Exam 3

Thursday, March 13, 2014

3:52 PM

exam 3 notes bio Page 1

3/13 Day 14
Thursday, March 13, 2014
3:52 PM

- Sympatric (same area) Speciation

Happens through:
Internal events: polyploidy
External events: Disruptive Selection
- Incipient species
New species "in the making"
Species diverging but gene flow still possible

- Polyploidization
Common, esp in plants
Gamete has full set of chromosomes
Form a tetraploid
With self fertilization both gametes become doubled

- Adaptive Radiations
Rapid emergence of many new species
Happen when:
Empty habitats become available
So lack of competitors
New adaption allows exploration of new niches

- Hybridization
2 populations coming back together and mating
Relatively uniform mix of alleles
- Introgression
New alleles introduced into parent species

- Hybrid swarm
Population of hybrids
If hybrids are as viable as parent
Merge with parents
If they can mate with them (backcross)
If hybirds aren't very fit, cant mate well
Reinforcement
Of the two species not mating

exam 3 notes bio Page 2

3/25 Day 15
Tuesday, March 25, 2014
3:50 PM

- Taxon
Grouping of organisms (at any level)
- Monophyletic Group
Contains all descendants of an ancestral species
And no other species
A part of a tree
- Synapomorphy
Shared, derived trait
Defines a monophyletic group
- Polyphyletic Group
Group which doesnt include the most recent common ancestor
Between species in group
- Paraphyletic group
Monophyletic, minus some of the descendants
- Parsimony Principle
When making a tree
The one with the least changes of traits
Some are more/less parsimony

- Fossilization
Is very rare
Requires slow decomposition, fast burial
Much more likely in certain groups/habitats/eras
Ex mollusks
Also less likely if organism is rare/low population
- Mass Extinctions
Things which destroy lots of life on earth
Perhaps over 1000s of years
Background extinctions
Are natural, gradual change
Not mass extinctions
Massive change in environment

exam 3 notes bio Page 3

3/27 Day 16
Thursday, March 27, 2014
4:00 PM

- Bacteria
Prokaryotic
Tend to live as individuals
Sometimes do labor together
Endospores
Protective coating to survive lethal conditions
Binary fission
Act of splitting into two cells and growing
- Bacterial Diversity
Size, shape, how they move, cell wall
Metabolism
Many different things they can eat
Autotrophs
Self synthesized carbon
Heterotrophs
Carbon from molecules from other organisms
Energy can come from:
Sunlight, organic molecules, inorganic molecules
Phototrophs, chemoorganictrophs, chemolithotrophs
- Archaea
Same diversity as bacteria
- Differences between archaea and bacteria
Plasma membrane
Different RNA polymerase

exam 3 notes bio Page 4

4/1 Day 17
Tuesday, April 01, 2014
4:00 PM

- Eukaryote
Protists
Very general phrase
Not monophyletic group
Not evolutionary relevant, simply convenient
Ciliates
Aquatic, covered in cilia
Dinoflagellates
Freshwater, free-floating plankton
Two flagella
Apicomplexans
Parasitic, no cilia or flagella
Diatom
Unicellular, glassy cell walls
Bilateral symmetry, photosynthetic, primary producer in ocean
Brown Algae
Leaf-like blades, stalks, look like plants; photosynthesis
Plants
Animals
Fungi
Closer to animals than plants
Common ancestor
Single cell, with mitochondria, nucleus, no cell wall
- Endosymbiont theory of mitochondria
Archaeon engulfed bacterium

exam 3 notes bio Page 5

4/3 Day 18

4/8 morrill 131 7pm exam review

Thursday, April 03, 2014

3:58 PM

- Green Plants
Monophyletic group
Algae moved from sea to land
First group completely on land
Necessary Adaptions
Waxy cover on body (cuticle)
Retains water
Stomata for CO2
Lignin
Structural support
Water Conducting Cells (Tracheid)
Gametangium
Protects gametes from drying out
Embryo develops on parent

Nonvascular Plants
First plants
Seedless Vascular Plants
Ferns
Seed plants
Angiosperms (flowering plants)
Gymnosperms
- Fungi
Most of body is underground
Massive single-celled chains
High surface area to volume ratio
Unlikely to dry out
Heterotrophs
Absorb organic molecules
After breaking down outside of body
Symbiotic relationship with plants
Sometimes parasites
Used my humans for many things (chocolate)
Monophyletic group
Much not known about the phylogenetic tree
Single celled (yeast)
Then multicellular

exam 3 notes bio Page 6

Nonvascular

Cuticle, gametangium, pores

Seedless

Tracheids , lignin, leaves, roots, stomata

Gymnosperm Seeds, pollen

Angiosperm

Pollen, seeds, flowers, fruits

READ: pg619-623
myccorhizae