active monsoon period (21 to 41st
SMW) was 1228.4 mm and it was surfeit by 47.1%
from its long period average (835.9 mm). This was the
first wet year after four consecutive drought years.
3

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

Table: 1 Meteorological data (200809) during different weeks at Jhansi

WEATHER AND CROPS

Std.
Met.
Week

Temp (C) RH
Max.

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Annual
Pre-monsoon
Monsoon
Post-monsoon
Winter

34.1
32.6
36.2
36.6
33.1
38.6
40.0
42.6
42.9
39.5
41.9
38.2
40.8
38.2
33.7
29.9
32.9
31.7
30.7
33.1
32.2
32.8
32.2
31.0
32.5
34.7
36.0
33.3
31.6
34.6
35.5
36.6
34.0
33.1
34.3
31.6
28.9
25.9
25.9
27.5
24.9
25.4
25.2
20.0
20.0
25.3
26.7
25.1
26.8
26.1
29.3
31.8
32.3
37.2
32.8
31.8
25.7

Min.
10.3
11.4
14.6
16.7
16.6
19
18.8
20.2
25.3
23.4
25.9
23.8
25.1
26.3
25.5
23.8
24.5
24.4
25.0
25.6
25.7
25.4
25.1
24.6
24.7
24.9
24.5
24.0
23.8
22.5
22.5
20.2
15.9
14.1
13.7
12.0
12.4
11.9
09.9
10.5
09.8
10.0
07.0
5.8
10.5
10.4
9.3
7.0
9.2
8.6
10.6
11.6
17.8
20.7
24.6
14.7
9.3

ll

Wind
Velocity
(km/hr)

85
76
80
61
73
53
47
42
36
51
51
71
56
70
88
93
87
92
92
84
91
96
95
92
88
87
84
90
90
82
89
81
86
84
73
81
86
91
87
83
85
90
90
91
89
89
77
82
84
84
82
84
80
66
90
84
85

24
22
22
18
24
16
16
21
25
31
33
43
31
50
69
79
70
80
80
71
72
73
78
81
67
59
53
67
68
50
49
36
45
36
28
28
36
50
45
36
43
48
43
60
73
65
43
42
50
51
43
30
48
35
69
39
48

2.5
3.3
3.7
5.9
4.3
4.2
5.8
4.2
8.7
7.3
8.7
7.5
7.5
6.7
6.9
7.8
5.8
5.2
7.2
4.8
4.1
3.1
2.8
3.4
3.8
3.6
4.4
5.1
4.9
5.7
3.8
4.4
3.4
2.6
5.1
2.4
2.7
3.1
2.3
2.8
2.4
3.0
2.4
2.7
3.3
2.9
3.4
2.8
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.4
4.4
5.9
4.5
3.3
3.0

Bright
Sunshine
(hours)
9.3
7.1
9.0
7.6
7.7
9.5
10.1
10.7
7.3
7.1
6.2
6.6
7.8
5.9
3.7
1.1
4.1
2.0
2.2
3.8
2.5
4.2
3.1
1.9
3.8
6.7
9.1
6.4
5.0
9.6
8.6
9.1
8.8
8.7
8.9
7.7
6.9
6.2
6.0
6.5
2.4
4.5
8.7
5.0
2.4
5.5
7.8
9.5
8.4
9.4
9.1
9.5
6.6
7.1
4.6
7.9
6.8

Rainfall
(mm)

000.0
000.0
000.0
000.0
000.8
000.0
000.0
000.0
000.0
001.4
000.5
013.4
006.6
009.4
252.8
320.0
058.6
130.6
055.8
006.8
052.2
076.4
084.8
063.6
000.6
000.0
102.6
011.4
000.0
002.4
000.0
000.0
000.0
000.0
000.0
000.0
000.0
016.0
000.0
000.0
000.0
000.0
000.0
000.0
006.2
000.0
000.0
000.0
000.0
000.0
000.0
000.0
1272.9
663..5
587.2
16.0
6.2

No. of Evaporation
Rainy
(mm)
Days

1
1
1
4
6
2
6
4
1
5
4
5
5

2
2

52
15
34
2
1

4.7
5.0
6.2
6.9
6.0
8.7
10.7
9.9
11.9
10.4
12.9
9.8
8.8
7.4
5.7
4.6
4.9
3.4
2.9
4.1
3.6
3.7
3.7
3.4
4.1
4.5
5.4
4.3
3.6
5.1
4.4
4.9
4.0
3.7
4.9
3.6
2.9
2.5
2.3
2.8
2.5
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.4
1.9
2.7
2.5
2.8
2.6
3.3
4.1
4.8
7.9
4.0
3.7
2.5

Normal

300

Actual

%D

200
100
0
-100
-200

8
6
4
2
0
-2
-4
-6
-8
-10

23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

Maxt

10 13 16 19 22 25 28 31 34 37 40 43 46 49 52 3 6

Fig. 5. Weekly anomaly pattern of maximum and minimum

temperature

Temperature anomaly

Seasonal anomaly of maximum and minimum

temperature is illustrated in Fig.4. Both mean annual
maximum and minimum temperatures were slightly
lower than their normal. In the pre-monsoon season,
both maximum and minimum temperatures were
significantly lower by 1.93 and 2.5C than their
respective normal i.e 39.1 and 23.1C. Monsoon season
experienced significantly higher minimum
temperatures by 0.93C from its average 23.7C, this
is mainly due to cloudy condition during the season.

Annual

MinT

Pre-monsoon Monsoon Post-Monsoon

Winter

Season
Fig. 4. Seasonal anomaly in maximum (MaxT) and minimum
(MinT) temperatures

In post monsoon season the maximum temperature was

significantly higher by 0.77C from its normal 31.0C,
while the minimum temperature was relatively lower
by 0.23C from the normal (15.0C). The winter season
was comparatively hotter than the normal year, since
both maximum and minimum temperatures were
significantly higher by 1.33 and 1.55C from their
normal respectively.
As regards the kharif crop season (27 to 39th SMW),
both maximum and minimum temperatures were above
normal in the range of 0.113.35C and 0.451.69C,
respectively except in 30, 33 and 38th SMW (Fig.5).
In rabi season, maximum temperature was higher

in the range 0.42 to 2.81C during 40 to 52nd SMW

except three weeks (4648th SMW), which experienced
lower temperature from the normal. Thereafter, in
ensuing two weeks 12nd SMW, maximum temperature
abruptly decreased by 2.673.1C respectively. Again
maximum temperature during 39th SMW became
higher from their normal in the range of 0.774.1C.
Minimum temperature was above normal and it was
as high as 5.7C in 2nd SMW. Above all, the year was
cooler than the normal year since it experienced lower
(96C days) growing degree days.
Seasonal actual (A) and normal (N) evaporation
during the year 200809 is given in Fig. 6. Mean annual
evaporation rate (4.8 mm/day) was lower by 7.5% than
the normal (5.2 mm/day). In monsoon season the
evaporation rate was found to be 3.99 mm/day against
its normal 4.3 mm/day (Fig. 6). Further, in the post
monsoon season the atmospheric water demand reached
as high as 3.7 mm/day (11.5% higher) against its normal
3.3 mm/day and resulted in increased water requirement
of rabi crops.
Weekly evaporation rate/day was lower during the

Evaporation (mm/day)

Fig. 3: Weekly rainfall pattern during 2008 at Jhansi

MaxT

Standard meterological week

Standard meterological week

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-2
-2.5
-3

MinT

10
A

6
4
2
0

Annual

Pre-monsoon Monsoon Post-Monsoon

Season

Fig. 6. Seasonal pattern of evaporation

Winter

WEATHER AND CROPS

400

Temperature anomaly (C)

% deaparture / Rainfall (mm)

Weather Crops

IGFRI Annual Report

Bright sunshine (hrs)

80
70
60
50
40
30
20

10

6
4
2
0
Annual

80

Pre-monsoon Monsoon

70

PostMonsoon

Monsoon

PostMonsoon

Winter

Winter
Fig. 8. Seasonal pattern of bright hours of sunshine (A, Actual;
N, Normal)

60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Premonsoon

Season

Annual

Season
b)

10

Relative humidity (%)

Annual

Premonsoon

Monsoon

PostMonsoon

Winter

Season

in all season (Fig.8). Mean annual bright sunshine (6.6

hrs) was slightly lower (13%) than normal (7.6 hrs)
and varied from 1.1 hrs in 25th SMW to 10.7 hrs in 16th
SMW. In monsoon season bright sunshine hours varied
from 1.9 hrs in 33rd SMW to 9.1 hrs in 36th SMW with
a mean of 4.5 hrs. Post monsoon and winter season are
also characterized with lower bright sunshine by 10.4
to 10.8% from there normal, respectively.
Mean annual (4.4 km/hr) wind velocity (Fig. 9) was
lower (5%) from its normal (4.6 km/hr). Wind velocity
was lower by 18% during monsoon season whereas it

Fig. 7. Seasonal pattern of relative humidity in (a) morning and

(b) afternoon (A, Actual; N, Normal)

beginning of the rainy season (2731st) from its normal

value and increased during the later part of the season
(3239th SMW). The atmospheric demand of water
varied from 2.9 to 5.4 mm during rainy season (27 and
39th SMW) as compared to normal evaporation, which
ranged from 3.2 to 6.9 mm.
Morning relative humidity was found to be
marginally below normal in all the seasons except pre
monsoon season (Fig. 7a). The morning relative
humidity was 89.5% during the monsoon season as
compared to its normal, 89.7%. Afternoon relative
humidity during monsoon was 69.1% against its normal
value of 65%. Afternoon relative humidity was higher
by 15% during post monsoon season than its normal
(Fig. 7b)
Mean bright sunshine hours was lower than normal

Wind velocity (km/hrs)

WEATHER AND CROPS

Relative humidity (%)

a) 100
90

20082009

7
6

5
4
3
2
1
0

Annual

Premonsoon

Monsoon
Season

PostMonsoon

Winter

Fig. 9. Sesonal pattern of wind velocity (A, Actual; N, Normal)

was significantly higher by 40.9% during post monsoon

season. No significant difference was noticed in the
wind velocity during post monsoon and winter season.

3
Research Achievements
3.1 Crop Improvement
3.1.1 Collection, evaluation and conservation
of forage genetic resources
Germplasm enrichment
Existing gene pool of leguminous forage crops was
enriched by addition of 63 accessions of Vigna
unguiculata.
Germplasm evaluation
Sorghum
Existing and newly introduced accessions (385) of
sorghum, belonging to three groups, viz. stay green,
thin stemmed and grain cum forage dual type, were
evaluated in augmented design with two control
varieties, viz. SSG-59-3 and HC-308. Wide range of
variability for most of the traits, such as days to
flowering (3886), plant height (84.356.0 cm),
number of leaves/plant (6.322.6), stem thickness (0.4
2.7 cm), sugar content (15.019.5%), green fodder yield
per plant (55.0896.6 g) and dry matter yield/plant
(28.3263.5 g) was observed.
For GFY and DMY (g/plant), 162 accessions
performed better than control varieties. However,
accessions namely IG 02-392, 02-444, 07-06, 08-22 and
EC-512870 gave 790.0, 794.3, 846.5, 863.0, 734.5 g
green fodder per plant and 206.6, 195.5, 204.3, 211.5 and
179.6 g dry matter per plant respectively as compared to
the better control SSG-59-3 (562.0 and 155.5 g per plant
green and dry matter yield, respectively). The days to
maturity ranged from 58135 days while visual
appearance of ear head varied from compact to semicompact to loose; colour of ear head also varied from
whitish brownbrown to reddish brick colour.
Hedge lucerne (Desmanthus virgatus)
Forty-four accessions of Desmanthus virgatus,
8

including newly procured materials from Karnataka,

were evaluated for fodder traits. Wide range of
variability in growing habit, branching, seed setting
etc. was observed. Based on the field performance,
accessions namely EC-400996, 401003, 401012 and
EC-401042 were identified as high yielder with 354.6,
348.0, 337.3 and 326.6 g GFY per plant and 92.04,
88.50, 84.60 and 82.82 g DMY per plant, respectively.
Siratro (Macroptelium atropurpureum)
Thirty-five exotic as well as indigenous accessions
of Siratro were evaluated under field conditions in
augmented design for various qualitative/quantitative
traits. On the basis of yield potential EC 400356,
400358, 400938 and 400948 were identified high
yielder with 127.6, 119.0, 114.5 and 108.6 g GFY per
plant and 24.85, 22.66, 19.80 and 18.90 g DFY per
plant, respectively.
Medicago species
One hundred and twenty accessions of 32 annual
species of Medicago were evaluated for weevil
resistance. M. scutellata showed moderate resistance
against lucerne weevil and superiority for yielding
potential.
Clitoria ternatea
Elite lines of butterfly pea were evaluated in station
trial. Lines, viz. IL 7-3, 1531-1, 173-1 and 1530-1 with
243.5, 239.6, 228.5 and 223.6 q/h GFY and 58.7, 54.3,
47.8 and 43.5 q/h DMY, respectively were identified
as high yielder.
Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata)
A gene pool comprising of 250 accessions, including
newly introduced ones, were evaluated in augmented
design with two controls BL-2 and EC-4216. Wide
range of variation was observed for many traits such

as days to flowering (4893), length of main shoot

(16.3221.0 cm), nodal pattern (16.332.6), branches
on main shoot (3.3 27.3), green fodder yield (66.6
608.6 g per plant), dry matter (17.6 122.45 g per
plant), leaf-stem ratio (0.281.21), days to maturity
(seed to seed) (57115 days). Variation was also
observed in colour, shape and size of leaves,
pigmentation on stem and pods, seed coat colour
(whitish brown, brown, dark pinkish red to dark black).
Cenchrus species
At Avikanagar during third year of evaluation in
Cenchrus ciliaris germplasm IG 97-105 (612 g/
tussock), IG 96-673 (592 g/tussock), IG 97-463 (587
g/tussock), IG 96-438 (564 g/tussock) and IG 97-389
(474 g/tussock) were superior by > 20% over the best
check, IGFRI-3108 (395 g/tussock) while in Cenchrus
setigerus germplasm IG 96-592 (364 g/tussock) was
superior by 12% over the best check, CAZRI-76 (324
g/tussock) for straw yield.
Germplasm conservation
Five thousand twenty nine accessions of various
forage crops mainly Trifolium alexandrinum and other
sp. of Trifolium, Vigna unguiculata, Stylosanthes
species, Zea mays, Sorghum bicolor, Avena sativa,
Avena sp, Sehima nervosum, Chrysopogon sp,
Heteropogon contortus, Dichanthium annulatum,
Pennisetum pedicellatum, Pennisetum sp, Cenchrus
ciliaris, C. setigerus and many other forage crops are
being conserved under MTS module..
3.1.2 Forage Crop Breeding
Cultivated forages
Sorghum
Following F3 progenies appeared promising for
specific traits
339A ICSV-700
593A ICSV-700
479A ICSR 89004
686A GD 6519
342A ICSV 374

Resistance to foliar diseases in general,

particularly red leaf spot.
Resistance to foliar diseases
Resistance to foliar diseases, thin stem and
sparse panicle
Very high tillering type
Broader leaves

SGS-152, SGS-132, SGS-222, SGS-215, SGS-178,

SGS-192-1, SGS-181, SGS-161, SGS-221, SGS-146,
SGS-159 and SGS-212-1 were evaluated for tolerance
to receding soil moisture under field conditions.
Morphological, physiological and biochemical
observations were recorded twice at flowering initiation
stage and at 15 days thereafter. Soil moisture measured
at two different depths (15 and 30 cm) indicated a
decline of 40 to 50% soil moisture during these time
frames. Total chlorophyll (Chl) content ranged from
2.05 to 3.20 mg/g fw in control and from 1.58 to 2.90
mg/g fw under stress condition. Stay green line SGS90 indicated minimum level of Chl content under both
control and stress indicating its more susceptibility
towards moisture stress whereas line SGS-152 showing
highest level of Chl content under stress showed its
better suitability under stress for stay green character.
These lines were also tested for seed germination and
viability under control and PEG 6000 simulated water
stress (-5.0 Bar) conditions. Results indicated drastic
reduction in germination from control (53 to 100%) to
stress (20 to 100%). Results showed less effect of
simulated water stress on germination. Specific leaf
weight (SLW) decreased from 2.8% (SGS-152, 5.75
to 5.59 mg/cm2) to 23% (SGS-153, 5.27 to 4.06 mg/
cm2) under receding soil moisture condition. Total dry
matter per plant (TDM) decreased from 4.8% (SGS153, 103.5 to 98.5 g/plant) to 45.2% (SGS-99, 120 to
68.51 g/plant). On the basis of minimum decrease in
total dry matter and specific leaf weight over control,
lines SGS-152 (TDM 8.5% and SLW 2.8%), SGS-221
(TDM 7.6% and SLW 6.5%), SGS-153 (TDM 4.8 and
SLW 23%) and CSV-15 (TDM 18.9% and SLW 4%)
were identified as tolerant genotypes under receding
soil moisture conditions.
Development of Sweet Sorghum hybrids for
multicut
At Dharwad centre, Identified six promising segregants
of sweet sorghum in F 2 generation based on
morphological characters and brix values.
Maize

Evaluation of stay green lines for drought tolerance

Evaluation for pest resistance

Eighteen stay green sorghum lines namely CSV-15,

SGS-90, SGS-153, SGS-177-1, SGS-180, SGS-11,

One hundred sixty three lines consisting of

germplasm lines and advanced generation progenies
9

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Research Achievements

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

of teosinte maize cross were evaluated for resistance

to major diseases. Leaf blight, i.e. maydis leaf blight
or southern leaf blight caused by Dreschlera maydis;
taurcicum leaf blight (Helminthosporium taurcicum);
and banded leaf and sheath blight (Rhizoctonia solani)
were observed in the field. All the lines showed
moderate resistance to maydis leaf blight. The severity
of maydis leaf blight varied from 5 to 10 per cent.
However, African Tall, J-1006, Teo-2 and AM-4
showed comparatively resistant reaction under natural
field conditions. The taurcicum leaf blight and banded
leaf and sheath blight were sporadic in later crop growth
stage, i.e. silk, silk visible, pollen shedding stage
(growth stage 8).

Table 2: Seed yield and other attributes of selected Oat genotypes

Sr.
no.

Genotype

Leaf attitude Leaf colour

Plant
height

Seed
yield
(q/ha)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.

NGB 6370
JHO 822
JHO 851
JHO 99-2
NGB 7245
NGB 4462
NGB 7022
NGB 7253
OS 6
NGB 7021
HJ 8
NGB 4871

Erect
Drooping
Drooping
Erect
Erect
Erect
Drooping
Semi-erect
Drooping
Drooping
Erect
Drooping

Medium
Medium
Small
Tall
Tall
Small
Medium
Small
Medium
Medium
Tall
Small

28.33
23.33
26.67
30.00
23.33
23.33
28.33
25.00
31.67
31.67
28.33
33.33

Green
Light green
Green
Green
Green
Dark green
Light green
Dark green
Green
Green
Green
Light green

Oat
Station trial for dual-purpose
Twenty two lines consisting of germplasm and
selected advanced breeding lines were evaluated
alongwith three checks (JHO 822, JHO 99-2, UPO 212)
for dual purpose in RBD with three replications. EC
131313, NGB 7002, 37/19-1 showed 17.40, 10.52 and
8.09% increase over best check JHO 822 in 1st cut,
whereas thirteen lines showed better fodder yield
over best check variety in the second cut at 50%
flowering.
Evaluation for diseases
Sporadic incidence of sclerotial wilt and loose smut
of oats was observed under natural infestation
condition. The sclerotial wilt (Sclerotium rolfsii),
initiated in the first week of February and continued to
progress slowly till mid April. The infected plants
showed yellowing and partial wilting at the initial stage,
later on infected plant completely wilted and dried. The
maximum disease incidence (10%) was recorded in
IGO3-209. The loose smut (Ustilago avenae) incidence
varied from 1 to 8 per cent. Maximum disease incidence
was observed in genotype EC-605836 followed by E605835 and EC-605838 in third week of April.
Evaluation of promising selections for higher seed
yield
Nine lines along with three checks (JHO 822, JHO 992, JHO 851) were evaluated in RBD with three
replications for seed yield potential. NGB 4871 showed
11% increase over the best check JHO 99-2 (30 q/ha).
10

NGB 7021 and OS-6 also performed better (5%) than

the best check (Table 2)
Cultivated legumes
Berseem
Evaluation of selected plants and plant progenies
Twenty-two selected progenies of the cross T.
alexandrinum T. apertum in F 6 generation were
Table 3: Quality traits among progenies of Trifolium
alexandrinum T. apertum
Sample

% ash

% NDF

ST1
ST2
ST3
ST4
ST5
ST6
ST7
ST8
ST9
ST10
ST11
ST12
ST13
ST14
ST15
ST16
ST17
ST18
ST19
ST21
ST23
ST24
JHB 146
Wardan

13.7
14.09
13.2
14.1
14.04
14.35
13.1
13.98
12.35
14.3
13.2
13.6
13.2
13.6
14.18
14
12.77
13.66
14.37
13.21
13.48
13.14
13.79
13.21

36.87
36.64
35.76
36.01
37.59
36.25
36.74
34.78
41.83
37.54
36.39
37.89
38.59
35.81
37.89
31.4
32.78
35.47
41.82
35.6
36.19
38.47
35.45
36.35

% ADF % Cellu
31.66
28.94
29.41
28.12
31
26.49
32.28
25.33
27.02
25.56
28.85
29.79
24.79
25.78
29.55
26.26
28.12
30.88
30.9
24.96
27.57
31.25
26.26
30.49

26.47
25.89
23.7
23.53
26.27
21.29
27.38
19.85
21.57
20.55
24.78
25.19
19.66
21.54
24.87
23.53
23.53
27.52
24.57
21.75
19.2
23.7
23.51
26.79

% Lignin % CP
3.42
2.17
5.23
3.5
4.54
4.81
4.57
5.22
4.99
4.36
3.83
4.29
4.44
3.5
4.01
2.13
3.5
2.79
6.81
2.57
6.43
7.92
2.13
3.81

22.4
22.1
23.8
25.7
20.3
23.2
21.6
23.5
25.2
19.4
24.7
23.7
26.6
25.6
21.9
21.1
24.4
25.0
27.7
23.5
22.9
20.7
23.1
22.5

Research Achievements

Progeny

CP %

Progeny

CP %

Progeny

CP %

Progeny

CP %

Progeny

CP %

07-1
07-2
07-3
07-4
07-5
07-6
07-7
07-8
07-9
07-10
07-11
07-12
07-13
07-14
07-15

20.08
23.97
21.30
15.00
19.51
24.92
21.37
18.80
16.42
18.66
21.27
20.32
21.37
21.80
17.93

0716
0717
0718
0719
0720
0721
0722
0723
0724
0725
0726
0727
0728
0729
0730

17.52
21.45
23.10
18.23
18.84
24.90
20.15
19.17
19.68
13.62
19.62
21.13
16.35
19.35
18.18

0731
0732
0733
0734
0735
0736
0737
0738
0739
0740
0741
0742
0743
0744
0745

17.21
20.74
17.63
17.62
16.97
13.99
16.65
20.63
18.39
16.21
20.10
18.30
20.35
18.88
19.99

0746
0747
0748
0749
0750
0751
0752
0753
0754
0755
0756
0757
0758
0759
0760

18.04
19.93
21.45
20.20
18.42
15.88
20.48
17.33
19.17
18.50
17.39
22.89
19.56
20.86
16.64

0761
0762
0763
0764
0765
0766
0767
0768
0769
0770
0771
0772
0773
0774
0775

24.34
19.08
20.65
18.46
18.13
25.85
18.67
18.65
17.74
21.22
22.03
23.92
20.05
23.97
20.95

evaluated for GFY and quality traits with Wardan and

JHB 146 as checks. Some of selected progenies outyielded the check varieties by substantial margin (more
than 10%). Check varieties JHB 146 and Wardan
yielded 573.3 q/ha and 606.0 q/ha green matter,
respectively whereas the best progeny yielded 674 q/
ha green matter. The quality traits in these progenies
are presented in Table 3.
13 lines showed better crude protein content than
the check varieties Wardan and JHB 146. Maximum
CP% was recorded as 27.2% against 23.1 and 22.5%,
respectively in JHB 146 and Wardan.
Seventy-five plants were selected from the F 5
progenies of T. alexandrinum T. apertum cross. The
plants showed variation for crude protein content from
13.62% to 25.85%. The selected plants were selfed for
advancing generation and further evaluation. (Table 4)

AL-3, RL-88 and Chetak as well as the parents were

evaluated in replicated trial and observations were
recorded for 12 agronomic traits. Among the crosses,
two crosses appeared relatively promising as they
performed better in terms of GFY/plant and DMY/plant
namely Anand-2 Chetak (9.06 g) and Anand-2
RL-97-1 (8.23 g) for GFY and Anand-2 RL-97-1
(6.11 g) and Anand-2 RL-88 (5.00 g) for DMY.
However, Chetak was the highest yielding parent with
GFY (17.16 g) and DMY (12.11 g)
At Dharwad centre three germplasm lines were
selected and nine individual plants were identified for
further generation advancement. In annual medics,
eleven out of 24 lines flowered and data on
morphological characters recorded.

Evaluation of intervarietal crosses in F2 generation

Screening for nematode resistance

F 2 generation plants of the intervarietal cross

between Mescavi type of varieties Wardan and BB-2
with single cut Fahli and two cut Saidi were evaluated
along with parents. The plants showed segregation for
date of flowering, secondary branching, basal
branching and regeneration. Plants were observed for
early flowering like Fahli and Saidi, and late flowering
like Mescavi and intermediate types. The plants have
been selfed for further evaluation for segregation of
traits.

Thirty five elite exotic germplasm lines along with

IGFRI-95-1 of cowpea were evaluated against rootknot nematodes under pot cultures containing naturally
infested soil with a mixed population (2 larvae/g soil)
of two key and dominant nematode species, viz.
Meloidogyne incognita and M. javanica. The lines
tested showed a differential degree of response to
nematodes infection. Based on the degree of root galls
and egg mass production, the root-knot index (RKI)
was recorded on 15 scale and accordingly the entire
germplasm lines were categorized into different
resistance/susceptibility response groups. Six lines were
identified as resistant (RKI = <1) showing few galls

Lucerne
Ten different crosses between Anand-2, RL-97-1,

Cowpea

11

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Table 4: Crude protein percent among selected progenies of T. alexandrinum T. apertum

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

Table 5: Response of cowpea germplasm lines to root knot nematode, Meloidogyne spp.
Category/gall and egg mass score
1 Highly resistant (no galls, no egg masses)

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

2 Resistant (110 galls without egg masses)

3 Moderately resistant
(1125 galls with few egg masses)

Number of germplasm

Germplasm lines

Nil

IC-438361, 438366, EC-549020, 548989, 548998, 548999

14

EC-438362, 438363, 548850, 548859, 548890, 548920,

548928, 548940, 548962, 548996, 549012, 549013,
549019, IGFRI-95-1

4 Susceptible (26-50 galls with egg masses)

IC-438372, 438373, EC-4216, 548855, 548872, 548879,

548939,548963, 549018

5 Highly susceptible (>50 galls with

many egg masses)

IC-438360, EC-548889, 548902, 548922, 548932,

48936, 548953

without egg masses, while 14 lines, showed moderately

resistant reaction. Rest of the lines was categorized
under susceptible and highly susceptible group
(Table 5). In addition 3 lines, viz. EC-548932, 549013
and 548936 were identified as highly responsive to
native Rhizobium (5258 nodules/plant) and VAM
fungi (7082%, root colonization).
3.1.3 Varietal Evaluation Trials in Different
Agro-climatic Regions of India AICRP
on Forage Crops
Rabi crops
In Rabi 200708, twelve multi-location breeding
trials on six major forage crops, viz. berseem, oats
(single and multi cut), lucerne (perennial), White
Clover, Tall Fescue grass and shaftal were conducted
at 28 centres located in five zones, viz. North-East zone
(NEZ), North-West zone (NWZ), Central zone (CTZ),
South zone (SOZ) and Hill zone (HLZ).
Berseem
In IVT and AVT, fodder yield (GFY and DMY), and
the quality traits, national check Wardan maintained
its superiority at zonal as well as national level. IVT
entry HFB-700 had least incidences (5.4%) of stem rot
whereas Wardan, JB-03-17, Mescavi, JHB 2007-1 and
Bundel Berseem-2 were highly susceptible at Hisar.
BL-87 was resistant to nematode. In AVT, entries
Wardan, HFB-165, Mescavi, JB-03-84 and BL-22 were
moderately resistant to root and stem rot diseases at
Jhansi. BL-22 was moderately resistant to nematode
(T. vulgaris).
Oats
In IVT oats (single cut), for fodder yield, three
12

entries, viz. JO 03-91, OS-346, OS-350 and NDO-9 in

CT zone, five entries in hill zone and one entry (OS346) at national level were superior as compared to the
checks. Three entries were at par to national check for
quality estimates like CPY and CP content (CP%),
IVDMD (%) and leafiness.
In combined advanced varietal trial (AVT-1+ 2),
none of the entries was better than check in fodder yield
and fodder production potential (q/ha/day) at national
level. However, in Central zone two entries, viz. UPO
2005-1 and JO 2003-78 were considerably superior in
GFY. In AVT-2 seed yield trial, both the entries, UPO
04-1 and JHO 2004-4 produced 67% higher seed yield
over the checks.
Oats (Multi cut)
In IVT and AVT1-1, none of the entries was superior
over checks at zonal or the national level. Single cut
entries SKO-90, JHO-2007-2 were resistant to leaf
blight at Ludhiana. JO-03-93,SKO-90,JHO-2007-1,
SKO-105, SKO-109, ANDO-1, ANDO-2, OL-125,
OS-329 and OS-344 were resistant to powdery mildew
at Palampur. Entry JO-03-91 was found resistant to leaf
blight at more than two locations. All the entries under
evaluation except OS-05-6 were found resistant to
sclerotium rot at Bhubaneswar. JHO-2006-4, NDO-9
and OL-125 were moderately resistant to root knot
nematode. In multicut oat varieties JHO-2007-4 was
resistant to leaf blight at Ludhiana, whereas JO-03-1,
NDO-12, OL-1528, JHO-2007-3 were resistant at
Bhubaneswar. JO-03-1, JHO-2007-3, JHO-2007-4,
JHO-851 and UPO-212 were resistant to powdery
mildew at Palampur. JHO-2007-4 was resistant to root
knot nematode.

Lucerne

Maize

Amongst the six entries of Lucerne evaluated against

two checks, viz. RL-88 and Anand-2 in 2nd year of
testing, LTP-7 was found to be the most promising in
respect to GFY, DMY, fodder yield potential (q/ha/day),
plant height and in crude protein yield at zonal as well
as national level.

IVT entries of maize JFMS-1, J-1006, African Tall

at Palampur, JFMS-1, J-1006 at Jhansi and R-2011 at
Bhubaneswar showed resistance to leaf blight. All the
entries except HFM-3 and J-1006 were moderately
resistant to stem borer at Hyderabad. AVT entries were
found susceptible to leaf blight except African tall.
BAIF-M-1 and African Tall were moderately resistant
against nematode.

White clover
In 2nd year varietal trial on five strains of white clover
evaluated at five centres of the Himalayan hill region
under rangeland conditions, entry WC-2 performed
better than other entries for forage yield (GFY and
DMY). In CP yield and CP%, entries WC-2 and WC-1
were almost similar.
Tall Fescue grass
None of the four strains evaluated at three centres in
sub-temperate and temperate Himalayan hill region
under natural protected rangeland were better than
variety Hima-4 (Check) in forage yield (GFY and
DMY).
Kharif Crops
Twenty two breeding trials of five annual and eight
perennial forage species comprising 110 entries with
their respective check(s) were conducted at 35 centres
located in five zones. The forage species evaluated
were: maize, pearl millet (forage and dual purpose
type), cowpea, rice bean and soybean in annual group;
guinea grass, Cenchrus ciliaris, Napier bajra hybrid,
Stylosanthes, Chrysopogon, Dichanthium, Chloris
gayana and Setaria in perennial group.
Pearl millet
In Pearl millet (Dual purpose), entry NDFB-5 was
superior (8.0 per cent) to the better check in Northwest
zone. IVT entries of Pearl millet were resistant to downy
mildew except Giant Bajra at Hisar. Leaf spot
incidences were least in JHPM-08-1 at Jhansi. Entries
JHPM-08-1, JHPM-08-2 and PHB-2758 were
moderately resistant to root lesion nematode. AVT
entries DRSB-18, NDFB-12 showed resistance to
downy mildew at Hisar. NDFB-10 was resistant to
nematode at Jhansi. DRSB-18 was also found highly
resistant to shoot borer at Hyderabad. Dual purpose
pearl millet entries NDFB-5 and NDFB-3 were found
resistant to downy mildew.

Cowpea
In IVT and AVT-1, none of entries were superior in
forage yield and quality over the checks except in
Northwest zone. In Northwest zone, entry UPC-801
was found superior followed by UPC 802. Similarly,
in AVT-2 entry UPC-628 had shown superiority in
fodder yield (GFY and DMY) in Northwest and
Northeast zones. In seed production, both national
checks, viz. Bundel lobia-1 and UPC-5286 have
maintained their superiority over the entries.
Variety cross-3 (c19 c87) was tolerant to aphid at
Bhubaneswar and Hyderabad. AV-5, UPC-802 and CL401 were tolerant to jassid. UPC-622, 801 and UPC802 showed moderate resistance to nematode. IVT
entries CL-401, UPC-801 and AV-5 at Hisar and UPC9202 at Jhansi showed resistance to root rot. At Hisar,
UPC-802, UPC-5286 and CL-401 were free from
mosaic incidence. AVT entries BL-2 showed low
population of aphid at Jhansi and UPC-629 at
Bhubaneswar. UPC-628 at Jhansi showed least
population of flea beetle and jassid and was also
resistant to root rot.
Rice bean
JRB J 05-2 and KRB-19 performed better in fodder
yield and the quality traits.
Soybean
JS 07 11-6 and JS 07-20-1 was superior over the
checks in fodder yield, per day production and quality
attributes.
Cultivar development
Varieties identified for release for different
agro-climatic region AICRP on forage crops
Napier bajra hybrid (RBN-13)
NB hybrid variety RBN-13 developed by MPKV,
13

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Research Achievements

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

Registration of germplasm
Nine proposals for novel germplasm registration
have been submitted to novel germplasm registration
committee, NBPGR. Six proposals are for ploidy series
of Guinea grass (3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 8x, 9x), two for Bajra
(tetraploid male sterile and its maintainer) and one for
pentafoliate Berseem.

Plate 1: Autonomous endosperm development

been identified with high expression (upto 20%) of

autonomous endosperm development in developing
embryo-sacs and was characterized by ovule clearingDIC microscopy (Plate 1).

3.1.4 Maintenance breeding

Genetic characterization of BIII hybridization

Nucleus seed were produced for the released

varieties of guar, sem, oats and berseem.

To study genetic regulation of BIII hybridization

(unreduced egg cell-fertilized), a F1 population of 45
plants originating from parents SPM 92 (obligate
sexual, no BIII formation) and IG 04-164 (line with
high BIII (45%) seed formation) was characterized
utilizing Flow Cytometric Seed Screen (FCSS). The
plants exhibited a range of 043.8% in their capacity
for BIII hybridization supporting multi-gene control
of the phenomenon. Furthermore, F 2 plants were
derived individually from a F1 with limited BIII
capacity (viz. plant 51, 11%) as well as another F1 with
higher BIII capacity (viz. ss39, 36%), to estimate
number of genes involved in the process. F2 plants from
plant 51 showed limited BIII seeds while F2s from ss39
exhibited a range between 1750% (Fig.10).

Bundel Guar-1
Bundel Guar-3
JHO 851
JHO 822
JHO 99-1
Bundel Berseem-3

:
:
:
:
:
:

64
48
26
31
24
50

kg
kg
kg
kg
kg
kg

Bundel Guar-2
Bundel Sem-1
JHO 99-2
JHO 2001-3
JHO 2000-4

:
:
:
:
:

52 kg
60 kg
19 kg
29 kg
23 kg

3.1.5 Genetic and Biotechnological approach

for forage crop improvement
Cultivated and range grasses
Guinea grass
Crosses between sexual and apomictic lines for generation of segregating population:
Segregating F1 population of 250 individuals from
obligate sexual (SPM 92) and obligate apomictic
(Riversdale) has been produced. Amongst these, 113
plants have been characterized, utilizing ovule clearing,
for their mode of reproduction. Obligate aposporous,
obligate sexual and facultative aposporous/sexual, as
well as those exhibiting autonomous endosperm
development have been identified. This population is
subjected to RAPD (80 primers) and SSR marker (200
primer pairs) analysis for construction of molecular map
as well as identification of molecular markers for
apomixis. Additionally, one F1 plant (N3/1/7/2) has
14

Bill seed formation (%)

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Rahuri has been identified for notification and release

for the central zone comprising the states of Madhya
Pradesh, Maharasthra, Gujarat and southern part of
Uttar Pradesh and; in southern zone comprising the
states of Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and
Kerala. This variety has high yield potential of green
fodder (100.2 t/ha), dry matter (23.6 t/ha) and crude
protein yield (2.4 t/ha) as well as per day productivity
(5.9 q/ha/day of green fodder) in the proposed zones.
The variety has consistency in yield throughout the year
with low oxalic acid content (> 2ppm).

