Electrical Power and Energy Systems 44 (2013) 764777

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Electrical Power and Energy Systems

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijepes

Classication of disturbances in hybrid DG system using modular PNN and SVM

Soumya R. Mohanty a, Prakash K. Ray b, Nand Kishor a,, B.K. Panigrahi c
a

Electrical Engineering Department, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department, International Institute of Information Technology, Bhubaneswar, India
c
Electrical Engineering Department, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
b

a r t i c l e

i n f o

Article history:
Received 18 April 2012
Received in revised form 3 August 2012
Accepted 9 August 2012
Available online 26 September 2012
Keywords:
Detection
Classication
Power quality
Probabilistic neural network
S-transform
Support vector machines

a b s t r a c t
This paper presents the classication of islanding and power quality (PQ) disturbances in grid-connected
distributed generation (DG) based hybrid power system. The penetration of DG inuences the PQ levels in
the distribution networks. Islanding disturbances are separated out from the PQ disturbances based on the
selection of suitable threshold value, at the initial stage of classication process. Further, the power quality disturbances are automatically classied into distinct classes based on feature extraction using Stransform followed by training of two classiers, namely, modular probabilistic neural network (MPNN)
and support vector machines (SVMs). Five different types of disturbances are considered for the classication problem. The study reveals that S-transform (ST) in association with MPNN and SVM can effectively
detect and classify islanding and PQ disturbances. The proposed methodology uses features instead of real
data set and thereby reduces the data size to classify disturbance signal without losing its original property. The accuracy and reliability of proposed classier is also tested on signals contaminated with noise
and PQ disturbances caused due to wind speed variation on an experimental prototype set-up.
2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The fast growing industrialization, liberalization and deregulation of electricity market, green-house effect along with possible
shortage of fossil fuels for conventional power generating plants,
lead to nd an alternative power generation from renewable resources. Therefore, the research and technology for alternative energy resources like wind, photovoltaic, and fuel cell are developing
very fast to make them more consumer friendly. With integration
of these sources in the form of distributed generation (DG) into the
existing grid, the system will be reliable and robust as far as power
management is concerned along with reduction of environmental
pollutions. But on other hand, unpredictable characteristics of
wind speed and solar radiations lead to unreliable performance
of wind energy conversion systems and photovoltaic in grid-connected/isolated mode of electric supply [1]. As such, these resources may be integrated along with some energy storing
devices like battery energy, ywheel energy systems, and ultracapacitors for isolated hybrid system or connected to the power grid
to enhance the quality and reliability of power supply [26].
An increase in DG penetration due to its inherent characteristic;
network topology and operation characteristic bring un-favorable
Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 532 2271411.
E-mail addresses: soumyaigit@gmail.com (S.R. Mohanty), pkrayiiit@gmail.com
(P.K. Ray), nand_research@yahoo.co.in (N. Kishor), bkpanigrahi@ee.iitd.ac.in (B.K.
Panigrahi).
0142-0615/$ - see front matter 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijepes.2012.08.020

factors inuencing power quality (PQ) of the distribution networks.

Since DG can reduce or improve the PQ levels, different aspects
should be taken into account. In particular, large current variations
during DG connection or disconnection can lead to signicant voltage transients. The cyclic variation of DG power output can cause
voltage uctuations. The changes of DG active and reactive power
can lead to long-duration voltage variations. In addition, DG can
introduce a number of unusual effects, such as bi-directional
power ows and an increase of fault current levels. An increase value of fault currents modies the voltage sag characteristics. Also,
the waveform distortion levels are inuenced in a different way
with respect to conventional power system according to the type
of DG connection to the grid; direct connection or by power electronic interfaces. Inverters associated with DG, such as photo-voltaic (PV) systems, carry inherent characteristics of creating PQ
disturbances. Integration of solar PV and wind generation resources to the utility grid raises serious concerns towards PQ problems. The output of solar PV system experience PQ problems not
only due to solar irradiation/partial cloud, but also due to incorporation of inverter, lter, controlling mechanism, etc. which leads to
remarkable degradation in its reliability and performance. The
installation of large PVDG units feeding into the medium voltage
networks or the signicant penetration of small PVDG units connected to the low voltage networks can be the source of PQ problems similar to those produced by disturbing loads. Similarly, such
problem arises in wind energy based power system due to variation in wind speed.

S.R. Mohanty et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 44 (2013) 764777

