WATER RESOURCES AND IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

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INDUS WATER TREATY:

ISSUE:
Lack of water-sharing agreement leads India to stem flow of tributaries to Pakistan on 1 April
1948.

OBJECTIVE:
Negotiate an equitable allocation of the flow of the Indus River and its tributaries between the
riparian states.
DATES OF NEGOTIATION:
1951-1960
PARTIES INVOLVED IN NEGOTIATION:
The Indus Waters Treaty is a water-sharing treaty between the Republic of India and Islamic
Republic of Pakistan. The treaty was signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960 by the Indian
Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru and the then President of Pakistan Field Marshal
Mohammad Ayub Khan. The World Bank is a signatory as a third party.

PROVISIONS:

INDUS & TRIBUTRIES

The Indus System of Rivers comprises three Western Rivers the Indus, the Jhelum and
Chenab and three Eastern Rivers - the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi; and with minor
exceptions, the treaty gives India exclusive use of all of the waters of the Eastern Rivers and
their tributaries before the point where the rivers enter Pakistan. Similarly, Pakistan has
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exclusive use of the Western Rivers. Pakistan also received one-time financial compensation
for the loss of water from the Eastern Rivers.

The countries agree to exchange data and co-operate in matters related to the treaty. For this
purpose, treaty creates the Permanent Indus Commission, with a commissioner appointed by
each country.

The treaty is considered controversial as the state of Jammu and Kashmir was deprived of
control of its water while benefitting the Indian state of Punjab. Kashmiri farmers or
businesses cannot use the water of their rivers as a result of this treaty. The government of
Jammu and Kashmir has time and again demanded compensation for decades. This aspect is
downplayed by the governments of India as well as Pakistan.

ORIGIN OF INDUS RIVER:

The waters of the Indus basin begin in the Himalayan Mountains of disputed state of Jammu
and Kashmir. They flow from the hills through the arid states of Punjab and Sind, converging
in Pakistan and emptying into the Arabian Sea south of Karachi. Where once there was only a
narrow strip of irrigated land along these rivers, developments over the last century have
created a large network of canals and storage facilities that provide water for more than 26
million acres - the largest irrigated area of any one river system in the world.

HISTORY AND BACKGROUND:

The partition of the Indian subcontinent created a conflict over the plentiful waters of the
Indus basin. The newly formed states were at odds over how to share and manage the water
resources of Indus basin. Furthermore, the geography of partition was such that the Source
Rivers of the Indus basin were in India. Pakistan felt its livelihood threatened by the prospect
of Indian control over the tributaries that fed water into the Pakistani portion of the basin.
Where India certainly had its own ambitions for the profitable development of the basin,
Pakistan felt acutely threatened by a conflict over the main source of water for its cultivable
land.

INTER-DOMINION ACCORD:

During the first years of partition the waters of the Indus were apportioned by the Inter-
Dominion Accord of May 4, 1948. This accord required India to release sufficient waters to
the Pakistani regions of the basin in return for annual payments from the government of
Pakistan. The accord was meant to meet immediate requirements and was followed by
negotiations for a more permanent solution. Neither side, however, was willing to
compromise their respective positions and negotiations reached a stalemate. Pakistan wanted
to take the matter to the International Court of Justice but India refused, arguing that the
conflict required a bilateral resolution.

INDUS WATER TREATY:

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By 1951, the two sides were no longer meeting and the situation seemed intractable. As one
anonymous Indian official said at the time, "India and Pakistan can go on shouting on
Kashmir for all time to come, but an early settlement on the Indus waters is essential for
maintenance of peace in the sub-continent". Despite the unwillingness to compromise, both
nations were anxious to find a solution, fully aware that the Indus conflict could lead to overt
hostilities if unresolved.

In this same year, David Lilienthal, formerly the chairman of the Tennessee Valley Authority
and of the US Atomic Energy Commission visited the region to write a series of articles for
Colliers magazine. Lilienthal had a keen interest in the subcontinent and was welcomed by
the highest levels of both Indian and Pakistani governments. In his journals he insisted the
World Bank to be the part of dispute and resolve it in the best interest of both the nations.

Lilienthal's idea was well received by officials at the World Bank, and, subsequently, by the
Indian and Pakistani governments. Eugene R. Black, then president of the World Bank told
Lilienthal that his proposal "makes good sense all round". Black wrote that the Bank was
interested in the economic progress of the two countries and had been concerned that the
Indus dispute could only be a serious handicap to this development. India's previous
objections to third party arbitration were remedied by the Bank's insistence that it would not
adjudicate the conflict, but, instead, work as a conduit for agreement.

Black also made a distinction between the "functional" and "political" aspects of the Indus
dispute. In his correspondence with Indian and Pakistan leaders, Black asserted that the Indus
dispute could most realistically be solved if the functional aspects of disagreement were
negotiated apart from political considerations. He envisioned a group that tackled the
question of how best to utilize the waters of the Indus Basin - leaving aside questions of
historic rights or allocations.