50
40
30
20
10
0
Plant identity

Fig. 10: BIII seeds forming capacity in F1 population (SPM92

IG 04-164)

Research Achievements

Effect of ploidy on expression of individual apomixis

components (viz. apomeiosis and parthenogenesis) was
studied in a 38 member ploidy series represented by
3x, 4x, 5x, 6x, 8x and 9x ploidies developed by
Hybridization-supplemented Apomixis-components
Partitioning Approach (HAPA) utilizing embryo-sac
clearing and FCSS. The data suggested that expression
of individual apomixis components is enhanced with
the increasing ploidy. Plants of same ploidy and
parentage but differing in apomictic capacities have
been short-listed for molecular analysis.

(a)

(b)

Plate 2:(a) Sexual plant (IGFRI-CcSx-08/1) of Cenchrus ciliaris in

reproductive phase, (b) Embryosac of the plant (IGFRICcSx-08/1) observed by pistil-clearing DIC microscopy with
prominent antipodal cells

Pennisetum
Crosses involving pearl millet and P. squamulatum
More than 1200 F1s originating from pearl millet
(2n=4x=28) and P. squamulatum (2n=8x=56) were
established in the field and characterized cytologically
utilizing leaf flow cytometry possessing similar
genomic content showing non-involvement of any
unreduced gamete from the parents. Open-pollinated
seeds from 185 randomly selected plants were subjected
to FCSS to identify plants with higher expression of
individual apomixis components. Lines with high BIII
seed formation were identified. One line (H31)
identified to produce upto 40% BIII hybrids. Utilizing
embryo-sac analysis, plants with obligate apospory,
obligate sexual, facultative apospory/sexual and
autonomous endosperm development have been
identified. Lines exhibiting auto-endosperm
development identified (though frequency too less).
Cenchrus
Rare occurrence of sexual plant in Cenchrus ciliaris,
identified using pistil-clearing technique, was
characterized by DNA profiling. PCR amplification of
genomic DNA from the sexual plant using 10-mer
random primers (OPJ-13 and OPP-14) produced bands
of 225 bp and 1.2 kb, respectively (Plate 2). Specific
to the sexual plants as well as in other sexual plants in
the F2 mapping population of C. ciliaris. Using the
DNA fingerprint, this plant can be easily distinguished
from other Cenchrus plants. The sexual plant of C.
ciliaris. It shows distinct morphology and flowering
behaviour as compared to any other commonly found
apomictic plants of C. ciliaris (Plate 3)

Plate 3: DNA profile of the sexual C. ciliaris plant (IGFRI-CcSx08/1). PCR with random primers (OPJ-13 and OPP-14)
produced specific bands of about 0.22 kb and 1.2 kb,
respectively. M1=100 bp DNA marker; Sx= sexual plant;
Sp= sexual progeny; Ap= apomictic plant; M2= 500 bp
DNA marker.

Cultivated and range legumes

Lucerne
Using apical meristematic axis from 5 to 6 days old
seedlings of Lucerne, (cv Chetak) on an average 27
plants per apical meristem were regenerated on MS
medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l TDZ and 1.0 mg/
l BAP (Plate 4a), which showed more than 75% survival
under field conditions. Normal growth and
development (Plate 4b), flowering and seed setting
(Plate 4c) were observed in the regenerated plants. On
15

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Genome dosage effects in expression of apomixis

components (Ploidy series)

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

(a)

(b)

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

(c)

(d)

Plate 4: (a) Lucerne plants regenerated through multiple shoot

induction from apical meristematic axis. (b) Tissue cultured
Lucerne plants showing normal growth and development.
(c) Normal flowering in tissue cultured Lucerne plants.
(d) Transient GUS gene expression in co-cultivated trifoliate
leaf of Lucerne

Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of

Lucerne, with GUS scorable marker gene, transient
GUS expression was observed in the co-cultivated
explants (Plate 4d).
3.2 Management of Production Resources for
Enhanced Grassland and Fodder Productivity
3.2.1 Cultivated Fodder

to spare land exclusively for fodder production. Cerealclover intercropping offers cultivation of fodder as well
as cereal on the same piece of land. Maize grain
production in T 1 (Wheat-maize, as per farmers
practice) produced lowest grain yield (9.25 q/ha), which
was at par to 50% N to maize in T7 with an average
yield of 10.19 q/ha.(Table 6). Application of
recommended dose of N to maize crop yielded 16.18
to 18.86 q/ha in different treatments (T2, T4, T5, T6 and
T9), which were at par with 75% N application (T8)
with an average yield of 15.98 q/ha.
During Rabi season the data reveals that treatment
(T4) consisting of white clover + wheat (50%) N
maize (recommended dose) produced significantly
lowest yield as compared to other treatments except
wheat-maize (NPK as per farmers practice) (T1), where
it produced 13.83 q/ha at par to T4. Application of
recommended dose of N to wheat under different
combination of white clover + wheat maize (75 and
100% N) produced average wheat grain yield of 23.36
q/ha to 26.89 q/ha, and were statistically at par with
each other. White clover + wheat (75%N) (maize
recommended dose) in T5 produced average grain yield
of 23.36 q/ha and was statistically at par with the
recommended dose of N under different combinations.
White clover (sole) treatment (T 3 ) produced
significantly higher forage (5.03 DM t/ha) as compared
to other treatments. In rest of the treatments the dry
matter production varied in the range of 3.42 to 4.01 t/
ha and were statistically at par with each other (Table 6).
System synthesis

Sustainable cereal and fodder production through

cereal - clover intercropping in mid hills
Due to marginal land holdings, farmers are unable

Organic manuring
Effect of different doses of farm yard manure and

Table 6: Cereal and fodder production through intercropping

Treatments

T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6
T7
T8
T9

Treatment detail

Wheat maize (NPK as per (Farmers practice)

Wheat- Maize (NPK as per Recommended dose)
White clover- sole
White clover + Wheat (50% N) Maize (Recommended dose)
White clover + Wheat (75% N) Maize (Recommended dose)
White clover + Wheat (100% N) Maize (Recommended dose)
White clover + Wheat (Recommended dose) Maize (50%N)
White clover + Wheat (Recommended dose) Maize (75%)
White clover + Wheat (Recommended dose) Maize (100%)
CD (P=0.05)

16

Maize )
in (q/ha)

Wheat
grain (q/ha)

9.25
16.18
18.38
17.58
18.57
10.19
15.98
18.86
2.97

13.83
24.37
12.75
23.36
26.89
24.59
25.64
26.01
3.67

White clover
DM (t/ha)
5.03
3.56
3.42
3.97
4.01
3.81
3.84
0.98

recommended doses of N P K were studied in guinea

grass + berseem intercropping system. Treatments
consisted of recommended inorganic fertilizer dose
(200 kg N + 50 kg P2O5 + 50 kg K2O/ha to guinea
grass and 20 kg N + 80 kg P 2O5/ha to berseem),
recommended FYM levels (50 t FYM to guinea and
30 t FYM to berseem/ha/year), full dose of FYM to
guinea + 25, 50 and 75% reduced FYM dose to
berseem, full dose of FYM to berseem + 25, 50 and
75% reduced FYM to guinea and 25, 50 and 75%
reduction in FYM doses to both guinea grass and
berseem along with unfertilized control.
In berseem, except at 75% reduced levels of FYM
to both guinea and berseem, all the FYM levels
recorded higher forage yield than inorganic fertilizer
application. Maximum forage yield (75.22 t green or
10.32 t dry matter/ha) was recorded with the use of 30
t FYM (full dose) to berseem and 25 t FYM/ha to guinea
(50% reduced quantity). This was 13% higher than
inorganic fertilizer dose (66.38 t green or 9.98 t dry
matter/ha) and 37% higher than control (54.92 t fresh
or 7.22 t dry matter/ha).
In guinea grass also, all the organic treatments
recorded higher yield than inorganic fertilizer.
Maximum green fodder yield of 131.11 t/ha (28.23 t
dry matter/ha) was recorded with full dose (30 t/ha) of
FYM to berseem + 25% reduction in FYM (37.5 t/ha)
to guinea grass. These yields were 18% higher than
inorganic treatment (110.75 t green and 28.23 t dry
matter/ha) and 63% higher over control (80.20 t green
and 16.16 t dry matter/ha). Considering both the crops
of intercropping system, maximum forage yield (203.92
t green or 35.65 t dry matter/ha) was recorded when
berseem was manured with recommended dose (30 t/
ha) of FYM and guinea grass with 25% reduced dose
(37.5 t/ha) of FYM. This was significantly higher (15%)
than inorganic fertilizer application (135.11 t green or
23.38 t dry matter/ha) and statistically at par with
recommended FYM levels to both guinea and berseem,
25% reduction in recommended FYM to both crops,
recommended FYM to guinea + 25% reduced FYM to
berseem and recommended FYM to berseem + 50%
reduced FYM to guinea grass. Application of FYM
caused increase in OC, available N and K. Soil organic
carbon (OC), available N, P and K in different
treatments were in the range of 0.490.87%, 257355.9,
12.619.3 and 229.6316.4 kg/ha, respectively. DTPA
extractable Mn, Fe and Cu remained unaltered but Zn

was reduced with full dose of inorganic fertilizer after

four years cropping. However, the different levels of
FYM caused increase in Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe content to
the extent of 1.301.72, 3.255.35, 1341.65 and 20.4
26.7 ppm over initial level of Zn (0.65 ppm), Mn (2.56
ppm), Cu (1.0 ppm) and Fe (16.1 ppm). In cropping
without manures/fertilizers, Zn, Mn, Cu and Fe in soil
were reduced by 23, 15, 15 and 12 percent from the
initial value, respectively. Microbial biomass
determined in the Kharif season varied from 223.3
9.4 mg biomass C/kg in control without manure/
fertilizer to 500 8.1 mg biomass C/kg soil in 100%
FYM to both the crops. Gradual reduction in FYM
doses also caused reduction in the soil biomass carbon.
Evapo-transpiration studies
In rabi 200708, berseem was grown in interspaces
of guinea grass in and around lysimeter under perennial
grass and seasonal legume based intercropping system.
The ET of the system during 1st to 4th cuts was estimated
to be 95.1, 68.7, 122.1 and 122.2 mm respectively. The
total productivity of the system in four cuts were 15.38,
14.81, 19.32 and 15.38 t/ha green fodder and 2.23, 2.07,
2.66 and 2.97 t/ha dry matter, respectively. The water
use efficiency (WUE) of the system was worked out to
be 23.45, 30.13, 21.78 and 24.30 kg dm/ha mm and
the crop coefficient of the system was 1.13, 1.30, 1.48
and 1.16 from 1st to 4th cut, respectively.
Fodder production under rainfed conditions
Soil moisture conservation and nutrient
management
In kharif season, among the four moisture
conservation techniques, deep summer ploughing + two
harrowing (MCP2) in each season produced maximum
fodder yield of bajra + cowpea (33.22 t green and 5.48
t dry matter/ha). This was significantly higher over
other treatments (Table 7). The increase in terms of
green fodder was to the tune of 21.5, 10.4 and 8.7%
over traditional practice of two harrowing in each
season plus inter-cultivation (28.58 t/ha), two
harrowing in each season + mulching (30.58 t/ha) and
deep summer ploughing in alternate year + two
harrowing (30.09 t/ha). However, in terms of dry matter
it remained at par with deep summer ploughing in
alternate year + two harrowing (5.23 t/ha) but exhibited
significant improvement (19.84 and 9.5%) over two
17

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Research Achievements

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

Table 7: Green fodder yield of bajra + cowpea under different moisture conservation practices and nutrient sources

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Two harrowing in each season + inter cultivation

Deep summer ploughing + two harrowing in each season
Deep summer ploughing (alternate year) + two
harrowing in each season
Two harrowing in each season + mulching

Mcp1
Mcp2
Mcp3

50% organic + 50% inorganic

40% organic + 40% inorganic + biofertilizer
60% organic + 20% inorganic + biofertilizer

NS1
NS2
NS3

Mcp4

20% organic + 60% inorganic + biofertilizer

NS4

harrowing in each season + inter cultivation and two

harrowing in each season + mulching. Among nutrient
sources, application of 40% organic + 40% inorganic
+ biofertilizer proved the best in recording higher yield
of 33.80 t green and 5.60 t dry matter/ha as against
20% organic + 60% inorganic + biofertilizer. The
increase in forage yields was to the tune of 22.80, 18.28
and 8.1% in terms of green and 19.08, 18.69 and 5.50%
in terms of dry matter, over 60% organic + 20%
inorganic + biofertilizer, 50% organic + 50% inorganic
and 20% organic + 60% inorganic + biofertilizer,
respectively. Due to early cessation of monsoon and
consequently very low residual soil moisture content
(3.74.4%), the sowing of previous Rabi crop could
not be done.
Agronomic practices for Pearl millet variety
AVKB 19
Green fodder yield was significantly higher (57.1%)
at 40 DAS than at 30 DAS (181.1 q/ha). Application of
nitrogen increased GFY significantly by 33.4% at 30
kg N/ha, by 60.8% at 60 kg N/ha and by 73.5% at 90
kg N/ha over control (164 q/ha). At higher dose of N
(60 kg to 90 kg N/ha), the increase in GFY was nonsignificant (Table 8). Similar effects were observed in
DMY.
Highest grain yield was recorded in no cut. It reduced
significantly by 45% in regenerated crop cut at 30 DAS
and by 64% in regenerated crop cut at 40 DAS over no
cut (11.79 q/ha). With the increase in levels of Nitrogen
(0 to 90 kg N/ha) there was corresponding increase in

Table 8: Effect of cutting schedule and nitrogen levels on GFY

(q/ha) in AVKB-19
N level (kg/ha)

Cutting schedule

0
30
60
90
Mean
Cutting schedule (A)
N level (B)
Cutting sch N level
CV%

30 DAS

40 DAS

114.7
169.0
211.9
228.9
181.10
SE(m)
6.97
9.86
13.94
10.37

213.4
268.8
315.7
340.3
284.57
CD at 5%
21.15
29.91
n.s.

Mean

164.0
218.9
263.8
284.6
232.8

the grain yield over control. Application of nitrogen

increased the grain yield significantly by 27.9% at 30
kg N/ha, by 50.1% at 60 kg N/ha and by 62.5% at 90
kg N/ha over control (5.56 q/ha). At higher dose of N
(60 kg to 90 kg N/ha), the increase in grain yield was
non-significant. Application of 60 kg N/ha was found
to be good for obtaining the optimum total yield. At 30
and 40 DAS cutting total yield is less but it can meet
the green fodder demand.
Effect of intercropping, row spacing and
moisture conservation on productivity of bajra
Sole crop of bajra gave highest stover and grain yield
compared to other intercrop combinations. Mulching
gave more yield than non-mulching. 45-cm row spacing
gave higher yield over 60-cm row spacing (Table 9
a,b). Effect of treatments was non-significant.

Table 9a: Effect of inter-cropping and row-spacing on yield (q/ha) of AVKB-19

Intercropping (A)

Sole bajra
Bajra + cowpea mix
Paired row (2:1)
Mean

Stover yield

Grain yield

45 cm

60 cm

Mean

45 cm

60 cm

Mean

116.1
123.2
117.3
118.9

122.6
114.9
113.4
117.0

119.4
119.0
115.3
117.9

14.17
14.14
13.78
14.03

14.05
13.92
13.84
13.94

14.11
14.03
13.81
13.99

18

Research Achievements

Table 9b: Effect of inter-cropping and mulching on yield (q/ha) of AVKB-19

Sole bajra
Bajra + cowpea mix
Paired row (2:1)
Mean

Stover yield

Grain yield

No mulch

Mulch

Mean

No mulch

Mulch

Mean

116.4
119.1
113.5
116.3

122.4
119.0
117.2
119.5

119.4
119.0
115.3
117.9

14.06
13.82
13.73
13.87

14.16
14.25
13.90
14.10

14.11
14.03
13.81
13.99

Perennial based fodder production system

Rainfed area network studies on balanced

nutrition
In the third year of the experiment, the application
of recommended dose of NPK (60 : 40 : 40 kg/ha) +
25 kg zinc sulphate/ha produced maximum grain (2.28
t/ha) and stover yields (35.50 t/ha). This was 70.1 and
29.6% higher than the grain and stover yield recorded
in control. The yield attributing characteristics viz. ear
length (30.25 cm), weight of ear + grain (155.0 g/ear)

Net benefit

60
50
40

2
1.5

30
20

1
0.5

10
0

0
T1

T2

T3

T4

Rupees ('000)

Grain yield

2.5

Grain yield

In the kharif season, combination of paired rows of

Pennisetum trispecific hybrid (TSH) with seasonal
fodder crops recorded highest green (53.8 t/ha) and dry
matter yields (11.3 t/ha) followed by alternate planting
of TSH + Leucaena (47.8 t green and 10.59 t dry matter/
ha). This was 12.54 and 45.9% higher over alternate
planting of TSH + Leucaena and paired rows of
Leucaena in terms of green fodder and 6.70 and 32.78
in terms of dry matter, respectively. Among the seasonal
fodder sequences, pearl millet (double cut) proved
superior in recording highest green (30.96 t/ha) and
dry matter yields (5.82 t/ha) followed by fodder
sorghum + cowpea Brassica juncea + Vicia spp. (25.8
t green or 4.5 t dry matter/ha). The corresponding
increase of pearl millet (double cut) yields over fodder
sorghum + cowpea B. juncea + Vicia spp. and cowpea
barley + Lathyrus in terms of green fodder was 19.76
and 59.8% respectively. Due to early cessation of
monsoon and consequently very low residual soil
moisture (3.54.1% in the crop rows), the sowing of
previous Rabi crop could not be done. Temporal
observations were made on soil moisture and CO2
evolution during kharif season. Soil moisture varied
from 14.3 to 26.3% during September 2008 and
between 8.4 to 15.7% during October 2008. CO 2
evolution varied from 6.3 to 53.6/gm 2 during
September and 9.94 to 46.14/gm2 during October 2008.

T5

Fig. 11. Grain yield and net return of sorghum under different
fertilizer treatments

and test weight (32.22 g) were also maximum in this

treatment. The net return of Rs 58,310/ha as well as
B:C ratio (6.19) were maximum with application of
100% dose of NPK + 25 kg ZnSO4/ha (Fig. 11). Early
flowering by 5 days was also noticed in this treatment.
The application of gypsum to this combination with
gypsum could not bring any significant improvement
in yield.
T1 Control
T2 Recommended NPK
T3 Recommended NPK + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha
T4 Recommended NPK + Gypsum @ 50 kg/ha
T5 Recommended NPK + ZnSO4 @ 25 kg/ha +
Gypsum @ 50 kg/ha
Herbicide residue and soil enzyme studies
Enzyme activity and fodder yield
The activities of soil enzymes were monitored in
the experiment of fodder sorghum (cv PC-6) during
Kharif 2008 with and without application of herbicide
atrazine and two different nutrient (N) supplementation
sole inorganic source and integration of organic with
inorganic source in 1:1 ratio. The significant
observation in soil alkaline phosphatase activity
showed a peak after one week of atrazine application
19

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Intercropping (A)

20082009

20

0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01

834

803

772

741

710

679

648

617

586

555

524

493

462

400

431

0
0.01

Wave length (nm)

Fig 12: Reflectance difference between two nitrogen treatments
of oat

difference (RD) showed that the single reflectance at

613 and 726 were the most sensitive to N application
in oat. Similarly, lucerne reflectance was most sensitive
to N application at 602 and 690 nm. There was no
significant difference between the reflectance values
in visible range for berseem and lucerne. However, in
the near infrared region, particularly at 711 nm slight
difference was observed among nitrogen application.
The first derivative of the reflectance curves (Fig. 13)
showed the location of inflection points of Heteropogon
and the magnitude of spikes at 525, 580, 647, 664 and
725 nm for N0 and 519, 571, and 706 nm for N1 showed
a strong relationship, respectively. The red edge
inflection point occurs at 706 and 724 nm for
Heteropogon at N0 and N1, respectively. The reflectance
values at 689 had highest correlation with leaf
N (r=0.42*) in rabi crops.
0.008
0.007

N0
N1

0.006
0.005
0.004
0.003
0.002

0.002

790

760

730

700

670

640

610

580

0.001

550

520

0.001

490

A field study was conducted during rabi (200708)

and kharif (2008) season on fodder crops including
grasses (rabi: berseem, lucerne and oat; kharif:
Heteropogon contortus and Cenchrus ciliaris) with two
nitrogen levels: without nitrogen (N 0 ) and
recommended dose (N1) in three replications. Nitrogen
treatment affected leaf reflectance in the visible range
(400 to 700 nm) and in the red edge (690730) in all
the crops. The canopy reflectance of oat at 559 and
685724 nm increased with no nitrogen application
(N0) (Fig. 12). Similar pattern was observed in case of
other crops under study. Oat grown with N0 had 26.6,
41.5 and 51.2% higher reflectance at 535, 592 and 700
nm, respectively as compared to N1. The reflectance

0.06

460

Spectral characteristics of fodder crops

0.07

430

Soil samples collected from atrazine-treated plots

at two depths, viz. 015 and 1530 cm from all the
replicates at 0, 6, 16, 35 and 68 and harvesting time
(83 days) were analyzed for atrazine residues. The
initial deposition at 015 cm depth of soil was 0.4697
mg/kg, which dissipated by 21% in 6 days and
measured at 0.3713 mg/kg. After 16 days, the residue
at 015 cm depth was 0.1614 mg/kg, indicating more
than 65% dissipation while after 35 days, only 0.0768
mg/kg residue was left, showing a loss of 84% of initial
deposition. At of 1530 cm depth, the initial deposit of
0.2646 mg/kg was dissipated by 23% (0.2035 mg/kg)
after 6 days and 51% (0.1293 mg/kg) after 16 days of
application. After 35 days, 0.0338 mg/kg atrazine could
be measured, this amounted to about 88% degradation
of initial concentration. No residue of atrazine was
detected in plant samples collected at harvest time.

0.08

400

Herbicide residues in soil and plant

0.09
Reflectance difference

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

in sorghum both with sole inorganic (0.122 mg PNP/g

soil/hr) and 50% organic + 50% inorganic (0.130 mg
PNP/g soil/hr) nutrient supplementation. The values
were 22.5 times more than those observed with similar
nutrient applications in absence of herbicide application
in the surface soil (0.045 mg PNP/g soil/hr and 0.060
mg PNP PNP/g soil/hr in case of sole inorganic and
1:1 inorganic-organic nutrient applications
respectively). Relatively higher green fodder yield was
observed with sole inorganic source of nutrient
supplementation, both with or without herbicide (45.5
and 44.0 t/ha respectively), but the differences were
statistically non significant.

1st derivative

IGFRI Annual Report

Wave length (nm)

Fig.13: Ist derivative of reflectance of Heteropogon in response

to nitrogen

3.2.2 Forage Crop Production Studies in

Different Agroclimatic Regions of India
AICRP forage crops
During Rabi coordinated and specific locations trials
were conducted on various aspects of forage crop
production at 21 sites.
Integrated nutrient management in food-forage
based system
At Hill Zone (Palampur and Almora), application
of 75% NPK through inorganic fertilizer + Azotobacter/
Rhizobium in Setaria - white clover system realized
highest mean net return over control (Rs 10,599/ha/yr)
during second year.
In Central zone, application of FYM 25%N through
FYM + 50% NPK through inorganic fertilizer +
Azotobacter/Rhizobium in sorghum+cowpea lucerne
realized highest B:C ratio at Rahuri (1.78) and Anand
(2.51). Application of 25% N through FYM + 75%
NPK through inorganic fertilizer at Urulikanchan,
recorded highest B:C ratio (2.07). At Jabalpur, 100%
NPK through inorganic fertilizer was superior in terms
of net return (Rs 42,347/ha/yr) with the increase of
982.5 percent over control. At Jhansi, 50% N through
FYM + 50% NPK through inorganic fertilizer to
sorghum + cowpea berseem realized 195 percent
increase in net return over control (Rs 8,952/ha/yr).
In North East Zone, at Jorhat, riceoat + lathyrus
supplemented with 50% NPK (inorganic) + 25% N
through FYM + Green manuring (GM) registered
superiority in net return (Rs 44,635/ha/yr) over control
(119.3%) and 100% NPK (28.6%). At Faizabad,
application of 50% N through FYM + 50% NPK
(inorganic) to rice - berseem realized highest net return
(Rs 30,416/ha/yr) and forage equivalent yield (1014.5
q/ha/yr). 50% N through FYM + PSB + Azolla/
Rhizobium to rice cowpea (F) mung (G) at
Bhubaneswar (Rs 3,252.5/ha/yr), 25% N through FYM
+ 50% NPK (inorganic) + GM to ricebean oat - mung
(F) at Kalyani (Rs 36,160/ha/yr) and 50% N FYM +
50% NPK (inorganic) to rice-berseem at Ranchi
(Rs 158,077/ha/yr) recorded highest net return.
In North West zone, application of 100% NPK
through inorganic fertilizer to rice-berseem-maize (F)
+ cowpea (F) at Pantnagar realized significantly higher
B:C ratio (1.21) which was at par with FYM 50% N +
50% NPK through inorganic fertilizer (B:C ratio 1.15).
At Hisar, application of FYM 50% N + 50% NPK

through inorganic fertilizer to sorghum-berseem

realized many fold higher net return (530%) over 100%
NPK through inorganic fertilizer (net return- Rs 24,980/
ha/yr). At Bikaner, B:C ratio (3.50) was significantly
higher with the use of FYM 25% N + 50% NPK through
inorganic fertilizer + biofertilizer (Azospirillum/
Rhizobium) to sorghum (F) + moth (G) lucerne (F) +
barley (G). At Ludhiana, FYM 25% N + 75% NPK
through inorganic fertilizer (Rs 66,350/ha/yr) was at
par with 100% NPK (Rs 67,170/ha/yr) through
inorganic fertilizer in terms of net return.
In South Zone, sorghum (MC)-blackgarm (G) at
Coimbatore recorded 205 percent increase in net return
with the application of 50% NPK through inorganic
fertilizer + 50% N through poultry manure over 100%
NPK through inorganic fertilizer (Rs 43,440/ha/yr).
At Mandya, sorghum (MC) cowpea (G) recorded
highest net return with the application of 100% NPK
through inorganic fertilizer + VAM (Rs 42,000/ha/yr)
which was at par with 100% percent NPK
supplementation through inorganic fertilizer. At
Vellayani, 100% NPK through inorganic fertilizer/
FYM/along with VAM realized equal B:C ratio (2.4).
Application of 100% NPK through poultry manure
gave lowest net return (Rs 55,580/ha/yr).
Optimization of S and Zn in forage based crop
sequences
Response of S and Zn irrespective of sources in
forage based sequences was higher in yearly
application, as compared to alternate year application.
Application of 10 kg Zn through ZnSO4 every year to
maize (F) + cowpea (F) berseem (S) realized highest
mean net return (Rs 49,663/ha/yr) at Jabalpur and
Faizabad with 158.5 per cent increase over control. At
Bikaner, use of 10 kg Zn/ha every year (ZnSO 4)
recorded significantly higher net return (Rs 50,967/ha/
yr) than control. At Hyderabad, net return was higher
by 170 percent with 10 kg Zn/ha every year (ZnCl2)
than control (Rs 25,760/ha/yr).
Forage production potential of maize baby
corn and green cob based system
Maize grown for baby corn gave higher (58% in
North East and South zone; 1520% in North west)
net return than green cob cultivars at all the locations.
Forage and crude protein yield was 510% higher with
green cob than baby corn maize. Baby corn and green
21

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Research Achievements

20082009

Region/location specific studies

At Palampur perennial NB hybrid with 75%
recommended N + Azospirillium recorded 10.7%
higher green fodder yield with B : C ratio of 3.56 than
100% recommended N (B : C ratio - 2.98).
At Ranchi, Cowpea throughout the year and NB
hybrid (75 cm) + ricebean (Rabi) and cowpea (summer)
gave higher yield and net return (300%) than sole stand
of NB hybrid.
Forages in rice fallows showed superiority of 100
800% with lathyrus (relay/behind plough) followed by
ricebean/cowpea over rice-fallow at Bhubaneswar,
Kalyani and Ranchi.
Results of remunerative forage based system in third
year at Mandya indicated the superiority of NB hybrid
(perennial) in net return (Rs 68,908/ha/yr) by 32 per
cent over food grain based sequence, i.e. ragi (G)
field bean (S) - sunflower (G).
In tropical humid coastal region of Kerala,
commercial crops like Banana and Kaempifera galanga
registered superiority of 169 and 79 percent over NB
hybrid, respectively. Shade levels showed no response
on productivity and net return. Among forages, NB
hybrid alone recorded highest net return (Rs 111,993/
ha/yr) closely followed by NB hybrid + Desmenthus
virgatus.
Response of macro- and micro-nutrients to perennial
Lucerne indicated that RDF (MPX dieses) + FYM @
10 t/ha + S + Mo + B to lucerne gave higher forage
yield at Rahuri and Urulikanchan. The average increase
was 19.9 and 56.7% over RDF and control,
respectively.
African Tall recorded superiority of 7-20, 1028 and
3240 percent in CP content over baby corn, green cob
and grain types, respectively. IVDMD was also higher
by 610, 814 and 1733 percent than baby corn and
grain use cultivars. At all the locations, baby corn
realized higher net return (Rs 45,000150,000/ha) and
B:C ratio (49) followed by green cob (net return Rs
30,00050,000/ha) as against African Tall (net return
Rs 12,00029,000/ha, B:C ratio 1.01.3). Forage
22

quality in grain type was lowest among all cultivars

but net return was higher than forage types.
Plant Protection Technology
ITKs validation for pest management:
To validate the efficacy of asafoetida as seed
treatment @1% and 2% (w/w) followed by foliar spray
of Ipomoea leaf extract @ 4, 6 and 8% at 15 days
interval on major pest and diseases of cowpea, a total
of 18 treatment combinations along with 2 checks
(recommended seed treatment with carbendazim and
foliar spray with endosulfan and untreated control) were
studied.
Fifty seven percent reductions in insect pests damage
was observed in the recommended dose of endosulfan
spray over the untreated check. This was followed by
39% in Ipomoea leaf extract applied @ 8% (Table 10).
Table 10: Effect of Ipomoea leaf extract on insect pest
damage of cowpea
Foliar spray
(concentration)

Flea beetle
(holes/leaf)

Ipomoea extracts (4%)

Ipomoea extract (6%)
Ipomoea extract (8%)
Endosulfan (0.075%)
Water (Check)
CD (5%)

Semilooper
Pod borer
(% area damage) (% pod
damage)

20.33
19.39
18.44
15.83
23.78
4.13

42.22
58.94
35.72
22.44
60.89
15.78

21.99
20.00
19.87
19.85
23.00
NS

Seed treatment with asafoetida @ 2% followed by spray

with Ipomoea leaf extract @ 8% significantly reduced
(80%) the root knot incidence, without affecting the
Rhizobium nodulation (Fig.14). In vitro tests revealed
Root knot

Rhizobium nodules

17

16

15

14

1
0

A1

A2

A3

A4

13

Nodules (no./plant)

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

cob based forage sequences gave 59120 and 23104%

higher net return over NB hybrid-perennial grass based
round the year forage production and from 75 to 190
and 12 to 108, respectively, higher return over
remunerative food forage based system of different
regions.

Index (15 scale)

IGFRI Annual Report

Seed Treatments

Fig. 14: Effect of asafoetida seed treatment on root knot nematode

(A1 and A2 = 1% and 2% asafoetida, A3 = Carbendazim,
A4 = untreated check)

weather and disease incidence (% plant affected) and

severity (% area affected) on 09 scale were recorded.
The leaf blight and sooty stripe diseases were initiated
with low severity (0.29 to 1%) on sorghum. The
maximum disease severity of leaf blight was recorded
to be 51% in HC-136, whereas it was only 32% for
MP-chari. The disease severity of sooty stripe was 36%
and 14.5% for HC-136 and MP-chari, respectively. The
disease progressions of both the diseases reflect that
initially the basic infection rate (R) ranged between
0.17 to 0.32 units/day.
Forage Crop Protection Studies in Different Agroclimatic Regions of India AICRP forage crops
Pest surveillance
Rabi Crops
Plate 5: Effect of asafoetida on the mycelia growth of Rhizoctonia
bataticola

that 15% concentration of asafoetida effectively

reduced the mycelia growth of Rhizoctonia bataticola
colony by 71100% (Plate 5).
Weather- pest and disease interaction
Lucerne
A field trial was conducted to study weather and
aphids interaction in two varieties of lucerne (Anand2 and RL-88) and three sowing dates. Weekly
observations on weather and aphid incidence were
recorded. The incidence of black aphid was observed
during 50th SMW (Tave=16.4C). The degree day (DD)
required for black aphid incidence was estimated to 96
accumulated DD. The aphid population increased upto
12.3/5 cm top stem during 6th SMW and it remained
active till last week of Feb (9 th SMW). The peak
population of black aphid was achieved with 353
accumulated DD. The spotted alfalfa aphid initiated in
beginning of March with low population (1.2/five
leaves) and the degree day required for its incidence
was estimated to be 575 accumulated DD.
Sorghum
A field trial was conducted to monitor weatherdisease (leaf blight and sooty stripe) interaction in
sorghum (var. HC-136 and MP-chari) with four
replications and three sowing dates. Observations for

In berseem, at Hisar, low temp (10.3C) and RH

(63%) favoured the spread and development of stem
rot whereas high temperature (21.5C) and RH (63%)
conditions were favourable to the development of root
rot. Similarly, at Ludhiana low temperature conditions
(Max 14.8C and Min.0.9C) was favourable to stem
rot disease. At Palampur, root rot appeared in March
April and leaf spot (10%) during AprilMay. At Jhansi
stem rot appeared from second week of January and
continued to increase (30%) up to end of February.
Tylenchrhynchus vulgaris and Meloidogyne incorgnita
and M. Javanica were the dominating nematode species
constituting 38 and 23 percent of total nematode
population respectively.
In Lucerne, average jassid and thrips population
varied from 0.26 to 2.56/plant and 3.8 to 53.6/ten plants,
respectively. At Palampur, Lucerne weevil damage was
upto 48% during middle of May.
At Rahuri Centre, the population of pea aphid and
spotted aphid was 9.1 and 15.2/tiller in fourth week of
December and reached maximum (37.6 and 94.4/tiller)
in the second week of January. Larval population of
Heliothis armigera was recorded maximum in first
week of April (9.6/m2).
At Jhansi, Lucerne weevil started appearing during
third week of December and continued to increase upto
second week of February (6.2 larvae/plant). Aphid
population was highest (12.3/plant) during January
February. Rust (Uromyces striatus) and leaf spot
(Cercospora medicaginis, Stemphylium botryosum)
23

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Research Achievements

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

were common during FebruaryMarch. Moderate to

high population density of two major nematodes
Pratylenchus zeae and M. incognita was recorded
during MarchApril.
In oat, aphid (Rhopalosiphum paddi) was noticed
during 3rd week of January (14.8/tiller) and reached
peak level (147 aphids/tiller) during 1 st week of
Feberuary at Rahuri. During heavy infestation of aphid
the population of predatory lady bird beetle and
Chryospa larvae were also observed.
At Jhansi, the major nematodes in oats were T.
vulgaris, Helicotylenchus dihystra and Pratylenchus
zeae. Leaf blight (Helminthosporium avenae) incidence
were moderate during the crop season. Leaf blight and
root rot incidences were 5 and 21.2% at Bhubneswar
besides occurrence of plant parasitic nematodes
(Hoplolaimus indicus, Helicotylenchus dihystra and
Caloosia exilis). At Palampur, powdry mildew appeared
late in the season being highest (55%) during May.
Kharif Crops
At Hisar in forage sorghum varieties SSG-59-3 and
IS-2312, grey leaf spot, zonate leaf spot and sooty stripe
appeared in mid August and continued to increase up
to first week of October. Disease progression was
favoured by temperature in the range of 2530C and
humidity 80%. Incidence of leaf blight was 20.3% at
Palampur. At Anand and Jhansi, zonate leaf spot,
anthracnose, leaf blight and grey leaf spot appeared at
early crop stage. At Ludhiana, grey leaf spot was
predominant and favoured by average temperature
around 25C and humidity 70 per cent. Myllocerus,
aphid and thrips were the major insect pest at Anand.
Maximum percentage (80.38) of dead hearts during
second week of August was recorded at Rahuri. Aphid
population was as high as 94.25/plant in third week of
September.
Myllocerus and shoot fly at Anand and shoot fly at
Hyderabad were the major pest in pearl millet. Minor
incidences of leaf spot and rust were recorded at Jhansi
and Bhubneswar. Four nematode species, viz.
Helicotylenchus, Pratylenchus, Hoplolaimus and
Tylenchorhynchus spp with low to moderate population
density (176627/250 g soil) were recorded at Jhansi.
In Maize, leaf blight at Anand, Palampur and leaf
spots at Jhansi and Ludhiana were recorded with low
to moderate intensity. The disease progressed rapidly
in the last week of September at Ludhiana. Among the
24

insect pests, shoot fly and stem borers at Hyderabad

and borers at Rahuri occurred through out the crop
season. The nematode population (172634/250 g soil)
was recorded at Jhansi.
In cowpea, anthracnose yellow mosaic and root rot
appeared at 50 per cent flowering stage at Anand. The
intensity of yellow mosaic ranged from 2.4 to 4.3. At
Jhansi anthracnose incidence (3662.46) and root rot
(62.5%) were recorded at 50 percent flowering stage.
At Palampur incidences of root rot, leaf spot,
anthracnose and mosaic were recorded. The incidences
were severe (60.7%) in the last week of August. The
population of jassid (21.4/plant) and semi looper
(4.3/plant) were recorded at Anand. Flea beetle and
black aphids were predominant at Hyderabad.
High population (147.2/plant) of aphid was recorded
at Bhubaneswar and Rahuri. At Jhansi, Higher
population density (9381312/250 g soil) of root knot
nematode was often found associated with dry root rot
disease.
Disease and pest management
Multilocation Trials on Integrated pest management
Validation of IPM in Lucerne for seed production at
farmers field trials revealed that IPM module, i.e.
transplanting of marigold seedlings 0.5 m apart around
and inner border one month after sowing, sowing of
castor 3 m apart around and inner border at time of
sowing, spraying of neem seed extract @ 5% +
mancozeb @ 0.2% at the time of flowering, spraying
of endosulfan 0.07% (if necessary) increased the seed
yield by a margin of 11.07 to 13.03 with an average of
12.13 per cent at different locations.
Validation of technology generated for the
management of root and stem rot of berseem under
large field conditions revealed that the application of
the treatments, i.e. ST Bavistine and Thiram @ 2 g/kg
seed, biopriming of seed with Trichoderma viridae @
5 g/kg + neem cake @ 400 kg/ha, FYM@ 62.5 kg/ha +
T.viridae @ 2.5 kg/ha, significantly decreased the
disease pest incidence and increase the green fodder
yield at different locations.
At Palampur and Ludhiana, maximum seed yield of
oat was obtained by seed treatment with Vitavex
@ 2.5/kg seed + seed treatment with Trichoderma
viridae @ 5 g/kg + foliar spray of propiconazole
@ 0.01% at appearance of disease.