As a consequence, power quality disturbances like voltage sag,

swell, notch, momentary interruption, and transients create various operational problems such as malfunctions of protective devices, failure of electrical equipments, instabilities and so on
[7,8]. Usually, sag/swells in voltage signal are caused due to starting/rejection of large non-linear loads such as induction motors
and transformers. Solid-state switching and power electronic driven devices cause harmonic distortion and notch in the voltage
and current signals. Furthermore, sudden switching of linear or
non-linear load and power supply causes momentary interruption
in the voltage signal at the point of common coupling (PCC).
In addition to PQ related issues, another important issue in DG
based hybrid system is islanding event which occurs when a section of the utility grid is disconnected but the independent DGs
continue to energize the local load in the isolated section. Its
behavior is unpredictable due to the power mismatch between
the load and generation and the lack of voltage and frequency control. The existing grid codes and practice require that DG must discontinue to feed into circuits that have been islanded from the
main grid and that the DG units have to be disconnected by antiislanding relays before re-closing. It also has been recognized that
existing standards often do not deliver consistent policy among
network operators or consensus with their customers, developers
and operators of distributed generation.
In this context, anti-islanding remains a challenge in operation
of renewable based DG system connected to grid. The major issue
in the islanding event and control schemes is the protection coordination of distributed system with bidirectional ow of fault current, unlike the conventional over-current protection for radial
systems. Therefore, these problems need to be effectively detected
and classied for reliable operation, control and protection of the
power system. In fact, islanding events have different characteristics and effect as compared to PQ disturbances. Thus, these should
be separated out as a different class in the initial stage of classication process. And then, the PQ disturbances should be further
sub-classied automatically using suitable pattern recognition/
classication techniques. Hence, islanding event should not be
mis-interpreted and mis-classied with the PQ disturbances. Based
on type of disturbance, proper mitigation technique is to be applied to protect the hybrid DG system. The important steps in
detection and classication of PQ disturbances involve signal preprocessing, feature extraction followed by classication.
A comprehensive research works are reported in literatures
where detection and classication problem of PQ disturbances in
conventional power system is discussed. But, few research works
are reported in view of these problems in DG hybrid system. Various active and passive methods are available in literature for
islanding detection. The approach based on voltage unbalance
and total harmonic distortion of current [9], injection of negative
sequence current [10], active frequency drifting methods [11] are
reported in literature. However, the selection of most signicant
parameter is a challenging task which may affect the islanding
detection process. Therefore, wavelet transform (WT) can be used
to detect and localize the non-stationary signals in time and frequency format [1216]. Similarly, detection and classication of
PQ disturbances using wavelet transform [12] and hybrid techniques using WT and articial neural network (ANN) is presented
in [1519]. With feature extracted through wavelet transform
and trained by ANN, PQ disturbances are classied automatically
[1517]. But the main disadvantage of WT is its inability to detect
the disturbances under the presence of noise in the voltage/current
signal at PCC [20]. As a result, modied wavelet transform in the
form of S-transform [20,21] can be used for detection of both islanding and PQ disturbances. The S-transform is an extension of the
wavelet transform with a phase correction and thus can provide
signicant improvement in detection of PQ disturbances. The ST

765

has an advantage of providing multi-resolution while retaining

the absolute phase of each frequency component. Its superior
properties are due to the fact that the modulating sinusoids are
xed with respect to the time axis while the localizing scalable
Gaussian window dilates and translates [2226]. Enhanced by such
an approach, it is anticipated that any abrupt change occurred in
the acquired signal would be effectively caught, hence increasing
the reliability of detection of islanding and PQ disturbances. In this
context, ST gives important information about the disturbances for
detection and classications even under different noisy scenarios
[22,23]. Also, a rule based technique using the S-transform and
the Kalman lter is used to classify the disturbances [24]. As this
technique is implemented in three stages, the computational burden is increased. Moreover, it may be difcult to classify the disturbances using rule based algorithm, when the type of disturbances
are increased.
As discussed earlier in the literature, the feature extraction is
indispensable for enhanced classication accuracy. The following
paragraph highlights the contribution of the research work presented in this paper. Ten statistical features such as standard deviation, energy, mean, skewness and kurtosis are extracted using Stransform and subsequently fed to modular probabilistic neural
network (MPNN) [27] and support vector machine (SVM) [28
31] to accomplish automatic classication objective. Articial neural networks with classical learning show some limitations like;
the error function to be minimized is multimodal with many local
minima, where the learning process may get trapped. And the
learning algorithm is unable to control the complexity of the architecture of ANNs; therefore, the chosen architecture determines the
generalization abilities. Therefore, to eliminate these limitations,
the merits of MPNN and SVM classiers are exploited for classifying the disturbances. Probabilistic neural network (PNN) provides a
faster and convergent optimal solution [27]. Further, PNN with
modular concept is exploited for classication objective. On the
other hand, SVM gives single, optimum and automatic sparse solution by minimizing the generalization and training error. The
parameters of SVM are selected through cross validation so that
highest accuracy for classication is obtained [28]. Further, the variation of environmental characteristics; solar radiation in PV system and wind speed in wind generation system is said to have a
remarkable impact on detection and classication of islanding
and PQ disturbances [32]. In this context, islanding and PQ disturbances are created in experimental prototype wind energy conversion system with variation of wind speed as well as for hybrid DG
system in MATLAB/SIMULINK with variation in wind speed/solar
radiation/load demand. First, islanding event and PQ disturbances
are detected by WT and ST techniques with selection of suitable
threshold value. Then hybrid technique, i.e. feature extraction
through S-transform followed by training through MPNN and
SVM is used to separate islanding event as special disturbance. Further the PQ disturbances are sub-classied into its different forms.
From the result analysis, the hybrid technique is observed to show
improved accuracy in classication because of the advantage of ST
over WT in feature extraction even under noisy scenario as well as
due to the superiority in training by PNN with modularity and SVM
as comparison to the conventional ANNs and PNN.
This paper is organized as follows: DG based hybrid power system conguration is introduced in Section 2, detection and classication approach is given in Section 3, followed by discussion on
separation of islanding event and PQ disturbances in Section 4.
The feature extraction is explained in Section 5 followed by the
classication strategies using MPNN and SVM in Sections 6 and 7
respectively. In addition to simulation based classication, the
study is further extended to signals retrieved from experimental
set-up in Section 8 followed by classication of PQ disturbance;
swell with presence of harmonics for hybrid DG system in

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S.R. Mohanty et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 44 (2013) 764777

Module-N O/P

Input weights

Input set of feature data

Alternative energy resources, such as solar energy, wind energy,

and fuel cell have attracted energy sectors to generate power on a
large scale. But, the intermittency characteristics of these resources
largely affect the quality of power supply. Fortunately, the problems can be partially overcome by integrating these resources to
form a hybrid power system, using the merits of one source to
overcome the limitations of the other. The hybrid power system
may be operated as isolated system or grid connected to share
the excess or decit power as per situation demands. But the grid
interfacing of these resources, as considered in the present study,
lead to several power quality and islanding problems which must
be detected, analyzed and classied for possible mitigation, effective design, operation, co-ordination and control of such hybrid
power system. Fig. 1 shows the conguration of hybrid grid-connected DG system considered in detection and classication of
islanding and power quality disturbances. The modeling of various
resources such as wind, photovoltaic, and fuel cell used in the
hybrid system, are based on the available literatures [14].
The parameters of different components of the hybrid system are
referred from [22] and given in tabular form in Table A1 of
Appendix A.