Black proposed a Working Party made up of Indian, Pakistani and World Bank engineers.
The World Bank delegation would act as a consultative group, charged with offering
suggestions and speeding dialogue. In his opening statement to the Working Party, Black
spoke of why he was optimistic about the group's success:

Black's hopes for a quick resolution to the Indus dispute were premature. While the Bank had
expected that the two sides would come to an agreement on the allocation of waters, neither
India nor Pakistan seemed willing to compromise their positions. While Pakistan insisted on
its historical right to waters of all the Indus tributaries, the Indian side argued that the
previous distribution of waters should not set future allocation. Instead, the Indian side set up
a new basis of distribution, with the waters of the Western tributaries going to Pakistan and
the Eastern tributaries to India. The substantive technical discussions that Black had hoped
for were stymied by the political considerations he had expected to avoid.

The World Bank soon became frustrated with this lack of progress. What had originally been
envisioned as a technical dispute that would quickly untangle itself became an intractable
mess. India and Pakistan were unable to agree on the technical aspects of allocation, let alone
the implementation of any agreed upon distribution of waters. Finally, in 1954, after nearly

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two years of negotiation, the World bank offered its own proposal, stepping beyond the
limited role it had apportioned for itself and forcing the two sides to consider concrete plans
for the future of the basin. The proposal offered India the three eastern tributaries of the basin
and Pakistan the three western tributaries. Canals and storage dams were to be constructed to
divert waters from the western rivers and replace the eastern river supply lost by Pakistan.

While the Indian side was amenable to the World Bank proposal, Pakistan found it
unacceptable. The World Bank allocated the eastern rivers to India and the western rivers to
Pakistan. This new distribution did not account for the historical usage of the Indus basin and
repudiated Pakistan's negotiating position. Where India had stood for a new system of
allocation, Pakistan felt that its share of waters should be based on pre-partition distribution.
The World Bank proposal was more in line with the Indian plan and this angered the
Pakistani delegation. They threatened to withdraw from the Working Party and negotiations
verged on collapse.

But neither side could afford the dissolution of talks. In December of 1954, the two sides
returned to the negotiating table. The World Bank proposal was transformed from a basis of
settlement to a basis for negotiation and the talks continued, stop and go, for the next six
years.

One of the last stumbling blocks to an agreement concerned financing for the construction of
canals and storage facilities that would transfer water from the eastern Indian rivers to
Pakistan. This transfer was necessary to make up for the water Pakistan was giving up by
ceding its rights to the eastern tributaries. The World Bank initially planned for India to pay
for these works, but India refused. The Bank responded with a plan for external financing
supplied mainly by the United States and the United Kingdom. This solution cleared the
remaining stumbling blocks to agreement and the Treaty was signed by the Prime Ministers
of both countries in 1960.

The Indus Waters Treaty is the only agreement that has been faithfully implemented and
upheld by both India and Pakistan. Although its negotiation was often arduous and frustrating
for the World Bank and for the Indian and Pakistani delegations, the final outcome was
amenable to all parties. The Indus waters are the life blood of Pakistan and much of western
India; functional cooperation was necessary for both sides to survive and prosper. The
example of the Indus Waters Treaty suggests that cooperation between India and Pakistan is
possible in cases where the benefits of agreement are plentiful and pressing, overwhelming
the political hedging that prevents other forms of reconciliation.

SALIENT FEATURES OF INDUS WATER TREATY:

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After nine years of negotiations, the Indus Waters Treaty was finally signed on September 19,
1960, with the cooperation of the World Bank.
The salient features of the Indus Waters Treaty are:
• Three Eastern rivers namely Ravi, Sutlej and Beas were given to India.
• Three Western rivers, Indus, Jhelum and Chenab were given to Pakistan.
• Pakistan to meet the requirements of its Eastern river canals from the Western rivers
by
constructing replacement works.
• Safeguards incorporated in the treaty to ensure unrestricted flow of waters in the
Western rivers.
• Both parties were to regularly exchange flow-data of rivers, canals and streams.
• A permanent Indus Waters Commission was constituted to resolve the disputes
between the parties. The Treaty sets out the procedure for settlement of the differences and
disputes. It also provides for settlement of disputes through the International Court of
Arbitration.
Thus, future prospects persuaded the two countries to agree to a partition of the Indus Basin
waters. Both countries were expected to exploit their respective water shares with the help of
an Indus Basin Development Fund to be administered by the World Bank.

Engineering Construction Work In Pakistan As Part Of IWT:

The Indus Basin Project involved construction of two large dams, five barrages, one siphon
and seven link canals as detailed below in Tables, to transfer 14 MAF of water from the
Western rivers. There are three systems of link canals. Two of the systems, the Rasul-
Qadirabad-Balloki-Suleimanki System (R.Q.B.S.) and the Trimmu-Sidhnai-Mailsi-Bahawal
System (T.S.M.B) connect the Jhelum River through to the Sutlej and the third system
Chashma-Jhelum System (C.J) connects the Indus with the Jhelum.