Research Achievements

imidacloprid @ 3 g/kg and foliar spray of imidacloprid

@ 0.3 ml/lit gave maximum control of pest and
significant increase in seed yield.
3.2.3 Grassland and Silvi/horti Pasture Management
Range Resource Inventory
Inventory and mapping of grasslands of hilly and
mountainous region of Himachal Pradesh
Geo-spatial study on the current status of grasslands
in Himachal Pradesh (30231.47"N to 331535.82"N
latitude and 753640.51"E 79151.32"E longitude)
was carried out based on remotely sensed satellite
images (IRS P6 LISS 3, 2006) and geo-processing
(ArcGIS- Arcinfo workstation) techniques. The area
under grassland constituted only 16.53% (917702.73
ha) of the total area of the state (Fig. 15) as against

Fig. 15: Spatial distribution of grasslands in Himachal Pradesh

25

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Seed treatment with Trichoderma viridi @ 5 g/kg

seed + FYM @ 4 t/ha and spray of NSKE @ 3%
provided significant reduction of pest and disease of
both the crop and in turn resulted into increase of green
fodder yield 56.5 q/ha at two locations of Hyderabad,
68.0 q/ha in two locations of Anand and 121 q/ha at
Jhansi over Non IPM control.
Integrated disease Management in fodder maize
revealed that seed treatment with vitavex @ 2 g/kg and
mancozeb spray @ 0.25% provided significantly higher
control of leaf blight diseases at Palampur and Ludhiana
and in turn resulted into higher GFY, i.e. 374.07 q/ha
against 294.75 q/ha in untreated control at Ludhiana
and 328 q/ha against 293.4 q/ha in untreated control at
Palampur.
Management of cowpea sucking pests and yellow
mosaic in seed crop revealed that seed treatment with

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

Table 11: Area under Grasslands/Grazinglands

S.No.

District
Code

Districts

Geographical
are in 000 ha

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

1.
HP010
Bilaspur
2.
HP011
Chamba
3.
HP012
Hamirpur
4.
HP013
Kangra
5.
HP014
Kinnaur
6.
HP015
Kullu
7.
HP016
Lahaul-Spiti
8.
HP017
Mandi
9.
HP018
Simla
10.
HP019
Sirmaur
11.
HP020
Solan
12.
HP021
Una
Total Area of Himachal Pradesh

Area under grasslands*

115.6
648.9
110.4
563.8
624.0
551.2
1402.7
398.3
508.2
287.6
185.8
154.3
5550.9

000 ha

30.2
126.6
9.8
69.8
171.7
66.7
216.4
44.9
93.1
42.9
34.5
11.2
917.7

26.14
19.51
8.85
12.38
27.51
12.10
15.43
11.27
18.32
14.90
18.55
7.23
16.53

Area under grasslands**

000 ha
40.7
352.6
4.8
87.9
317.7
NA
220.1
96.4
249.2
56.9
75.5
13.3
1515.0

%
36.38
50.92
4.32
15.21
50.93
NA
24.16
24.23
49.03
25.31
41.72
8.59
33.34

*Area is based on analysis and interpretation of satellite (IRSP6L3, Dated 2006) imagery and intensive GT.
** Area is reported by Directorate of Eco. & Stat., Ministry of Agriculture, Govt. of India for the Year 200304

Table 12: Distribution of grasslands in different geo-climatic

zones of Himachal Pradesh
Geo-climatic zones

Area
000 (ha)

Grasslands

(%) 000 (ha)

(%)

1 Low hill
Low hills subtropical A
Low hills subtropical B

1026.3
801.0
225.4

18.49
14.43
4.06

157.8
120.9
36.9

15.38
15.10
16.38

2 Mid hills
Mid hills sub humid A
Mid hills sub humid B

546.4
461.6
84.7

9.84
8.32
1.53

117.8
97.0
20.8

21.56
21.01
24.52

3 Mid to High hills

Mid hills temperate wet
Mid to high hills
temperate dry

1220.1
1111.5
108.6

21.98
20.02
1.96

219.5
205.6
13.8

17.99
18.50
12.75

4 High hills
2758.1 49.69
High hills temperate dry A 255.6
4.61
High hills temperate wet A 240.8
4.34
High hills temperate dry B 2261.7 40.75
Total
5550.9 100.00

422.7
69.9
56.5
296.3
917.7

15.32
27.34
23.47
13.10
16.53

33.34% reported by Directorate of Economics and

Statistics, Government of Himachal Pradesh (Table 11).
Grasslands occupied 15.38, 21.56, 17.99 and 15.32
percent area of geo-climatic zone 1 (Low hill sub
tropical), 2 (Mid hill sub humid), 3 (Mid hill temperate
wet) and 4 (High hill temperate) respectively (Table
12). Similarly, grasslands covered 15.35, 19.51 and
15.23 percent area of low, mid and high hills,
respectively (Table 13). Proportion of area under
grasslands was highest in Kinnaur district (27.51%)
followed by Bilaspur district (26.14%) whereas it was
lowest in Una (7.23%) followed by Hamirpur (8.85%)
districts. The existing annual forage production level
from grasslands in the state was assessed to be 4.82 t
green and 1.65 t dry/ha (with 7% average crude protein).
Taking into account the recent livestock census for the
state and the area under grasslands, a regional
imbalance was detected. Average grazing pressure in
the state was 3.17 ACU/ha. It was higher in low hills

Table 13: Spatial distribution of grasslands in different hill zones of Himachal Pradesh
S No.

Hill zone

Area
000 ha

1
2
3

Low hill
Mid hill
High hill
Total

10263.21
16578.35
28667.35
55508.91

* Percentage of total grasslands of HP

** Percentage of total grasslands of the respective zone

26

Grasslands
Per cent

000 ha

%*

%**

18.49
29.87
51.64
100.00

1578.14
3233.86
4365.03
9177.03

17.20
35.24
47.56
100.00

15.38
19.51
15.23
16.53

Research Achievements

Assessment of production and nutrition status of

grassland resources in Himachal Pradesh
The forage production from grasslands in low hills
(Nurpur), mid hills (Palampur) and high hills (Bir) was
assessed during 2008 in Kangra district in the same
marked locations in 2007. Productivity assessment was
done in open forest, enclosed forest, community land,
farmers field and wasteland in all the three hill
situations. Mean production level was highest in low
hills closely followed by mid hills and much less in
high hills (Table 14). The average herbage dry matter
production obtained through 6 cuts at periodic intervals
(March to December) was 8.38 t/ha as compared to
single harvest 5.89 t/ha in low hill conditions; in midhill locations it was 7.65 t/ha and 4.98 t/ha and in low
hill conditions it was 3.90 t/ha and 2.24 t/ha,
respectively.

The average herbage production obtained at

periodical intervals (March-December) was
consistently higher when compared to single harvest
during September.
Ex situ conservation of grasses, legumes, shrubs and
trees in rainfed field conditions
A wide range of grasses, herbaceous legumes, shrubs
and trees suited for rangeland/wastelands were
evaluated for their performance in purely rainfed field
conditions.
Grasses
The growth of various grass species varied after
completion of four years in respect of selected
parameters, viz. height (78232 cm), tussock diameter
(1545 cm), number of tillers (50340). Highest
average height was attained in TSH hybrid (214 cm)
followed by Panicum maximum (210 cm) and Vetiver
zizanoides (193 cm). Highest average tussock diameter
was attained in Chrysopogon fulvus (37.5 cm) followed
by Cenchrus ciliaris (33 cm) and Cenchrus setigerus
(29.3 cm). The number of tillers was highest in
Chrysopogon fulvus (165) followed by Heteropogon
contortus (142) and Cymbopogon martini (121). Seed
setting was spread from late September to December.

Table 14: Fodder production (DM t/ha) at different intervals in different locations of Kangra district during 2008
Hill
Zone

Location

Harvest period

Total

Single
cut*

Low Hill

Open Forest area

Enclosed forest area
Community land
Farmers field
Wasteland
Average

0.21
0.41
0.22
0.27
0.15
0.25

0.68
0.74
0.65
0.98
0.36
0.68

2.32
2.52
3.01
4.16
0.42
2.49

3.12
3.25
5.19
5.47
1.09
3.62

1.75
2.03
1.09
1.32
0.31
1.30

0.03
0.02
0.04
0.05
0.05
0.04

8.11
8.97
10.2
12.25
2.38
8.38

4.62
6.78
7.54
9.02
1.51
5.89

Mid Hill

Open Forest area

Enclosed forest area
Community land
Farmers field
Wasteland
Average

0.16
0.35
0.26
0.34
0.12
0.25

0.71
0.41
0.58
0.92
0.41
0.61

2.21
2.01
2.65
3.91
0.85
2.33

2.52
2.96
4.58
4.74
0.96
3.15

1.69
2.26
0.97
1.38
0.17
1.29

0.02
0.04
0.03
0.04
0.02
0.03

7.31
8.03
9.07
11.33
2.53
7.65

3.51
4.68
6.67
9.05
1.01
4.98

High Hill

Open Forest area

Enclosed forest area
Community land
Farmers field
Wasteland
Average

0.19
0.24
0.14
0.21
0.05
0.17

0.24
0.31
0.3
0.37
0.21
0.29

0.72
1.21
0.98
1.17
0.32
0.88

1.72
2.34
2.38
2.52
0.86
1.96

0.51
0.68
0.8
0.83
0.1
0.58

0.02
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.02
0.02

3.4
4.81
4.63
5.12
1.56
3.90

1.35
2.13
3.28
3.47
0.98
2.24

(1=Open forest area; 2=Enclosed forest area; 3=Community land; 4=Farmers field; 5=Wasteland); (A=mid Mar; B=mid Jun; C=mid
Jul; D=mid Aug; E=mid Sep; F=mid Dec.); (*= Single harvest during September)

27

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

(6 14 ACU/ha), moderate in mid hills (26 ACU/ha)

and low in high hills (0.011.50 ACU/ha). There was a
close relationship between extent of grasslands
and landform/geo-climatic conditions. At some
places, especially in low hills, human induced factors
have disturbed this relationship as there has been
more diversion of grasslands to agriculture or other
uses.

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Highest average foliage yield was provided by Panicum

maximum (712 g DM/m2) followed by Andropogon
gayanus (688 g DM/m2) and Chrysopogon fulvus
(646 g DM/m2) after attaining peak growth in the
season.

xylopyrus (1.29 0.27 kg/plant) followed by

Dichrostachys cinerea (0.87 0.27 kg/plant), A.
catechu (0.86 0.31 kg/plant) and Grewia flavescens
(0.86 0.19) on dry matter basis.

Legumes

The growth of different tree species varied in selected

growth parameters, viz. height (1.64.9 m), collar
diameter (2.58.6 cm) and diameter at breast height
(1.7-5.8 cm) on account of species characteristics and
age series. Among species that completed six years of
growth, highest average height was attained by
Azadirachta indica (387 39 cm) followed by Acacia
nilotica (386 71 cm) and Ailanthus excelsa (338
98 cm). Average growth in collar diameter and diameter
at breast height was highest in Ailanthus excelsa (6.54
1.63; 4.23 1.21 cm) followed by Azadirachta indica
(5.76 0.69; 3.41 0.65 cm) and Acacia nilotica (5.34
0.86; 3.29 0.83 cm). Highest production of top feed
on account of pruning and lopping management
practice was obtained from Azadirachta indica (1.84
0.37 kg/plant), Acacia nilotica (1.77 0.21 kg/plant)
and Ailanthus excelsa (1.65 0.39 kg/plant).
On harvest (clear felling) of an older age series stand
of Grewia optiva (10 year old), mean above ground
biomass varied from 11.0714.73 kg/plant depending
on the diameter class of the plant (Table 15).
On adjusting the frequency of different diameter
classes; proportion of small timber, firewood and fodder
was found to be 60, 29 and 11 per cent of the total
above ground biomass.
Out of 4 promising selections of Leucaena
leucocephala, viz. K-636, S-10, S-22 and S-24, the
maximum survival (98.1 per cent) was obtained in
selection S-10 in 2 2 m spacing during the first year.
The best growth was observed in selection S-10 (height
135.7 cm, collar diameter 1.51 cm) followed by
selection S-22 (height 126.6 cm, collar diameter 1.33
cm) in 2 2 m spacing. The number of branches was
also highest (10) in selection S-10 (Table 16).

Wide variations in plant population (655 m2), height

(68180 cm), number of branches (11112) were
encountered in the legume stands after completion of
three years of field establishment. Highest average plant
population (persistent) was observed in Stylosanthes
hamata (45/m2) followed by S. scabra (40/m2), S.
seabrana (35/m2), S. viscosa (27/m2). Clitoria ternatea
(20/m2), Desmanthes virgatus (11/m2), peak average
height was attained in Desmanthes virgatus (165 cm)
followed by S. scabra (127 cm), S. seabrana (105 cm),
Clitoria ternatea (86 cm), S. hamata (81 cm) and
Atylosia scaraboides (80 cm). Highest average foliage
yield was provided by S. hamata (287 g DM/m2), S.
seabrana (275 g DM/m2), Desmanthus virgatus (268
g DM/m2) and S. scabra (265 g DM/m2), Clitoria
ternatea (247 g DM/m2) after attaining peak growth in
the season.
Shrubs
The growth of different shrubs varied widely in
selected growth parameters, viz. height (82427 cm),
collar diameter (1.511.8 cm) and aerial spread (55
387 cm) on account of species characteristics and also
age series. Among species that completed eleven years
of growth, highest average height and collar diameter
were attained in Acacia catechu (323 93 cm; 9.26
2.45 cm) followed by A. senegal (318 78 cm; 8.36
1.00 cm) and Zizyphus xylopyrus (316 83 cm; 6.69
0.87 cm). The spread in aerial canopy was maximum
in A. senegal (338 61 cm) followed by A. catechu
(306 86 cm) and Z. xylopyrus (236 71 cm).
However, realization of top feed on account of pruning
management practiced on the plants was highest in Z.

Trees

Table 15: Mean above ground biomass production (kg DM/tree) in different diameter classes of Grewia optiva (10 year)
Diameter class

Frequency(%)

Bole

Branch

Leaf + Pod

Total

< 8 cm

44.2

6.74 1.21

3.31 0.97

1.02 0.40

11.07

810 cm

36.7

7.52 1.37

3.37 0.99

1.11 0.43

12.00

>10 cm

19.1

8.31 1.13

4.59 1.01

1.83 0.46

14.73

28

Research Achievements

Table 16: Growth of promising selections L. leucocephala in 2 spacings

Selection

K 636
S-10
S-22
S-24

Spacing 2 2 m

Survival
(%)

Height
(cm)

Collar
diameter
(cm)

Number
of branches

Survival
(%)

Height
(cm)

Collar
diameter
(cm)

Number
Number of
branches

97.5
92.5
96.2
97.5

110.4
110.0
106.5
112.4

1.09
1.21
1.23
1.26

6
7
7
8

96.9
98.1
96.2
93.1

118.0
135.7
126.6
117.1

0.78
1.51
1.33
0.90

6
10
8
7

Revegetation of Degraded Rangelands/

Wastelands and Grazing Management
Established pasture
Guinea grass - legumes intercropping
Intercropping of four legumes with Guinea grass
(Panicum maximum) and four weed management
practices in second year revealed that intercropping of
S. seabrana recorded significantly higher total dry
matter yield (9.56 t/ha) in comparison to intercropping
with other legumes, viz. Clitoria ternatea (7.92 t/ha),
Macroptilium atropurpureum (8.12 t/ha) and S. hamata
(8.77 t/ha). Among weed management practices, hand
weeding 35 days after sowing significantly increased
dry matter yield of Guinea grass + legumes (10.29 t/
ha) than weedy check (7.31 t/ha), pre-emergence
application of pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i/ha (8.04 t/
ha) and weeding with weeder cum mulcher (8.72 t/ha).
In legumes, S. seabrana produced significantly higher
dry matter yield (2.98 t/ha) than C. ternatea (1.49 t/
ha), Macroptilium atropurpureum (1.62 t/ha) and S.
hamata (2.16 t/ha) (Table 17).
Table 17: Effect of intercropping of legumes and weed
management practices in Guinea grass based pasture
Treatments

Fertility and cutting management in Guinea grass

A field experiment was conducted with treatments
consisting of two cutting intervals (40 and 60 days),
three levels of farmyard manure (0, 5 and 10 t/ha) and
three levels of nitrogen (0, 40 and 80 kg/ha) in split
plot design with three replications. Harvesting of
Guinea grass at 60 days interval along with application
of 80 kg N/ha in combination with 10 t FYM/ha
recorded significantly higher dry matter yield (11.59 t/
ha) as compared to lower levels of nitrogen and farm
yard manure and 40 days harvest interval and it was at
par with 80 kg N+ 5 t FYM (11.03 t/ha) and 40 kg N +
10 t/ha FYM (11.47 t/ha) (Table 18).
Table 18: Interaction effect of cutting intervals, farmyard
manure and nitrogen levels on dry matter
yield (t/ha) of Guinea grass
Treatments
Cutting
intervals (days)

40

60

Dry matter yield (t/ha)

Dry matter yield (t/ha)

FYM
(t/ha)

0
5
10
0
5
10

Nitrogen levels (kg/ha)

N0

N40

N80

5.58
5.92
6.30
7.44
7.86
8.51

6.75
8.06
9.37
8.85
10.12
11.47

7.55
9.22
9.47
9.57
11.03
11.59

CD (P 0.05) 1.02

Guinea grass Legumes Total

Intercropping
Guinea + S. hamata
Guinea + S. seabrana
Guinea + M. atropurpureum
Guinea + Clitoria ternatea
CD (P=0.05)
Weed management practices
Weedy check
Pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg a.i./ha
Weeding with weeder cum mulcher
Hand weeding
CD (P=0.05)

6.60
6.58
6.50
6.43
0.49

2.16
2.98
1.62
1.49
0.12

8.76
9.56
8.12
7.92
0.68

5.57
6.11
6.62
7.81
0.49

1.74
1.93
2.10
2.48
0.12

7.31
8.04
8.72
10.29
0.68

Sustainable Silvipastoral Systems for

Rangelands/Wastelands
Bauhinia and Leucaena based silvipasture system
Pasture Production
In the second year of experiment pasture components
were established. Pasture combination of Cenchrus
ciliaris and Stylosanthes hamata produced higher
29

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Spacing 4 4 m

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

Table 19: Biomass production in Leucaena and Bauhinia based silvopasture system
Leucaena leucocephala (S-24) (t DM/ha)

Pasture combination

Leucaena (Hedge)

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Cenchrus ciliaris +Stylosanthes hamata

0.14
0.06
1.42
1.62
1.52
3.14
0.18
0.002
0.514
0.756
5.2
5.95

Naturally grass and forbs

Pasture production
Pruning
Total system production
Chrysopogon fulvus +S. seabrana
Natural grass and forbs
Pasture production
Pruning
Total system production

Bauhinia malabarica(t DM/ha)

Sesbania (Hedge)

Leucaena (Hedge)

Sesbania (Hedge)

0.216
0.041
0.533
0.79
1.15
1.94
0.207
0.002
0.375
0.584
1.590
2.174

0.362
0.06
0.778
1.2
2.7
3.9
0.235
0.002
0.885
1.122
7.390
8.512

0.14
0.06
0.79
0.99
1.96
2.95
0.240
0.006
1.005
1.245
3.200
4.445

biomass (1.31 DM t/ha in Leucaena based silvopasture

and 1.0 DM t/ha in Bauhinia based silvopasture) as
compared with Chrysopogon fulvus and S. seabrana
combination (1.00 DM t/ha in Leucaena based
silvopasture and 0.250 DM t/ha in Bauhinia based
silvopasture) (Table 19).
Leafy fodder through tree pruning: Trees of both
silvopastures were pruned for better growth and 2.97
DM t/ha leafy fodder with tender shoots was obtained
from Leucaena leucocephala and 3.16 DM t/ha from
Bauhinia malabarica

in a grazing mode for the last three years was studied.

Herbage composition
Average number of emerged plants per unit area was
higher in sown pasture grazed areas (37/m2) followed
by ungrazed areas (31/m2) compared to natural pasture
blocks (24/m2 and 19/m2). In silvopasture stands higher
plant population was encountered in MPTS + sown
pasture followed by MPTS + reseeded pasture and
MPTS + natural pasture. The trend of regeneration in
grazed vs ungrazed blocks was similar in sown and
natural pasture (Table 20).

Post grazing regeneration

Herbage yield

Post grazing regeneration in five year old pasture/

silvopasture stands, spread over 14 ha area and utilized

Highest average herbage yield was attained in natural

Table 20: Post grazing herbage composition and yield in pasture/silvopasture stands
Herbage Composition (av. no. plants/m2)

Pasture/silvopasture stand

Av.
Herbage

Legumes
Block

Cenchrus
sp.

Other
Grasses

Native

Stylo Forbs Total

Contribution in yield by
different herbages (%)

Yield
(DM/t/ha)

Cenc
hrus
sp.

Other
Grass
es

Leg
ums
es

Forbs

Natural Pasture

Grazed
Ungrazed

0
0

10
9

6
3

0
0

8
7

24
19

5.14
4.58

0
0

87
83

2
3

11
14

Sown Pasture

Grazed
Ungrazed

6
6

11
8

6
4

5
3

9
10

37
31

4.47
3.81

53
70

21
6

5
8

18
19

Silopasture I (MPTS+
Natural Pasture)

Grazed
Ungrazed

0
0

10
7

4
4

0
0

7
6

21
17

4.41
4.31

0
0

74
69

3
4

23
27

Silvopasture II (MPTS +
Reseeded Pasture)

Grazed
Ungrazed

7
6

6
7

2
3

1
1

7
5

23
22

4.38
4.28

41
53

33
27

6
7

20
13

Silvopasture III (MPTS +

Sown Pasture)

Grazed
Ungrazed

5
6

8
4

3
3

4
4

7
7

27
24

3.97
3.85

47
56

25
17

8
10

18
19

30

pasture grazed areas (5.14 t DM/ha) followed by

ungrazed areas (4.58 t DM/ha) when compared to sown
pasture blocks (4.47 and 3.81 t DM/ha). Among
silvopasture stands, MPTS + natural pasture provided
highest herbage yield followed by MPTS + reseeded
pasture and MPTS + sown pasture. The trend of yield
in grazed and ungrazed blocks was similar to natural
and sown pasture. The proportion of quality forage
contribution through legumes (natural as well as stylo)
was on a decline in grazed areas (Table 20).

system, understorey pasture (Panicum. maximum)

estimation with respect to above ground (PARphotosynthetic active radiation at 11:00 hrs, 12:00 hrs
and 13:00 hrs) and below ground variables (soil
moisture and tree roots at three depths 015, 1530
and 3045 cm) indicates PAR at 11:00 hrs as the most
important predictor and appropriateness of quadratic
function y = 19.816 + 55.077 (PAR_11:00 hrs)
(PAR_11:00 hrs)2 (P<0.01) and could explain 18.9%
variation in the estimated values.

Hardwickia binata based silvopasture

In the first year of the experimentation, 648 saplings
of H. binata were planted in August 2008. The mean
survival and height were 98 per cent and 38.3 cm,
respectively.

Ber based hortipastoral system

Sustainable Hortipastoral Systems for

Drylands/Rangelands/Wastelands

y=e
and could explain 21.4% variation.
Fruit growth: In fruit estimation (kg/plant), treecrown (m2) was found to be most appropriate predictor
and curve estimation shows the appropriateness of
compound function y=1.910 (1.069)(tree_crown) was the
most appropriate (P<0.01) and fetches 34.4% in the
estimated values.
Understorey pasture production: Understorey
pasture (Panicum maximum-g/m2) estimation with
respect to above ground and below ground variables
indicates appropriateness (P<0.01) of inverse function
with soil moisture (%) at 1530 cm depth

Hortipastoral System modelling

Based on pooled data of three-years on tree/
understorey pasture growth and production in the twohortipastoral systems, the following relationships were
evolved.
Aonla based hortipastoral system
Tree-growth: Step down regression analysis for
estimation of tree crown (m2) with height, CD and dbh
as predictor indicates the significance of height (m) in
estimation and curve estimation shows the
appropriateness of S-curve
y=e

5.181
4.301

height

(P<0.01) and could explain 13.4% variation in the

estimated values.
Fruit estimation: dbh was found to be most
appropriate predictor out of three (height, CD and dbh)
and curve estimation shows the appropriateness of
Inverse function
y=63.585

220.702
dbh

(P<0.05) and could explain 4.9% variation. However

compound function was y=52.813 (0.984)(tree_crown)
the most appropriate (P<0.01) in estimation of fruits
(kg/tree) with crown (m2) as predictor and fetches
16.2% R2-value.
Understorey pasture estimation: In aonla based

Tree growth: Curve estimation for crown estimation

showed the appropriateness (P<0.01) of S-curve with
dbh (diameter at breast height) as predictor
5.204

3.685

dbh

y= 209.657 +

3304.408
SM(1530 cm)

and could explain 28.5% variation in the estimated

values.
Integration of above models over a spreadsheet
The tree-growth (base diameter, height and crown
growth) and production (fruit, litter fall, branch-pruned
biomass) models and understorey pasture production
models (based on predicted production potential
stochastically modeled with 5% variation in the yield
together with the tree crown spread) have been
integrated over the spreadsheet inter-locking the cause
effect pathways. The predicted performances of the two
location specific Ber-based and Aonla-based
hortipastoral system were compared over a span of 25years growth with respect to cost input and expected
output from both the systems.
31

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Research Achievements

IGFRI Annual Report

5.00
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
System growth

0.50
0.00

10

12 14 16 18 20 22

24

Sundry fuelwood (t/ha)

18.00
16.00
14.00
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00

Obs.

Crown (m )

11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

System growth (Year)

Fig. 16: Understorey pasture in ber-based hortipastoral system

2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0.0

Pasture (t/ha)

90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0

Crown area (m2)

2.00
1.50
1.00

10.00

4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0

System growth (year)

Fig. 18: Predicted understorey pasture in aonla based hortipastoral

system

14

3.0

12

2.5

10

2.0

1.5

1.0

Fruit biomass (t/ha)

2
0

Litter (t/ha)

11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25

Litter (t/ha)

15.00

Fruit (t/ha)

3.00
2.50

Pasture (t/ha)

4.00
3.50

20.00

0.00

Fruit yield (t/ha)

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Crown area (m2)

Pasture (t/ha)

Pasture (t/ha)

Crown (m2)

25.00

20082009

0.5
0.0

System growth (Year)

Fig.17: Predicted fruit and pruned fuelwood in ber based

hortipastoral system at different years

Fig. 19: Predicted aonla fruit and litter biomass in hortipastoral

system

Ber-based hortipastoral system

Integration of evolved models for litter of aonla and

fruit biomass indicated that the litter biomass would
range from 1.74 (7th year) to 2.70 t/ha (21st year) of
growth of the system whereas the fruit biomass would
vary from 9.29 t/ha) at 6th year to 12.13 t/ha at 25th
year (Fig. 19).

Integration of crown growth and understorey pasture

production models shows that the spread at 10, 15, 20
and 25 year of growth would be 19.42, 21.03, 21.67
and 21.98 m2 respectively where as the understorey
pasture production would range from 2.11 (IX year) to
3.49(I year) (Fig. 16).
Integration of fruit and branch-fuelwood estimation
model shows that the fruit production of ber at 10, 15,
20 and 25 year of growth would be 1.63, 1.78, 1.84
and1.88 t/ha respectively whereas the fuel wood
production would be 1.63, 1.78, 1.84 and 1.88 t/ha at
different growth-stages of the system (Fig. 17).
Aonla based hortipastoral system
Integration of crown spread growth and understorey
pasture production models shows that the spread at 10,
15, 20 and 25 year of growth would be 19.42, 21.03,
21.67 and 21.98 m2 respectively whereas the
understorey pasture production would range from 2.11
(IX year) to 3.49 ( I year) (Fig. 18).
32

Aonla (Emblica officinalis) based hortipastoral

system
In the third year of experiment of utilization of
grownup aonla plantation (13 year old) through
perennial pastures, viz. guinea grass, guinea grass +
Stylosanthes hamata, sole S. hamata, the maximum tree
height (6.4 m), canopy spread (6.2 m) and fruit yield
(20.9 t/ha) was recorded in combination with S. hamata.
The forage production of guinea grass + S. hamata was
found significantly higher (4.4 t DM/ha) as compared
to sole S. hamata (2.8 t DM/ha) and in association with
tree (2.2. t DM/ha). The average dry matter production
in association with tree was also higher (3.6 t/ha) as
compared to sole pasture (3.2 t/ha). The growth

25

Yield t/ha

20
Fruit yield
Forage yield

15
10
5
0

T1

T2

T3

T4

T5

T6

T7

Treatments
T1 Aonla sole, T2 Aonla + guinea grass, T3 Aonla + guinea grass +
S.hamata, T4 Aonla + S. hamata, T5 S. hamata sole, T6 guinea grass
sole, T7 guinea grass + S.hamata sole
Fig. 20: Fruit and forage yield of grownup aonla based hortipastoral
system

attributes of pasture species was found better in

association with tree as compared to sole pasture
(Fig.20).
Aonla based hortipastoral system with soil and water conservation
During the second year of experiment maximum
height of aonla (176.6 cm) was recorded with contour
staggered trenches followed by continuous contour
trenches (167.6 cm), vegetative barrier (154.8 cm), deep
basin stone mulch (148.1 cm), and control (138.1). The
maximum collar diameter was recorded with contour
staggered trenches (3.99 cm) followed by continuous
contour trenches (3.69) and vegetative barrier (Table
21). Maximum moisture content was recorded under
deep basin stone mulch, however, the growth
performance of aonla under deep basin was not as good
as in case of contour staggered trenches (CST) and

continuous contour trenches (CCT). Higher moisture

even water logging under deep basin during rainy
season disturbed the aeration process resulting into
greater mortality as compared to other treatments.
Higher growth of aonla plants under CST and CCT
may be attributed to better moisture regime as compared
to vegetative barrier and control. Moisture content and
growth performances were lowest under control
amongst all treatments and this may be attributed to
moisture exploitation under control. Among treatments,
staggered contour trenches recorded significantly
higher pasture production (4.70 t DM/ha) which is 62
65% higher over control. The dry matter production of
pasture in deep basin system was at par with the deep
basin measure. The contribution of grass and legume
component in total pasture production was 6367 per
cent and 3537 per cent, respectively in different
treatments.
Ber based hortipastoral system
During the third year of experiment on rejuvenation
of old (16 year) ber plantation cv Gola, the tree growth
was not influenced by bunding and foliar application
of micro nutrient. However, the fruit set was
significantly influenced with micronutrient spray
(5.746.52%) as compared to control (3.79%). The
average fruit set was poor due to heavy and regular
rainfall up to September (vegetative growth and
flowering phase). The forage production was
significantly higher in bunded plot (14.1 t DM/ha) as
compared to without bund plot (10.9 t DM/ha)
(Table 22).

Table 21: Aonla (cv. NA-7) and forage production under different soil and water conservation measures
Treatment

T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Mean
CD at 5%

Plant growth
Height

Collar

(cm)

diameter (cm)

176.6
167.6
148.1
154.8
138.1
150.0
-

3.69
3.99
2.69
3.34
3.07
3.36

Forage production(t DM/ha)

Per cent moisture content *

October
2008

C. ciliaris
3.12
3.05
3.25
2.71
2.07
2.84
0.12

S. seabrana
1.51
1.37
1.41
1.20
0.83
1.26
0.09

Total
4.70
4.41
4.66
2.90
3.92
4.12
0.27

November
2008

015

1530

015

1530

7.47
6.68
12.05
5.54
4.78
9.13
-

8.00
6.89
13.56
6.67
6.07
10.32
-

3.34
2.70
5.66
2.56
2.40
4.17
-

3.78
2.78
7.07
2.67
2.44
4.69
-

T1 (contour staggered trenches), T2 (continuous contour trenches), T3 (deep basin stone mulch), T4 (vegetative barrier) T5 (control)
* Average of samples taken from all direction at a distance of 0.50 m from plant

33

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Research Achievements

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

Table 22: Effect of bunding and foliar application of micronutrient on ber based hortipastoral system
Treatment

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
Mean

With bund

Without bund

Tree
height (m)

Canopy
spread (m)

Fruit
set (%)

Forage
yield (t DM/ha)

Tree
height (m)

Canopy
spread (m)

Fruit set
(%)

Forage
yield (t DM/ha)

4.2
3.7
4.3
4.5
4.0
4.14

5.3
5.3
5.1
5.4
5.7
5.4

5.81
6.19
6.19
6.78
3.81
5.76

12.8
13.9
14.3
15.1
14.3
14.1

3.9
3.9
4.1
3.8
4.0
3.9

4.8
4.9
5.1
5.0
4.9
4.94

5.68
5.83
6.21
6.25
3.79
5.55

10.1
12.9
12.6
9.0
10.1
10.9

T1 (0.3% Borex +0.2% ZnSO4), T2 (0.3% Borex +0.4% ZnSO4), T3 (0.6% Borex +0.2% ZnSO4),T4 (0.6% Borex +0.4% ZnSO4),T5 (water)

Table 23: Growth and forage yield of guava based hortipastoral system with different soil and water conservation measures
Treatment

T1
T2
T3
T4
T5
T6

Vegetative growth of Shweta

Survival and growth of Lalit

Height
(cm)

Height
(cm)

Collar
diameter
(m)

C ciliaris

S. hamata

Vegetative
barrier

Total

174.3
178.9
169.4
170.4

175.3

3.9
3.9
3.7
3.6

3.9

3.5
5.2
2.4
2.7
3.5

0.65
1.40
1.23
1.20
1.20

0.24

4.4
6.6
3.6
3.9
4.7

Collar
diameter
(cm)

151.1
156.1
149.7
150.2

154.7

3.6
3.9
3.8
3.8

4.0

Forage yield (tDM/ha)

T1 vegetative barrier, T2 staggered trenches, T3stone mulch in basin T4 without soil and moisture conservation, T5 sole pasture and T6 sole
guava

Guava based hortipastoral system

During the second year of experiment, guava (cv.
Shweta and Lalit) plants showed 100 per cent survival.
Lalit showed better growth performance (173.7 cm
height and 3.8 cm collar diameter) as compared to
Shweta (152.4 cm height and 3.1 cm diameter). The
growth of sole guava was better as compared to growth
in association with pasture. Among soil and moisture
conservation techniques, staggered trenches were found
much effective in terms of plant growth (Table 23) and
forage production (6.6 t DM/ha). In the first year of
pasture establishment, sole pasture produced maximum
(4.7 t DM/ha) as compared to intercropped pasture (4.6
t DM/ha).
Bael (Aegle marmelos) based hortipastoral system
In the first year of the experimentation grafted bael
saplings (208) of cultivars NB-9 and CISH B-2 were
planted with 9598% successful establishment.
Economic analysis
Based on the IRR (Internal rate of return percentage)
34

Table 24: IRR (%) at different system growth

System
span (years)

Aonla associated
hortipastoral system

Ber associated
hortipastoral system

10
15
20
25

61.5
63.0
63.5
64.0

24.0
27.0
28.5
29.0

and integration of evolved models, aonla + P. maximum

based system was found to be more economical than
ber + P. maximum hortipastoral system (Table 24).
3.2.4 Seed Production Technologies
Potassium application on berseem seed production
Seed yield of berseem increased with every
successive increase in potassium level of 0, 40 and 80
kg K2O/ha. Among three crop geometrics, sowing at
40 cm row spacing produced higher seed yield (7.65 q/
ha) than 20 cm row spacing and broad casting.
Potassium applied after last cut before the crop was
left for seed, gave higher seed yield (6.69 q/ha) in

Research Achievements

Table 25: Seed germination (%) of Sehima nervosum under

various treatments, temperature on top of the paper.
Treatments

Temperature(C)
25

T1-Control
T2-Hydration
T3-Hydration with GA3 (100 ppm)
T4-Hydration with KNO3 (0.2%)
T5-Hydration with Thiourea (0.2%)
T6-Prechilling (7C for 7 days)
T7-Preheating (40C for 6 hrs)

8
15
32
30
32
6
12

Average

2030 2035
10
18
38
34
36
12
14

14
22
42
38
36
14
15

10.66
18.33
37.33
34.00
34.66
10.66
13.66

Physical purity analysis in grasses

The seed samples of range grasses, viz. Sehima
nervosum, Bothriochloa intermedia, Brachiaria
decumbens, Dichanthium annulatum, Chrysopogon
fulvus and Heteropogon contortus were analyzed for
physical purity analysis. The inert matter varied from
0.85% to 2.50% in different samples as seed picking
was done manually. The seed moisture ranged from
13.3% (Heteropogon contortus) to 37.5%
(Dichanthium annulatum) at the time of harvesting
which was brought down to 8% to 9.5% through sun
drying for storage and quality analysis.
Seed germination
Eight months stored seeds of grasses (Sehima
nervosum cv. Bundel Sen Ghas-I), Bothriochloa
intermedia, Brachiaria decumbens, Setaria sphacelata
and Heteropogon contortus cv Bundel lampa-1) were
tested for germination under various treatments. The
seed germination enhanced significantly by
invigoration seed pre treatment of GA3 (100 ppm) and
KNO3 (0.2%) at alternate temperature of 2035C (16
h/8 h) under light environments on top of the papers in
all the grass species. Maximum germination was
observed in H. contortus (62%). Thiourea (0.2%)
treatment was also found effective to improve the
germination. Prechilling and preheating seed treatments
had no significant effect on germination.
Seeds of Sehima nervosum (cv Bundel Sen Ghas-1)
were tested for germination following various
treatments, substrate and temperature conditions after
12 months of seed storage. Maximum germination was
observed on top of the paper (TP) irrespective of other
substrate (between the paper (BP) and sand) and
temperature (Table 25). The seed germination (42%)
enhanced significantly with the GA 3 (100 ppm)
treatments at alternate temperature of 2035C (16 h/8

h) under light environment followed by KNO3 0.2%

(38%) and Thio urea 0.2 (36%) over the control (14%).
Seeds of range legumes (Stylosanthes seabrana,
Desmanthus virgatus, Clitoria ternatea and Indigofera
astragalina) were collected during December and
stored in polythene bags for eight months at room
temperature. The seeds were tested for germination at
25C under light environment at the top of papers (TP)
following various treatments (Table 26). In S. seabrana
maximum germination was recorded in the seeds
scarified by coarse sand paper (86%). On average
maximum germination (5888%) was recorded in C.
ternatea under various treatments.
Table 26: Effect of various seed treatments on seed germination
of range legumes
S.No. Treatments

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Control
Chipping
Leaching
Hot water
Scarification
Acid scarification
KNO3 (0.2%)
KNO3 (0.4%)
Thio urea (0.2%)
Thio urea (0.4%)

S.
D.
C.
I.
seabrana virgatus ternatea astragalina
22
30
32
76
86
70
30
36
32
36

32
52
38
58
60
58
36
40
42
42

58
88
62
64
58
60
82
78
84
80

34
58
56
62
64
58
56
60
60
64

Seed vigour tests

In
berseem
(Trifolium
alexandrinum)
preconditioning of seeds in water for 2 h at room
temperature and then soaking of naked seeds in 0.5 per
cent tetrazolium solution for 12 h was found to be the
best method for staining of viable seeds. Berseem cv.
Wardan, JHB-146 and BB-3 were tested for seed
germination and vigour after eight months of seed
35

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

comparison to seed yield (6.10 q/ha) obtained when

potassium was applied at the time of sowing.
A faster depletion in available K during reproductive
phase occurred when the K levels were high after last,
cut i.e. where potassium was applied at the time of
sowing. Also, greatest decrease in the available K
during reproductive phase was recorded in 40 cm
spaced plots indicating a more efficient uptake of K in
this crop geometry to meet the reproductive
requirements.