Output weights

2. Grid-connected hybrid system

Input layer

Hidden layer Output layer

Fig. 2. The structure of modular PNN.

3.1. Modied wavelet transform: S-transform

S-transform is a powerful timefrequency analysis which is
found to be suitable for power engineering related problems such
as detection of PQ disturbances and its classication. It is a time
frequency spectral localization technique that combines the
concept of WT and short time Fourier transform (STFT). The
S-transform uses an analysis window, whose width decreases with
frequency providing a frequency dependent resolution and is an
extension of continuous WT with a phase correction. It produces
a constant relative bandwidth analysis like wavelet, while it maintains a direct link with Fourier spectrum. The S-transform has an
advantage that it provides multi-resolution analysis while

3. Detection and classication approach

This section explains techniques for detection of islanding and
power quality disturbances using S-transforms followed by classication of PQ disturbances based on MPNN and SVM. Wavelet and
S-transforms are powerful and efcient techniques for detection of
non-stationary PQ disturbances. Though, a detail technique is
already described in [22], a brief description is given in following
paragraphs. In addition to detection methods, classication
methodology based on modular PNN and SVM is also discussed
subsequently.

Transformer
100 kVA

PV Array
60 kW

DC

DC
DC

AC

DC/DC BOOST
CONVERTER

Solid Oxide Fuel

Cell 60 kW

DC

DC/AC
CONVERTER
Transformer
100 kVA
DC

DC/AC
CONVERTER

Gear
box

Transformer
1 MVA

capacitor

rotor side
converter

grid side
converter

Fig. 1. DG based hybrid power system.

Non-linear
Load

CB4

PCC
CB2

DFIG
600kW

wind

CB1

CB3

AC

DC
DC/DC BOOST
CONVERTER

PQ disturbance classification

Module-1 O/P

Section 9. Finally, the conclusions drawn from the study is given in

Section 10.

Linear
Load

GRID

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S.R. Mohanty et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 44 (2013) 764777

retaining the absolute phase of each frequency. These properties

have led to interpret islanding and PQ disturbance signals in terms
of a time-series to enhance the detection capability. Therefore, in
order to improve the performance of detection under noisy conditions, it is necessary to modify the phase of the mother wavelet.
The continuous wavelet transform (CWT) W(s, a) of a function
h(t) is dened as:

W s; a



 2 2
jf j
t f
x t; f p exp
 expi 2pft
2
2p

In Eq. (2), the dilation factor a is inverse of the frequency f and

hence continuous S-transform is [20,26]:

S s; f



f
 exp
h t  p
2p
1

h t x t  s; a dt

s  t2 f 2
2

 exp i 2pft dt

1

where W(s, a) is a scaled representation of the fundamental mother

wavelet; a is the dilation, which corresponds to the width of the
wavelet that controls the resolution. The S-transform is formulated
by multiplying the CWT with a phase term as:

S s; f exp i 2pf s  W s; a

where the mother wavelet case is dened as:

Class 2



N1
h n i 1X
i2pnk

h k T  exp
NT
N k1
N



N1 h
h
ni X
m ni
i 2pmj

 Gm; n  exp
S jT;
H
NT
NT
N
m0

2
m=
w

SjT; 0

Fig. 3. Optimal hyperplane.

N1 
1X
m
H
N m0 NT

Start

Acquisition of voltage
signal

S transform computation and

Obtaining S-matrix

Computing energy matrix and

standard deviation

Acquisition of next
voltage signal

Fix a threshold value

Islanding

where G(m, n) = exp(2p2m2/n2), n 0 and j, m = 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . ,

(N  1) and n = 1, 2, 3, . . . , (N  1). Now for n = 0

Class 1

Yes

where n = 1, 2, 3, . . ., (N  1). The S-transform of a discrete time series h(kT) is obtained by transforming f ? n/NT and s ? jT as:

Class 2

s+
b=
+1
w.
s+
b
=
w.
0
s+
b=
-1

1
jf j

3.2. Discrete S-transform

w.

Class 1

rf T

The power system disturbance signal h(t) can be expressed in a

discrete form as h(kT), k = 1, 2, 3, . . ., (N  1) where T is the sampling time interval. The discrete Fourier transform of h(kT) is obtained as [25,26]:

HP1
HP
HP2

and the width of the Gaussian window r is given by:

Is energy and SD >

threshold

No

Other power quality

disturbances, i.e., swell, sag,
notch and momentary
interruptions

Fig. 4. Flowchart for islanding and power quality disturbance detection using S-transform.

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S.R. Mohanty et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 44 (2013) 764777

to a number of sub-task which works independently and in parallel. Thus, its advantages include simple architecture, the function
of components are independent to each other and is faster than
the conventional monolithic structure. The modular neural network structure is shown in Fig. 2. The architecture of PNN structure
consists of three layers. First, the pattern layer assigns one node for
each of the training example. There are two parameters associated
with each node namely; wi, the center with the dimension p  q,
and Ri, the covariance matrix of p  p size, where p is the length
of input vector. The output of the nodes in this layer is given by
[23,27]:

Amplitude and phase of the ST-matrix are obtained as:

 h
n i

S jT;
 and
NT

tan1

 h
 h
n i.
n io
real S jT;
imag S jT;
NT
NT

3.3. Modular probabilistic neural network (MPNN)

PNN is a supervised neural network suitable for pattern classication which works on probabilistic approach based on Bayesian
classier. The basic operation estimates the probability density
function (PDF) of features belonging to each class from the training
sample using Gaussian kernels. The estimated PDFs are used in a
Bayesian decision rule to perform classication objective. The main
advantages of PNN are its guaranteed convergence to optimal solution with increased training data, no need of weights initialization,
simple and fast learning process. To further enhance its performance, PNN with modular approach can be used which is based
on the fact that brain performs a specic task by sub-dividing it

v i expfx  wi T R1
i x  wi g;

i 1; 2; . . . ; M

where x is the input pattern/vector and M is the number of inputs.

