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Energy Procedia 52 (2014) 377 382
Yu-Ru Li1, Meei-Fang Shue2, Yi-Chyun Hsu3, Wen-Liang Lai2, Jen-Jeng Chen2,*
1
Graduate Institute of Bioresources, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
2
Graduate Institute of Environmental Management, Tajen University, Pingtung 90741, Taiwan
3
Department of Environmental Engineering, Kun Shan University, Tainan 71003, Taiwan
ABSTRACT
This study investigates the effects of alkali catalyst
quantity, reaction temperature, reaction time, and acid
catalyst quantity on biodiesel production via the
transesterification of microalgae using two-level fourfactor full factorial design. Under the experimental range
considered, the most important factor for FAME yield is
the base catalyst quantity. The FAME yield increases
with increasing base catalyst quantity. The reaction time
and acid catalyst quantity also have positive influences.
There is an appreciable interaction between alkali catalyst
quantity and the acid catalyst quantity, and thus the
effects of these variables must be considered jointly. The
best results for laboratory-scale biodiesel production via
transesterification were obtained at a 1:65 weight ratio of
dry microalgal biomass to alkali catalytic methanol
(NaOH/MeOH, 2.5 wt.%), with the acid catalysis process
(HCl/MeOH, 5.8 vol.%), a 60 C reaction temperature,
and a 30-min reaction time.
Keywords: fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs), microalgae,
transesterification
INTRODUCTION
Biodiesel (fatty acid methyl esters, FAMEs) is a
mixture derived from the esterification and
transesterification of free fatty acids (FFAs) and
triglycerides and is typically made from renewable
biological resources such as vegetable oils, animal fats, or
even used cooking oil (UCO). Biodiesel contains fewer
sulfur compounds, has a high flash point (>130 C), is
non-toxic, and is highly biodegradable in water (98%
biodegrades in just a few weeks). However, using
vegetable oil for biodiesel production increases the price
of edible oil [1]. Animal fats contain higher saturated
fatty acids and normally exist in solid form at room
temperature, which may cause problems in the biodiesel
production process [2]. The quality of UCO varies
because its physical and chemical properties depend on
the contents of fresh cooking oil and UCO may contain
many undesired impurities, such as water and FFAs [3].
Microalgae are another source of triglycerides.
Microalgae not only have higher biomass production and
faster growth than those of energy crops, producing 15300 times more oil for biodiesel production than
1876-6102 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the Organizing Committee of 2013 AEDCEE
doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2014.07.089
378
379
X2
X3
X4
Response
FAME yield
(mg
FAMEs/g
dried
microalgae)
1
2
60
10
0
31.70.53
2
8
60
10
0
32.60.18
3
2
100
10
0
30.01.03
4
8
100
10
0
33.80.71
5
2
60
30
0
33.71.36
6
8
60
30
0
36.70.29
7
2
100
30
0
27.90.93
8
8
100
30
0
37.80.22
9
2
60
10
8
28.41.58
10
8
60
10
8
39.91.03
11
2
100
10
8
21.60.29
12
8
100
10
8
36.90.87
13
2
60
30
8
35.00.38
14
8
60
30
8
43.81.37
15
2
100
30
8
29.70.23
16
8
100
30
8
36.00.83
* NaOH:methanol (2.5 wt.%); ** HCl:methanol (5.8 vol.%)
*Alkali
catalyst
amount
(mL)
Reaction
temperature
(C)
Reaction
time
(min)
**Acid
catalyst
amount
(mL)
methanol resulted in a FAME yield of 35.1 mg/g. Alkaliacid-catalyzed transesterification led to a higher FAME
yield. These results reveal the importance of acid or/and
alkali catalyst in accelerating the transesterification
reaction.
The characteristics of the FAMEs obtained from the
transesterification reaction are presented in Table II. The
major FAMEs contained in the biodiesel were esters of
palmitic acid (C16:0), oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid
(C18:2), and linolenic acid (C18:3) from all of the
methods, similar to those obtained from sunflower, palm,
and corn [17]. No significant changes in the
characteristics of the FAMEs were found between the
three methods. The proportion of FAME unsaturation
was greater than 60% of the total fatty acids. Table I also
shows a low percentage of methyl esters with a carbon
chain of >18 carbons. This guarantees a low viscosity for
biodiesel.
2.0
FAME yield (mg/g dried microalgae)
1.5
1.0
0.5
0.0
Method A
Acetyl chloride/MeOH
(2:40 vol.)
Method B
HCl/Chloroform/MeOH
(4:4:40 vol.)
Method C
NaOH/HCl/MeOH
(1:2.3:40 wt.)
380
381
(A)
(B)
(C)
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
10
15
20
CONCLUSION
382