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

storage at room temperature. All the three varieties were

at par in their seed germination (9094%). The Wardan
variety showed higher vigour index (998.68) over BB3 and JHB-146.
RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Seed health and storage

Seed moisture content of Sorghum cv. PC-6 and PC23 was 9.5% and 10.66% respectively at the time of
processing. In cowpea cv. BL-1 higher moisture content
(13%) was recorded as compared to BL-2 (9.4%) at
the time of threshing. Seeds were dried and moisture
content was about 9% at the time of storage.
Cowpea cv. BL-1, BL-2 and sorghum cv. PC-6 and
PC-23 were examined for presence of infection
propagules of pathogenic fungi employing dry
examination methods and also blotter method. Presence
of conidia of Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, Penicillium
sps., Curvularia sp and some dormant mycelium were
observed. The dormant mycelia were multiplied on
PDA for further investigations and identification of the
fungi.
3.3 Farm Machinery and Post Harvest Technology
for Enhanced Forage Productivity and
Conservation
Performance evaluation of cutter bar type
forage harvester
A 26.1 kW capacity tractor operated, hydraulically
controlled, PTO operated, offset running, cutter bar type
forage harvester (Plate 6) having overall length, width
and height of 3.2 0.7 1.4 m was evaluated for
harvesting soft foliage crop berseem. The cutter bar
was operated at 73015 strokes per minute

Plate 6: Harvesting of Berseem using cutter bar type forage

harvester

36

corresponding to PTO speed of 54010 rpm. The

machine was able to harvest and leave the cut berseem
on its place effectively (cutting efficiency 94 to 98 per
cent). The machine was operated in 1st (low) gear of
forward speed of operation having forward speed of
0.9 to 1.0 m/s. The effective width of cut was found to
be 1.80.1 m with 2.0 m long cutter bar, giving field
capacity in the range of 0.41 to 0.45 ha/h. The field
efficiency was in the range of 70 to 82 per cent.
Minimum height of cut crop was 10 cm. The machine
was also able to operate on the bunds of 20 cm height.
However, on the bunds, soil dragging was observed.
Harvesting operation was possible only in the fields
where irrigation was provided five days before
operation, having moisture content in the range of 8.9
to 14.8 per cent (w.b.). On operation, one m 2 area
consisted of 148 to 192 plants, of which 26 to 42 plants
came under the tractor tyres. The plants that came under
tyres started growing like other plants after four days
of operation, and no difference was observed among
them after 12 days of operation.
Four man-days were required along with the tractor
operator to collect the cut crop and carry it outside the
field for the purpose of transportation as compared to
manual harvesting, where at least 30 man-days are
required for harvesting berseem in one ha area and carry
it outside the field. Thus, use of this machine saves at
least 25 man-days per hectare.
Performance evaluation of high capacity chaff
cutter
A 26.1 kW capacity tractor operated, PTO driven,
mobile type, chaff cutter cum loader (Plate 7) was tested
for chaffing of fodder crops and crop residues, viz.

Plate 7: Operation of tractor drawn mobile type chaff cutter

Research Achievements

Sl. No.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Fodder Crop

Sorghum
Sorghum (hay)
Maize stalks
Napier grass
Cowpea (hay)
Oats
Guinea grass
Cenchrus grass

Maximum stem
thickness (mm)

Moisture content
(w.b.),per cent

Maximum length
of chaffed material (mm)

Average chaffing
capacity q/h)

618
613
618
433
48
49
211
29

53.770.2
32.841.9
46.869.3
48.768.3
36.243.2
38.944.5
52.668.9
49.366.8

2239
3694
4076
4255
3049
3252
4258
4657

76.3
62.4
74.8
70.2
56.8
65.2
52.8
54.6

Sorghum, Sorghum (hay), Maize stalks, Napier grass,

Cowpea (hay), Oats, Guinea grass and Cenchrus grass.
This machine is a compact unit having feeding chute,
chaffing mechanism and blower unit to air-carry the
chaffed material. The whole machine was mounted on
a chassis supported on pneumatic wheels with
provisions for hitching from a tractor for easy
transportation. The machine having two serrated blades
passing tangentially through a shear plate operates
optimum at 156016 cutting strokes per minutes with
54010 rpm PTO speed corresponding to engine speed
of 160020 rpm.
Chaffing efficiency was 100 per cent for freshly
harvested fodder and 98.2 per cent in case of dried hay
material as the machine left dry leaves of sorghum as
uncut in the sizes of 100150 mm. (Table 27). The fuel
consumption of tractor varied from 2.5 to 3.0 l/h. Four
men were continuously needed to feed the material in
to the machine when the material was heaped at a
distance of 10 to 20 m from the machine.
Mechanization status and energy inventory of
forage production in northern India
Mechanization status and energy inventory study
was conducted in three farms, viz. Chak Ganjeria,
Lucknow; Hastinapur, Meerut and Babugarh,
Ghaziabad, of Department of Animal Husbandry,
Government of Uttar Pradesh. The inputs given to
different forage crops studied were clustered in the
forms of seed, fertilizer and chemical requirement,
machinery operation and labour. Energy indices
established from the earlier work were used to calculate
the flow of energy in the whole process. The analysis
of energy flow in case of Sorghum Sudan Grass (SSG)
and Lucerne revealed that highest energy was received
from fertilizers (6285.49 and 4516.47 k Cal for SSG

and Lucerne respectively), followed by irrigation

(3122.14 and 4452.92), harvesting and chaffing
(2533.95 and 3378.6) and field preparation (3007.58
and 2338.49). The total energy inputs from different
sources of energy were 15369.32 and 15234.06 k Cal
for SSG and Lucerne. However, the energy output and
yield from Lucerne was more (14,80,000 k Cal and
80 t) than SSG (7,20,000 k Cal and 72 t) since its
specific energy coefficient and yield were more than
that of SSG.
Forage Post Harvest Technology
Value Added Feed Product based on Crop Residues
Value added densified blocks of wheat straw 70%,
stylo meal 15%, subabool leaf meal 15% prepared by
IGFRI densifying machine with guar gum waste
powder (9%) added as binder had average block density
of 323.2 kg/m3. Feed intake and digestibility of these
blocks were conducted in February 2008 for one month
on growing Bhadawari male buffaloes (average body
weight 230 kg) divided in two groups, six in each. One
group was fed with value added feed blocks and another
group was fed with wheat straw and concentrate. After
preliminary feeding of three weeks, a seven days
digestibility trial conducted. Daily DM intake was 2.51
kg/100 kg bw in group fed with blocks (T1) as compared
to 2.27 kg/100 kg in control group fed with wheat straw
and concentrate (T2). The digestibility per cent of dry
matter was higher (59.2) in group T1 as compared to
group T2 (51.4). Intake and dry matter digestibility data
indicates acceptance of value added feed blocks by
Bhadawari buffaloes.
Performance evaluation of small capacity two
screen seed cleaners
Berseem (Variety JHB 146 and Wardan), Cowpea
37

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Table 27: Stem thickness, moisture content, length of chaffed material and average chaffing capacity of different fodder crops

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

Table 28: Machine capacity and seed recovery for cleaning and grading of berseem

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Crops

Variety

No. of passes required

Cowpea

EC4216

1
2
1
2

203.5
207.2
220.0
264.4

87.67
95.71
89.13
97.23

109.3

83.91

126.3

86.66

Kohinoor

Capacity (kg/h)

Recovery (%)

Plant capacity (kg/h)

Seed recovery

Sorghum

MP Chari

1
2

276.2
276.5

98.91
99.27

138.9

98.19

Berseem

JHB 146

1
2
1
2

58.9
29.2
68.6
29.6

96.38
46.66
93.40
44.47

20.0

44.97

21.7

41.53

Wardan

Table 29: Nitrogen fractions (% total N) in organic and inorganically grown fodder sorghum and cowpea
Crops
1st stage (30 DAS)
Organic sorghum
Inorganic sorghum
Organic cowpea
Inorganic cowpea
2nd stage (60 DAS)
Organic sorghum
Inorganic sorghum
Organic cowpea
Inorganic cowpea

%NDIN (Total-N)

Soluble N

PA

PB1

PB2

PB3

PC

54.15
47.00
58.74
56.55

41.87
50.75
39.58
42.41

41.35
43.80
37.16
39.40

0.52
6.95
2.42
3.01

3.98
2.25
1.68
1.04

36.25
29.99
41.47
44.50

17.90
17.01
17.27
12.05

48.50
44.0
44.65
47.03

50.38
52.24
52.1
48.26

48.41
50.60
50.00
46.31

1.97
1.64
2.10
1.95

1.12
1.76
3.25
4.41

28.33
26.26
31.71
34.39

20.17
19.74
12.94
12.94

(EC4216 and Kohinoor) and Sorghum (MP Chari) was

cleaned and graded with a two-screen air cleaner cum
grader (Table 28). In each case, the threshed seed were
pre-cleaned and then graded. The plant capacity were
calculated on the basis of initial material fed and total
time required for cleaning 100 kg seed in both the passes
whereas seed recovery was calculated by multiplying
recovery of seed in I pass and the recovery in II pass
divided by 100. The plant capacity was 109.4 kg/h for
EC4216, 126.3 kg/h for Kohinoor, 138.9 kg/h for MP
Chari, 20.0 kg/h for JHB 146 and 21.7 kg/h for Wardan.
3.4 Nutritional Evaluation of Forage Resources
and Developing Niche Based Feeding Systems
for Livestock

DAS) of crop growth (Table 29). PA fraction of N was

more in inorganically grown crops except cowpea at
2nd stage (60 DAS) of growth. Sorghum and cowpea
had higher PA fraction in 2nd stage than 1st stage of
growth.
Dry matter degradability of organically grown
sorghum and cowpea was 2-4 units more than inorganic
sorghum and cowpea at 1st stage, while at 2nd stage
organic sorghum was 10 units more degredable than
inorganic sorghum (Table 30). Degradibility of both
sorghum and cowpea was more (>10 units) at 30 days
than 60 days of their growth.
Table 30: In vitro cumulative gas production (ml/g) and DMD on
incubation of organic and inorganic crops
Crops

3.4.1 Nutritional Evaluation of Forages

Evaluation of organic and inorganically grown forages and feeds
Neutral detergent insoluble protein (NDIP) per cent
of total N was more in organically grown sorghum and
cowpea than inorganically grown crops in 1st stage (30
38

Organic sorghum
Inorganic sorghum
Organic cowpea
Inorganic cowpea

1st stage
(30 DAS)

2nd stage
(60 DAS)

DMD

Gas (ml)

DMD

Gas (ml)

73.55
71.91
84.11
80.68

117.64
125.96
138.1
137.77

55.16
45.76
71.70
69.66

121.8
103.31
119.12
136.44

DMD = Dry matter degradability

Research Achievements

Parameter
Intake
Kg/d
% Body weight
g/kg w0.75
Nutrients digestibility (%)
DM
CP
NDF*
ADF*
Cellulose
Hemi-cellulose
Nitrogen balance (g/d)
Intake
Fecal loss
Urinary loss
Balance
N absorption (%)

Inorganic (G1)

Organic (G2)

10.610.44
2.250.06
105.113.27

10.520.52
2.210.10
103.354.70

60.941.00
69.003.34
54.570.23
43.721.12
57.422.00
56.413.27

62.760.97
67.51 4.37
59.200.24
51.552.05
60.722.03
62.670.73

229.9829.29
70.995.39
83.554.49
75.4313.12
32.644.73

226.435.43
73.663.75
67.229.38
88.5512.10
37.505.14

*(P<0.05)

Ten lactating Murrah buffaloes were equally

distributed in 2 groups (G1 and G2) based on mean
weight (500.4412.64 and 5019.94), milk yield
(8.160.72 and 8.100.30 kg) and lactation stage
(897.02 and 819.04 days). They were offered
sorghum hay and berseem as roughage alongwith
concentrate mixture (comprising of barley and mustard
seed cake grown inorganic and organically) to meet
their CP and TDN requirement for maintenance and
milk production. After 60 days of feeding, a digestioncum-metabolism trial was conducted to assess the
dietary effect on feed intake, nutrients utilization,
nitrogen balance and milk constituents.
Buffaloes of both organic and inorganic group had
comparable dry matter intake (Table 31). Dry matter
digestibility was 2.0 units more in animals fed organic
diet. Digestibility of NDF, ADF and cellulose was
higher for organic diet, while protein digestibility was
comparable between organic and inorganic diets. Fecal
nitrogen loss was more in the organic diet whereas
urinary nitrogen loss was more in the inorganic diet
fed animals. Nitrogen balance and nitrogen absorption
were 13 and 5 units higher in the organic diet. The
results revealed that buffaloes had higher nutrients
utilization on organic diet.

3.4.2 Feeding Systems for Small Ruminant

Production
Berseem hay based feed blocks in sheep and goats
Berseem hay based feed block containing 15% maize,
as energy supplement was stored in gunny bags for a
period of one year and after storage period, the block
was analyzed for chemical composition and fed to sheep
and goat for recording nutrient intake and its utilization.
In sheep, DM intake (%BW) was 4.12%. Digestibility
of DM, OM and CP were 60.37, 62.92 and 52.91%. DCP
and TDN intake were 94.22 g/d and 628 g/d,
respectively. DCP and TDN content of the diet was
8.20% and 52.41%, respectively. Rumen total volatile
fatty acid (mmol/l) and ammoniaN (mg/dl) after 2 h
post feeding were 119.4 and 34.93, respectively.
In goats, the intake of DM (% of b.wt.) was 3.44%.
The digestibility of DM, OM and CP were 58.30%,
60.74% and 50.28%. Similarly intake of DCP and TDN
were 81.4 and 516 g/d, respectively. The nutrient
content of the diet in terms of DCP and TDN were
8.73% and 52.41%. Rumen metabolites also followed
the same trend as in sheep.
This study showed that after one year of storage of
berseem hay based feed block, the crude protein content
was reduced by 9.3% while DM intake and nutrient
utilization was unaffected in sheep and goat.
Evaluation of stylo meal in sheep
Nutritive value of stylo meal prepared from S.
seabrana harvested at flowering stage was evaluated
in sheep. In control group (G1), dry grass was offered
adlib and concentrate mixture was offered as per
requirement whereas in G2, Stylo seabrana was fed
adlib. DMI (kg % b. wt) was 3.50 and 3.18 in G1 and
G2, respectively. CP digestibility was significantly
(p<0.05) higher in G 2 (54.74) than G 1 (50.36%)
whereas digestibility coefficient of EE was significantly
(p<0.05) higher in G1 (57.25) than G 2 (53.50%).
Digestibility co-efficient of other nutrients namely DM,
OM, NDF, ADF, NFE in G1 and G2 were 55.69 and
59.38; 58.12 and 60.92; 48.05 and 46.88; 47.12 and
44.56; and 63.54 and 60.55%, respectively and were
comparable. Digestible crude protein (DCP) was
significantly higher (p<0.05) in G2 (6.28) than G1
(5.72%). Total digestible nutrients (TDN) in G1 and
G2 were 59.25 and 56.54% and comparable. Animals
in both the groups were in positive nitrogen balance.
39

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Table 31: Nutrient intake and utilization in milch Murrah

buffaloes fed organic and inorganic feed and fodders

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

Utilization of sorghum stovers in sheep

Twenty Jalauni sheep, divided into four treatment
groups (T1 to T4) of five animals each, were offered a
mixed ration of sorghum stovers and green berseem,
replacing mustard cake as protein source to record their
feed intake and nutrient utilization. Sheep under T1
group were fed mustard cake, while mustard cake was
replaced with green berseem at 25, 50 and 100% on
CP basis in animals under T2, T 3 and T 4 groups,
respectively. Average DMI was 595, 785, 749 and 781
g in experimental sheep of T1, T2, T3 and T4 groups,
respectively and the differences were significant.
Average digestibility of DM, OM, CP, NDF, ADF,
cellulose and EE differed significantly among the
groups (Table 32). Average daily CP intakes (g per kg
W 0.75) were comparable among the groups and varied
from 6.95 to 7.39 g. But TDN intakes (g per kg W 0.75)
were low (P < 0.01) in sheep fed mustard cake as protein
source than those fed on berseem incorporated diets.
Similarly average daily sorghum stover intakes (312
g) were low (P<0.05) in sheep under T1 group than
those under T2 to T4 groups. This study showed that
replacement of mustard cake with green berseem as

protein source improved the intake as well as utilization

of sorghum stovers in sheep.
Supplements in grazing goats
A feeding trial was conducted on growing
Bundelkhandi goats. Goats were allowed to graze on
natural rangeland to record the nutritional status. Thirty
two growing goats were divided into 4 treatment groups
(T1 to T4) of 8 animals in each. Animals under T1 group
acted as control and were without any supplements,
while other animals were supplemented with 100 g
concentrate mixture (T2), 125 g berseem hay (T3) and
250 g top feeds (subabul leaves). Average daily herbage
intake (kg/100 kg b.wt.) was 2.93, 3.27, 2.84 and 2.81
kg in group T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively and they
differed significantly (P<0.05). Daily DMI (g per kg
W 0.75) were also lowest (P<0.01) in T1 group (63.84)
followed by T4 (70.41), T3 (74.22) and T2 (80.71)
groups. Similarly supplementation also improved
(P<0.01) CP and TDN intakes (g per kg W 0.75) from
5.54 to 10.98 and 35.81 to 51.34 g, respectively. Similar
was the trend with respect to the digestibility of DM,
OM, CP, NDF, ADF and cellulose. However, among
the supplements, nutrient intakes as well as utilization
was maximum in concentrate supplement group (T2),
followed by berseem hay (T3) and subabul leaves (T4).
Higher nutrient intakes and utilization also resulted in
maximum average daily body weight gain (g) in
concentrate supplemented group (61) followed by
berseem hay (48) and subabul leaves (42). Daily body
weight gain was minimum in non-supplemented group
(Fig. 21). Hence, concentrates, berseem hay and leaves
can be used as strategic supplements to improve their
productive performances.

Table 32: Nutrient digestibility (% DM basis)

in experimental sheep
Particulars

Treatment groups
T1

DM**
OM**
NDF**
ADF**
Cellulose**
CP**
EE*

70

T2
c

53.33
55.11c
38.24c
35.41c
45.21d
67.48d
64.75a

T3
b

57.05
58.87b
45.69b
43.58b
53.29c
70.12c
60.60b

T4
a

59.97
61.65a
48.83ab
47.92a
57.23b
73.17b
59.65b

61.89
63.01a
51.61a
50.13a
60.04a
75.49a
57.87b

*(P<0.05);**(P<0.01); T1 = Mustard cake (100%), T2 = Mustard

cake (75%) + berseem (25%), T3 = Mustard cake (50%) + berseem
(50%), T4 = Berseem (100%)

40

Average daily gain (g)

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

N-retention in G1 and G2 were 2.05 and 2.26 g/h/d,

respectively. There was no significant change in blood
profile as visualized by blood glucose (44.14 and 43.40
mg/dl), urea (27.58 and 29.50 mg/dl) and serum protein
(7.82 and 7.98 g/dl) in G1 and G2, respectively. Thus
stylo meal, prepared from Stylosanthes seabrana, in
sheep showed 3.18% DMI, 6.28% DCP and 56.5%
TDN and can be used as economical substitute of
concentrates.

61

60

48

50

42

40
30

27

20
10
0

G1

G2
G3
Treatment groups

Fig. 21: Growth performance of goats

G4

Research Achievements

Cheap balanced rations in lactating cows

Twenty growing Bhadawari buffalo calves, divided

into four groups (G1 to G4) of five animals each, were
offered a mixed ration of oat forage (cv JHO 2000-4, a
new variety) and sorghum stovers to record their feed
intake and utilization. The different combinations/ratios
of oat forage and stovers were 20: 80, 40: 60, 60: 40
and 20: 80 (on dry matter basis) and fed to the animals
of G1, G2, G3 and G4 group, respectively. Average DMI
was 2.94, 3.30, 3.32 and 3.68 kg in buffalo calves of
G1, G2, G 3 and G4 group, respectively (Table 33).
Similarly the digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, ADF,
cellulose and CP were maximum in G4 and minimum
in G1 group. However, the differences in digestibility
values were non-significant among G 2, G3 and G4
groups. TDN and DCP intakes in growing buffalo
calves were also increased significantly with the
increase in level of green oats and met the standard
requirements of TDN (1.78 kg) and DCP (261 g) at 60:
40 ratio for 450 g average daily gain. This showed that
for better feed intake and nutrient digestibility as well
as efficient utilization of both oat forage and sorghum
stovers in growing Bhadawari buffalo calves, they
should be mixed in a ratio of 60: 40.

A feeding trial was conducted on 15 lactating

crossbred cows, divided into 3 groups (T1 to T3) of 5
animals each, to record the performance of cheap
balanced rations comprising of economic concentrate
mixtures and wheat straw. Cows under T 1 group
received a normal concentrate mixture (barley: wheat
bran: mustard cake: salt: mineral mixture in ratio of
50: 13: 35: 1: 1), while animals under T2 group received
an economic concentrate mixture in which 100% of
barley grain and 50% of mustard cake were replaced
with cheaper ingredients like wheat bran, subabul leaf
meal (SLM) and urea. Animals under T3 group also
received another economic concentrate mixture in
which both barley grain and mustard cake was
completely replaced with wheat bran, SLM and urea.
Average daily DMI was similar among the groups
ranging from 8.92 to 9.04 kg. Similarly CP, DCP and
TDN intakes were comparable amongst the groups and
ranged from 11.47 to 12.27, 7.42 to 8.13 and 66.58 to
70.57 g per kg W 0.75.
Average daily milk yield, composition and feed
efficiency was comparable among the treatment groups
(Table 34). However, feed cost per kg of milk yield
was significantly (P < 0.05) high in cows (Rs 8.22)
fed normal concentrate mixture (T1) than those fed on
economical concentrate mixtures (Rs 6.90 in T2 group
and Rs 6.31 in T 3 group) during 125 days of

Table 33: Nutrient intakes and utilization in

Bhadawari buffalo calves

Table 34: Milk yield, composition and feed efficiency in

experimental lactating cows

Sorghum stovers with varying levels of oat forage

in buffalo calves

Particulars

Nutrient intakes
Feed (DM) intake (kg/d)
DMI** (kg/100 kg b.wt.)
DMI*(g/kg W 0.75)
CPI** (g/kg W 0.75)
DCPI** (g/kg W 0.75)
TDNI* (g/kg W 0.75)
Nutrient digestibility (%)
DM**
OM**
NDF**
ADF**
Cellulose**
CP**

Treatment groups
G3

Attributes

G1

G2

2.94
2.55c
83.31c
9.02d
5.52d
44.73c

3.30
2.97b
95.68b
11.36c
7.69c
57.53b

3.32
3.68
3.09b
3.37a
98.15ab 107.26a
13.14b
15.27a
9.09b
11.10a
58.87ab 67.11a

55.3b
56.9b
49.9b
47.7c
53.4b
61.1c

62.9a
64.1a
56.7a
53.8b
61.2a
67.6b

63.0a
63.9a
55.4a
54.1b
61.6a
69.2b

Treatment Groups

G4

66.2a
67.0a
59.0a
57.3a
63.3a
72.0a

*(P<0.05);**(P<0.01); G1 = Oat + stovers (20:80), G2 = Oat +

stovers (40:60), G3 = Oat + stovers (60:40), G4 = Oat + stovers
(40:60)

Milk yield and composition

Yield (kg)
Total solids (%)
Fat (%)
Solid not fat (%)
Protein (%)
Lactose (%)
Total ash (%)
Feed efficiency
Total feed consumed (kg)
Total milk yield (kg)
Feed efficiency (kg per kg milk)
Cost of feed consumed (Rs)
Milk yield cost (Rs/kg)*

T1

T2

T3

7.43
13.80
4.52
9.28
3.69
4.81
0.79

7.11
13.75
4.64
9.11
3.78
4.55
0.78

7.69
13.37
4.44
8.93
3.74
4.37
0.82

1168.3 1110.4
1113.1
929.1
889.0
961.8
1.29
1.28
1.20
7444
6008
5874
8.22 a
6.90 b
6.31b

* (P < 0.05); T1 = Normal concentrate mixture, T2 = Economic

concentrate mixture-I, T3 = Economic concentrate mixture-II

41

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

3.4.3 Feeding Systems for Large Ruminant

Production

IGFRI Annual Report

Table 35: Nutrient intakes and their utilization in

experimental heifers
Attributes

Treatment Groups
G1

G2

G3

Feed/nutrient intakes
Feed (DM) intake (kg/d)
DMI (kg/100 kg b.wt)
DMI (g/kg W 0.75)
CPI** (g/kg W 0.75)
TDNI** (g/kg W 0.75)

2.46
1.44
52.08
2.72c
24.1b

2.93
1.63
59.69
3.54b
31.7a

2.89
1.59
58.40
4.28a
27.0b

Nutrient digestibility (%)

DM**
OM**
CP**
EE*
NDF**
ADF**
Cellulose**

48.8b
50.8b
33.9b
42.4b
45.8b
41.6b
54.6b

56.6a
58.2a
41.5a
47.4a
53.2a
50.1a
62.0a

49.6b
50.9b
43.2a
50.8a
45.5b
41.2b
55.2b

*(P <0.05); **(P<0.01); G1 = Exclusive barley, G2 = Barley +

mustard cake (1:1), G3 = Exclusive mustard cake

3.4.4 Polyphenolics- Anti-quality factors in top

feeds
Leaves of fourteen tree species, viz. Dalbergia
latifolia, Cardiospermum helicotrum, Pterocarpus
42

80
60
40

Pithecolobium dulce

Hardwickia binnata

Atrocarus heterophyllus

Sesbenia Sesban

Glyrecidia Sepium

Ficus trida

Sesbenia grandiflora

Moringa olifera

Ficus racemosa

Gymnosporia mantana

Albezia lebbeck

20
Pterocarpus masrupium

A feeding trial was conducted on 15 growing heifers,

divided into 3 groups (G1 to G3) of 5 animals each, to
record the effect of limited supplementation of mixture
of two concentrate feed ingredients (energy and protein
sources) vis--vis single feed ingredients (either energy
or protein source) on crop residue based rations. Heifers
under G1 and G3 groups received 300 g of crushed
barley grain and 300 g of mustard cake as energy and
protein sources, respectively.
Average daily DMI in experimental heifers was 2.46,
2.93 and 2.89 kg in G1, G2 and G3 groups, respectively
(Table 35). However, CP and TDN intakes differ
significantly (P < 0.01) amongst the groups. Similarly
the digestibility of nutrients like DM, OM, NDF, ADF
and cellulose was higher in heifers of group G2 than
both G1 and G3 groups. The study revealed that a
mixture of barley and mustard cake (1: 1 ratio) was
better supplement than either barley or mustard cake,
when fed to heifers on wheat straw based rations.

100

Dalbergia latifolia

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Strategic supplements in heifers

120

Cardiospermum helicotrum

experimental feeding. Hence, lactating cows can sustain

for 6 to 8 kg daily milk yield economically by reducing
feeds cost up to 23%. Further these replacements are
non-competitive with human feeds.

% Activity @ 2 mg/ml of phenolics

20082009

Tree leaves

Fig. 22: H scavenging activity of phenolics of tree leaves

masrupium, Albezia lebbeck, Gymnosporiaa mantana,

Ficus racemosa, Moringa olifera, Ficus triad, Sesbania
grandiflora, S. sesban, Glycerdia sepium, Hardwekia
binata, Atropcarpus heterophyllus and Pithecolobium
dulce, were obtained from Southern region of country.
The polyphenolics evaluated in terms of total phenolics,
condensed tannin and total proanthocyanidins were
ranging between 9.1113.00% 1.896.24% and 0.188
0.725% respectively. The fiber bound proanthocyanidins were higher than that of free and protein bound
proanthocyanidins in all the leaves. The free proanthocyanidin was highest in Atropcarpus heterophyllus
(0.742%), whereas fibre bound proanthocyanidin was
highest in Gymnosporiaa mantana (5.8%). The
flavonoids which have biological importance as natural
anti-oxidants were found in Dalbergia latifolia (1.64
g/100 g), Ficus racemes (1.17 g/100 g) and Atropcarpus
heterophyllus (1.37 g/100 g). Phenolics present in tree
leaves have excellent potentialities to scavenge H free
radicals that are produced in the animal body due to
oxidative stress. The H-scavenging activity of phenolic
(@ 2 mg/ml) was very high (>80%) in all the tree leaves
(Fig. 22) except in A. lebbeck and S. grandiflora. They
can be used as good nutraceuticals.
3.4.5 Pesticide Residues in Feed and Milk
Samples
Feed and milk samples collected from different places

Research Achievements

3.4.6 Status of different livestock species

Large Ruminants
The opening balance of large ruminant herd as on

Table 36: Milk yield and milk composition in cows and buffaloes
Breed

Milk yield (kg)

Murrah buffalo
Cross bred cattle
Sahiwal cattle
Tharparkar cattle
Gir cattle
Bhadawari buffalo

2205
2772
4818
1476
1331
1360

Fat (%)

Total solids (%)

6.360.08
4.350.06
4.550.10
5.210.09
4.520.11
7.890.07

18.050.26
13.640.40
14.090.22
14.630.37
14.200.31
19.470.17

01.01.2008 was 82, 40, 24, 18, 56 and 131 for crossbred,
Tharparkar, Gir, Sahiwal cattle, Murrah and Bhadwari
buffaloes, respectively, whereas the corresponding
closing balance as on 31.12.2008 was 99, 54, 35, 26,
61 and 127, respectively. Average birth weight in
Murrah buffaloes was 32.641.70 and 30.500.67 kg
in male and females, respectively. Corresponding
figures were 26.501.38 and 24.581.24 kg in
Crossbred cows, 23.331.12 and 22.831.31 kg in
Tharparkar, 23.501.01 and 22.000.69 kg in Sahiwal,
22.001.11 and 19.200.89 in Gir cattle and 28.31.25
and 27.51.17 kg in Bhadawari buffaloes, respectively.
Average lactation milk yield and milk composition of
different breeds are presented below (Table 36).
Sheep and Goats
Indigenous goats and sheep are kept at Institute to
conduct experiment on evaluation of feed and fodder
and assessing the production performance of the
animals. The herd strength of Jalauni sheep and
Bundelkhandi goat flock was 228 and 254, respectively
as on 01.01.2008 and 177 and 207, respectively as
31.12.2008 (Table 37). Of the 116 adult female goats
in the herd, 52.6% gave births during the year, 27.9%
of the births resulted in twins. There was out-break of
goat pox in this and the mortality in the herd was 8.82%.
103 goats were sold off during the year realizing a
Table 37: Status of sheep and goat flocks
Parameter

Strength
as on 1-1-2008
Birth
Death
Sale (no.)
Strength as
on 31-12-2008
Sale value (Rs)

Goat

Sheep

Male

Female

Total

Male

73

155

228

104

150

254

42
9
41
66

36
16
64
111

78
25
105
177

39
7
64
72

32
6
41
135

71
13
105
207

97198

43

Female Total

94098

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

were monitored for certain targeted pesticides, viz. 16

organochlorines (OC), 10 organophosphates (OP) and
7 synthetic pyrethroids (SP). The analysis of 68 feed
samples comprising of oilseed cakes (mustard, cotton,
linseed, sesamum), chunnies (gram, bajra, wheat), straw
(wheat, gram, pea), flour and bhusa collected from
Jhansi area revealed contamination of 26 samples
(38.23%) with certain OP group of pesticides like
chlorpyriphos (0.0040.246 mg/kg), malathion (0.01
0.08 mg/kg), phorate (0.0030.163 mg/kg), dimethoate
(0.0150.508) and quinalphos (0.0020.012). Mustard
cake samples were contaminated to a higher extent (56%
of total sample) followed by gram chunni (50%) and
wheat straw (41%). Other samples were almost free
from OP residues. Similarly out of bovine milk samples
(61) collected around Jhansi city, OP residues were
present in 27 (44.26%) samples and main contaminants
were chlorpyriphos (0.00320.0695 mg/kg), quinalphos
(0.0050.038 mg/kg), malathion (0.00920.0596 mg/
kg) and phorate (0.01110.0372 mg/kg). This finding
indicated that four OP pesticides, viz. chlorpyriphos,
quinalphos, malathion and phorate were present both in
feed and milk.
With regard to OCs in feed samples, mustard cakes
collected from Jhansi area have been found
contaminated to the extent 30% while for other feed
samples the analysis is in progress. As far as bovine
milk is concerned, OC pesticides were detected in 13
(21.31%) samples only. The total HCH (Hexachloro
cyclohexane) was present in 10 samples in the
concentration range of 0.0016 0.1333 mg/kg. The
individual HCH isomers
, and were detected in
3, 4, 2 and 6 samples respectively; in concentration
less than the MRL (Maximum Residue Limit) excepting
two samples in which -HCH was more than its MRL
of 0.02 mg/kg. Although DDT could be found in 8
samples (0.0020.112 mg/kg) but MRL of 0.05 mg/kg
was violated in only one sample. Endosulfan was
present in three samples and MRL of 0.004 mg/kg
exceeded in two samples only. Overall the OC
contaminations were not common and whenever
present its concentration was at a very low level. No
synthetic pyrethroid residue could be detected in any
of the milk samples from Jhansi.