Next, is summation layer, wherein the number of nodes is considered same as the number of disturbance classes. Output of the pattern layer is given as input to this layer with associated weights and
thus output of this layer can be expressed as:

magnitude

0.03
0.02
0.01
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

sample

(a) Negative sequence voltage.

-3

Approx. coef. for dB4

0.02

200

400

600

800

0
-2
0

1000

Detail coef. for dB4

x 10

magnitude

magnitude

0.04

200

400

sample

600

800

1000

sample

(b) Detection using dB4 wavelet.

1

magnitude

magnitude

-3

Approx. coef. for DMW

0.04
0.02
0
-0.02

200

400

600

800

x 10

-1
0

1000

Detail coef. for DMW

200

400

sample

600

800

1000

sample

absolute value of ST matrix

(c) Detection using (Discrete Mayer Wavelet)DMW wavelet.

60
50
40
30
20
10
200

400

600

800

10

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800

2000

sample

(d) Detection using S-transform.

Fig. 5. Islanding detection event for wind and fuel cell system connected to grid with 20-dB noise.

769

1
0
-1
0

200

400

600

800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

Approx. coef. for dB4

2
0
-2
0

200

400

sample

800

0
-1
0

1000

200

400

600

800 1000

sample

sample

(a) Voltage signal with notch

absolute value of ST matrix

600

Detail coef. for dB4

magnitude

magnitude

amplitude

S.R. Mohanty et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 44 (2013) 764777

(b) Detection by dB4 wavelet transform

700
600
500
400
300
200
100
200

400

600

800

1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000

sample

(c) Detection by S-transform contour with 20 dB noise

Fig. 6. Detection of notch in voltage signal with 20 dB noise.
M
X
s
wjk v k ;

j 1; 2; . . . ; q

11

k1
s

where q is the number of classes. wjk is the weight associated with

the kth pattern node to jth summation node and oj is the output of
the jth summation node. In the next stage, the decision layer takes
necessary action on pattern classication belonging to a particular
class. The modular neural network for classication of PQ disturbances is designed using least square (LS) algorithm. The value of
the smoothing factor [27] in the training of MPNN is varied from
0.3 to 1.0 and selected as 0.6 based on the best accuracy of classication results.

where w is an n-dimensional vector and b is a constant. The position

of the separating hyperplane is decided by the values of w and scalar b. The constraints to be followed by the hyperplane are: f si P 1
if oi = 1 and f si P 1 if oi = 1 and thus,

oi f si oi wT s b P 1 for i 1; 2; . . . ; M

3.4. Support vector machines

1
0
-1

f s wT s b

n
X
wj sj b 0
j1

12

500

1000

1500

2000

Sample

(a) Voltage signal with swell and harmonics

Amplitude

Detail coef. for dB4

0
-0.02

200

400

600

800

1000

Sample

(b) Detection by dB4 wavelet transform

Absolute value of ST matrix

SVM is a potential tool for solving pattern classication problems that can handle very large feature spaces. They have good
generalization properties compared to conventional classiers.
Also, the training of SVM is based on statistical learning theory
where the so-called structural misclassication risk is to be minimized as comparison to the empirical risk minimization in traditional classiers [28]. SVM is suitable for different binary and
multi-class automatic classication problems like pattern recognition in protein classication, regression estimation, power system
fault, and PQ disturbances classication [29]. The input vector
space in SVM is usually mapped into a high dimensional feature
space and a hyperplane in the feature space is used to maximize
its classication ability. SVM can potentially handle large feature
spaces since its training is carried out such that the dimension of
classied vectors does not affect the performance of SVM. This
suits for application requiring classication of PQ disturbances
problem.
SVM provides better generalization properties as compared to
conventional neural networks because its training is based on
sequentially minimized optimization (SMO) technique [30,31].
For n-dimensional inputs si(i = 1, 2, . . . , M), M is the number of
samples that belong to class 1 or class 2 with outputs oi = 1 for class
1 and oi = 1 for class 2, respectively. The hyperplane for linearly
separable data s is represented as:

13

The hyperplane that creates the maximum distance between

the plane and the nearest data is called the optimal separating
hyperplane as shown in Fig. 3. The geometrical distance is found

Amplitude

oj

30
25
20
15
500

1000

1500

2000

Sample

(c) Detection by S-transform

Fig. 7. Detection of voltage sag with presence of harmonics in hybrid system.

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S.R. Mohanty et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 44 (2013) 764777

as kwk2 [29]. The optimal hyperplane is obtained based on the

quadratic optimization problem:

where ni is the distance between the margin, parameter C is error penalty factor that takes into account misclassied point in
training/testing set and the examples si lying on the wrong side
of the margin. Based on KuhnTucker conditions, a maximize problem [30] can be formulated and the solution of these optimal problem leads to determination of support vector (SV) which lie on the
separating hyper planes. The number of SVM is less than the number of training samples to make SVM computationally efcient
[30,31]. The value of the optimal bias b can be found from the
expression:

Minimize
M
X
1
kwk2 C ni
2
i1

14

subject to
oi wT s b P 1  ni

for i 1; 2; . . . ; M

ni P 0 for all i

0.9

0.8

MMC

SDMC

0.8
0.6

sag
swell
notch
MI
islanding

0.4
0.2
0
20
0

SMC

-20
-40

0.2

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.7

sag
swell
notch
MI
islanding

0.6
0.5
0.4
1
1
0.5

SDMC

EMC

(a) EMC vs SMC vs SDMC

0.2

0.4

0.8

0.6

EPC

(b) EPC vs SDMC vs MMC

1
1

sag
swell
notch
MI
islanding

0.5

SPC

0.6

sag
swell
notch
MI
islanding

0.4
0.2
0
2
0
15

x 10

-2

MPC

-4
-6 0

0.4

0.2

0.6

0.8

0
-0.5
-1
-1.5
2
0

-2

15

x 10

-4

MPC

EPC

(c) EPC vs MPC vs SDMC

-6

0.2

(d) EPC vs MPC vs SPC

1
0.8

SDMC

SDMC

0.8

0.6

sag
swell
notch
MI
islanding

0.4
0.2
0
20
0
-20

SMC

-40

0.2

0.4

(e) EPC vs SMC vs SDMC

Fig. 8. 3-D plot of features.

0.6

EPC

0.8

0.4

0.6

EPC

0.8

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S.R. Mohanty et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 44 (2013) 764777


b 

1 X  T
oi ai v 1 si v T2 si
2 SVs

15
Extraction of voltage
signal at PCC

where v1 and v2 are the arbitrary SVM for class 1 and class 2, respectively and a is the optimal Lagrangian multiplier.
Then the nal decision function is given by:

f s

ai oi sTi s b

16

SVs

Passing the voltage signal

through S-transform and
Calculation of ST-matrtix

Any unknown data sample s is thus classied as:

s2

Class  1; f s P 0

Class  2; otherwise

17

The non-linear classication of PQ disturbances can accomplished using SVM applying a kernel function by mapping the classied data to a high-dimensional feature space where the linear
classication is possible [31]. There are different kernel functions
which are used according to type of classication scenario. In this
paper, Gaussian radial basis kernel function which gives the best
results, as described later in Section 7, is selected and the classication accuracy results are compared with other kernel functions,
i.e. polynomial kernel. The Gaussian radial basis kernel function
is dened as:

js  zj2
Ks; z exp 
2r2

Acquisition of data from the

transformed signal and
Normalization of data

Feature extraction such as

mean, SD, Energy, Skewness
and Kurtosis from the
Magnitude and Phase contour

!
18

Training and Testing of Data

set with different features by
MPNN or SVM

where r is the width of the Gaussian function known as Gaussian

kernel parameter. The detailed explanation on properties of SVM
is given in [2931].
4. Separation of islanding and power quality disturbances
This section explains S-transform based techniques for detection of the islanding and power quality disturbances and methodology of their separation from each other. The ow chart to
implement this methodology is shown in Fig. 4 and discussed
exhaustively in [22]. Two different performance indices (PI)
namely standard deviation (SD) and energy content are computed
using ST-matrix and Parsevals theorem [22] for normal, islanding
and PQ disturbance scenarios separately. Then, a suitable threshold
value is determined by comparing the PI in terms of energy/SD for
the disturbance cases with that of normal operating condition.
When the value of PI is greater than threshold value, islanding disturbance is detected, otherwise, PQ disturbances are detected [22].
Different islanding and PQ disturbances are created in MATLAB/
SIMULINK by isolating the grid and load switching. Fig. 5 shows the
case when wind and fuel cell hybrid system is connected to grid
and suddenly the grid is isolated by circuit breaker action due to
a three-phase fault on grid-side. During the islanding event the
voltage waveform at PCC is captured and passed through threephase sequence analyser block-set in order to obtain the negative
sequence component and shown in Fig. 5a. This gure clearly
shows the sudden increase in the voltage magnitude at the instants
of islanding. Then synthetic noise of 20 dB signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR) is added to the negative sequence voltage and is passed
through WT and ST in order to study the detection capabilities.
Fig. 5bd shows the comparison for islanding detection using WT
(Daubechies 4 and Discrete Mayer Wavelet). It is clearly observed
from the results that ST detects the islanding instant while WT fails
in presence of noise. Similarly, other islanding scenarios can be created by taking different topologies of network with different combinations of wind, PV and FC connected to grid. The effective
performance of ST approach in detection of PQ disturbance such
as notch in voltage signal is further supported in Fig. 6. It is reected from the results that the WT approach is susceptible to

Decision for
Classification of Power
Quality disturbances

Voltage sag, swell, notch

and momentary
interruption
Fig. 9. Flow-chart of the classication strategy using MPNN and SVM.

Table 1
Classication performance of MPNN.

Normal
Sag
Swell
Notch
MI

Normal

Sag

Swell

Notch

MI

99
2
0
0
1

0
96
0
0
1

1
0
98
1
2

0
1
1
98
0

0
1
1
1
96

Overall accuracy = 97.4%

noise and thus deteriorates the detection capability. Similarly,

the detection of voltage swell in presence of harmonics is presented in Fig. 7 and again the performance of WT is observed to
get deteriorated and detection by ST outperforms. The performance comparison between these two techniques for different
congurations of renewable resources is reported in [22]. Thus,
based on the above discussion, islanding event is distinguished
from the PQ disturbances as a separate class at the initial level of
the classication process. Then, the PQ disturbances will be

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S.R. Mohanty et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 44 (2013) 764777

EMC-SMC-KMC

EPC-SPC-KPC

SDMC-SMC-KMC

SDPC-SPC-KPC

Classification accuracy (in %)

98
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
normal

sag

swell

notch

MI

Power quality disturbance

Fig. 10. Classication performance for three combinations of features.

3-features

5-features

7-features

10-features

Classification accuracy (in %)

102
100
98
96
94
92
90
88
86
normal

sag

swell

notch

MI

Power quality disturbance

Fig. 11. Classication performance for different number of features.