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

revenue of Rs 97,198. Total 71 lambs were born during

the year. The twining percentage in sheep was 6.0%
only. The overall mortality rate was 10.1% and 105
number of sheep were sold off during the year realizing
a revenue of Rs 94,098.
RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

3.5 Socio Economic Studies and Impact Analysis

of Transfer of Technology
3.5.1 Socio economic analysis of livestock
production system
Gender Issues in livestock production and
management
The primary data in three selected village of Meerut
(irrigated) and Jodhpur (rainfed) districts each were
collected. It was observed that 43.75 percent house hold
belonged to backward caste, 27.08 per cent belonged
to scheduled tribes, 20.84 per cent house holds belonged
to schedule caste in rainfed zone and 8.33 percent of
house hold belonged to general caste. In case of
irrigated zone 68.75 percent people belonged to OBC,
16.67 per cent belonged to scheduled caste and rest of
14.58 percent house hold was in general caste.
About 75 per cent people were growing the kharif
and rabi crops in irrigated zone of Meerut and 25 per
cent respondents were growing both the crops in
selected villages of Jodhpur district in rainfed zone
(Rajasthan). Women were engaged in more than 80
percent of the work related to the management of
livestock. The labour contribution in Jodhpur district
by women farmers was 90.83% of the cleaning of waste
material, 91.24 percent for watering, 87.7 percent for
collection of fuelwood and 67.57 percent for grazing.
In contrast the contribution of male farmers was only
12.92 percent.
In irrigated zone, 95 percent cultivated area was
irrigated, whereas, only 11 percent cultivated area was
irrigated in rainfed zone. Number of cattle was more
in rainfed zone, while number of buffaloes was higher
in irrigated zone.
3.5.2 Fodder production technology in the
farmers resources use matrix
Resources use matrix of crops and livestock
production play very important role in the allocation
of resources for maximization of farm and livestock
income. The present study was conducted in twelve
forage-demonstrated villages of Jhansi district. The
44

economics of different fodder, food and livestock

products have been worked out in relation to four
villages on KanpurJhansi road.
Cost of production: the gross farm income and net
profit per ha of MP Chari (Green fodder) were Rs
9,128, 18,050 and 8,922 respectively. The cost : benefit
ratio was 1 : 1.97. On an average green fodder yield
was 361 q/ha in MP Chari.
Maize green fodder Var. African tall: maize
green fodder yield per ha was 4,157 q/ha. The cost of
production, the gross farm income and net profit per
ha of green fodder were Rs 10,812, 22,825 and 12,014
respectively. The cost : benefit ratio was 1 : 2.11
Berseem fodder (var. Wardan & local): An
average yield per ha of Berseem fodder was 480 q. The
cost of production, the gross farm income and net profit
per ha were Rs 13,435, 23,924 and 10,490 respectively.
The cost benefit ratio of berseem fodder is 1: 2.32
Oat fodder (var. JHO 822, JHO 851 and local):
The average yield of oat fodder per ha was 405 q. The
cost of production, the gross farm income and net profit
per ha were Rs 10,814, 24,300 and 13,486 respectively.
The cost : benefit ratio of oat fodder was 1 : 2.24.
3.5.3 Social and behavioral research
Adoption of forage crops by the farmers in
technology demonstrating areas
The initial trends on farmers opinion of adoption
of forage crops (Table 38) indicated that growing of
fodder is beneficial (100%) followed by other
statements like, fodder increases milk production
Table 38: Opinion of farmers on adoption of forage crops
S.No

Statements

Percentage

1. Growing fodder is beneficial

100.00
2. Fodder increases milk production
92.86
3. Do not grow fodder because
85.71
of non availability of seed
4. Do not grow fodder because of no
85.71
market to sale the green fodder
5. Do not grow fodder because of non
78.57
availability of irrigation water
6. Do not grow fodder because of
78.57
impure seed
7. Do not grow fodder because less
71.43
size of holding
8. Do not grow fodder because of stray cattle 71.43
9. Do not grow fodder because size of
21.43
animals is less
10. Do not grow fodder because the land
14.29
is undulating

Rank
I
II
III
III
IV
IV
V
V
VI
VII

(92.86%), do not grow fodder because of non

availability of seed and no market to sale the green
fodder (85.71%), non availability of irrigation water
and pure seed (78.57%), less size of holding and stray
cattle (71.43%), do not grow fodder because size of
animals is less (21.43%) and land is undulating
(14.29%).
The initial trends of knowledge and skill (Table 39)
indicated that 80% farmers have knowledge about
sowing methods and using farm implements followed
by other practices like cutting intervals (73.33%) and
manure and fertilizer application (60.00%) while
66.67% farmers have skill in sowing method followed
by practices like using farm implements (60.00%),
cutting intervals (53.3%) and manure and fertilizer
application (46.66%).

Table 39: Knowledge and skill of farmers

S.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Practices

Knowledge (%)

Sowing method
Seed treatments
Manure and fertilizer application
Cutting intervals
Using farm implements

Skill (%)

80.00
40.00
60.00
73.33
80.00

66.67
26.67
46.66
53.30
60.00

3.5.4 Livelihood conditions and livestock

production system of resource poor
farmers
Livelihood profile and livestock production
system analysis
In arid, semi-arid and sub-humid ecosystem, the
average age of respondents family head was 43.22,
42.32 and 43.44 years; the average family size was 6.15,
6.38 and 6.25; average family education status (FES)
was 0.94, 1.07 and 1.03 respectively. Total land area
operated (ha) in arid ecosystem was 0.11, 0.67, 1.92,
3.01, 10.99 and 1.80 in case of landless (leased in),
marginal, small, medium, large and pooled while in
semi-arid ecosystem it was 0.38, 1.17, 1.79, 4.46, 12.47,
2.55 respectively and 0.17, 0.59, 1.59, 3.15, 4.75 and
1.28 (sub humid ecosystem). Leasing was very less
(0.11 ha) in arid and sub humid ecosystem (0.17) as
compared to semi-arid ecosystem (0.38 ha). The
common property resources (CPRs) were either
degraded or less used in all the regions. Sometimes
they are not accessible also. Hand pumps and well were

the major sources for drinking water. Well was major

source of irrigation in all the regions. In arid ecosystem,
the major emphasis has been on cows, sheep and goats
while in other regions buffaloes were more preferred.
A diverse range of crops were grown. Small hand tools
were preferred in arid ecosystem while modern
implements were more in semi-arid ecosystem. CPRs,
water resource, inputs, protection from theft etc, were
more accessible in arid ecosystem as compared to other
ecosystem, indicating better social participation in arid
region. Production and disposal of farm produce
indicated more dependence on livestock in arid
ecosystem. Gross income pattern based on total
production (Rs/year) indicated that per cent share from
animal component was 82.33, 87.97, 78.84, 57.65,
65.18 and 83.52 for landless, marginal, small, medium,
large and average in arid ecosystem, 61.89, 85.06,
59.21, 49.17, 42.04, 65.85 in semi-arid ecosystem and
80.51, 54.80, 41.73, 24.77, 10.86, 80.51 in sub humid
ecosystem respectively. For resource poor farmers, in
arid region, major livelihood option was small
ruminants+ crop+ dairy + labour followed by crop +
dairy, crop + dairy + labour and dairy + labour. In semiarid region, crop + dairy followed by small ruminants
+ crop + dairy + labour, dairy + labour and crop + dairy
+ labour were major livelihood option for resource poor
farmers.
Household analysis with special reference to
gender issues
All categories farmwomen were found to be involved
in animal husbandry, crop production and household
activities. In case of landless farmers both male and
female farmers worked as labourer (80%). They also
participated in animal related activities (93%)
especially in morning and evening. Female farmers
contribute in animal shed cleaning, feeding, dung cake
making, preparation of farm yard manure, bringing
fodder and water and health care, whereas male farmers
were engaged in milking, feeding, milk sale and health
care. In marginal farm families, both male and female
farmers were doing animal (94%) as well as crop related
activities (75%). In small (74%) and marginal farm
(79%) families both male and female farmers were
found to be engaged in various crop related activities
animal husbandry along with while males do land
preparation and plant protection. In case of female
farmers, participation was found more in intercultural
45

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Research Achievements

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

operations, harvesting and post harvest activities.

Fetching water (83%), fodder (89%) and fuel wood
(78%) and household activities (78%) were also found
to be performed by females. In large categories (92%),
both of them worked as supervisor for assigning duties
to labourer. In some cases, women farmers also
participate in intercultural operations followed by
harvesting. In animal husbandry involvement of male
farmers (96%) was found more in evening and morning
activities while female farmers were found busy in
house hold activities (68%) and care of animals in day
time (70%). In small households, where husband goes
for working as a labourer, involvement of female
farmers was found more in all animal husbandry
activities related to breeding, feeding, health care and
management. In the families where male members go
for service, business and some other skilled work,
females do more work. Along with household and
childcare activities, women do all the animal husbandry
(75%) and crop related activities (78%) either alone or
along with male members. In large and medium
categories, women are more involved in household
activities and less in animal husbandry activities in the
evening.
3.5.5 Technological gap analysis
Among the three zones, 64.47 per cent farmers of
semi arid ecosystem, 56.07 and 55.70 per cent of arid
ecosystem and sub-humid ecosystem respectively were
having neutral attitude towards dairy farming.
Technological gap related to recommended animal
production was higher in semi-arid ecosystem (65.49%)
as compared to arid (62.46%) and sub-humid ecosystem
(56.71%). In case of arid ecosystem, large (64.67%)
and medium (63.77%) farmers were have higher gap
while lowest gap was observed among marginal
(60.66%) and landless (61.25%) farmers. The results
showed that about eighty per cent technological gaps
were existing in fodder production practices. But in
case of calves and heifers, feeding technological gap
was 46.63 per cent. In case of semi-arid ecosystem the
lowest technological gap was existing among small
farmers (64.41%) and higher among marginal farmers,
(67.16%). The higher gap (79.80%) was observed in
adoption of animal breeding practices and about
seventy eight per cent gap was also observed in
adoption of recommended fodder production. Similar
trend was observed in case of sub-humid ecosystem as
46

small farmers were having lower (54.44%) gap and

marginal farmers were having higher (57.19%)
technological gap in adoption of animal production
practices. Although the overall gap was comparatively
less in sub-humid ecosystem but in adoption of animal
health care practices, about 69 per cent technological
gaps was existing in the study area.
3.5.6 Estimation of forage requirement of
different livestock and farm holdings in
Himachal Pradesh
A survey was conducted at three villages of Kangra
District of Himachal Pradesh through a common
questionnaire to know the forage requirements, feeding
pattern and reproductive status of animals in different
livestock holdings. The average livestock holding at
Kangra district is 4.23. Five percent farmers cultivated
fodder on small areas. Stall feeding is practiced by 20%
of the respondents. Livestock are looked after by female
members of the household. About 8% of the animals
were offered required amount of nutrients. Thirty
percent farmers were feeding concentrates to lactating
cows and 40% farmers were feeding green fodder to
lactating cows producing average 6 kg milk/day.
Quantity of fodder and concentrate feed fed per day to
the pregnant cows by livestock farmers varied from
20.8 to 24.6 and 1.19 to 1.34 kg, respectively. Mineral
mixture feeding was done by 3% of farmers. Most of
the farmers prepared concentrate mixture by blending
locally available concentrate ingredients such as
mustard cake, oat bran, wheat bran and wheat grain
and provided this to the animals in the form of sani.
Concentrate feeds of different brands are purchased
from the market and provided to the milking animals.
Wheat straw was the main roughage fed during all
seasons. The fodder fed to animals during different
season was wheat straw, maize stover, paddy straw,
green grass, weeds, sorghum, oats etc. Only 26.5%
respondents used loose housing for the animals and
majority (85%) of farmers had mud floor in the animal
house. The livestock of 1450% farmers were found
with different reproductive problems such as anestrous
(6.878.51%), repeat breeding (5.8411.35%). The
average milk production in the household ranged from
3 to 10 liters/day. Most of the farmers were of the views
that there is a shortage of fodder and the requirements
of animals are not fully fulfilled. The availability of
green fodder and crossbred animals have increased

during recent years but majority of farmers were

ignorant about the balanced feeding, forage
requirements of the animals and management system.
3.6 Inter Disciplinary Projects
3.6.1 Evaluation of Organic Livestock
Production System
The research on organic livestock production was
initiated in 2006 with a holistic approach to organic
farming encompassing the uses of organic inputs
(fodder and concentrates) for production of organic
output (milk). Total 42 indigenous cattle (Tharparkar,
Sahiwal and Gir) were distributed equally into organic
and inorganic group. Both feed and fodder were grown
in situ under organic and inorganic system.
Soil pH was reduced in both organic and inorganic
fields after the initiation of the study; however, the
reduction towards acidity was higher in the inorganic
field (Table 40). The organic C percentage had
increased in all the fields except in the area I under
inorganic system, however, the increase was
comparatively more in the organic field. Potassium and
available K content increased in all the fields after two
year of production. Nitrogen content of the soil under
area II both in organic and inorganic system declined
which might be due to upland leaching from that
particular field.
Crop rotation and fodder production
In organic field, nutrients were supplied solely
through FYM and green manuring. In inorganic field,
required NPK were applied through urea, SSP and DAP.
Standard seed rate and sowing process were followed
in all the fields. Round the year feed and fodder was
ensured following the crop rotations, viz. maize +

cowpea-maize-berseem (R 1); sorghum (multicut)sorghum-oat (R 2 ), guineaguinea +cowpeaguinea+berseem (R3) and for grain with fodder jowarjowar-barley (R4) starting from Zayad followed by
Kharif and Rabi.
Fodder production was higher in organic field in
comparison to inorganic field in all the cropping
patterns, viz. R1 (187.3 vs 234.5 t/ha); R2 (143.3 vs
200.1 t/ha); R3 (96.6 vs 97.5 t/ha) and R4 (51.2 vs 92.5
t/ha). Total DM yield were also 1015% higher under
organic production than inorganic. The crude protein
(CP) was higher in organic fields compared to inorganic
field for forage like berseem (25.39 vs 22.29), multicut
sorghum (7.42 vs 6.03), cowpea (18.63 vs 17.20), Maize
(10.23 vs 9.92) and Guinea (7.62 vs 6.35). ADF and
NDF% were 2.55.5% low under organic production
system which might be due to sustenance of moisture
in fodder under organic production.
Soil fauna under organic and inorganic winter crop
field
The results (Tables 4143) showed that nematode,
collembolan and mites population in the soil increased
significantly (p<0.05) in the fields where berseem and
oat were produced organically.
Milk Production
Tharparkar, Gir and Sahiwal cattle were raised
solely on feed and fodder produced from both the
organic and inorganic fields. Supplementation of
leguminous fodder in feeding schedule in the form of
green or conserved hay reduced concentrate
requirements by 3040%. Tharparkar, Gir and Sahiwal
had average first lactation yield of 1551, 1335 and 5200
kg respectively, in organic and 1401, 1328 and 3500
kg, respectively, under inorganic system of production.

Table 40: Soil status of field used to produce organic and inorganic inputs
Attributes

Organic field
Area I (Karari Block)

2006
pH
7.45
EC (dsm-1)
0.17
Org. C (%)
1.129
Avl.N (kg/ha) 335.4
Avl.P (kg/ha)
12.18
Avl K (kg/ha) 151.2

2007
7.44
0.11
0.793
280.0
17.91
280.1

Inorganic field

Area II (Field 346)

2008
2006
7.33
7.49
0.20
0.12
1.194
0.829
345.2
408.4
13.80
13.29
340.2
162.2

Area I (Karari Block)

Area II (Field)

2007
2008
2006
2007
2008
2006
2007
7.53
7.33
7.71
7.25
6.53
6.89
6.85
0.11
0.20
0.18
0.14
0.16
0.18
0.81
0.621
1.169
1.101
0.690
0.942
0.361
0.281
448.0
331.2
308.1
322.9
385.3
275.3
257.6
18.08
18.08
10.89
19.38
16.83
11.21
17.98
238.3
504.0
145.6
259.1
271.6
144.3
197.5

47

2008
6.16
0.06
0.454
152.1
11.12
266.9

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Research Achievements

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

minerals in meeting the dietary needs of livestock.

Calcium content was sufficient (0.49 to 0.88%) to meet
the requirements of dairy animals. However,
phosphorus (0.030.15%) was deficient invariably in
all the states except Uttarakhand (0.22%) as compared
to its required level (0.22%). Similarly Magnesium
content was also low (0.060.09%) (Table 44) as
compared to its required level (0.20%). The copper
content ranged from 4.88 to 6.72 ppm, which was lower
than the dietary requirement. Likewise, zinc content
was also low and varied greatly (12.46 to 28.83 ppm).
However, the concentration of iron and manganese were
many folds higher than their required levels of 50 and
40 ppm, respectively. From the results it is evident that
only Ca content was adequate in meeting the dietary
need whereas P, Mg, Cu and Zn were deficient thus
necessitate dietary supplementation. Higher levels of
Fe and Mn also require suitable counteractive mineral
supplementation strategies in the rice straw based
feeding systems.

Table 41: Nematode population (104/m2) in winter field

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

System

Berseem

Guinea

Barley

Oat

Mustard

Organic
Inorganic
CD (5%)

101.73
40.94
24.88

49.23
50.18
NS

50.39
20.33
14.08

29.04
65.08
22.66

150.35
35.94
20.13

Table 42: Collembola population (104/m2) in winter field

System

Berseem

Organic
Inorganic
CD (5%)

8.38
0.22
2.78

Guinea
0.07
0.03
NS

Barley
0.05
NS

Oat

Mustard

0.07
0.03
NS

0.07
NS

Table 43: Mites population (104/m2) in winter field

System

Berseem

Organic
Inorganic
CD (5%)

8.86
0.80
0.28

Guinea
3.30
1.24
NS

Barley
3.23
1.73
0.35

Oat

Mustard

1.46
0.31
NS

1.34
0.32
NS

They had average peak yield of 8.25, 8.35 and 13.5 kg,
respectively under organic and 7, 8.33 and 9.66 kg
under inorganic system. The average fat percentage of
milk produced from Tharparkar, Gir and Sahiwal breed
was 5.5, 5.4 and 5.1%, respectively.
3.6.2 Status of Macro and Micro Minerals in
Rice Straw from Different States of India
Macro (Ca, P and Mg) and micro (Cu, Zn, Mn and
Fe) mineral content of the rice straw samples collected
from eight major rice producing states (Bihar,
Chhattisgarh, Gujrat, Haryana, Jharkhand, Tamilnadu,
Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand) covering 17 districts,
were analyzed to determine the adequacy of these

3.6.3 Post Harvest Practices and Storage

System of Feed and Fodder Resources
in India
Nutritional quality assessment of stored crop
residues
Survey and collection of samples for feed material
started from rabi 2007 at farmers level. Samples of
stored feed material from four villages each in district
of Kangra (HP), Narsinghpur (MP), Kathua and Jammu
(J&K) were collected in May07, October07 and
February 2008 to analyze the changes in nutritional
quality. After six to twelve months storage (Table 45)
of wheat straw in different storage structure, the CP
content was observed to be reduced variably in different

Table 44: Macro and micro mineral status of rice straw

States

Ca (%)

Bihar
Chhattisgarh
Gujrat
Haryana
Jharkhand
Tamilnadu
Uttar Pradesh
Uttarakhand
Critical levels*

0.88
0.60
0.49
0.53
0.61
0.71
0.60
0.56
0.50

*Mc Dowell et al. (1993)

48

P (%)
0.03
0.08
0.12
0.12
0.15
0.03
0.12
0.22
0.22

Mg (%)

Cu (ppm)

Zn (ppm)

Mn (ppm)

Fe (ppm)

0.07
0.07
0.07
0.06
0.06
0.09
0.07
0.07
0.20

6.50
4.88
5.39
5.16
6.59
6.72
5.38
5.38
8.00

12.46
20.69
22.68
21.21
28.83
17.48
15.91
25.11
30.00

122.85
132.91
134.25
133.65
133.45
99.53
211.15
79.93
40.00

247.68
203.78
159.67
240.52
252.10
225.91
167.57
119.31
50.00

Research Achievements

70

May' 07
Oct' 07

60

Feb' 08

responsible for any mycotoxin production in wheat

straw samples.

50

3.6.4 Farming System Approach for Livelihood Improvement

40

Bundelkhand

30
20

Crop/Tree management

10

During Kharif (2008), in addition to guinea grass

for forage, improved varieties of green gram (K-851),
black gram (PV-31), sesamum (GT-1) and vegetable
cowpea (Kashi Kanchan) were also introduced in the
farmers fields. Vegetable cowpea was introduced at
30 farmers field in four villages. It was very successful
and yielded on an average 52.5 q green pod/ha. Due to
better quality of pods it was preferred by the farmers
as well as customers and fetched higher price (Rs 14
16/kg) in the market. The yield of black gram and green
gram were in the range of 17.522.5 and 4.56.3 q/ha,
respectively. This was 1837% higher over general
farmers field. During Rabi (200708), berseem
(Wardan and JHB-146) and oat (JHO-822) were
introduced with improved management practices, i.e.
method of sowing, recommended doses of fertilizer and
irrigation schedules. The performance of berseem was
very good as it recorded 2433% higher green fodder
yield than commonly obtained in the village (37.541.0
t in 4 cuts). Line sowing of wheat using seed drill was
done at 15 farmers fields. This has resulted in the
saving of 1.5 q/ha seed and better crop growth (plant
height - 81.3 cm and 68 tillers/plant). Among the

0
CP

NDF

ADF

Lignin

Fig 23: Changes in quality of stored wheat straw at Narsinghpur

(MP)

structures (714% loss) whereas fibre content in terms

of NDF and ADF increased marginally (23%).
Minimum loss of CP (7.07%) was observed in Kangra,
where straw was stored on first floor of double story
animal cum storage shed. Maximum CP loss (13.84%)
was in the structures present in Narsinghpur. Seasonal
impact on storage was also noticed as major
deterioration in nutritional quality, was from July to
October especially in MP region (Fig.23). Commodity
wise, CP loss was more in leguminous residue (soybean
straw) and minimum in wheat straw during storage.
Wheat straw sample of Kathua was free from any
fungal contaminations as observed in potato dextrose
agar medium, whereas samples from Narsinghpur,
Jammu and Kangara were infested with Rhizophusa
saprophytic fungus. Rhizophus infestation level was
1020% in these samples. The fungus is, however not

Table 45: Storage structures and its impact on quality during storage
Place/
locality

Type of structure

Material stored

Initial CP

Final CP

CP Loss (%)

Storage Period
(months)

3.83
12.26

3.30
10.20

13.84
16.80

12
6

Narsingpur (MP) Pakka room

Pakka room

wheat straw
Soybean straw

Kangra(HP)

First floor, double story

animal shed cum storage
Bundles on trees and field
Shed

wheat straw

3.82

3.55

7.07

paddy stover
grasses

3.86
5.22

3.41
4.45

11.66
14.75

6
6

Kathua

cupa/thatched wheat plant

Open lot with top covered
Bundles on trees and field

wheat straw
wheat straw
paddy stover

3.79
3.76
3.82

3.46
3.32
3.45

8.71
11.70
9.69

6
6
6

Jammu

Cupa
Pakka room
Open lot top covered, hut
Bundles on field

wheat straw
wheat straw
wheat straw
paddy stover

3.79
3.81
3.82
3.91

3.42
3.44
3.43
3.44

9.76
9.71
10.21
12.02

6
6
6
6

49

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Nutrient content (%)

80

20082009

Livestock management
Livestock owners were educated about scientific
storage and handling of crop residues. Small and
landless farmers were trained about scientific
management of goats. To demonstrate the effect of
supplementation of leaf meal on the productivity and
growth of goats, an experiment was conducted
involving four farmers having 68 goats each. The goats
were fed with Stylosanthes leaf meal @ 250 g/goat/
day. It was observed that the daily live weight gain
was higher (35 g/goat) in Stylosanthes supplemented
group as compared to general herd (2025 g/day).
A demonstration trial on supplementation of leaf
meal in the diet of buffaloes was also conducted to
assess its impact during off-season. Two groups of
lactating buffaloes were selected (eight in each) and
diet of one group was supplemented with stylo meal
and Leucaena leaf meal (1:1) ratio as 2 kg/buffalo/day
for one month (May). The result showed that on an
average milk production of buffaloes was increased
from 4.5 to 5.5 litre/buffalo/day in the group
supplemented with leaf meal. Farmers were also
benefited by knowledge on other technical aspects
related to livestock e.g., breeds, conception problems,
sanitation and health for overall livelihood
improvement. The major constraint in dairy
development was the poor genetic potential of the cattle
and buffaloes. Farmers were encouraged to have
improved breeding bull for breed upgradation.
Capacity building of farm women
Tailoring
The tailoring activity was initiated to push the
confidence level among the women. The various action
plans were undertaken like identification of interested
learner (30 members), resource person from the nearby
community (paid by the learner), the course module
prepared and shared with member etc.
50

Processing of fruits and vegetables

Training programme was conducted to create
avenues for additional employment and higher return,
improved nutrition and reduced post harvest losses,
which included the processing of fruit and vegetables
for 35 farmwomen of four villages.
Southern Plateau
Farming System Research

Farming system research block developed during

Kharif 2007 with plantation of horticultural crops of
the region having good market demand, viz. Mango
(Alphonso) and Sapota (Cricket Ball). The planting was
taken up in August 2007 at a spacing of 30 30. The
observations on plant height and girth were recorded
once in every four months. The growth performance
of Mango and Sapota is shown below. (Fig.24).
Mango
200

Sapota

Plant height

150

cm

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

vegetable crops, the performance of pea (PSV-6) was

best in producing higher yield (71.6 q/ha) as compared
to 4045 q/ha in farmers practice. Keeping in view the
home needs of the farmers, fruit plants 23 each of
guava, Aonla, lemon and Karonda were planted. Two
farmers workshops along with field visits were also
organized in which scientists and state Govt. officers
interacted with the farmers.

100
50
0

2007 Dec

2008 May
Year and Month

2008 Sept

5
4

cm

IGFRI Annual Report

3
2
1
0
2007 Dec

2008 May
Year and Month

2008 Sept

Fig 24. Growth performance of Mango and Sapota

3.6.5 Peri-Urban Livestock Production System

Analysis of Urban-Peri Urban Livestock Production
Systems and Fodder Markets of Karnataka
Karnataka state was selected for the study because
of its rapid rate of urbanization (34% against national
average of 28 percent). Data were collected from 3 tierII cities, viz. Hubli-Dharwad, Belgaum and Bagalkote
of northern Karnataka in Randomized Block Design.
Three blocks with a distance of less than 2 km, 24 km
and 48 km from the city centre, named as core,

3.13

FYM (t)

5.17

3.03

1.2

the major livestock structure in core and fringe

categories. Buffalo alone and in combination with work
bullocks prevailed in more rural category. Buffalo was
the most opted livestock by majority households (75
percent) in all the three blocks/categories. There was
no significant difference among for three categories
the herd size (9.9 ACU). On the contrary, daily average
milk yield per lactating animal was significantly
different at 5 per cent level and it was more in fringe
(3.8 L) and less in more rural (2.5 L). Similarly the
milk selling price varied significantly at 1 per cent level
in all the categories (Fig 25).
Livestock husbandry forms the major source of
income in core (40.75%) and fringe (48.05%) groups.
In more rural category income is derived mainly from
crop husbandry (65.80%). There is a statistically
significant difference in all the income sources across
the categories/blocks (Table 46)

7.26
7.5

Milk price (INR/L)

9.81

8.6
3.1
2.5
3.8
3.1

Milk yield
(Livestock/day)

7.53

4.32

Milk sold (L/day)

Milk yield by
household (L)

8.53
8.4
9.4

5.6

9.04
9.03
8.52
7.84
8.34

Herd size (ACU)

0
Total

2
More rural

6
Fringe

9.9

10

12
Table 46: Proportion of annual income from various sources

Core

Sources
Fig 25: Herd size, milk and FYM yield in the livestock production
system of urban peri, urban areas of northern Karnataka

fringe and more rural respectively were considered.

Only 20 households were selected under core group
and 60 each in fringe and more rural groups. The
study, in all, covered 140 households. Comprehensive
analysis of the study covering all the three cities reveals
following points:
Numbers of illiterates were significantly in more
rural category as compared to other two categories.
Majority households in core and fringe group did not
own any agriculture land which is in contrast to the
more rural households, where more than half owned
big land holdings with the mean land size of 2.15 ha.
Buffalo alone and in combination with cows formed
Core

Hay
8%

Bran
4%

Fringe

More rural

F-value

0.45
40.75
5.63
8.80
16.70

0.27
48.05
23.05
22.18
5.00

65.80
12.15
14.82
1.13
6.09

5.849**
4.468**
5.481**
4.842**

Others include-Petty shop keeping, tailoring, tractor

driver, video cameraman, painter, auto driver etc.
Green fodder is utilized more by fringe (20.84%) and
core (11.93%) categories. However more rural utilized
maximum dry fodder and utilization of green fodder is
substantially less, perhaps because of their location and
better access to crop residues. Highly significant
differences was observed in utilization of all the feed
types across three blocks/categories (Fig 26).
More rural

Fringe
Bran 9%

Hotel waste
2%

Hay
2%

Hotel waste
1%

Green fodder
9%

Dry fodder
64%

Hay
2%

Bran 9% Hotel waste

1%

Concentrate
7%

Concentrate
7%

Concentrate
10%
Green fodder
12%

Crop husbandry
Livestock husbandry
Labour
Service
Others

Core

Green fodder
9%

Dry fodder
72%

Dry fodder
72%

Fig 26: Percentage composition of feed types in the daily feeding of milking livestock

51

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Research Achievements

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

Table 47: Accessibility and purchase of dry and green fodder by

the livestock holders of urban peri-urban areas
Particulars

Core

RESEARCH ACHIEVEMENTS

Dry fodder
Quantity (t/year)
3.8
Distance (km/trip)
5.7
Total cost (INR)
4733
Unit price (INR/t.) 1245
Green fodder
Quantity (t/year)
10.5
Distance (km/trip)
6.5
Total cost (INR
19780
Unit price (INR/t.) 1884

52

Fringe

More rural

F-value

4.93
12.65
9591
1945

9
13.25
9581
1064

4.571*
4.671**
0.932

6.87
5
11009
1602

2.8
4.64
3374
1205

2.738
3.413*
3.075*

Dry fodder is purchased more by the more rural

respondents (9 t) as compared to respondents of core
(3.8 t) and fringe (4.93 t) categories (Table 47). On
the contrary, respondents of core and fringe
categories purchased more green fodder (10.5 t and
6.87 t) as compared to more rural (2.8 t) categories.
There was a significant difference in the quantity of
dry fodder purchased across three groups at 5 percent
level of probability. Similarly there was a significant
difference across three groups about the distance
traveled to purchase dry and green fodder.

4
Seed Production
Seed is one of the basic factors affecting the success of
the production system. The success of the livestock
sector to cope with the accelerated economy of the
country depends on the development of the forage
resource. One of the critical factors constraining the
growth of the forage resource development is the non
availability of the quality seeds of the forage/range crops.
After realizing the scenario IGFRI, Jhansi, has taken
initiative to meet the demand of seed supply through
creation of chain of nucleus, breeder, foundation and
truthfully labeled (TFL) seed production at the main
campus, Regional Research Stations and coordinated
centers in different agro-climatic zones. Mega Seed
project and Breeder Seed Project sponsored by ICAR has
further bolstered the seed production activity of the
Institute.
Seed Production and Marketing
During this year 148.33 q breeder and 173.26 q TFL
seeds were produced (Table 48). The total quantity of
rooted slips of grasses multiplied were 2.5 lakhs

in this financial year till 19.1.2009 was Rs 477,509. In

addition, seeds worth of Rs 51,475 were distributed to
farmers during Kisan Gosthi held on 16th August, 2008
on the occasion of inauguration of the office-cumlaboratory building at RRS Dharwad by the Honble
Director General, ICAR. Hence the total revenue
generated during this period was Rs 528,984.
Breeder Seed
The indent of breeder seed during Rabi 200708 was
for 20 varieties in four major forage crops, viz. 7varieties in Oats; 8-varieties in Berseem; 4-varieties in
Lucerne and 1-variety in Chinese cabbage. The total
quantity indented was for 348.85 q. Based on
production report from centres, there has been shortage
in seed production of Lucerne (44.3%) followed by
Berseem (9.8%). Due to non-confirmation of varietal
status, seed of Chinese cabbage could not be produced.
In Oats, seed production was 388.9 q against the indent
of 255 q. The total production of forage seed was about
21% higher (421.45 q against the indent of 348.55 q).

Table 48: Status of seed production

Year

Breeder Seed (q)

Jhansi

200809
200708

RRS AVK

148.33
155.40

3.64

TFL
RRS DWR

Jhansi

RRS AVK

RRS DWR

production (q)

153.26
147.53

16.53

20.00
23.47

321.59
346.57

(Table 49). Area under seed production increased from

8 acres to 25 acres. During 200809, 433.49 q seed
and 5.25 lakhs rooted slips were sold to different
stakeholders. Revenue generated from the sale of seeds
Table 49: Seed/Rooted slips marketed
Year

Marketing
Seed (q)

200809
200708

433.49
220.0

54

Total

Rooted slips (lacs)

5.25
2.10

In Kharif 2008, Breeder seed indent was for 33

varieties in ten major forage crops, viz. Sorghum,
Sudanchari, Maize, Bajra, Teosinte, Cowpea, Guinea
grass, Dhaincha, Dolichos and Rice bean. Among total
quantity indented (117.99 q), the maximum was for
Maize (57.5%) followed by Sorghum (18.8%) and
Cowpea (9.5%). As compared to indent there was
higher production in Maize, Guinea grass and Dolichos.
The overall Breeder seed production was 14.5 per cent
higher as evident from seed yield 134.94 q against the
indent for 117.99 q.

5
Technologies Assessed and Transferred
Transfer of technologies and their evaluation
Table 51: Demonstrations

During kharif, 78 demonstrations on MP chari and

Guar and in rabi 78 demonstrations including minikit
on berseem and 190 demonstrations on oats were
conducted in various parts of the country (Tables 50
and 51).
Table 50: Transfer of Technologies
Extension activities

Organised
Kisan Mela
Kisan Gosthi
Kisan Gosthi
Tikamgarh
Visits conducted
Participated
IIVR Foundation day
Bundelkhand regional
Kisan Mela
Foundation day
Seed Research, Mau
Kisan Mela
Rashtriya Dairy Mela

Date

November 1, 2008
December 24, 2008
December 30, 2008
Radhapur,

Organizing
institute/place

IGFRI, Jhansi
Vill. Khardi,
Lalitpur
Vill.

2008

30

October, 10, 2008

September, 26 2008

IIVR, Varansi
IGFRI, Jhansi

January 24, 2009

Directorate of

January 2930, 2009

IIVR,
Varanasi
NDRI, Karnal

March 2627, 2009

In the outer hills of Nurpur, Himachal Pradesh, the

plantations of Sesbania sesban and white clover were
maintained at dairy farmers near village Chari.
Brachiaria and White clover were established at 5
farmers grasslands situated in mid hills of Palampur
The white clover and tall fescue grass were established
in the pasture of 5 families of farmers at high hills
(BIR).
Postal Query
Large number of postal queries were replied and
relevant literature were supplied to farmers, officers,
NGOs etc.
56

Kharif
Annual forage and grain crops
Sorghum PC-6
MP Chari
Cowpea
Bundel Lobia-2
Bundel Lobia-2
Guar
Bundel Guar-1
Bundel Guar-2

21
06
15
09
5
5

Perennial
Guinea grass
Hybrid Napier
Chrysopogon fulvus
Dichanthium grass
Dinanath grass
Cenchrus grass
Clitoria
Stylosanthes hamata

Rabi

Summer

Oat
JHO 822
145
JHO 851
50
Berseem (Wardan) 78

Sorghum
M.P. Chari
Cowpea
Bundel Lobia-2

12
07
03
03
04
04
01
03

17
20

On farm trials on improved varieties of Rabi

fodder at farmers fields in different regions
On farm trials (263) comprising of different varieties
of berseem (121) and Oats (142) were conducted during
Rabi 2008 in U.P., M.P., Rajasthan, Himachal Pradesh,
Haryana, Eastern U.P., Western U.P., Bihar. The
berseem varieties in the study were Bundel Berseem
1, 2 and 3 whereas oats varieties were JHO 851, JHO
822 and JHO 99-2 (Table 52).
Table 52: Demonstrations conducted during 200809
at farmers fields
S.No. Crops

Number of Demonstrations

1.

M.P. Chari

34

2.

Guar (Bundel Guar-1)

04

34
4

3.

Lobia (EC-4216, Bundel Lobia-1)

40

40

4.

Berseem (Bundel1,2,3)

30

48

78

5.

Oats (JHO-851, 822 and 99-2)

25

165

190

133

213

346

Total

Technologies Assessed and Transferred

Front line demonstrations of Maize variety JM-216

was conducted on 124 farmers fields at various
locations in Jhansi, Lalitpur, Banda, Datia, Shivpuri
Chhatarpur, Gwalior and Tikamgarh districts. Highest
yield (3038 q/ha) was recorded in Lalitpur while
minimum yield was recorded (2234 q/ha) in Datia and
Tikamgarh districts.
Front line demonstrations on Sorghum (Var. CSH-23,
SPV1616, CSH-17) was conducted on 119 farmers
fields at various locations in Banda, Jhansi, Datia,
Shivpuri and Tikamgarh districts. The crop performance
was not up to the mark due to continuous rain in the
region and recorded an average yield of 2028 q/ha.
RRS Palampur
IGFRI oat varieties were sown at the farmers fields
in and around Palampur for evaluation as well as
popularization.
Farmers from different NGOs visited the centre and
were provided with information regarding fodder
production.