Table 2
Classication performance of MPNN under noise conditions.
Normal
(a) 20 dB SNR
Normal
Sag
Swell
Notch
MI

94
1
2
2
3

Sag
2
93
1
2
1

Swell
1
3
94
2
2

Table 3
Performance of SVM with kernel function.
Notch
1
3
2
91
3

MI
2
0
1
3
91

95
2
2
4
1

2
95
1
1
1

2
0
96
0
2

1
3
0
94
2

1
0
1
1
96

2
96
0
1
0

0
1
98
0
4

0
1
0
95
0

1
2
2
2
96

Overall accuracy = 95.2%

(c) 40 dB SNR
Normal
Sag
Swell
Notch
MI

97
0
0
2
2

RBF kernel

Polynomial kernel

Training accuracy
Testing accuracy
No. of support vectors

99.7
100
62

98.0
97.8
69

5. Feature extraction based on S-transform

Overall accuracy = 92.6%

(b) 30 dB SNR
Normal
Sag
Swell
Notch
MI

Types of function (for r = 1.0 and C = 0.7)

Overall accuracy = 96.4%

sub-classied using MPNN and SVM techniques as discussed in the

following sections.

In this paper, the PQ disturbance signals are simulated in MATLAB platform using Simulink model for DG based grid-connected
hybrid power system. Voltage sag, swell, notch and momentary
interruption as power quality disturbances are simulated and features of these types of disturbances are extracted from the ST-matrix. The sampling frequency of retrieved signals at PCC is
considered to be 3.0 kHz. From the ST-matrix, important information in terms of magnitude, phase and frequency are obtained. Ten
different statistical features extracted from the ST-matrix are described as follows:
 Feature 1: Energy of the magnitude contour (EMC) corresponding to maximum magnitude of each column of the ST-matrix.
 Feature 2: SD of the magnitude contour (SDMC) corresponding
to maximum magnitude of each column of the ST-matrix.
 Feature 3: Energy of the phase contour (EPC).

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S.R. Mohanty et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 44 (2013) 764777

(a) Training/testing accuracy vs C

(b) Number of support vector vs C

Fig. 12. Performance of SVM with variation in parameter C.

(a) Training/testing accuracy vs

(b) Number of support vector vs

Fig. 13. Performance of SVM with variation in parameter r.

Table 5
Classication performance of SVM under noise condition.

Table 4
Classication performance of SVM.
Normal
Normal
Sag
Swell
Notch
MI

99
2
0
0
1

Sag
0
100
0
0
1

Swell
1
0
100
1
2

Notch
0
1
1
98
0

MI
0
1
1
1
98

Overall accuracy = 99.0%









Feature
Feature
Feature
Feature
Feature
Feature
Feature

4: Standard deviation of the phase contour (SDPC).

5: Mean of the magnitude contour (MMC).
6: Mean of the phase contour (MPC).
7: Skewness of the magnitude contour (SMC).
8: Skewness of the phase contour (SPC).
9: Kurtosis of the magnitude contour (KMC).
10: Kurtosis of the phase contour (KPC).

The analysis of extracted features of the disturbance signals are

carried out graphically in 3-dimensional (3-D) plots as shown in
Fig. 8. In these plots, projections of data corresponding to a particular combination of features are shown. These illustrate the distinct nature, i.e. linearly separable characteristics between
islanding and power quality disturbances such as voltage sag,
swell, notch, and momentary interruption. However, close observation suggests that, some of the PQ disturbances are classied
accurately as discriminative class while other patterns are not linearly separable, thereby overlapping with each other and introducing ambiguity in classication of the disturbances. Thus, these
plots illustrate an approximate classication. As a matter of fact,
suitable pattern classication techniques like MPNN and SVM

(a) 20 dB SNR
Normal
Sag
Swell
Notch
MI

Normal

Sag

Swell

Notch

MI

96
1
0
1
1

1
95
1
2
2

1
2
94
1
2

1
0
1
95
2

1
2
2
1
93

0
96
1
1
0

0
0
98
1
1

1
1
0
96
1

1
2
1
2
97

0
98
0
1
1

0
0
99
0
0

0
1
1
98
1

1
1
0
1
97

Overall accuracy = 94.6%

(b) 30 dB SNR
Normal
Sag
Swell
Notch
MI

98
1
0
0
1

Overall accuracy = 97.0%

(c) 40 dB SNR
Normal
Sag
Swell
Notch
MI

99
0
0
0
1

Overall accuracy = 98.2%

should be used to further classify the PQ disturbances effectively

and accurately.
6. Classication based on MPNN
After the separation of islanding event as a distinct class based
on a selection of an appropriate threshold value, PQ disturbances

S.R. Mohanty et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 44 (2013) 764777

1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1

0.5
4

classifier
sag
swell
notch
MI

-0.5

-1
-1

-0.5

0.5

Classifier
sag
swell
notch
MI

-1

(a) Sag vs all other disturbances

Classifier
sag
swell
notch
MI

0.5

-0.5

0.5

(b) MI vs all other disturbances

4

774

0.8
0.6
4

0.4

0.2
0

-0.2
4

-0.4
-0.5

Classifier
sag
swell
notch
MI

-0.6
-0.8
-1

-1
-1

-0.5

0.5

-1

(c) Notch vs all other disturbances

-0.5

0.5

(d) Swell vs all other disturbances

Fig. 14. Boundary plots for one-against-all other classes.

1
0.2
0.5

1-1

1 -1

-0.2
1 -1

-0.4
1-1

-0.6

-0.5
classifier
sag
swell

-1
-1

-0.5

0.5

classifier
notch
MI

-0.8
-1

-0.8

(a) Sag vs Swell

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.2

(b) Notch vs MI

Fig. 15. Boundary plots for one-against-one.

are further sub-classied using probabilistic neural network in

modular form. The ow chart to illustrate the proposed classication strategy is shown in Fig. 9. The different features discussed in
previous section, based on statistical parameters, are calculated
corresponding to magnitude and phase contour of the S-transform.
These set of features constitute as input to the MPNN. The number
of modules in PNN is decided according to the number of disturbances to be classied. Each neural network is trained with 50 input data of each class and equal number of data is considered for
testing purpose. The overall classication accuracy of PQ disturbances by use of MPNN is observed to be 97.4% and the results
are given in Table 1. The diagonal elements represent correctly
classied PQ events and the off-diagonal elements represent the
misclassication cases. The overall classication accuracy is dened as the ratio of successfully classied events to total number

of events. Further, to test the classication capability of MPNN, it

is trained and tested for different combination of features.
However, to make the study much simpler and in-exhaustive, the
features which provide signicant information about the disturbance signals are considered. Fig. 10 shows the classier performance with some combinations of features extracted from
magnitude and phase contour. It is observed that the selection of
features is crucial on the performance of MPNN. The combination
of features in terms of statistical indices; SDPCSPCKPC on phase
contour provides satisfactory accuracy in contrast to EMCSMC
KMC, EPCSPCKPC and SDMCSMCKMC. Of course, some optimization techniques can be implemented for the selection of best
feature set for optimum classication accuracy, however, this part
of study is not considered in the present study. The classication
performance comparison with different number of features is

S.R. Mohanty et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 44 (2013) 764777

shown in Fig. 11. It is observed that the accuracy improves with the
increase in number of features for classication.
In a hybrid power system with wind energy and photovoltaic
system, the PQ disturbance signals get contaminated with noise
due to environmental effects such as variation in solar radiation
and wind speed [32]. Therefore, the proposed classication approach has to be analyzed under noisy environment in order to
demonstrate the efciency of MPNN. In practice, Gaussian noise
is popularly added to synthetic signal for detection and classication of PQ disturbances. Noise with different SNR levels are further
added to the extracted signal at PCC. Then, the noisy signal is
passed through S-transform to extract the features for training
and testing of MPNN for automatic classication of the disturbances. The classication accuracy in percentage is given in Table 2
and is observed to be 92.6%, 95.2%, and 96.4% with 20 dB, 30 dB and
40 dB SNRs respectively. This suggests a satisfactory classication
performance of MPNN, using features initially extracted through
S-transform. It is observed that these features provide discriminative information for classication of PQ disturbances.

775

Fig. 16. Experimental set-up of a prototype of wind energy conversion system.

7. Classication based on SVM

Five different data types of normal and power quality disturbances are used as training and testing sets for SVM classier.
The extracted signal is rst transformed into timefrequency domain using S-transform to obtain the magnitude and phase contour as well as the S-transform matrix. The above mentioned ten
features are determined corresponding to magnitude and phase
contour of the S-transform. In total, 100 different data sets are taken for each PQ disturbance. Therefore, for ve PQ disturbances,
the nal size of feature matrix become equals to 500  10, out of
which half of the data set is used for training and remaining for
the testing of SVM classier. For accurate and effective classication, it is desired to implicitly map the input vector into a high
dimensional feature space using kernel functions; radial basis
function, polynomial, sigmoid, etc. In the study, two kernel functions; radial basis function (RBF) and polynomial functions are considered to evaluate the performance of SVM. The choice of kernel
function is data dependent and there are no denite rules governing its choice that results in satisfactory accuracy. However, it is
observed that the RBF kernel function gives better performance
as compared to polynomial kernel function. The comparative
assessment is shown in Table 3.
Further, based on binary classier, there are different multiclass
classication methods like one-against-one (OAO) and oneagainst-all (OAA) but OAO method is said to give best results for
PQ classication problems [33]. The binary classier rstly separates the disturbance signal from the normal signal. Then based
on OAO method, the disturbance signals are classied into different classes. For multiclass SVM with N kinds of PQ disturbances,
N(N  1)/2 binary classiers are required. After the suitable selection of these binary classiers, the nal decision regarding the classication is taken. Till now, few research literatures are available
that suggests the appropriate value of C and kernel function argument parameter r. In this context, the variation of regularization
parameter C and kernel function argument r of SVM classier
has been suitably chosen for better performance. Fig. 12 shows variation of training and testing accuracy and number of support vectors with the changes in the parameter C. The graphical plots
clearly show that the training and testing accuracies are maximum
with C = 1.0. Similarly, the number of support vectors decreases
with the increase in the value of parameter C. The investigation
of training and testing accuracies with changes in parameter r is
shown in Fig. 13. The accuracy is obtained to be maximum while
number of support vectors is least for the value of r = 1.0.

(a) Decrease in wind speed

(b) Increase in wind speed

Fig. 17. PCC voltage prole obtained experimentally for PQ disturbance
classication.

As can be observed from Table 4, the SVM classies the PQ disturbances successfully with an overall accuracy of 99%, which is

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S.R. Mohanty et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 44 (2013) 764777

Table 6
PQ disturbances classication in a prototype wind energy conversion system.

(a) MPNN
Normal
Sag
Swell
Notch
MI

Normal

Sag

Swell

Notch

MI

97
1
0
1
1

2
98
0
0
0

0
1
98
0
1

0
1
0
99
0

1
1
0
2
96

0
99
0
1
0

0
1
97
1
1

0
1
1
98
0

1
0
0
0
99

Overall accuracy = 97.6%

(b) SVM
Normal
Sag
Swell
Notch
MI

98
0
1
1
0

Overall accuracy = 98.2%

type wind energy system connected to grid. The complete

experimental set-up consisting of two alternators, other equipments required for parallel operation along with arrangements for
possible speed control of prime-movers and is shown in Fig. 16.
The two alternators each of 9 kVA supply power to a common load
of 5 kW (maximum capacity) under synchronism. During the operation, one alternator acts as grid while the other alternator which
supposed to be wind energy system supplies power to the load.
Since the rotor speed of wind turbine depends on the input wind
speed, the output power and the voltage signal at PCC is greatly affected by their variations. Actually, the change in wind speed
changes the prime mover speed of the wind generator. Thus, the effect of wind speed on PCC voltage signal is carried out on the prototype set-up with increase/decrease of the speed of DC motor (i.e.
the prime mover of the alternator representing wind energy system) by 20% of the rated speed. The variation in wind speed leads
to distortion in PCC voltage signal as indicated in Fig. 17. It is observed that decrease in wind speed causes a sag occurrence in the
voltage prole. Similarly, an increase in wind speed ultimately results into swell in voltage prole. These sag and swell in voltage
prole at PCC are captured using a TDS 2002, two-channels,
60 MHz, digital storage oscilloscope (DSO). Thus, the obtained PQ
disturbances are characterized due to environmental impact. The
sag and swell occurrence due to variation in wind speed is classied
against other PQ disturbances such as notch and momentary interruptions caused because of load variation at constant wind speed.
Table 6 presents the classication accuracy of MPNN and SVM classier. Again, SVM classier is observed to show slightly better accuracy in classifying the disturbances. Thus, the classication of PQ
disturbances is accomplished based on simulation and prototype
experimental set-up. The detail specications of the components
used in the experimental set-up are outlined in Appendix A.