RRS Dharwad
Kisan Gosthi at RRS, Dharwad was inaugurated on
16.08.2008 by Dr Mangala Rai, Secretary, DARE and
Director General, ICAR, New Delhi. Dr P Das, DDG
(Agri. Ext.) and Dr SA Patil, Director, IARI, New Delhi
were the guests of honour. Dr JH Kulkarni, ViceChancellor, UAS, Dharwad; Dr ND Jambale, ADG
(Seeds); Dr VS Korikanthimath, Director, ICAR
Research Complex for Goa; Shri Ravikumar, secretary
(Animal husbandry and dairying), Govt. of Karnataka
graced the function. On this occasion, fodder seeds of
Lucerne, signal grass, guinea, stylosanthes and
subabul leafmeal were distributed to 250 participating
farmers.
Scientists of the centre acted as resource persons
for various training programs conducted by Karnataka
Milk Federation and other organization.
RRS Avikanagar

Participated with an exhibition on fodder production

technology in the Sheep Mela and Exhibition organized
by CSWRI, Avikanagar on 4.1.2009.

57

TEHNOLOGIES ASSESSED AND TRANSFERRED

Front line demonstrations on Maize and

Sorghum

6
Awards and Recognitions
Awards

Dr DR Malaviya was awarded Biotechnology

Overseas Fellowship 200708 by Department of
Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and
Technology, Government of India.
Dr P Kaushal was awarded Biotechnology
Overseas Fellowship 200708 by Department of
Biotechnology, Ministry of Science and
Technology, Government of India.
Dr A Chandra was awarded INSA Fellowship
under INSA Scientific Exchange Program 2008
09 by Indian National Science Academy, India and
Royal Society London, U.K.
Dr Suresh Kumar was awarded with Norman E.
Borlaug Fellowship 2008 under Norman E.
Borlaug International Science and Technology
Fellow Program of the Indo-US Agricultural
Knowledge Initiative, ICAR, Govt. of India,
New Delhi.
Best Poster Award for the paper entitled Gender
analysis and technological framework in relation
to different on and off farm operations by Sadhna
Pandey, BS Meena, Purushottam Sharma, RN
Dwivedi and RK Sharma, during 5th National
Extension Education congress on Extension
perspective in changing agri-rural environment
organized by Society of Extension Education
(March 57, 2009), CSA&UT, Kanpur.
The RRS Avikanagar was awarded 1st prize for
Exhibition in the Sheep Mela and Exhibition
organised by CSWRI, Avikanagar on 4.1.2009.

58

Dr AK Roy was elected as fellow, National

Academy of Agricultural Sciences (NASC), New
Delhi in the area of crop sciences for his
contribution in forage crop research.

Visits Abroad

Dr A Chandra visited Institute of Biological,

Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS)
Abrystwyth University, Abrystwyth, U.K. from 21st
January to 18th February, 2009 under the INSA
Scientific Exchange Program 200809.
Dr A Chandra visited China for paper presentation
in the 21 st International Grassland Congress/
International Rangeland Congress, Hohhot, China
from 29th June to 5th July 2008.
Dr Nagaratna Biradar visited Hohhot (Inner
Mangolia) China from 28th June 2008 to 5th July
2008 to attend XX International Grassland
Congress and VIII International Rangeland
Congress.
Dr AK Roy visited the Institute of Biological,
Environmental and Rural Sciences (IBERS)
Abrystwyth University, Abrystwyth, U.K. during
7 th March 2008 to 6 th September 2008 on
deputation under DBT overseas associateship. He
worked on Identification of traits/marker
associated with abiotic stress using association
genetics in forage crops with the objective to
identify genes/alleles that control abiotic stress
(drought tolerance in perennial forage grasses and
legumes).

7
Human Resource Development
Human resource development activities within the
organization for the institute personnel as well as
training to the users of forage technologies from
government and non-government organizations were
accorded high priority.
Capacity building of IGFRI Staff

belongingness and partnership (Table 53).

Off Campus

The institute personnel of various categories were

deputed to 22 specialized courses, on emerging issues,
offered by various institutes/agencies on a wide
spectrum of topics (Table 54).

On Campus

A total of three programmes were organized. Two

specialized programmes were organized for the
scientific personnel by MANAGE, Hyderabad. One
programme was designed for junior staff and organized
by NAARM, Hyderabad. The objectives of these
trainings were to improve the professional and personal
skills and also to improve work culture and sense of

Winter/Summer School Training

Eight scientists and six technical personnel attended

Winter/Summer Schools for sharpening their
knowledge and skills in specialized fields (Table 55).
HRD for Forage Resource Development

Four sponsored training courses were organized,

Table 53: Specialized short training courses conducted by outside faculty for IGFRI personnel at IGFRI campus
Course

Organizer

Period

Local institutional
building for community
land development

MANAGE,
Hyderabad

May 26
30, 2008

25 Scientists

Participatory approach : Importance, phases and principles;

Participatory Rural Appraisal Techniques participatory
Mapping, Transect Walk, Time, Matrix Ranking, Seasonality;
Community Organization : Concept, Principles and Factors;
Forming and Managing Community Organization; Parameters
for Monitoring participatory processes and Community
Organization; Sustainability of Community Organizations;
Participatory Common Land Management : Steps, Processes
and Problems; Experiences in Institution building for comments
land management

Participatory technology
development

MANAGE,
Hyderabad

Nov. 37,
2008

25 Scientists

Experience sharing on participatory technology development;

Participatory approaches: concepts and key features;
Participatory technology development framework and
methodology; Participatory tools and techniques; Getting stared
and situation analysis; Technology options with special
reference to ITKs; Farmers experimentation; Forming and
sustaining groups; Monitoring participatory technology
development; Sustaining PTD process and roles of researcher;
Case studies; Participatory Rural Appraisal Techniques practical
exercise; Preparation of action plan

Improving efficiency of
junior level staff

NAARM,
Hyderabad

Mar. 2326, 25 Junior Staff (SSG) Motivation and work culture; Personality development; Team
2009
Building; Conflict management; Inter team interaction; Ice
breaking, Tower building, crossing acid river, coin pitching;
Stress management; Trust building; Cleanliness at work place;
Action plan preparation

60

No. Participants
/Target Groups

Subjects

Human Resource Development

Course

Duration

Organization

No. Participants/
Personnel

Intellectual property and technology management

2325 April 2008

IARI
New Delhi

Four Scientists

Cyber laws, information security and computer

26 May1 June2008 IIPA

New Delhi

Two Technical staff

One Administrative staff

Cyber laws, information security and computer

915 June 2008

IIPA
New Delhi

Two Scientists

Evaluation skills in ICT based DSS for market and agribusisines orientation of research and sustaining rural livelihood

918 June 2008

NAARM
Hyderabad

One Scientist

Policy and prioritization, monitoring and evaluation support to

consortia based research in agriculture

1721 June 2008

NAARM
Hyderabad

One Scientist

MDP on project monitoring and evaluation for agricultural research 711 July 2008

IIM
Lucknow

One Scientist

Senior certificate course on agricultural statistics and computer

management

7 July23 Sep. 2008

IASRI
New Delhi

One Technical staff

Training and awareness programme on intellectual property

rights and its protection

2 Sep. 2008

UPCS&T
17 Scientists
Lucknow
(Venue: NRCAF, Jhansi)

Microbial chemical taxonomy polyphasic approaches

2029 Sep. 2008

NBAIM
Mau Nath Bhanjan

Two Technical staff

Leveraging innovations and interventions: enhancing

competitiveness

1314 Oct. 2008

NRDC
New Delhi

One Scientist

MDP Programme on public private partnership for

innovation in agriculture

1521 Oct. 2008

NAARM
Hyderabad

One Scientist

Technical and administrative support for consortia

research in agriculture

1726 Nov. 2008

MANAGE
Hyderabad

Two Technical based

staff

Germplasm exchange policies and procedures in India

1726 Nov 2009

NBPGR
New Delhi

One Scientist

Emerging trends in remote sensing imagery

spectroscopy and natural resource mapping

812 Dec. 2008

IIT
Mumbai

One Scientist

Intellectual property and technology management

1820 Dec. 2008

NBFGR
Lucknow

Two Scientists

Improved tools and equipments for farm women

59 Jan. 2009

NRCWA
Bhubaneswar
(Venue: Bhopal)

One Technical staff

Advance techno-management programme for middle level scientist 5 Jan.6 Feb. 2009

ASCI
Hyderabad

One Scientist

MDP programme on interpersonal effectiveness and team building 1922 Jan. 2009

IIM
Ahmedabad

One Scientist

MDP programme on leadership for innovation in agriculture

1923 Jan. 2009

NAARM
Hyderabad

One Scientist

Remote sensing

2829 Jan. 2009

NRSC
Hyderabad

One Scientist

Protection of plant varietiesprocedures and methodologies

2326 Feb. 2009

NAARM
Hyderbnad

Two Scientists

Natural resource management and environment

28 March 2009

IIPA
New Delhi

One Scientist

61

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

Table 54: Participation of institute personnel in various specialized courses

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

Table 55: Participation of institute personnel in summer/winter schools

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

Course

Duration

Organization

No. Participants/
Personnel

Recent advances in forage evaluation and utilization

for sustainable and economic livestock production

31 Oct.20 Nov. 2008

IGFRI
Jhansi

Three Technical staff

Recent advances in rainfed horticulture based farming

system in plateau and hilly regions research

11 Nov.1 Dec. 2008

ICAR Research
Complex for
Eastern Region
Ranchi

One Scientist

Advanced quantitative techniques in agricultural research

222 Dec. 2008

IASRI
New Delhi

One Scientist

Advances in design and analysis of agricultural experiments

14 Jan.3 Feb. 3 2009

IASRI
New Delhi

One Scientist

Alternate land use options for resource conservation, emerging

market need and mitigation of climate change in rainfed regions

16 Jan.-5 Feb. 2009

CRIDA
Hyderabad

One Scientist

Biodiversity, taxonomy, conservation and

characterization of Fungi

28 Jan.17 Feb. 2009

IARI
New Delhi

One Scientist

Agroforestry to meet challenges for sustainable resource

productivity, livelihood security and mitigation of
climate change

424 Feb. 2009

NRCAF
Jhansi

One Scientist

Recent advances in sample survey and analysis of data

525 Feb. 2009

IASRI
New Delhi

One Scientist

Seed production technology and quality control

standards in fodder crops

26 Feb.18 March 2009

IGFRI
Jhansi

One Scientist and

three Technical staff

Table 56: Winter schools and other training programmes conducted at IGFRI
Course

Course Director

Sponsors

Period

No. Participation/
Target Groups

Major Focus

Short Course on Production and

utilization of value aided
densifying product

Dr PK Pathak

MDSS Ltd

1416
July 2008

02 Executives

Production of bales
and leaf meal,
densification techniques
and its feed value

Winter School on Recent advances

in forage evaluation and utilization
for sustainable and economic
livestock production

Dr N Das

ICAR

31 Oct.20
Nov. 2008

25 Teachers/
Economic feeding systems
Scientists/Technicians for livestock and forage
evaluation techniques

Model training course on

forage production and utilization
technologies

Dr P Sharma

GOI

1219 Jan. 2009. 30 State govt officers All aspects related to

from 8 states
improved fodder varieties,
production technologies,
conservation technologies
and social issues

Winter School on seed production

technology and quality control
standards in fodder crops

Dr RK Bhatt

ICAR

26 Feb.18
March 2009

62

25 Teachers/
Scientists/
Technicians

All aspects related to

forage seed production,
processing and quality
control

Human Resource Development

Organization/Individual

No. Participants/Target Groups

Date

Mr T Kevin, Allahabad Agricultural Institute, Allahabad

College of Agrilcultural Engineering and Technology, Junagarh
CSWCRTI, Dehra Dun
Conservator of Forest and Director of Forest School Shivpuri
College of Forestry and Hill Agriculture, GBPUAT, Ranichauri
College of Forestry, UAS, Sirsi, Karnataka
District Agriculture Officer, Karauli, Govt. of Rajasthan
Faiz A Aam Modern PG College, Mathura
District Agriculture Officer, Bharatpur, Govt. of Rajasthan
ATMA, Tikamgarh (MP)
RVC Centre and College, Meerut
District Agriculture Officer, Chhattarpur, Govt. of MP
District Agriculture Officer, Chhindwara, Govt. of MP
District Agriculture Officer, UT Chandigarh
District Agriculture Officer, Chhindwara, Govt. of MP
Farmers Welfare and Agri. Development, Bhopal, Govt. of MP
Bundelkhand Vikas Sansthan
District Agriculture Officer, Govt. of UP
KVK-JNKV, Tikamgarh
AFPRO

Student
40 Students
100th batch of regular trainees
Groups of Forest Guards
Student group
27 Students
42 Farmers
12 Students
43 Farmers
23 Farmers
6 Officers
30 Farmers
15 Farmers
30 farmers
15 Farmers
Farmer groups
50 Farmers
50 Farmers
25 Farmers
100 Farmers

June 620, 2008

Nov. 6, 2008
Dec. 23, 2008
Dec. 25, 2008 and Jan. 10, 2009
Jan. 1416 2009
Jan. 22, 2009
Jan. 26, 2009
Jan. 27, 2009
Feb. 68, 2009
Feb. 7, 2009
Feb. 1618, 2009
March 1, 2009
March 2, 2009
March 5, 2009
March 6, 2009
March 16, 2009
March 19, 2009
March 22, 2009
March 22, 2009
March 26, 2009

Table 58: Progress of doctoral research work at the institute

Student

Supervisor

Title of Thesis/Discipline

Status

HC Pandey

Dr MJ Baig

Water stress induced morpho physiological and

and biochemical changes in A. Sativa

Thesis Submitted

Ashok K Singh

Dr BL Suman

Effect of tillage and tree biomass on growth, yield and

quantity of oats

Thesis Submitted

Geetanjali Sahai

Dr DR Malviya

Morphological, cytological and biochemical characterization

of V. ungucalata donor sources

Thesis Submitted

Suman Lata

Dr BK Bhadoria

Polyphenolics of Ficus and A. pendula and their effects

on some bovine rumen enzyme

Thesis Submitted

Shalini Trivedi

Dr SS Kundu

Evaluation and formulation of tannin fortified complete

feeds using CNCP system

Thesis Submitted

including two Winter Schools in various areas related

to forage production, conservation and utilization. The
participants included from state agricultural universities
and state department and also from some nongovernment agencies (Table 56).
Training-cum-Exposure Visits

Many training-cum-exposure visits in the area of

fodder production and rangeland development were
organized for government and non government
organizations and also for some individuals. Such
visitors included students, farmers, officers and forest
guards (Table 57).

Doctoral Research

Five PhD degree theses were forwarded to

University (Table 58).
Advisory services to organizations

1. Prepared a report on Plan of Land Development

for farm area of CIRG, Mathura after a visit during
1112 November 2008.
2. Prepared a report on Plan of Fodder Interventions
in the wastelands areas of Sultanpur, Jaunpur and
Rai Barelly districts under UP Water Sector
Restructuring Project, Lucknow after field visits
during 2831 March 2009.

63

HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT

Table 57: Training cum exposure visits conducted for various organizations/individuals

8
Approved Ongoing Projects
Crop Improvement Division
CI 1.2

CI 1.4

CI 2.3

CI 2.4

CI 2.5

CI 2.6

CI 3.5

CI 3.6

CI 3.7

CI 4.4

Collection, evaluation and maintenance of

genetic resources-forage legumes.
(UP Singh and N Hasan)
Collection, evaluation and maintenance of
genetic resources of perennial forage
grasses.
(AK Roy, RB Bhaskar and Shahid Ahmed)
Genetic improvement of fodder maize
(DR Malaviya, NK Shah, P Saxena and
Shahid Ahmed)
Genetic improvement of forage and dual
purpose sorghum
(GP Shukla, UP Singh, AK Singh, RB
Bhaskar, N Hasan, Sultan Singh and NK
Shah)
Genetic improvement of oats for dual
purpose and multicut system
(AK Roy, S Ahmed and AB Mojumdar)
Development of male sterile line in forage
pearl millet
(GP Shukla, AK Singh and KK Pandey)
Synthesis of high yielding improved lines
of fodder cowpea
(G Sahay, UP Singh, A Chandra, S Roy, N
Hasan, RB Bhaskar and AB Mojumdar)
Breeding improved varieties tolerant to
pests in Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.)
(AK Singh, G Sahay, KC Pandey, P Saxena,
MI Azmi and AB Mojumdar)
Genetic improvement of berseem for
disease tolerance, extended growth period
and yield.
(DR Malaviya, AK Roy, P Kaushal, KC
Pandey, N Hasan, RB Bhaskar and SK
Mahanta)
Varietal improvement in Guinea grass for
increased productivity and stress tolerance
(P Kaushal, DR Malaviya and KK Singh)
64

CI 5.3

CI 6.5

CI 6.7

CI 7.10

CI 8.19

CI 8.20

CI 8.21

CI 8.22

CI 8.23

CI 8.24

Generating cytogenetic stocks in pearl

millet for interspecific hybridization and
alien introgression
(P Kaushal and DR Malaviya)
Genetic transformation of Lucerne for
weevil resistance
(Suresh Kumar, A Chandra, KC Pandey
and MG Gupta)
Identification of molecular markers for
apomixis/sexuality in Cenchrus ciliaris.
(MG Gupta, Suresh Kumar, A Chandra and
GP Shukla)
Molecular analysis of Medicago species for
weevil resistance
(A Chandra and KC Pandey)
Validation & standardization ITKs for
cowpea pest management
(Sharmila Roy, RB Bhaskar, N Hasan and
KC Pandey)
Integrated disease management for root rot
and dry rot in cowpea
(P Saxena, RB Bhaskar, Sharmila Roy and
SK Nag)
Management of nematodes and fungal
pathogens associated with root rot complex
of berseem
(MI Azmi and RB Bhaskar)
Identification of resistance sources to major
diseases of sorghum and berseem
(KK Pandey, RB Bhaskar, P Saxena, GP
Shukla and DR Malaviya)
Exploration of resistant myco flora of root
and stem rot patho system and development
of suitable formulation for disease
management in berseem
(RB Bhaskar, KC Pandey, KK Pandey, N
Hasan and AK Rai)
Dynamics of soil biota in conventional land
use system of Bundelkhand region
(Sharmila Roy, P Saxena, RK Bhatt, SK
Das, SK Nag, AK Rai and JP Singh)

Approved Ongoing Projects

CP 1.1.2

CP 1.2.11

CP 1.4.3

C.P.1.4.4

CP.2.1.12

C.P. 2.3.7

C.P.2.3.8

CP 2.3.9

CP 3.1.1

CP 3.2.1

Effect of farm yard manure levels on forage

productivity and soil fertility
(SN Tripathi, SB Tripathi and AK Rai)
Soil micronutrient deficiency management
for quality forage and livestock production.
(SB Tripathi, AK Rai, MM Das, KK Singh
and SK Mahanta)
Monitoring of herbicide residues and their
effect on soil enzymes in fodder crops
(SK Das and SK Nag)
Farming system approach for livelihood
improvement.
(KA Singh, SN Tripathi, SB Tripathi, RK
Agrawal, BS Meena, Sadhna Pandey, RN
Dwivedi, Anil Kumar and CS Sahay)
Optimization of forage yield through
development of suitable soilcrop
management strategies under rainfed semi
arid conditions.
(RK Agrawal, SK Rai and DVKN Rao)
Water requirement of Guinea grass
berseem intercropping system under
organic manuring using lysimeter
(Pradeep Behari, JB Singh and SM
Mishra)
Spectral response of fodder crops in
relation to their biophysical and
biochemical variables.
(SK Rai, SK Das and AK Rai)
Weather based prediction modeling for
sorghum leaf blight, sooty stripe and
lucerne aphids.
(JB Singh, KC Pandey, Pradeep Saxena
and Pradeep Behari)
Soil solution chemistry and nutrition of
fodder crops in saline soils.
(DVKN Rao, SK Das, AK Rai and SB
Tripathi)
Utilization of rhizospheric interactions for
enhancing nutrient acquisition and use
efficiency of forage crops under acid soils.
(AK Rai, SK Das and DVKN Rao)

Grassland and Silvipastoral Management Division

GSM 1 Resource Inventory
GSM 1.13

Ex-situ conservation of grasses, legumes,

shrubs and trees in rainfed conditions
(MM Roy, SN Ram, Sunil Kumar and MP
Rai)

GSM 1.14

Grassland resource inventory and

improvements in hill and mountain region
of India
GSM Sub-project: Inventory and mapping of grasslands
(JP Singh)
GSM 1.15
Management of promising cultivars of
Leucaena leucocephala with special
reference to seed production
(SK Gupta and MM Roy)

GSM 2 Improvement and Management of Degraded

Rangelands/Wastelands and Grazing Management
GSM 2.8.1

Performance of legumes in association

with Guinea grass under weed management
practices
(SN Ram and BK Trivedi)
GSM 2.8.2 Studies on fertility levels and cutting
management for enhancing productivity of
Guinea grass under rainfed condition
(SN Ram and BK Trivedi)

GSM 3 Sustainable Silvipastoral Systems for

Rangelands/Wastelands
GSM 3.8

GSM 3.9

GSM 3.10

Establishment and management of

silvopastures for optimizing forage
availability and productivity
(MP Rai, SK Gupta and MM Roy)
Post grazing regeneration in pasture/
silvopasture stands in semiarid region
(MM Roy)
Evaluation of Hardwickia binata based
silvopasture systems under moisture
conservation practices
(SN Ram, AK Roy and AK Shukla)

GSM 4 Sustainable Hortipastoral Systems for

Drylands/Rangelands/Wastelands
GSM 4.12

Interspace utilization of grown up Aonla

plantation through perennial pasture
(Sunil Kumar and AK Shukla)
GSM 4.12.1 Evaluation of Aonla based hortipastoral
system under different soil and water
conservation practices in Central India
(Sunil Kumar, Ramesh Singh, Sunil Tiwari
and AK Shukla)
GSM 4.13
Rejuvenation of Ber based hortipasture
system for sustaining productivity
(Sunil Kumar, BK Chaubey and AK Shukla)
65

APPROVED ONGOING PROJECTS

Crop Production Division

IGFRI Annual Report

GSM 4.14

GSM 4.15

20082009

APPROVED ONGOING PROJECTS

Development of Guava based hortipastoral

system with natural resource conservation
(Sunil Kumar, AK Shukla and AK Rai)
Evaluation of bael based hortipastoral
system in relation to different moisture
conservation practices under semi arid
condition
(AK Shukla, Sunil Kumar and SN Ram)

Plant Animal Relationship Division

PAR 1

Nutritional mapping of crop residues and

its implication for strategic livestock
feeding
(AK Misra, TA Khan, AK Rai, KK Singh,
MM Das, N Biradar and K Sridhar)
PAR 2
Studies on organic feeding system for milk
and meat production
(SB Maity, Anil Kumar, Sunil Kumar, SK
Nag, SK Das, Sultan Singh and BP
Kushwaha)
PAR 1.1.8 Sub Project: Evaluation of organic and
inorganically grown fodders/feeds and
their utilization in ruminants
(Sultan Singh, SB Maity and SK Nag)
PAR 3
Evaluation of top feeds for anti-nutritional
factors and efficient utilization in livestock
production
(BK Bhadoria, AB Mojumdar SK Nag and
SB Maity)
PAR 4
Small ruminant production under grazing
system
(SK Mahanta, Anil Kumar and AK Misra)
PAR 1.1.4 Sub project: Effect of high iron intake on
copper and zinc utilization and production
performance in ruminant
(KK Singh, AK Misra and SB Maity)
PAR 1.1.5 Sub Project: Strategic supplementation to
improve the productivity of ruminants fed
sorghum strover
(SK Mahanta)
PAR 5
Development of feeding system for
enhanced utilization of forages/roughages
in ruminant production
(KK Singh, SK Mahanta, AB Mojumdar
and LK Karnani)
PAR 5.1
Evaluation of Stylosanthes seabrana and
S. hamata meal as a supplementary feed in
animals
(AB Mojumdar, MM Das, SK Mahanta and
SN Ram)
66

PAR 1.1.3 Sub-project: Evaluation of forage resources

in livestock feeding
(LK Karnani, SB Maity and SK Mahanta)
PAR 1.1.6 Sub-project: Formulation of legume based feed
block for efficient livestock production
(MM Das, KK Singh and PK Pathak)
PAR 2.8 Sub-project: Performance evaluation of different
livestock species
(BP Kushwaha, SB Maity, Sultan Singh and
Anil Kumar)
PAR 6
Evaluation of Chaya (Cnidoscolus
chayamansa) as livestock feed
(Anil Kumar and KK Singh)
PAR 7
Pesticide residue transfer in milk through
feed and forages
(SK Nag, SB Maity and Sultan Singh)
PAR 8
Development of a disaster management
plan for feed fodder security for livestock
in the flood prone areas
(Anil Kumar, JP Singh, KK Singh, MM Das
and N Das)

Seed Technology Division

STR 1.20

STR 2.5

STR 3.4

Response of Subabool (Leucaena

leucocephala) varieties to nutrient
management practices for seed production
(SM Misra, SK Gupta and RK Bhatt)
Standardization of seed testing protocols
and seed standards in range grasses and
legumes
(RK Bhatt and D Bahukhandi)
Seed health management in Cowpea and
Sorghum seeds in storage
(D Bahukhandi, KC Pandey and KK
Pandey)

Farm Machinery and Post Harvest Technology

AE 1.2
AE 1.3

AE 2.1.1

AE 2.3

Farm Machinery Testing and Development

(CS Sahay)
Study of mechanization status and energy
inventory of forage production in the
cropping system of northern India
(CS Sahay)
Development of technology for value
added crop residues based animal feed
products
(PK Pathak and PN Dwivedi)
National Seed Project (seed processing)
(PK Pathak and KC Pandey)

Approved Ongoing Projects

AE 2.4.2

AE 3.2.1

Studies on post harvest practices, transport,

storage and marketing system of feed and
fodder resources in the country
(PK Pathak, PN Dwivedi, JB Singh, S
Radotra, N Biradar and RP Nagar)
Nutritional quality assessment of different
crop residues/fodder at different stages of
post harvest practices and storage in the
country
(PN Dwivedi, PK Pathak, JB Singh, S
Radotra, N Biradar and RP Nagar)
Bio-residues management in food- fodder
and fuel production systems
(Banwari Lal Suman)

Social Science Division

SS 1 Socio-economic analysis of forage based
farming system
SS 1.01

SS 1.02

SS 2

Gender issues in livestock production with

emphasis on fodder production and
management
(Manju Suman, Mahavir Singh, Mallayya,
Ashok Kumar and AK Ray)
Forage and livestock production and
marketing in peri-urban areas of India
Sub project: 1.02.1 Fodder marketing in
periurban areas of India: a critical analysis
(AK Ray, P Sharma, BS Meena and Ashok
Kumar)

Transfer of technology in forage production and utilization

Transfer of technology and their evaluation

(Maharaj Singh, RN Dwivedi, BS Meena,
Sadhna Pandey, Mallayya, Mahavir Singh,
Manju Suman, AK Ray and Ashok Kumar)
SS 1.1 Sub project: Study on fodder production
technology under farmers resources use
matrix (Mallayya, Ashok Kumar, Manju
Suman, RN Dwivedi)
SS 2.14 Sub project: Adoption of forage crops by the
farmers in Bundelkhand
(Maharaj Singh, Purushottam Sharma, BS
Meena and Sadhna Pandey)
SS 2.03
Performance of improved varieties of Rabi
fodder at farmers fields in different regions
(Maharaj Singh, Anil Kumar, S Radotra,
N Biradar, RP Nagar and Ashok Kumar)

SS 3

Research on various stakeholders in

forage production and utilization

SS 3.01

Livelihood conditions and livestock

production system of resource poor farmers
(Purushottam Sharma, Sadhna Pandey, AK
Ray, N Biradar and S Radotra)
SS 3.01.1 Subject Project: Livelihood profile and
livestock production system analysis of
resource poor farmers
(Purushottam Sharma)
SS 3.01.2 Sub project: Household analysis of resource
poor livestock owners with special
reference to gender issues
(Sadhna Pandey)
SS 3.01.3 Sub project: Technological gap analysis of
livestock production system of resource
poor farmers
(BS Meena)
SS 3.01.4 Sub project: Livelihood conditions and
livestock production system of resource
poor farmers in south region
(N Biradar)

Regional Research Station

Dharwad
RSD 1

RSD 11

SS2.01

Development of sweet sorghum hybrids for

multicut
(K Sridhar)
Analysis of urban-periurban livestock
production systems and fodder market in
Karnataka
(N Biradar)

Palampur
RRCP 2

RRC 1

RRC 2

Genetic improvement of white clover

(Trifolium repens L.) for quality,
persistence and higher herbage production
in the Himalayan pastures
(B Misri, Inder Dev and S Radotra)
Assessment of production and nutrition
status of grassland resources (Himachal)
(Inder Dev and S Radotra)
Estimation of forage requirement of
different livestock and farm holdings
(Himachal)
(S Radotra and Inder Dev)

67

APPROVED ONGOING PROJECTS

AE 2.4. 1

IGFRI Annual Report

RRC 3

APPROVED ONGOING PROJECTS

RRCP 7

RRCP 9

20082009

Conservation of tested plants and species

intervention of farmers fields/community
lands (Himachal)
(B Misri, Inder Dev and S Radotra)
Sustainable cereal and fodder production
through cereal - clover intercropping
(Inder Dev, B Misri and Sudesh Radotra)
Rehabilitation of Lantana infested grazing
lands of western himalaya for improved
productivity
(Inder dev, B Misri and S Radotra)

Avikanagar
RSA 4

RSA 6

RSA 7

Collection, evaluation and maintenance of

forage grasses and legumes in Rajasthan
(RK Jain and RP Nagar)
Development of agronomic package of
practices for dual purpose bajra variety,
Avika Bajra Chari (AVKB-19) under
rainfed condition
(RP Nagar and RK Jain)
Aonla based horti-pastoral system under
semi-arid conditions
(RK Jain, RP Nagar and Sunil Kumar)

Externally Funded Projects

Department of Biotechnology, Government of
India
Generation and evaluation of Bt transgenic lucerne
(Medicago sativa L.) for weevil resistance
(Suresh Kumar, A Chandra and KC Pandey)
Development of interspecific crosses between T.
alexandrinum and T. vesiculosum/T. lappaceum.
(DR Malaviya, AK Roy and P Kaushal)
Development of lines tolerant to salinity and identification
of associated molecular markers in Oats
(AK Roy, DR Malaviya, P Kaushal and A Chandra)
Development of SSR markers in berseem (Trifolium
alexandrinum) and exploitation of marker resources
of M. truncatula for germplasm characterization of
berseem and for developing high density linkage map
of red clover (Trifolium pratense)
(A Chandra, AK Roy and Suresh Kumar)
Identification of QTLs for the genetic improvement of
stover quality, resistance to foliar diseases and
tolerance to pre-flowering drought in dual purpose
Sorghum.
(GP Shukla and Sultan Singh)

68

Dissecting apomixis into components and characterization

of genes involved in expression of individual
components
(P Kaushal, DR Malaviya and AK Roy)
Identification of QTLs for the genetic improvement of
stover quality and resistance to foliar diseases in dual
purpose sorghum
(Sultan Singh)

National Biodiversity Development Board,

Department of Biotechnology, Government of
India
Evaluation, conservation, documentation and estimation
of resource potential of Dichanthium, Bothriochloa,
Sehima, Heteropogon and Panicum germplasm
(AK Roy, DR Malaviya, P Kaushal, A Chandra and
SK Mahanta)

Department of Animal Husbandry, Ministry of

Agriculture, Government of India
Development of better quality and disease resistant lines
(root rot and stem rot) in Berseem through
interspecific hybridization using embryo rescue
technique
(DR Malaviya, AK Roy, P Kaushal and RB Bhaskar)
Use of molecular marker in improvement of Stylo with
special reference to drought and quality
(A Chandra, Suresh Kumar, RK Bhatt and SK
Mahanta)

ICAR AP Cess
Identification and characterization of genes involved in
apomixis in Pennisetum and Panicum agamic
complexes
(P Kaushal, DR Malaviya, AK Roy and A Chandra)

Department of Science and Technology

Development of on-farm urea treatment technology for
nutritional upgradation of wheat straw during
threshing and its evaluation in livestock
(MM Das, KK Singh, AK Misra, Anil Kumar, PK
Pathak, Sadhna Pandey and N Das)

ICAR Gene Fund Project

Electromagnetic energies for biostimulation and post
harvest conservation of seeds and grains.
(A Chandra)

AICRP (ICAR)

Ministry of Environment and Forest

Improvement of feed resources and nutrient utilization

in raising animal production
(SK Mahanta and Anil Kumar)

Development of appropriate methane emission factors for

different feeds/forages and feeding regimens to
reduce uncertainties in methane estimation
(Sultan Singh, SK Nag, AK Misra and BP Kushwaha)

Network Project of Buffalo

Performance recording and improvement of Bhadawari
Buffaloes
(BP Kushwaha, SB Maity and Sultan Singh)

UP Council of Agricultural Research

Development of cheap balanced rations for dairy bovines
of Jhansi Division of Uttar Pradesh
(SK Mahanta)

AICRPDA
Rainfed area network on balanced nutrition studies
(SB Tripathi)
NAIP Project
Goat husbandry based integrated approach for livelihood
security in disadvantaged districts of Bundelkhand
region
(AK Roy, Sunil Kumar, SN Ram and PN Dwivedi)

69

APPROVED ONGOING PROJECTS

Approved Ongoing Projects

9
RAC, QRT, IRC, IMC, PME
Research Advisory Committee
The 15th meeting of RAC was held on February 02
03, 2009 at IGFRI, Jhansi. The committee appreciated
the experiments conducted and advised new areas to
be included in the research programmes. The meeting
was presided over by Dr RM Singh, Chairman, RAC
and Professor Emeritus, Institute of Agricultural
Sciences, BHU, Varanasi. Dr SD Rai, Dr AK Misra,
Dr VK Mishra, Shri Sharma Puran, Dr KA Singh,
Dr SK Dhyani and Shri KC Pandey, Member Secretary,
Head of Divisions and programme leaders of IGFRI
and NRCAF also participated.
Chairman in his introductory remarks urged the
members to identify the new strategic areas for research,
which may fulfill the needs of farmers, particularly the
livestock owners which will help in boosting the
economy. The important recommendations include
cataloguing of exact number of accessions available in
different crops and the information on number of
promising materials, entries in varietal evaluation in
the pipeline for each crop be classified for use. Active
exchange of seed material with other institutes/SAUs
particularly of range species should be given priority

following material transfer agreement (MTA) and

involvement of Avena magna, having high protein
content (25%), in hybridization programme for
development of high protein oat lines.
Quinquennial Review Team
Indian Council of Agricultural Research constituted
the Quinquennial Review Team (for the period 2003
2007) to ensure that the research programmes of the
Institute and the All India Coordinated Research
Projects remain targeted to the goals and objectives
assigned to them and different activities are relevant,
effective and focused towards their mandates and keep
pace with the progress of science.
The team consisted of the Chairman, Dr SD Rai, ExADG (Coord), ICAR and Members- Prof. ID Tyagi,
Ex-Head of Department CSAzad University of
Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, Dr Arun Varma,
Ex-ADG (Animal Nutrition), ICAR, Dr HS
Nainawatee, Ex-ADG (Education), ICAR, and Prof.
H Shekar Shetty, Department of Studies in Applied
Botany and Biotechnology, University of Mysore.
The team had an initial planning meeting with
Deputy Director General (Horticulture and Crop

71

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

RAC, QRT, IRC, IMC, PME

Science) at Krishi Bhavan. Team visited IGFRI, Jhansi

and its Regional Research Centres at Dharwad,
Avikanagar and Palampur, and the All India
Coordinated Research Project Centres at Ludhiana,
Hisar, Hyderabad, Pune/Rahuri, Urlikanchan,
Trivandrum, Anand, Kalayani etc. It interacted with
Vice-Chancellor, Director Research and other
functionaries of the Universities, all the Scientific and
other staff during the visits. The team also made critical
appraisal of Annual Reports and other project related
documents. Team took a note of the ground realities
and hold intense discussions with stakeholders and the
report is under preparation.
Institute Research Council
The IRC meeting was held on May 31June 07, 2008
under the chairmanship of Dr KA Singh, Director,
IGFRI. The Chairman emphasized for pursuing the
projects and technical programme in the light of time
frame so that the outcome is monitorable. He
emphasized the need for quantification of results and
urged the scientists to judiciously use the existing
resources.
The action taken report on the recommendations of
last IRC and suggestions/recommendations during the
filed monitoring by PME and RAC were critically
discussed in the house to refine the on-going research
programmes. The research achievements and annual
technical programme of on going research projects and
fourteen new research proposal were discussed in
details. It was suggested to take extra efforts for TOT
activities by all the divisions. To measure the research
productivity of each scientist a special session was
conducted.

(Uttar Pradesh), Shri Zafar Akhtar, Shri Sharma Puran,

Dr SS Thakur, Dr SP Katiyar, Dr SA Faruqui and
Shri Vishwa Ranjan.
Dr KA Singh apprised the members of the progress
made in the research activities at the Institute. All
members appreciated the on-going research activities.
The IMC approved the construction of office-cumlaboratory building for IGFRI, Dharwad (Phase-II),
construction of office-cum-lab, building at RRS,
Avikanagar and construction of Agriculture/Forage
Technology Information Centre at IGFRI, Jhansi.
The members agreed to waive off outstanding balance
of Rs 66,525 lying un-adjusted since 1992 and
purchase of vehicles against replacement of old and
unserviceable vehicles.
Project Monitoring and Evaluation Committee
The PME visited the research programmes/
experiments of various divisions to monitor the
progress in kharif and rabi seasons and made specific
recommendations in proactive manner. Director Dr
KA Singh also guided and rendered his valuable

Institute Management Committee

The XXX and XXXI meetings of IMC were held on
05.12.2008 and 19.03.2009 respectively at IGFRI,
Jhansi under the chairmanship of Dr KA Singh,
Director IGFRI, Jhansi. The other participants were
Dr SK Gupta, Director, Animal Husbandry, Lucknow

72

suggestions to further improve the working ambience

and research culture. PME also visited RRS,
Avikanagar. The recommendations of PME were
presented in the IRC and ATR on these were discussed.