slightly higher than that obtained by MPNN. The classication performance of SVM for different noise levels is also analyzed. Table 5
depicts the classier results obtained with different level of noise
introduced in the signal of PQ disturbances. The overall classication accuracies in case of 20 dB, 30 dB and 40 dB SNRs are 94.6%,
97% and 98.2% respectively. This shows that with the increase in
noise levels, the classication accuracy decreases. These results
are comparable with MPNN discussed in the previous section.
The simulation results show that SVM performs slightly better
than PNN with modular approach.
When more than two classes of PQ disturbances are required to
be classied, OAA method seems to be appropriate [34]. In the classication task, PQ disturbances as pattern are aimed to be classied into one of all classes. Thus, for the 2-class classication
task, the classier generates a hyperplane decision surface that
separates the classes distinctly. Fig. 14 illustrates the class of each
PQ disturbance against all other PQ disturbances through the
resulting decision hyperplane into two regions. As observed in
Fig. 14a, sag disturbance is separated from other PQ disturbances.
Fig. 14b and c shows similar linear separable regions of one class
from other, but with overlapping of notch with MI classes. Similarly, as indicated in Fig. 14d, there exists a signicant overlapping
between the features of sag and swell in a hyperplane surface. In
order overcome this overlapping of classes, one-against-one method is implemented to discriminate the distinct classes. Fig. 15a
illustrates a remarkable distinct separable region between sag
and swell. Similarly Fig. 15b shows the separation of notch and MI.

In this section, the classication capability of MPNN and SVM is

tested with presence of harmonics in one of the PQ disturbances,
i.e. voltage swell, for windFCPV hybrid system connected to grid.
The voltage swell signal with presence of harmonics considered in
study is as shown in Fig. 7 in Section 4. The comparison of classication accuracy by MPNN and SVM is presented in Table 7. Though
it is observed that presence of harmonics in swell disturbance does
affects the classication by few percentage in the range of 0.51.5%
but still remains in satisfactory range above 96%.

8. Classication of PQ disturbances on a prototype set-up

10. Conclusions

This section describes the results of PQ disturbances classication based on signal retrieved from experimental set-up of a proto-

The work in this paper has presented study on detection of

islanding and PQ disturbances in grid-connected hybrid power

9. Classication of PQ disturbances in hybrid system in presence

of harmonics

Table 7
PQ disturbances classication in hybrid system with presence of harmonics in voltage swell.
MPNN

Normal
Sag
Swell
Notch
MI
Swell with
harmonics

SVM

Normal

Sag

Swell

Notch

MI

Swell with
harmonics

97
0
0
1
1
2

1
97
1
0
1
1

0
1
96
0
1
2

0
1
1
97
1
0

0
0
0
2
96
1

2
1
2
0
0
94

Overall accuracy = 96.17%

Normal
Sag
Swell
Notch
MI
Swell with
harmonics

Normal

Sag

Swell

Notch

MI

Swell with
harmonics

99
1
1
1
0
2

0
97
0
1
0
0

0
1
99
0
1
0

0
1
0
98
0
1

0
0
0
0
97
1

1
0
0
0
2
96

Overall accuracy = 97.67%

S.R. Mohanty et al. / Electrical Power and Energy Systems 44 (2013) 764777

777

Table A1
Parameters of the components of the hybrid system.
Component

Parameters

Wind energy conversion

system
Photovoltaic
Fuel cell

Active power: 600 kW, rated speed: 12 m/s, rated voltage 575 V, frequency: 50 Hz

Converters

For PV/FC: boost converter 60 kW, input voltage: 200 V, output voltage: 500 V
For wind turbine: PWM converter 600 kW

Active power: 60 kW, modules: 30  24, temperature: 25 C

Active power: 60 kW, optimal operating temperature: 1273 K, ideal standard potential: 1.229 V, SOFC array: 5 (series)  2 (parallel) 5 kW
fuel cell stacks; rated voltage 200 V

Details of experiment set-up:

Motor-alternator set: DC motor: 220 V, 45 Amp., 1500 rpm, 8 kW; Alternator: 3-phase, 440 V, 13.9 Amp, 9 kVA, 50 Hz, 1500 rpm.
Three phase load: 4.5 kW, 440 V (LL), 10 Amp (per line, maximum), 50 Hz.
Digital storage oscilloscope (DSO): TDS 2002, two-channels, 60 MHz with RS 232 communication kit and Tektronix data transfer software.
Personal computer (PC): Pentium-IV, 2.2 GHz, 1 GB RAM, 160 GB hard disk.

system using feature extraction through S-transform followed by

classication with MPNN and SVM techniques. In the initial stage
of classication process, islanding was separated out as a different
class from the PQ disturbances. A comparative study of classication performance of SVM against MPNN was also presented. The
categorization of PQ disturbances into distinct classes by MPNN
and SVM was discussed under noise-free as well as with different
noise levels. Though, it may be argued here that there is no unique
solution to determine the optimal feature with a particular classier, the features considered in the study for PQ disturbances classication with MPNN and SVM proved to be effective and accurate.
The study for classication strategy of PQ disturbances was also
supported with signals obtained on experimental set-up.
Appendix A
See Table A1.
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