10
Infrastructure

Water Resource Development

A new water-harvesting pond of capacity 2,800 m3

was created at Technology Demonstration Block at
Central Research Farm of IGFRI, Jhansi with the total
cost of Rs 93,000

160
140
120
Area (ha)

Construction and Repair

At Jhansi remodeling of chain-link fencing with
perapet wall (1,000 m) was completed around dairy
complex at the total cost of Rs 19 lakhs. Boundary wall
at central Research farm was repaired (1,650 m) from
main gate to Karari Block at the total cost of Rs 64
lakhs. At IGFRI, Regional Research station, Dharwad
a parking area of 5 cars was constructed for convenience
of the staff.

IGFRI

RRS Dharwad

RRS Avikanagar

Total

100
80
60
40
20
0

2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09

Year

Total

Fig. 27: Land development during 200409

Land Development
Extensive area of IGFRI including its regional
research stations at Dharwad and Avikanagar was
developed (137.75 ha) from 200405 to 200809 for
production of fodder and seed (Fig. 27). During 2008
09 alone an area of 10.5 ha at IGFRI main campus,
12.0 ha at RRS Dharwad and 16.0 ha at RRS
Avikanagar was developed using principal of soil
conservation. To check the soil erosion, bund of 850
running meter length having average top width 1 m,
bottom width 2.5 m and height 0.75 m was made at
GSM division at IGFRI, Jhansi (Tables 59 and 60).
Table 59: Land Development
Year

IGFRI

RRS
Dharwad

200203
200304
200405
200506
200607
200708
200809
Total

15.0
5.0
35.0
22.75
10.5
88.25

2.0
2.5
9.0
12.0
25.5

RRS
Avikanagar

8.0
16.0
24.0

Total

15.00
7.00
37.50
39.75
38.50
137.75

Table 60: Infrastructure development at Regional

Research Station, Dharwad
Rupees (in lakhs)
Boundary wall and watchman cabin
Transformer
Approach road and parking and retaining wall
Furniture to the office building
Side compound wall
Storage shed and parking area
Tractor 47 HP
Bore well
Inlet and outlet to the farm pond
Storm water drain
Farm pond at Tegur farm
Development of Farming system research block
Black topping of the approach road to the building
30 KVA generator set
Diesel pump
IInd phase of the office-cum-laboratory building
Land development of Saidapur farm
Land development of inside block of Tegur farm
Land development of outside block of Tegur farm

73

10.85
1.66
4.90
1.99
4.44
1.50
4.50
3.70
1.25
3.61
3.00
1.00
6.99
4.90
0.50
54.87
2.00
3.00
4.60

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

Developmental activities ar RRS, Avikanagar

INFRASTRUCTURE

Research activities have been shifted to new

experimental research farm (Sector-4) having sixty acre
land. The developmental activities started initially in
about 35 acre land. New Hortipastoal/silvipastoral
systems have been laid down in about six acre area.
New pasture has been developed in 4 acre land. Further

development of the area is under progress.

New fence of the farm area have been developed.

Tube well boring in the new area is being taken up

by Ground Water Deptt., Government of Rajasthan,
Jaipur.

Architect design of the new office cum laboratory

building has been finalized.

DEVELOPMENT AT IGFRI, JHANSI

Bund formation at grassland and silvi-pasture management division

74

INFRASTRUCTURE

Infrastructure

Repair of boundary wall at CR Farm from Main gate to Karari Block

Chain-link fencing at PAR Division

75

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

INFRASTRUCTURE
Pond at Technology Demonstration Block at CR Farm

DEVELOPMENT AT REGIONAL RESEARCH STATION, DHARWAD

Front gate with watchman cabin

76

INFRASTRUCTURE

Infrastructure

Approach road and front of the office building

Office building

77

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

INFRASTRUCTURE
Farm pond

Furniture

78

INFRASTRUCTURE

Infrastructure

Land development of front block at Tegur farm

Land development of Saidapur farm

79

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

INFRASTRUCTURE
Parking area

80

11
Foundation Day and Kisan Mela
Foundation Day Programme and Kisan Mela
The 47th Foundation of the Institute was celebrated
on November 1, 2008. The Chief Guest Dr AK
Srivastava, Director and Vice-Chancellor, NDRI
Karnal inaugurated the function and delivered the
foundation day lecture. In his lecture, he emphasized
that livestock plays a crucial role in providing basic

livelihood to rural population. This sector is a main

source of family income in the arid and semiarid
regions of the country. Although India became largest
milk producing country in 200607 with an annual
milk production of 100.9 million tonnes, but still India
is far behind the world average. For enhancing the
milk production in the country, availability of

sufficient feed and fodder is to be ensured as per

need. There is huge gap between demand and supply
of feed and fodder. These constitute about 6070%
cost of milk production. He further emphasized that
there is need to improve the productivity and shift
towards buffalo and crossbreed husbandry in the
country for increasing the milk production. Dr KA
Singh, Director of the Institute presented the report

Year at a glance. A kisan gosthi was also organized

on this occasion. The chief guest distributed the seed
packets of oats and berseem to more than 100 farmers.
Best worker awards to various categories of Institute
staff for their significant contribution and best paper
award to scientists were also presented on the
occasion.

82

12
Administration and Accounts
Administration
The staff strength as on 31st March, 2009
Cadre

Technical

Sanctioned In position Vacant

Research Management (Director)

Administrative
Supporting Staff
Technical
Scientific
Auxiliary
Total

1
69
134
128
144
01
476

1
48
114
104
73
04
340

21
20
24
71

136

Departmental promotion in respect of Scientist,

Technical, Administrative and Supporting staff during
the period 1st April, 2008 to 31st March 2009 are given
below:
Scientists
Sl.
No.

Name of officers

Nature of
promotion

Date of
order

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Dr Suresh Kumar
Dr RP Nagar
Shri CS Sahay
Dr Amaresh chandra
Dr Padeep Saxena

Sci. (SS) to Sr. Sci.

Sci. (SS) to Sr. Sci.
Sci. (SS) to Sci. (SG)
Sr. Sci. to PS
Sr. Sci. to PS

11.8.08
11.8.08
23.8.08
14.1.09
14.1.09

Direct Recruitment
Sl.
No.

Name of officers

Nature of
Recruitment

Date of
appointment

1.
2.

Dr. D.R. Malviya

Dr. Anoop Kumar Dixit

HD (ST)
Sr. Sci.

14.01.09
08.12.08

Administrative
Sl.
No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Name of officers

Shri Balbir Singh saggu

Shri Arvind Yadav
Shri VK Paliwal
Shri Mata Din Verma
Smt Kanti Sharma
Shri Tijju Ram
Shri Yaspal singh

Nature of
promotion
Asstt.-AAO
Sr. Clerk-Asstt.
Sr. Clerk-Asstt.
Asstt. - AAO
Asstt. - AAO
Sr. Clerk-Asstt.
Sr. Clerk-Asstt.

Date of
order
12.09.08
11.09.08
11.09.08
09.01.09
09.01.09
12.01.09
12.01.09

Sl.
No.

Name of officers

Nature of
promotion

Date of
order

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.

Shri Rajendra Singh

Shri Ganesh Pal
Shri SK Bhadoria
Shri Rashid Ahmed
Shri Pooran Singh Niranjan
Shri Kashi Ram
Shri ON Arya
Dr RK Sharma
Shri Pramod Kumar
Shri Harish Chandra
Shri SV Shinde
Shri Zulfikar Ali
Shri MS Verma
Shri Rajesh Kumar Sharma
Shri PC Gahlot
Shri Dinesh kumar
Shri Moley Ram
Shri PN Ahirwar
Shri Raj Kapoor singh
Shri Mahipal singh
Shri CP Gupta
Shri Sri Ram Sikanya
Dr MS Sharma
Shri Kanhai singh
Shri Pramod kumar
Shri DK Bhutani
Shri RP Yadav
Shri Gyasi Lal

T-4 to T-5
T-4 to T-5
T-4 to T-5
T-3 to T-4
T-3 to T-4
T-2 to T-1-3
T-6 to T(7-8)
T-6 to T(7-8)
T-3 to T-4
T-3 to T-4
T-1 to T-2
T-1 to T-2
T-4 to T-5
T-3 to T-4
T-4 to T-5
T-4 to T-5
T-4 to T-5
T-4 to T-5
T-3 to T-4
T-6 to T(7-8)
T-6 to T(7-8)
T-6 to T(7-8)
One adv. Inc.
T-5 to T-6
T-6 to T(7-8)
T-6 to T(7-8)
T-6 to T(7-8)
T-6 to T(7-8)

08.4.08
08.4.08
08.4.08
08.4.08
08.4.08
08.4.08
15.04.08
19.06.08
25.07.08
11.08.08
11.08.08
11.08.08
05.04.08
05.04.08
20.08.08
04.01.08
04.01.08
04.01.08
04.01.08
02.09.08
02.09.08
02.09.08
17.10.08
15.11.08
27.11.08
27.11.08
27.11.08
27.11.08

Supporting staff
Sl.No.

Name

Date of promotion

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Shri Mannu
Shri Ram sewak
Shri Sri prakash
Shri Kishan Lal
Shri Manohar Lal
Shri Khubi Ram
Shri Badri Lal
Smt Savitri
Smt Hotam singh
Shri Harnarayan Sharma
Shri Ram Nadari singh

83

01.04.08
01.04.08
01.04.08
12.09.08
12.09.08
12.09.08
12.09.08
12.09.08
01.10.08
01.10.08
01.10.08

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

Accounts
The allocation of funds and expenditure (Rupees in lakhs)
incurred during the year 200809

Revenue generated by the Institute during

last five years

ADMINISTRATION AND ACCOUNTS

Budget

Allocation

Expenditure

Year

Rs. In lakhs

Plan
Non-Plan
Total

500.00
1,938.75
2,438.75

494.53
1,938.75
2,433.28

2004-05
2005-06
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09

82.33
111.00
114.60
117.03
114.80

Financial Statement of Externally Funded Project 200809

(in Rupees)
Project

Expenditure
01.04.2008 to 31.03.09

Balance as on
31.03.09

DUS Testing Coordinating unit (AICRP-FC)

17,893.00

0.00

DUS Testing IGFRI Center

34,936.00

0.00

AICRP on Dry land Agricultural Project

CSIR

55,472.00
34,011.00

91678.00
36000.00

Efficient use of mid hill grasslands of Himachal Pradesh through

participatory silage making

191,245.00

11026.00

Evaluation, conservation, documentation and estimation of resource potential of

Dichanthium, Bothriochloa, Sehima, Heteropogon and Panicum germplasm

528,716.00

12772.00

Rev. Mega Seed Project

541,438.00

1557281.00

Development of cheap balanced ration for dairy bovines of Jhansi Division of UP

179,747.00

-2409.00

Development of SSR markers in berseem (Trifolium alexandrinum) and

exploitation of marker resources of M. truncatula for germplasm characterization of
berseem and for developing high density linkage map of red clover
(Trifolium pratense)

1,224,670.00

-11917.00

Development of molecular markers and inheritance of components of apomixes in

guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.)

4,220,605.00

72278.00

Development of better quality and disease resistant lines (root rot and stem rot) in
berseem through interspecific hybridization using embryo rescue technique

1,037,362.00

293584.00

Use of molecular marker in improvement of Stylosanthes with special reference

to drought and quality

834,522.00

1287989.00

Identification of QTLs for the genetic improvement of stover quality & resistance of
foliar diseases in dual purpose sorghum (PAR)

877,411.00

69685.00

Identification of QTLs for the genetic improvement of stover quality,

resistance to foliar

246,450.00

-3380.00

Development of lines tolerant to salinity and identification of associated molecular

markers in oat

764,959.00

64353.00

DBT-Development of interspecific hybrids, using embryo rescue, in Trifolium and

identification of molecular markers linked to root rot and stem rot.

529,060.00

-4102.00

2,533,166.00

3309521.00

986,524.00

160511.00

1,496,653.00

-8673.00

196,711.00

251289.00

DBT-Biotechnological approach towards forage crop improvement

Natcom: Development of appropriate methane emission factors for different
feeds/forages and feeding regimens to reduce uncertainties in methane estimation
Generation and evaluation of Bt. Transgenic Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) for
weevil resistance
FLD Kharif (0240)
Concurrent evaluation of SPD using GPS/GIS technology

53,557.00

76443.00

Vegetation carbon pool assessment technique (WCMPNW)

44,652.00

46875.00

Vegetation carbon pool assessment technique (WCUPSW)

39,397.00

58169.00

Remote Sensing based Plantation Monitoring

19,913.00

280087.00

84

Euphytica (2008) 162: 3950

DOI 10.1007/s106810079542-z

Genetical assessment of diploid progenitors of S. scabra

by isozyme, RAPD and STS markers: a possible strategy
for improvement of drought tolerant allo-tetraploid
S. scabra species

Plant Syst Evol

DOI 10.1007/s00606-008-0070-7

Genetic similarity among Trifolium species based on isozyme

banding pattern

Euphytica
DOI 10.1007/s10681-008-9650-4

Reproductive pathways of seed development in apomictic

guinea grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) reveal uncoupling
of apomixis components

2008 The Japan Mendel Society

Cytologia 73(2): 151158, 2008

Sequential Reduction of Pennisetum squamulatum

Genome Complement in P. glaucum (2n = 28) P.
squamulatum (2n = 56) Hybrids and their Progenies
Revealed its Octoploid Status

13
Publications
International Journals
Kaushal P, Khare Aarti, Zadoo SN, Roy AK, Malaviya
DR, Agrawal A, Siddiqui SA and Choubey RN
2008. Sequential reduction of Pennisetum
squamulatum genome complement in P. glaucum
(2n=28) P. squamulatum (2n=56) hybrids and
their progenies revealed its octoploid status.
Cytologia 73: 151158.
Kaushal P, Malaviya DR, Roy AK, Pathak S, Agrawal
A, Khare A, Siddiqui SA 2008. Reproductive
pathways of seed development in apomictic guinea
grass (Panicum maximum Jacq.) reveal uncoupling
of apomixis components. Euphytica 164: 8192.
Malaviya DR, Roy AK, Kaushal P, Kumar B and Tiwari
A 2008. Phylogenetic studies based on isozyme
similarity among Trifolium species. Plant
Systematics and Evolution 276: 125136.
Nag SK and Raikwar MK 2008. Organochlorine
pesticide residues in bovine milk. Bulletin Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 80: 59.
Tewari S and Chandra A 2008. Genetical assessment
of diploid progenitors of S. scabra by isozyme,
RAPD and STS markers: a possible strategy for
improvement of drought tolerant allo-tetraploid S.
scabra species. Euphytica 162: 3950.
National Journals
Behari P, Singh JB, Rai SK and Misra SM 2007. Water
requirement and water use efficiency of Guinea
grass (Panicum maximum) under organic manuring
using weighing lysimeter. Range Mgmt. &
Agroforestry 28 (2): 126127.
Bhadauria S, Mahanta SK, Das MM, Singh Sultan and
Kumar S 2007. Effect of mineral mixture supplementation on in vitro dry matter digestibility and
ruminal metabolites in roughage based diets of
sheep. Range Mgmt. & Agroforestry 28: 242244.

86

Bhatt RK, Tripathi RK, Tiwai HS, Rajput DS and

Chandra A 2008. Effect of dormancy breaking
treatments on seed germination of Stylosanthes
species. Indian J. Plant Physiol 13 (1): 6065.
Bhatt, RK, Baig MJ, Tiwari HS, Dubey Jyoti and
Yadava RB 2008. Effect of Elevated CO 2 on
Biomass production, photosynthesis and Carbon
Sequestration of Cenchrus ciliaris and Stylosanthes
hamata under intercropping system. Indian J.
Agroforestry 10 (2): 4043.
Chandra A 2008. Genetic relationship among
accessions of Stylosanthes hamata based on seed
proteins profile. Indian J. Genet. 68: 208212.
Chandra A 2008. Transferability of SSR markers across
twelve species of forage legumes for germplasm
characterization and evaluation. Indian J. Genet.
68: 189194.
Chandra A and Pandey KC 2008. Genetic relatedness
among weevil resistant Medicago species and
Indian susceptible cultivars of lucerne (Medicago
sativa L.) using SSR and RAPD markers. Indian
J. Genet. 68: 296300.
Das MM, Mojundar AB, Mahanta SK, Samanta AK
and Pathak PK 2008. Nutrient intake and utilization
in ewes fed with stylo stem block. Indian Vety. J.
86 (1): 6365.
Das MM, Pailan GH and Kundu SS 2007. Chemical
composition and carbohydrate fractions of some
locally available forage and concentrate feeds of
Bundelkhand. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 77: 117377.
Das MM, Samanta AK, Singh KK and Mojumdar AB
2007. Stylo feed block for goats and sheep. Indian
J. Anim. Sci. 77 (12): 13411343.
Das MM, Samanta AK, Singh KK and Pathak PK 2008.
Nutrient intake and utilization of berseem straw
based feed block in calves. Indian Vety. J. 85 (8):
855858.
Das MM, Singh Sultan and Mojumdar AB 2007.

Comparative nutrient utilization and growth

performance of Bhadawari and Murrah buffalo
calves under traditional rearing system. Range
Mgmt. & Agroforestry 28: 218219.
Gaharana D, Das MM, and Singh KK 2007. Effect of
fibrolytic enzyme treatment of wheat straw on
rumen fermentation pattern in buffaloes. Range
Mgmt. & Agroforestry 28: 220221.
Gupta SK, Gupta VK, Pathak PS and Khan TA 2008.
Long term field evaluation of promising Subabul
(Leucaena leucocephala) selections and lines in
rainfed conditions. Indian J Agroforestry 10 (1):
4044.
Khan TA, Bhatt RK and Suresh G 2008. Estimation of
understorey grass production in Acacia tortilis
Cenchrus ciliaris silvipastoral system through
principal component regression analysis. Range
Mgmt. & Agroforestry 29 (2): 119124.
Khan TA, Srivastava PN and Pathak PS 2008.
Comparison of basic growth characteristics
relationships of three multipurpose trees in
silvipastoral systems. Range Mgmt. & Agroforestry
29 (1): 1318.
Kumar P and Saxena P 2008. Performance of maize
(Zea mays L.) genotypes against southern leaf
blight (SLB) disease caused by Drechslera maydis
and its categorization. J. Mycol. & Plant pathology
38 (2): 389391.
Kumar S, Chandra A and Gupta MG 2008. Plantlet
regeneration via multiple shoot induction in Indian
accessions of lucerne (Medicago sativa L.). J. Plant
Biochem. Biotechnol. 17: 181184.
Kumar S, Chandra A and Pandey KC 2008. Bt
transgenic crop: An environment friendly insectpest management strategy. J. Environ. Biol. 29:
641653.
Kumar Sunil and Shiva Dhar 2008. Influence of
different herbicides on weed suppression, forage
yield and economics of berseem (Trifolium
alexandrinum L.). Indian J. Agric. Sci. 78 (11):
825908.
Kumar Sunil and Choubey BK 2008. Performance of
Aonla (Emblica officinalis)based hortipastoral
system in semi-arid region under rainfed situation.
Indian J. Agric. Sci. 78 (9): 74851.
Kumar Sunil and Shukla AK 2008. Bench grafting in
Custard apple (Annona squamosa L.). Indian J.
Agroforestry 10 (2): 6265.

Kumar Sunil, Baig MJ and Kumar A 2008. Physicochemical composition and post harvest changes in
Aonla (Emblica officinalis) cultivars at ambient
temperature in Bundelkhand region of Uttar
Pradesh. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 78 (3): 4749.
Kumar Sunil, Roy MM and Tiwari RK 2008. Studies
on bench grafting in Ber in relation to scion
thickness and graft storage. Indian J. Hort. 65 (4):
488490.
Kundu SS, Kushwaha BP, Maity SB, Singh S and
Kumar Anil 2007. Milk composition of Bhadawari
buffaloes. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 77: 13301333.
Kushwaha BP, Kundu SS, Kumar Anil, Maity SB and
Singh Sultan 2007. Status of Bhadawari breed of
buffalo in its breeding tract and its conservation.
Indian J. Anim. Sci. 77: 12931297.
Kushwaha BP, Singh Sultan and Maity SB 2007.
Performance of Bhadawari buffaloes under semiintensive system of management in Bundelkhand
region. Range Mgmt. & Agroforestry 28: 225227.
Mahanta SK, Pailan GH, Verma NC, Kumar Ranjan
and Bhadauria S 2007. Supplementation of green
fodder as mineral source in growing calves fed
wheat straw and concentrate mixture. Range Mgmt.
& Agroforestry 28: 222224.
Mahanta SK, Singh BB, Pailan GH, Verma NC and
Kumar S 2007. Effect of grazing management
practices on nutritional status of grazing goats
supplemented with barley grain during summer in
Bundelkhand. Range Mgmt. & Agroforestry 28:
239241.
Maity SB, Das MM and Kumar Anil 2007. Carcass
quality of local goat and jalauni sheep under
extensive grazing on natural pasture in
Bundelkhand. Range Mgmt. & Agroforestry 28:
245246.
Mishra S, Sharma S, Vasudevan P, Bhatt RK, Pandey
Sadhna, Singh M, Meena BS and Pandey SN 2008.
Gender Participation and role of women in
livestock management practices in Bundalkhand
region of central India. Intern J. of Rural Studies.
15 (1): 37.
Misra SM, Tiwari KN and Sai Parsad SV 2007.
Reclamation of alkali soils. Influence of
amendments and leaching on transformation and
availability of phosphorus. Soil Sci. and Plant Anal.
38: 10071028.
Pailan GH, Mahanta SK, Verma NC and Kundu SS
87

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IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

PUBLICATIONS

2007. Performance of sheep and goats maintained

on rotational grazing with different level of
supplementation. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 77: 1161
1165.
Pandey Sadhna and Varma SK 2008. Importance of
Agroforestry fruit trees in indigenous health
practices of Tribes. Indian J Agroforestry 10 (1):
8587.
Rai SK and Singh KA 2008. Analysis of drought
intensity and frequency in two districts of north
Bihar. J. Agromet. 10 (2): 228230.
Ram SN and Parihar SS 2008. Growth, yield and quality
of mixed pasture as influenced by potash levels.
Indian J. Agric. Res. 42 (3): 228231.
Ram SN, Suresh G and Singh KK 2007. Effect of
planting geometry and cutting management on
productivity, quality and economics of mixed
pasture under rainfed conditions. Indian J. Agron.
52 (3): 251256.
Ray AK and Baburam 2008. Evaluation of fodder and
marketing strategies and female labour use pattern
in peri-urban areas of Kolkata and Delhi. ASI, Nov.
2008.
Roy MM and Singh KA 2008. The fodder situation in
rural India future outlook. International Forestry
Review 10 (2): 217234.
Roy S, Bano R, Saxena P, Roy MM, Nag SK and Bhatt
RK 2008. Dynamics of soil collembolan
community associated with grassland, cropped and
the tree stand in semi arid central India. J. Soil Biol.
Ecol. 28 (1 & 2): 122132.
Sachan CB, Kushwaha BP and Kundu SS 2007.
Evaluation of production performance of
Bhadawari buffaloes. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 77: 781
783.
Sahay CS, Thomas EV and Satapathy KK 2009.
Performance evaluation of a novel power tiller
operated oscillatory tillage implement for dryland
tillage. Biosystems Engineering 10: 1016.
Sahay G, Chandra A, Bhaskar RB and Shukla GP 2008.
Genetic relationship among elite lines of cowpea
based on isozyme and RAPD markers. Forage
Research. 33 (4): 193198.
Samanta AK, Singh KK and Das MM 2007. Effect of
complete feed block on dry matter intake and milk
yield in Murrah buffaloes. Indian Vety. J. 84: 1320
1322.
Samanta AK, Singh KK and Das MM 2008. Effect of
88

complete feed block on dry matter intake and milk

yield in crossbred cows. Indian Vety. J. 85 (7): 749
752.
Samanta AK, Singh KK and Das MM 2008. Effect of
roughage and concentrate ratio on rumen
metabolites and dry matter digestibility. Indian
Vety. J. 85 (7): 795796.
Samanta AK, Singh KK, Das MM and Pailan GH 2008.
Effect of direct fed anaerobic fungal culture on
rumen fermentation, nutrient utilization and live
weight gain in crossbred heifers. Indian J. Anim.
Sci. 78 (10): 11341137.
Samanta AK, Singh KK, Das MM, Pailan GH and Rai
Sonu. 2008. Description of goat rumen anaerobic
fungi and their potentiality as probiotic. Indian Vety.
J. 85 (8): 859863.
Samanta AK, Singh KK, Pailan GH, Das MM and Rai
Sonu 2008. Effect of grass and legume hay on
rumen fungi and microbes in buffalo. Indian Vety.
J. 85 (4): 404407.
Shah NK and Azmi MI 2006. Virulence of
Heterorhahaditis indica to the grubs of Lucerne
weevil, Hypera postica (Coleoptera; Curculinidac).
Indian J. Nematology 36 (2): 285286.
Shiva Dhar, Das SK, Sunil Kumar and Singh JB 2008.
Effect of tillage and soil moisture conservation
practices on crop yield of chickpea (Cicer
arietinum) and soil properties under rainfed
condition. Indian J. Agric. Sci. 78 (12): 10421047.
Shukla AK and Singh D 2008. Genetic variability of
Aonla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn) The Hort.
Journal. 21 (1): 1113.
Singh KA, Sikka AK, and Rai SK 2008. Rainfall
distribution pattern and its implications for crop
planning at Pusa in Bihar. J. Agromet. 10 (2): 198
203.
Singh KK and Das MM 2008. Effect of fibrolytic
enzyme treatment of oat hay on rumen fermentation
and nutrient utilization in goats. Indian Vety. J. 85
(10): 10701072.
Singh KK, Das MM and Samanta AK 2008.
Comparative nutrient utilization and rumen
fermentation in sheep and goats fed roughage based
complete feed blocks. Indian Vety. J. 85 (12): 1292
1295.
Singh KK, Das MM, Samanta AK and Kundu SS 2007.
Comparative growth performance of crossbred
calves fed on complete diet in mash or block form.

Indian J. Anim. Sci. 77: 10211025.

Singh KK, Mishra AK and Maity SB 2007. Effect of
high iron intake on copper and zinc utilization in
sheep. Range Mgmt. & Agroforestry 28: 247248.
Singh KK, Misra AK and Maity SB 2008. Effect of
excess iron in the diet on copper and zinc utilization
in growing lambs. Indian Vety. J. 86 (1): 6668.
Singh S and Gupta A 2008. Feed intake, eating pattern,
nutrients digestibility and rumen metabolites in
sheep and goat fed grass-tree leaves diets. Indian
J. Anim. Sci. 76 (6): 631634.
Singh S and Karnani LK 2008. Nutrients degradation,
gas production kinetics and metabolites production
on fermentation of dietary regimes of
Chryosopogon fulvus with shrubs and tree leaves
in sheep and goat inoculums. Indian J. Anim. Sci.
78 (6): 635641.
Singh S, Kundu SS and Karnani LK 2008. In vitro gas
production, rumen parameters and nutrients
degradability of diets based on Cenchrus ciliaris
grass-shrubs and tree leaves in sheep and goat.
Indian J. Anim. Sci. 78 (4): 410415.
Singh Sultan, Bhatt BV, Katiyar DS, Misra US and
Bhaskar RB 2007. Morphological and nutritional
genetic diversity in hybrid derivatives of multicut
sorghum. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 77: 13071311.
Singh Sultan, Karnani LK, Kundu SS, Maity SB and
Singh NP 2007. Relative intake, nutrients
utilization and rumen metabolites production in
sheep and goat on grass: Albizia lebbeck leaves
dietary regimen. Indian J. Anim. Sci. 77: 400404.
Singh Sultan, Kundu SS and Karnani LK 2007. Effect
of supplementing the Dichanthium annulatum hay
diet with tree leaves on microbial activity in the
rumen of goats. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 16: 124129.
Singh UP, Maity SB, Kumar Anil and Kushwaha BP
2007. Performance of Tharparkar cattle under
organic and inorganic feeding system. Range
Mgmt. & Agroforestry 28: 228229.
Tripathi RK, Tiwari HS and Bhatt RK 2008. Genotypic
differences in growth and biomass production of
selected Stylosanthes species. Indian J. Plant
Physiol. 13 (2): 172176.
Tripathi SB and Rai SK 2008. Soil test based fertilizer
K recommendation to fodder sorghum alone and
intercropped with cowpea. Range Mgmt. &
Agroforestry 29 (1): 4852.

Trivedi S, Mahanta SK and Kundu SS 2007. Evaluation

of commonly used forages for carbohydrate and
protein fractions. Range Mgmt. & Agroforestry 28:
253254.
Trivedi S, Mahanta SK and Kundu SS 2007. Evaluation
of protein rich feed resources with different levels
of tannin for their in vitro utilization. Range Mgmt.
& Agroforestry 28: 233235.
Popular Articles/Newsletters
Das MM, Singh KK and Maity SB 2008. Water for
livestock production. Indian Dairyman 60 (6): 36
39.
Das MM, Singh KK, Maity SB and Pailan GH 2008.
Management of summer stress for milk production
and reproduction in dairy animals. Indian
Dairyman 60 (5, May): 5154.
Das SK and Rai AK 2008. Fly Ash A cheap
amendment for conserving water in Vertisols.
IGFRI Newsletter 14 (2): 5.
Kumar Anil, Rai SK and Maity SB 2008. Managing
miseries of livestock during drought period. Indian
Farming 58 (2): 3740.
Kumar Sunil 2008. Production potential of hortipastoral
system under rainfed situations of semiarid India.
Indian Farming 58 (5): 1013.
Kumar Sunil and Shukla AK 2008. Bench grafting in
custard apple. IGFRI Newsletter 14 (1): 7.
Kumar Sunil and Shukla, AK 2008. Production of
quality aonla planting material through bench
grafting. IGFRI Newsletter 14 (2): 4.
Nag SK 2008. Pesticide use-safety measures. Indian
Farming 58: 1112.
Pathak PK, Dwivedi PN, Sahay CS and Chhavara VD
2008. IGFRI fodder bank to the aid of drought
affected livestock farmers. IGFRI Newsletter 14
(3): 6.
Pathak PS, Chandra A, Bhatt RK and Majumdar AB
2008. Stylosanthes seabrana - a new range legume
with high potential. Indian Farming 2326.
Pushpa P and Biradar N 2008. Typology of livestock
farms of Belgaum district of Karnataka. IGFRI
Newsletter 14 (1): 3.
Rai SK, Pradeep Behari, Singh JB and Agrawal RK
2008. Climate change-rainfall variability in Jhansi.
IGFRI Newsletter 14 (3): 5.
Saxena P, Pandey KK, Bhaskar RB, Shahid A and Tyagi

89

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IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

PUBLICATIONS

PK 2008. Occurrence of wilt and loose smut of

oats. IGFRI Newsletter. 14 (1): 6.
Shukla AK, Shukla Anil K and Dhandar DG 2008.
Converting lesser productive aonla tree into prolific
bearer. Indian Hort. 53 (4): 29.
Singh KK, Das MM, Maity SB and Dwivedi PN 2008.
Be careful of nitrate poisoning in ruminants. Indian
Dairyman. 60 (7): 3133.
Seminar/Symposium/Conferences/Workshop
Papers
International
XXI International Grassland/VIII International
Rangeland Congress held in China, 2008
Chandra A, Bhatt RK, Majumdar AB, Kumar S,
Nagaich D and Kumar K 2008. Identification,
evaluation and molecular characterization of
Stylosanthes seabrana a potential and nutritious
range legume having applicability in India.
Kumar Anil , Trivedi BK, Natarajan S and Biradar N
2008. Private ownership of grazing land in tropical
semi arid tract spurs community action for
sustainable management of grassland. pp 1009.
N Biradar, Sridhar K and Ramesh CR 2008. Marketing
of seeds of stylosanthes- a tropical legume in India.
pp. 1067.
Natarajan S, Trivedi BK, Kumar Anil, Biradar N and
Pathak PS 2008. Role of soil seed bank on
persistency of pastures in tropical grasslands of
Kangayam pp. 621.
Roy MM, Ekambaram B, Dutta KS, Taley SM and
Tripathi P 2008. Productivity of designed
silvopastoral systems in five agro-ecological
regions of India. pp. 211.
Trivedi BK, Kumar Anil, Natrajan S and Biradar N
2008. Grassland-a source for sustenance in south
India. pp 937.
1 st International conference on agrochemicals
protecting crop, health and natural environment.
January 811, 2008, IARI, New Delhi
Inder Dev, Misri Bimal and Radotra Sudesh. 2008.
Improvement of efficacy of glyphosate with or with
out additives for the control of Chromolaena in
the natural grasslands of mid-Himalayan hills.

90

International conference. Novel approaches for food

and health security in high altitudes. Sep. 610.
DRDO, Field Research Laboratory LehLadakh,
2008
Misri Bimal 2008. R& D interventions for sustainable
bio-resources production in Ladakh Himalaya.
2008. pp. 109
Singh KA, Misri BK and Roy MM. 2008. Sustainable
fodder production for livestock in high altitudes.
pp. 29.
Proceedings of 28th Asian Conference on Remote
Sensing, 1014th November 2008, Colombo, Sri
Lanka
Maity S, Rao DVKN, Nair UN and Jacob J 2008.
Distribution of natural rubber cultivation in relation
to soil and landscape attributes in India.
International symposium on Agrometeorology and
food security Feb.1821, 2008, CRIDA, Hyderabad
Behari Pradeep, Rai SK, and Singh JB 2008. Water
use efficiency and crop coefficient of guinea grass+
berseem under organic manuring. pp. 49
Rai SK, Agrawal RK, Pradeep Behari and Singh JB
2008. Rainfall variability and climatic water
balance at different locations for contingent crop
planning in Bundelkhand region of central India.
pp. 178.
Singh JB, Saxena Pradeep, Pandey KC, and Pradeep
Behari 2008 Influence of weather parameters on
zonate leaf spot (Gloeocercospora sorghi)
development on sorghum. pp. 205.
Singh KA, Sikka AK and Rai SK 2008. Trends and
long term annual and decadal variability in
temperature at Pusa, Bihar. pp. 183.
National
Emerging trends in forage research and livestock
production held at Jaisalmer from Feb., 1617,
2009.
Faruqui SA and Sunil Kumar 2009. Scenario of Forage
Crops in India: Success & Challenges. pp. 34.
Pandey KC, Singh JB, Saxena P and Behari P 2008.
Effect of temperature on lucerne weevil (Hypera
postica (Gyllenhal) occurrence in Lucerne.
Saxena P, Singh JB, Pandey KC and Behari P 2008.

Epidemics of zonate leaf spot of sorghum caused

by Gloeocercospora sorghi.
Singh JB, Saxena P, Pandey KC and Behari P 2008.
Effect of environmental factors on development of
anthracnose (Colletotrichum graminicola) on
forage sorghum.
National seminar on the developments in soil
science, GKVK, Bangalore, 2730 November 2008
Das SK, Nag SK, Rai Arvind K and Singh DK 2008.
Studies on Atrazine dissipation and its effect on
soil alkaline monophosphatase activity in fodder
sorghum.
Rai Arvind K, Bhardwaj R, Sureja AK and
Bhattacharyya D 2008. Pine leaves as potential
modifiers of nutrient availability from organic and
inorganic sources of nutrients.
Rao DVKN and Tripathi SB 2008. Statistical and
visualization techniques to understand soils.
National Symposium on Agro forestry Knowledge
for Sustainability, Climate Moderation and
Challenges Ahead held at NRCAF Jhansi,
December, 1517 2008
Das N and Mahanta SK 2008. Livestock production
and agroforestry in semi-arid regions.
Faruqui SA and Sunil Kumar 2008. Status and
challenges in forage production in India. pp. 20
22.
Kumar Ashok, Singh Mahavir, Suman Manju, Sharma
Purshottam and Mallayya 2008. Quantification of
factors influencing milk production of cattle in
Jhansi district of UP. pp. 6162.
Kumar Sunil, Shukla AK and Choubey BK 2008. Fruit
and forage productivity in grownup aonla- based
hortipastoral system under semi-arid condition. pp
144.
Mallayya, Kumar Ashok, Singh Mahavir, Suman
Manju, Sharma Purshottam and Sharma RK 2008.
Farm and livestock income in different agroclimatic zones of U.P. pp. 92.
Pandey KK, Kumari S and Shukla GP 2008. Disease
progression of gray leaf blight in forage Sorghum
(Sorghum bicolar (L.) Moench) in relation to
weather parameters.
Pandey Sadhna, Meena BS, Sharma Purushottam,
Dwivedi RN and Sharma RK 2008. Occupational

health hazards of farm women in relation to

different on farm and off farm operations. pp. 214.
Rajput KA and Suman M 2008. Adoption and dynamics
in farm power and source of information in ricewheat and commercial crops based agro forestry
systems in Indo-gangetic plains. pp. 194195.
Rajput KA and Suman M 2008. Constraints in ricewheat commercial crops in Acacia nilotica trees :
a traditional agro forestry in Indogangetic plains.
pp. 192193.
Ram SN and Kumar Sunil 2008. Effect of legumes
introduction and fertility levels on natural pasture
+ Annona trees.pp 14041.
Roy MM 2008. Silvopasture system and livestock
production.
Roy MM, Ram SN, Pailan G, Khan TA and Kushwaha
D 2008. Assessment of growing Silvopasture
systems for utilizing degraded grazing lands in a
rainfed agro-ecological region of India. pp. 9697.
Sahay G, Malaviya DR and Singh UP 2008. Erect and
compact fodder cowpea Vigna unguiculata L.
(Walp) lines suitable for intercropping in
Bundelkhand region.
Sharma Purushottam, Pandey Sadhna, Meena BS, Khan
TA, Biradar N, Radotra S and Ray AK 2008. Access
of CPRs for various categories of farmers in
different ecosystems. pp. 208.
Shukla AK, Saroj PL, Singh D and Dhandar DG 2008.
Collection and evaluation of genetic variability of
Indian gooseberry. pp. 41.
Singh Mahavir, Kumar Ashok and Suman Manju 2008.
Socio- economic status and adoption of farm
implement. pp. 203204.
Suman Manju, Singh Mahavir, Mallayya, Kumar
Ashok and Ray AK 2008. Gender wise work
distribution and livestock production on tree based
feeding in rural areas of Rajasthan. pp. 204205.
Tripathi SB and Rai AK 2008. Managing soil health
for sustained productivity of agroforestry system.
Sixth Regional Conference of Animal Nutrition
Society of India held at SVVU, Tirupati, October
15, 2008
Mojumdar AB 2008. Newer concepts in conservation
of nutrients from forages and top feed resources.
pp. 6064.

91

PUBLICATIONS

Publications

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

National Symposium on Redefining role of

indigenous animal genetic resources in rural
development held at Bangalore, February 1516,
2008
Kushwaha BP, Maity SB and Singh S 2008.
Conservation of the Bhadawari buffaloes: need of
the hour.
PUBLICATIONS

National Symposium on Livestock genomics in

productivity enhancement for food security held
at Delhi, July 34, 2008

4th World Congress on Conservation Agriculture

held at New Delhi during 47 February, 2009
Ram, SN 2008. Growth and productivity of Guinea
grass and Stylosanthes hamata intercropping
systems as influenced by fertility levels. pp. 133
134.
Roy MM, Kushwaha D, Singh M and Gupta SK 2009.
Participatory identification of fodder species for
improvement of community lands in semiarid
India.

Kushwaha BP, Maity SB, Singh S and Kumar Anil

2008. Conservation and breeding strategies for
Bhadawari buffaloes.

3rd Horticulture Congress, held at (New R&D

initiatives in horticulture for accelerated growth and
prosperity) OUAT, Bhubenaswar 69 November
2008

National seminar on emerging opportunities for

commercialization in dairying. Nov. 67, 2008.
NDRI, Karnal.
Sudesh Radotra, Purshottam Sharma and Inder Dev
2008. A study on dairy production practices in
Kangra valley of Himachal Pradesh. pp. 140

Kumar Sunil, Ram SN and Choubey BK 2008. Effect

of weather on production potential of ber and aonla
under rainfed situation. pp 1176.
Shukla AK and Singh D 2008. Evaluation of Indian
gooseberry genotypes for yield attributing traits.
pp. 70.

National symposium on new paradigms in

agronomic research. Nov. 1920, 2008. Navsari
Agriculture University, Navsari, Gujrat.

National seminar on Behtar Paryavaran Key Liye

Bharatiy Krishi Indian Agriculture Research
Institute, New Delhi, 1617 December,

Dev Inder, Misri B and Radotra S. 2008. Efficacy of

glyphosate with or without additives for control of
lantana in natural grasslands of mid-Himalayan
hills. pp. 365

Singh KA and Kumar Sunil 2008. Paryavaran key Liye

Tikaun Kheti. pp. 3

National seminar on hyperspectral remote sensing

and spectral signature database management
system (HYPERSPEC-2008), 1415 Feb, 2008,
Anamali University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu
Rai SK, Das SK, Baig MJ, and Rai AK 2008. Remote
sensing of canopy dynamics and optimum
reflectance ratio for estimating biochemical content
of fodder sorghum and bajra. pp. 8
National conference on ecofriendly approches in
sustainable agriculture and horticulture production
held at Amity University, Organised by Doctors
Krishi Evam Bagwani Vikas Sansthan Lucknow
from Nov. 2830, 2008.
Shah NK, Saxena P, Azmi MI, Roy S and Tyagi PK
2008. Botanical pest management in berseem and
mustered mixed forage crop production.

92

Technical Bulletins/Book editors

Bhatt RK, Pathak PK, Bahukhandi D, Rai AK, Pandey
KC and Tripathi SB (eds.) 2009. Seed production
technology and quality control standards in fodder
crops. IGFRI, Jhansi.
Biradar N, Sridhar K and Karthigeyan S. (eds.) 2009.
Guidelines for feeding of farm livestock in
peninsular India (Kannada version).
Biradar N, Sridhar K and Karthigeyan S (eds.) 2009.
Manual on forage crops for Peninsular India.
Biradar N, Sridhar K, Karthigeyan S, Rao DVKN and
Roy AK (eds.) 2008. Tryst with destiny Research
initiatives for forage resource development in
peninsular India.
Faruqui SA and Kumar Sunil (eds.) 2008. Forage based
crop sequence: prospects in southern region,
AICRP on Forage Crops, IGFRI Jhansi pp. 20.
Faruqui SA Kumar Sunil and Singh DN (eds.) 2009.
Napier Bajra hybrid: An Excellent Perennial

Fodder, AICRP on Forage Crops, IGFRI Jhansi p.

20.
Misra AK, Mahanta SK and Singh KK 2008. Guidelines
for feeding of farm livestock in peninsular India.
IGFRI, Jhansi.
Roy MM, Khan TA and Singh KA. 2009. NATP
Projects at IGFRI: Achievements and Impact.
IGFRI, Jhansi (in press).
Roy S, Saxena P and Roy MM. 2008. Soil Biodiversity
under Forage Production Systems. IGFRI, Jhansi:
47 pp.
Singh KA, Rai SK and Singh JB 2008. Agro-Climate
of North Bihar, IGFRI, Jhansi p. 133.
Singh S, Singh KK, Das MM, Kumar A and Misra AK
2008. Livestock rearing: An ecological perspective.
IGFRI, Jhansi.
Books Chapter
Bhat BV, Pandey AK, Kumar S, Gupta MG and
Seetharama N 2007. Genetic transformation of
sorghum for reduced dhurrin content. Proc. Nat.
Sym. Pl. Biotech. New Frontiess: pp. 527532.
(eds. Kukreja et. al.) CIMAP, Lucknow (India).
Das MM, Singh KK, Mahanta SK, Kumar Anil and
Misra AK 2009. Estimation of forage degradability
in ruminants by in situ techniques. In: Forage for
Sustainable Livestock Production (eds. N Das, AK
Misra, SB Maity, KK Singh and MM Das). Satish
Serial Publishing House, Delhi, India. pp. 217234.
Das MM, Singh KK, Misra AK, Kumar Anil and
Mahanta SK 2009. Nutritional improvement of
crop residues. In: Forage for Sustainable Livestock
Production (eds. N Das, AK Misra, SB Maity, KK
Singh and MM Das). Satish Serial Publishing
House, Delhi, India. pp. 439456.
Das N 2009. Tree as a source of fodder for livestock in
India. In: Forage for Sustainable Livestock
Production (eds. N Das, AK Misra, SB Maity, KK
Singh and MM Das). Satish Serial Publishing
House, Delhi, India pp. 3350.
Das SK 2008. Soil enzyme activities as an indicator of
rhizospheric changes in soil. In Rhizosphere:
Strategies for Augmenting Soil Fertility and
Productivity (Eds. Shiva Dhar, Manjaiah KM,
Annapurna K and Rai RK), Division of Agronomy,
Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi.
pp. 195207.
Das SK 2009. Soil Health for Forage Production: Soil

Enzyme Activities as Bio-indicators. In: Forage for

Sustainable Livestock Production.(Eds. N Das, AK
Mishra, SB Maity, KK Singh and MM Das), pp.
611620. Satish Serial Pub. House, New Delhi, pp
127142.
Dwivedi PN and Pathak PK 2008. Leaf meal processing
technology and feeding strategies to the livestock.
In: Forage for Sustainable Livestock Production
(eds. N Das, AK Misra, SB Maity, KK Singh and
MM Das). Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi,
India
Faruqui SA and Sunil Kumar 2009. Forage Research
Network in India and its Role in Enhancing Forage
Production (In) Forage for Sustainable Livestock
Production (Eds: N.Das, A.K. Misra, S.B. Maity,
K.K. Singh & M.M. Das), Satish Serial Publishing
House, Azadpur, Delhi-110 033, pp. 1332.
Faruqui, SA and Sunil Kumar 2009. Meeting
Challenges in Forage Production through
Agroforestry in India (In) Agroforestry : Natural
Resource Sustainability, Livelihood & Climate
Moderation (Eds; Chaturvedi OP, Venkatesh A,
Yadav RS, Badre Alam, Dwivedi RP, Singh
Ramesh & Dhyani SK) Satish Serial Publishing
House, Azadpur, Delhi-110 033 pp. 757773.
Jain S, Gupta S, Gupta MG, Bhatt BV and Bhat V 2008.
In vitro plant regeneration and somaclonal variation
in Lucerne (Medicago sativa L.). In Biotechnology
and food security P.C. Trivedi (Ed.). Pointer
Publishers, Jaipur India. pp. 285304.
Kumar Sunil, Ram SN and Shukla AK 2009. Utilization
of degraded lands through hortipastoral system
(Editors N Das, AK Mishra, SB Maity, KK Singh
and M.M. Das). Forage for sustainable livestock
production, Satish Serial Publishing House.403,
Express Tower, Commercial Complex, Azadpur
Delhi 110 033. pp. 599610.
Kundu SS, Mahanta SK and Sirohi SK 2008. Methane
emission from Indian livestock and environment.
In: Environment, Agroforestry and Livestock
Management (eds. Kundu SS, Chaturvedi OP,
Dagar JC and Sirohi SK) International Book
Distributing Co., Lucknow.
Kushwaha BP 2009. Livestock biodiversity in India.
In: Forage for Sustainable Livestock Production
(eds. N Das, AK Misra, SB Maity, KK Singh and
MM Das). Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi,
India pp. 645672.
93

PUBLICATIONS

Publications

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

PUBLICATIONS

Mahanta SK, Das, MM, Singh KK and Das N 2009.

Forage evaluation and animal production under
grazing. In: Forage for Sustainable Livestock
Production (eds. N Das, AK Misra, SB Maity, KK
Singh and MM Das). Satish Serial Publishing
House, Delhi, India pp. 163182.
Mahanta SK, Singh KK, Das MM and Misra AK 2009.
Microbial protein synthesis in ruminants fed
forages. In: Forage for Sustainable Livestock
Production (eds. N Das, AK Misra, SB Maity, KK
Singh and MM Das). Satish Serial Publishing
House, Delhi, India pp. 295320.
Mahanta SK, Singh KK, Das MM, Nag SK and Das N
2009. Secondary metabolites of forage in relation
to animal production. In: Forage for Sustainable
Livestock Production (eds. N Das, AK Misra, SB
Maity, KK Singh and MM Das) Satish Serial
Publishing House, Delhi, India pp. 513534.
Maity SB 2009. Organic forage production:
management and production issues. In: Forage for
Sustainable Livestock Production (eds. N Das, AK
Misra, SB Maity, KK Singh and MM Das). Satish
Serial Publishing House, Delhi, India pp. 427438.
Maity SB and Das N 2009. Use of behavior knowledge
to enhance feed intake in livestock. In: Forage for
Sustainable Livestock Production (eds. N Das, AK
Misra, SB Maity, KK Singh and MM Das). Satish
Serial Publishing House, Delhi, India pp. 339348.
Misra AK, Das MM, Singh KK, Kumar Anil and
Tripathi MK 2009. Plant carbohydrate and protein
fractions as forage quality determinants. In: Forage
for Sustainable Livestock Production (eds. N Das,
AK Misra, SB Maity, KK Singh and MM Das).
Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi, India pp.
183202.
Mojumdar AB 2009. Technologies for quality silage
and hay making from forages. In: Forage for
Sustainable Livestock Production (eds. N Das, AK
Misra, SB Maity, KK Singh and MM Das). Satish
Serial Publishing House, Delhi, India pp. 361376.
Nag SK 2009. Pesticide residue in animal feeds and
fodder and their management for quality livestock
production. In: Forage for Sustainable Livestock
Production (eds. N Das, AK Misra, SB Maity, KK
Singh and MM Das). Satish Serial Publishing
House, Delhi, India pp. 281294.
Nag SK 2009. Recent developments in physicochemical techniques for forage quality
94

determinants. In: Forage for Sustainable Livestock

Production (eds. N Das, AK Misra, SB Maity, KK
Singh and MM Das). Satish Serial Publishing
House, Delhi, India pp. 235254.
Pathak PK and Dwivedi PN 2008. Post harvest
handling of fodder crops in development of a
fodder bank. In: Forage for Sustainable Livestock
Production (eds. N Das, AK Misra, SB Maity, KK
Singh and MM Das). Satish Serial Publishing
House, Delhi, India.
Rai SK, Das SK, Baig MJ and Rai AK 2008. Remote
sensing of canopy dynamics and optimum
reflectance ratio for estimating biochemical content
of fodder sorghum and bajra. In: Hyperspectral
remote sensing and spectral signature database
management system (eds. Rajendran S, Aravindan
S and Rajkumar TJ), Anamali University,
Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu. pp. 93110.
Roy MM 2008. Silvipasture systems for livestock
production. In: Nutritional Strategies for
Sustainable and Green Livestock Production (eds.
Bhat R, Chaturvedi VB, Verma AK, Singh P and
Sharma K). IVRI, Izatnagar. pp. 4446.
Roy MM 2009. Rangelands and their improvement
strategies. In: Forage for Sustainable Livestock
Production (eds. N Das, AK Misra, SB Maity, KK
Singh and MM Das). Satish Serial Publishing
House, Delhi, India. pp. 571584.
Roy MM 2009. Silvipastoral systems for sustainability
and increased productivity. In: Watershed
management through alternate land use systems
(eds Chaturvedi OP, Venkatesh A, Singh R,
Dwivedi RP, Ajit, Handa AK and Dhyani SK).
NRCAF, Jhansi. pp. 7377.
Roy S and Saxena P 2009. Insect and Pathogen
infestation: Impact on forage yield and quality. In:
Forage for Sustainable Livestock Production (eds.
N Das, AK Misra, SB Maity, KK Singh and MM
Das). Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi, India.
pp. 265280.
Roy S, Saxena P and Roy MM 2008. Soil Biodiversity
and Forage production systems. IGFRI, Jhansi.
p. 36.
Sharma Purushottam 2009. Livestock management in
watershed. In: Watershed management through
alternate land use system. (eds. OP Chaturvedi, A
Venktesh, Ramesh Singh, RP Dwivedi, Ajit, AK
Handa and SK Dhyani) NRCAF, Jhansi. pp. 9099

Shukla AK and Kumar Sunil 2009. Scope of value

addition in Agri-Horticulture. (eds. OP Chaturvedi
etal) Agroforestry Natural resource sustainability,
livelihood and climate moderation Satish
Publishing Co. New Delhi pp.349358.
Shukla GP 2009. Varietal Improvements in Forage
Crops. In: Forage for Sustainable Livestock
Production (eds. N Das, AK Misra, SB Maity, KK
Singh and MM Das). Satish Serial Publishing
House, Delhi, India pp. 8597.
Singh JB and Pradeep Behari 2008. Role of weather
based Agro advisory services in decision making
for forage and livestock production. In: Forage for
Sustainable Livestock Production (eds. N Das, AK
Misra, SB Maity, KK Singh and MM Das). Satish
Serial Publishing House, Delhi, India pp. 611620.
Singh JP, Dwivedi PN, Ekka NS, Agarwal RK and
Radotra S. Use of Remote Sensing in Assessing
Forage Resource availability. Eds. N. Das, A K
Mishra, SB Maity, KK Singh and MM Das. Forage
for Sustainable Livestock Production. pp. 5166.
Satish Serial Publishing House Commercial
complex, Azadpur, Delhi-110 033.
Singh JP, Dwivedi PN, Ekka NS, Agrawal RK and
Radotra S 2008. Use of remote sensing is assessing
forage resources availability. In: Forage for
Sustainable Livestock Production (eds. N Das, AK
Misra, SB Maity, KK Singh and MM Das). Satish
Serial Publishing House, Delhi, India pp. 5167.
Singh KA, Misri BK and Roy MM 2009. Sustained
fodder production for livestock in high altitude
regions of India. In: Advances in Agriculture,
Environment and Health (eds. Singh SB, Chaurasia
P, Yadav A, Rimando AM and Terrill TH). Satish
Serial Publishing House, New Delhi. pp. 373383.
Singh KK, Das MM, Mahanta SK, Kumar Anil and
Misra AK 2009. Practical aspects of mineral
nutrition in livestock. In: Forage for Sustainable
Livestock Production (eds. N Das, AK Misra, SB
Maity, KK Singh and MM Das). Satish Serial
Publishing House, Delhi, India pp. 391406.
Singh KK, Mahanta SK, Das MM, Kumar, Anil 2009.
Analytical techniques for determination of mineral
in feed and forages. In: Forage for Sustainable
Livestock Production (eds. N Das, AK Misra, SB
Maity, KK Singh and MM Das). Satish Serial
Publishing House, Delhi, India pp. 157162.
Singh S 2009. Gas production techniques for forage

evaluation. In: Forage for Sustainable Livestock

Production (eds. N Das, AK Misra, SB Maity, KK
Singh and MM Das). Satish Serial Publishing
House, Delhi, India pp. 255264.
Singh S 2009. In vitro techniques for measurement of
forage digestibility. In: Forage for Sustainable
Livestock Production (eds. N Das, AK Misra, SB
Maity, KK Singh and MM Das). Satish Serial
Publishing House, Delhi, India pp. 203216.
Sunil Kumar 2009. Potential forage production systems
for different agro-climatic situation of India In:
Forage for Sustainable Livestock Production (eds.
N Das, AK Misra, SB Maity, KK Singh and MM
Das). Satish Serial Publishing House, Delhi, India
pp. 143156.
Tripathi SB 2008. Forage production strategies for
problematic soils. In: Forage for Sustainable
Livestock Production (eds. N Das, AK Misra, SB
Maity, KK Singh and MM Das). Satish Serial
Publishing House, Delhi, India pp. 115126.
Pamphlets (Kannada language)
1. Lucerne- uses and agronomic practices
2. Brachiaria for rainfed farming
3. Hybrid Napier for year round green fodder
production
4. Guinea- king of grasses
5. Stylosanthes-useful legume for rainfed conditions
Organization of National Group Meet
National Group Meet, AICRP on Forage Crops, Rabi
200809, ANGRAU, Hyderabad, September, 12
14, 2008
National Group Meet, AICRP on Forage Crops, Kharif
2009, AAU, Anand, April, 0509, 2009.
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95

PUBLICATIONS

Publications

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

PUBLICATIONS

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96

14
Distinguished Visitors
Sh. Hariom Upadhyay
State Minister
Uttar Pradesh
Dr Gautam Kalloo
Vice Chancellor
JNKVV
Jabalpur
Dr S. Ayappan
DDG (Fisheries)
ICAR, New Delhi
Dr A.K. Srivastava
Director
NDRI Karnal
Dr M. Mahadevappa
Ex-Chairman
ASRB
New Delhi
Dr N.K. Tyagi
Member
ASRB, New Delhi
Dr S.D. Rai
Ex-ADG
ICAR, New Delhi
Dr S.N. Shukla
ADG
ICAR, New Delhi
Dr Arun Varma
Ex-ADG
ICAR, New Delhi
Prof. R.M. Singh
Professor Emeritus and Chairman
(RAC)
BHU, Varanasi

Dr Jay Varshney
Director
NRC Weed Science
Jabalpur

Dr J.K. Singh
Principal Scientist
IARI
New Delhi

Dr S.A. Karim
Director
CS&WRI
Avikanagar

Dr K.S. Ramachandra
Principal Scientist
Bangalore

Dr A. Subbarao
Director
IISS
Bhopal
Dr M. Bhattacharya
Director
NRC on Yak
Dirang
Arunachal Pradesh
Dr H.S. Nainawatti
Member (QRT)
Udaipur

Dr S.N. Zadoo
Ex-Head
IGFRI, Jhansi
Dr R.N. Choubey
Ex-Head
IGFRI, Jhansi
Er. A.P. Singh
Chief Engineer
CPWD, Bhopal
Dr B. Kumar
Head (Ag. Extension)
GBPUA&T
Pantnagar

Dr M.K. Ghosh
Director
NRC on Yak
Dirang
Arunachal Pradesh

Dr Mahendra Pal Singh

Retd. Head
IARI
New Delhi

Dr K.R. Solanki
Ex-ADG
ICAR, New Delhi

Dr S.R. Bhriguvanshi
Principal Scientist
CISH, Lucknow

Dr P.S. Pathak
Ex-Director
IGFRI, Jhansi

Dr B.N. Choudhary
Ex-ADG
ICAR, New Delhi

Dr S.K. Rautray
Project Coordinator
CIAE, Bhopal

Dr M.N. Lal
NDUA&T
Faizabad
97

IGFRI Annual Report

Dr K.K.Vass
CIFRI, Barrackpore

20082009
Dr Manikandan
NAARM
Hyderabad

Dr V.K. Reddy
Director (HRD)
MANAGE, Hyderabad

Sh. Ashok Kumar

DIG, UP State

DISTINGUISHED VISITORS

Dr V.S. Upadhyay
Principal Scientist
ICAR, New Delhi
Dr A.K. Mandal
TFRI, Jabalpur
Dr O.P. Agnihotri
Consultant MANAGE
Lucknow
Dr V.K. Singh
Director, Extension
CSAU, Kanpur
Dr B.P.S. Yadav
Head and FIMP
ICAR-RC-ER, Patna
Dr K.G. Tejwani
Ex-Director
Dehradun
Dr R.M. Singh
Principal Scientist
CICFRI, Allahabad

Sh. Sharma Puran

IMC member

Dr C.V.R.S. Vijaykumar
Associate Professor
IIFM
Bhopal

Dr M. Thirunavnkkarasu
Madras Vet. College
Chennai

Dr V.M. Sankaran
Madras Vet. College
Chennai

Dr Rajendra Prasad
National Fellow
IASRI
New Delhi

Mr D.K. Vaish
Scientific Officer
UPCAR, Lucknow

Sh. Jagbir Singh

National Facilitator (MANAGE)
Hyderabad

Dr K.S. Dadhwal
Head
CSWCR&TI
Dehradun

Dr J.P. Tiwari
Consultant (NIWS)
NRC for Weed Science
Jabalpur

Dr A.P. Purandare
National Facilitator
MANAGE
Hyderabad

Dr R.V.S. Rao
NAARM
Hyderabad

Prof. I.D. Tyagi

Ex-Head
CSUA&T
Kanpur

Dr Dharmendra Kumar
Asstt. Director CSTT
Minstry of HRD
New Delhi

Dr G.S. Kaushal
Director (Ag)
Madhya Pradesh

Dr K.N. Krishnakumar
Professor
IIFM
Bhopal

Dr A.K. Misra
Member (RAC)
New Delhi

Dr V.K. Mishra
Professor
CAUCHF
Arunachal Pradesh

Dr H.N. Pandey
Head, IARI, Regional Station
Indore

Dr K. Sai Maheshwari
Course Coordinator (MANAGE)
Hyderabad

Martin Bralul
World Fish Centre
Malaysia
Sh. Suresh Chandra
Chief Forest Conserv.
Lucknow
Dr Surendra Singh
PC(FIM)
CIAE
Bhopal

98

15
List of Personnel at IGFRI
Director
Dr KA Singh

Ph.D. (Agronomy)

Scientific
Division of Crop Improvement
Dr G.P Shukla

Principal Scientist (Plant Breeding) and Head

Dr MG Gupta
Dr MI Azmi
Dr N Hasan
Dr UP Singh
Dr DR Malaviya
Dr Amaresh Chandra
Dr Pradeep Saxena
Dr NK Shah
Dr Sharmila Roy
Dr Pankaj Kaushal
Dr AK Singh
Dr S Ahmed
Shri Suresh Kumar
Shri RB Bhaskar
Mrs Geetanjali Sahay

Principal Scientist (Genetics & Cytogenetics)

Principal Scientist (Nematology)
Principal Scientist (Nematology)
Principal Scientist (Economic Botany)
Principal Scientist (Plant Breeding)
Principal Scientist (Biochemistry)
Principal Scientist (Plant Pathology)
Sr. Scientist (Entomology)
Sr. Scientist (Entomology)
Sr. Scientist (Genetics and Cytogenetics)
Sr. Scientist (Plant Breeding)
Sr. Scientist (Plant Breeding)
Sr. Scientist (Biotechnology)
Scientist SG (Plant Pathology)
Scientist Sr. Scale (Genetics and Cytogenetics)

upto 14.01.2009

upto 20.12.2008

Division of Crop Production

Dr SB Tripathi
Dr SN Tripathi
Shri OPS Panwar
Shri RN Dwivedi
Dr RK Agrawal
Dr JB Singh
Dr SK Das
Dr SK Rai
Dr DVKN Rao
Dr AK Rai
Dr AK Dixit
Shri Pradeep Behari

Principal Scientist (Soil Science) and Head

Principal Scientist (Agronomy)
Principal Scientist (Soil Science)
Principal Scientist (Agronomy)
Sr. Scientist (Agronomy)
Sr. Scientist (Ag. Meteorology)
Sr. Scientist (Ag. Chemistry)
Sr. Scientist (Ag. Meteorology)
Sr. Scientist (Soil Science)
Sr. Scientist (Soil Science)
Sr. Scientist (Agronomy)
Scientist SG (Ag. Meteorology)

upto 31.01.2009
upto 31.05.2008

w.e.f 18.12.2008

99

IGFRI Annual Report

20082009

Division of Grassland and Silvopasture Management

LIST OF PERSONNELS AT IGFRI

Dr AK Roy
Dr BK Trivedi
Dr MM Roy
Dr JN Gupta
Dr SK Gupta
Dr JP Singh
Dr Shiv Nath Ram
Dr Sunil Kumar
Dr TA Khan
Dr AK Shukla
Shri Nur Salim Ekka

Principal Scientist (Genetics) and Head

Principal Scientist (Economic Botany)
Principal Scientist (Economic Botany)
Principal Scientist (Economic Botany)
Sr. Scientist (Economic Botany)
Sr. Scientist (Geography)
Sr. Scientist (Agronomy)
Sr. Scientist (Horticulture)
Sr. Scientist (Statistics)
Sr. Scientist (Horticulture)
Scientist (Geography)

upto 30.04.2008

upto 30.08.2008

Division of Plant Animal Relationship

Dr Nityanand Das
Dr AB Mojumdar
Dr BK Bhadoria
Dr AK Misra
Dr SB Maity
Dr KK Singh
Dr MM Das
Dr Sultan Singh
Dr SK Mahanta
Dr SK Nag
Dr Anil Kumar
Shri LK Karnani

Principal Scientist (Animal Nutrition) and Head

Principal Scientist (Bio-chemistry)
Principal Scientist (Organic Chemistry)
Principal Scientist (Animal Nutrition)
Sr. Scientist (LPM)
Sr. Scientist (Animal Nutrition)
Sr. Scientist (Animal Nutrition)
Sr. Scientist (Animal Nutrition)
Sr. Scientist (Animal Nutrition)
Sr. Scientist (Agricultural Chemistry)
Sr. Scientist (LPM)
Scientist SG (Agricultural Chemistry)

upto 31.07.2008

Division of Seed Technology

Dr DR Malaviya
Shri KC Pandey
Dr RK Bhatt
Dr SM Mishra
Shri Ram Asrey Singh
Dr D Bahukhandi

Principal Scientist (Plant Breeding) and Head

Principal Scientist (Entomology)
Principal Scientist (Plant Physiology)
Principal Scientist (Soil Science)
Sr. Scientist (Agril. Economics)
Sr. Scientist (Plant Pathology)

w.e.f 15.01.2009

w.e.f. 30.06.2008

Division of Farm Machinery and Post Harvest Technology

Dr PK Pathak
Dr PN Dwivedi
Shri CS Sahay

Sr. Scientist (Ag. Strucl. and Proc. Engg.)

Sr. Scientist (Animal Nutrition)
Scientist Sr. Scale (FMP)

Division of Social Science

Dr AK Ray
Dr BL Suman
Dr Maharaj Singh
Dr Mallayya
Dr (Mrs) Manju Suman
Dr Purushottam Sharma
Shri Mahavir Singh
100

Head
Principal Scientist (Agronomy)
Principal Scientist (Ag. Extension)
Principal Scientist (Ag. Economics)
Sr. Scientist (Ag. Extension)
Sr. Scientist (LPM)
Scientist SG (Ag. Extension)

upto 02.03.2009

List of Personnels at IGFRI

Scientist SG (Ag. Statistics)

Scientist Sr. Scale (Home Science)
Scientist Sr. Scale (Ag. Extension)

upto 21.08.2008

AICRP (Forage Crops), Coordinating Unit

Dr SA Faruqui

Principal Scientist (Entomology) and PC

Dr DN Singh
Dr Sunil Kumar

Principal Scientist (Plant Breeding)

Sr. Scientist (Agronomy)

Regional Research Station, Avikanagar (Rajasthan)

Dr RK Jain
Shri RP Nagar

Principal Scientist (Nematology) and Officer-in-Charge

Sr. Scientist (Seed Technology)

Regional Research Station, Dharwad (Karnataka)

Dr (Mrs) N Biradar
Dr K Sridhar
Dr S Karthigeyan

Sr. Scientist (Agricultural Extension) and Officer-in-Charge

Sr. Scientist (Plant Breeding)
Sr. Scientist (Plant Breeding)

Regional Research Station, Palampur (H.P.)

Dr BK Misri
Dr S Radotra
Dr Inder Dev

Principal Scientist (Economic Botany) and Officer-in-Charge

Sr. Scientist (LPM)
Sr. Scientist (Agronomy)

Technical
Shri AK Srivastava
Dr RK Verma
Dr MS Sharma
Shri GR Deshmukh
Shri SK Rajpali
Shri CP Gupta
Shri GP Nigam
Shri ON Arya
Shri PK Karpe
Shri Gyasi Lal
Dr Raj Kumar Sharma
Shri P. K. Dwivedi
Shri Shree Ram Sikanya
Shri DK Bhutani
Dr RS Parihar
Shri RP Yadava
Dr Sunil Gupta
Shri PK Tyagi
Dr Anil K Srivastava
Mrs Seema Khatri
Shri AK Saxena
Shri OP Singh
Shri RD Rai

TO (T-9)
VO (T-9)
FM (T-9)
TO (T-9)
TO (T-7/8)
TO (T-7/8)
TO (T-7/8)
TO (T-7/8)
TO (T-7/8)
TO (T-7/8)
TO (T-7/8)
TO (T-7/8)
TO (T-6)
TO (T-6)
TO (T-6)
TO (T-6)
TO (T-6)
TO (T-6)
TO (T-6)
TO (T-6)
TO (T-6)
TO (T-6)
TO (T-6)

upto30.06.08

101

LIST OF PERSONNELS AT IGFRI

Shri Ashok Kumar

Dr (Mrs) Sadhna Pandey
Dr BS Meena

IGFRI Annual Report

LIST OF PERSONNELS AT IGFRI

Shri VD Chhabra
Shri Kanhai Singh
Shri SC Richharia
Shri JL Singh
Shri LN Singh
Shri Indra Pal Singh
Mrs Sandhya Bhargawa
Shri KP Rao
Shri RB Bhondele
Shri SD Singh
Shri BK Pandurangaiah
Shri Malkeet Singh
Shri Narain Das
Shri Teerath Raj
Shri VK Tambey
Shri CP Singh
Shri NK Tripathi
Shri SM Singh
Shri KL Meena
Shri Rajesh K Singh
Dr DK Singh
Sri. Anand Kumar
Dr AK Pandey
Shri JP Upadhyaya
Shri Sri Dayal
Shri Ram Asrey
Shri Jahar Singh
Shri MK Dubey
Shri HK Agarwal
Shri SA Viswakarma
Shri Pooran Lal

20082009

TO (T-6)
TO (T-6)
TO (T-6)
TO (T-6)
TO (T-6)
TO (T-5)
TO (T-5)
TO (T-5)
TO (T-5)
TO (T-5)
TO (T-5)
TO (T-5)
TO (T-5)
TO (T-5)
TO (T-5)
TO (T-5)
TO (T-5)
TO (T-5)
TO (T-5)
TO (T-5)
TO (T-5)
TO (T-5)
TO (T-5)
TO (T-5)
TO (T-5)
TO (T-5)
TO (T-5)
TO (T-5)
TO (T-5)
TO (T-5)
TO (T-5)

upto 28.2.09

upto31.10.08
upto31.05.08
upto31.01.09
upto30.08.08

upto31.12.08

upto31.07.08
upto30.11.08

Administrative
Shri Sanjay Bokolia
Shri Vishwa Ranjan
Shri AV Joseph
Shri Hans Raj Sharma
Shri AN Nimje
Shri Mannoo Lal
Shri MGS Pillai
Shri Om Prakash
Shri PB Nair
Shri Sriansh K Dwivedi
Shri Keshav Dev
Shri Rajshekharan
Shri Matadin Verma
Smt Kanti Sharma
Shri BS Saggu

Senior Administrative Officer

Senior Administrative Officer
Senior Finance and Accounts Officer
Asstt. FAO
Asstt. Adm. Officer
Asstt. Adm. Officer
Asstt. Adm. Officer
Asstt. Adm. Officer
Sr. PS
PS
Asstt. Director (Rajbhasha)
Asstt. Adm. Officer
Asstt. Adm. Officer
Asstt. Adm. Officer
Asstt. Adm. Officer

upto 15.04.08
w.e.f. 11.04.08

upto 01.11.2008
upto 31.07.2008
upto 31.12.2008

w.e.f.
w.e.f.
w.e.f.
w.e.f.

29.03.2008
09.01.2009
09.01.2009
12.09.2008

102

Acronyms
(F)
(G)
AAU
ADF
ADL
AICRP

:
:
:
:
:
:

ANGRAU

ARS
AVT
B:C
BAIF

:
:
:
:

BAU
BCKV

:
:

CAZRI

CCS HAU

Chl
CP
CPY
CSIR

:
:
:
:

CSK HPKV

DAP
DAS
DBT
DCP
DDT

:
:
:
:
:

DM
DMD
DMI

:
:
:

Forage
Grain
Assam Agricultural University
Acid Detergent Fibre
Acid Detergent Lignin
All India Coordinated
Research Project
Acharya N. G. Ranga
Agricultural University
Agricultural Research Station
Advance Varietal Trial
Benfit:Cost
Bhartiya Agro-Industry
Foundation
Birsa Agricultural University
Bidhan Chand Krishi
Vishwavidyalaya
Central Arid Zone Research
Institute
Choudhary Charan Singh
Haryana Agricultural
University
Chlorophyll
Crude protein
Crude protein yield
Council of Scientific and
Industrial Research
CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi
Vishwavidyalaya
Diammonium Phosphate
Days After Sowing
Department of Biotechnology
Digestible Crude Protein
Dichloro diphenyl
trichloroethane
Dry Matter
Dry Matter Digestibility
Dry Matter Intake

DMY
DUS
Fw
FYM
GAU
GBPUAT
GFY
HCH
IARI
IC
ICRISAT
INM
IPM
IVDMD
IVT
JNKVV
KAU
MPKV
NAARM

NBPGR
NDF
NDUAT
OM
OUAT
PAU

: Dry Matter Yield

: Distinctness Uniformity and
Stability
: Fresh Weight
: Farm Yard Manure
: Gujrat Agricultural University
: G.B.Pant University of
Agricultural and Technology
: Green Fodder Yield
: Hexachloro cyclophexane
: Indian Agricultural Research
Institute
: Indigenous Collection
: International Crop Research
Institute for Semi Arid Tropics
: Integrated Nutrient
Management
: Integrated Pest Management
: In-vitro Dry Matter
Digestibility
: Initial Varietal Trial
: Jawahar Lal Nehru Krishi
Vishwavidyalaya
: Kerala Agricultural University
: Mahatma Phule Krishi
Viyapeeth
: National Academy of
Agricultural Research and
Management
: National Bureau of Plant
Genetic Resources
: Neutral Detergent Fibre
: Narendra Dev University of
Agricultural and Technology
: Organic Matter
: Orissa University of
Agricultural and Technology
: Punjab Agricultural University
103

IGFRI Annual Report

PTO
QTL
RAPD
RAU
RDF
ACRONYMS

RH
RLI
RRS
SLA
SLW
SNF

20082009

: Power Take Off

: Quantative Trait Loci
: Random Amplified
Polymorphic DNA
: Rajendra Agricultural
University
: Recommended Dose of
Fertilizer
: Relative Humidity
: Root Lession Index
: Regional Research Station
: Specific Leaf Area
: Specific Leaf Weight
: Solid Not Fat

104

SSP
SSR
TDM
TDN
TDNI
TNAU
UAS
USDA
VAM

:
:
:
:
:
:

Single Super Phosphate

Simple Sequence Repeat
Total Dry Matter
Total Digestible Nutrient
TDN Intake
Tamil Nadu Agricultural
University
: University of Agricultural
Sciences
: United State Department of
Agriculture
: Vesicular Arbuscular
Mycorrhiza