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ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION WORK IN PAKISTAN AS PART OF IWT –

CANALS

Link Canals Constructed in Pakistan under the IWT

From -To Link Canal Name Description

Rivers

1. Jhelum – Rasul-Qadirabad 30 miles long; provides 19,000 cusecs Jhelumwater

Chenab to Chenab

2. Chenab – Qadirabad-Balloki 104 miles long; provides 18,600 cusecs water to Ravi
Ravi

3. Ravi – Sutl Balloki-Suleimanki 39 miles long; provides 6,500 cusecs water toSutlej
ej II

4. Indus – Chashma-Jhelum 63 miles long; provides 21,700 cusecs water

Jhelum to Jhelum

5. Indus – Ra Trimmu-Sidhnai 44 miles long; provides 11,000 cusecs water to Ravi

vi

6. Ravi – Sutl Sidhnai-Mailsi 60 miles long; provides 10,000 cusecs water to Sutlej
ej

7. Indus – Taunsa-Panjnad 38 miles long; provides 100,000 cusecs water to Sutlej

Panjnad

ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION WORK IN PAKISTAN AS PART OF IWT -

RESERVOIRS

Reservoirs Constructed in Pakistan under IWT

Mangla On Jhelum at Mangla, Mirpur Distt.; completed in 1968

Tarbela On Indus ; completed in 1977; Gross storage 11.62 MAF; Live storage 9.7 MAF;
Generates 3478 MW power

ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION WORK IN PAKISTAN AS PART OF IWT -

BARRAGES & SYPHONS

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Barrages Constructed in Pakistan under IWT

Marala On Chenab ; completed in 1968; Max. discharge 1.1 Million cusecs

Qadirabad On Chenab ; completed in 1967; Max. discharge 900,000 cusecs

Sidhnai On Ravi ; completed in 1965; Max. discharge 167,000 cusecs

Rasul On Jhelum ; completed in 1967; Max. discharge 876,000 cusecs

Chashma On Indus ; completed in 1971; also has a reservoir of 0.75 MAF; Max. discharge
1,176,000 cusecs

Mailsi On Sutlej ; a gated siphon; Max. discharge 429,000 cusecs

OTHER ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTIONS ON THE INDUS RIVER SYSTEM

Other Important Engineering Structures

Jinnah Barrage Constructed 1946; Max. discharge 950,000 cusecs

Taunsa Barrage Constructed 1959; Max. discharge 750,000 cusecs

Guddu Barrage Constructed 1962; Max. discharge 1,200,000 cusecs

Sukkur Barrage Constructed 1932; Max. discharge 1,500,000 cusecs

Kotri Barrage Constructed 1955; Max. discharge 750,000 cusecs

Ghazi Barotha Constructed 2004; Max. discharge 500,000 cusecs; Power generation
1450 MW

INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM

ORIGIN OF INDUS BASIN:

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The waters of the Indus basin begin in the Himalayan Mountains of disputed state of Jammu and
Kashmir. They flow from the hills through the arid states of Punjab and Sind, converging in Pakistan
and emptying into the Arabian Sea south of Karachi. Where once there was only a narrow strip of
irrigated land along these rivers, developments over the last century have created a large network of
canals and storage facilities that provide water for more than 26 million acres - the largest irrigated
area of any one river system in the world.

INDUS RIVER SYSTEM OF PAKISTAN

RIVERS IN PAKISTAN
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RIVER RAVI
The River Ravi originates from the Himalayas near Chamba in Himachal Pradesh State, Northern
India. The Ravi River is a river in India and Pakistan. It is one of the five rivers which give Punjab its
name. The total length of the river is about 720 km. Near Bahawalpur it joins the Chenab River. The
river skirts the ancient and historic city of Lahore, Pakistan.
BEAS RIVER
The Beas River is the second easternmost of the rivers of the Punjab, a tributary of Indus River. The
river rises in the Himalayas in central Himachal Pradesh, India, and flows for some 470 km (290
miles) to the Sutlej River in western Punjab state. The river begins at the Rohtang Pass in the state of
Himachal Pradesh, merges with the Sutlej at Harike Pattan south of Amritsar in Punjab, India VIA
Mandi. The Sutlej continues into Pakistani Punjab and joins the Chenab River at Uch to form the
Panjnad River; the latter joins the Indus River at Mithankot.
SUTLEJ RIVER
The Sutlej River is the longest of the five rivers that flow through the historic crossroad region of
Punjab in northern India and Pakistan. It is located north of the Vindhya Range, south of the Hindu
Kush segment of the Himalayas, and east of the Central Sulaiman Range in Pakistan.The Sutlej is
sometimes known as the Red River. It is the easternmost tributary of the Indus River. The Sutlej joins
with the Beas River in Hari-Ke-Patan, Amritsar, Punjāb, India, and continues southwest into Pakistan
to unite with the Chenab River, forming the Panjnad River south of ancient Multan. The Panjnad joins
the Indus River at Mithankot. Indus then flows through a gorge near Sukkur, flows through the fertile
plains region of Sindh, and terminates in the Arabian Sea near the port city of Karachi in Pakistan.
The total length of the river is about 1550 km of which 529 km is in Pakistan.
RIVER CHENAB
The Chenab River is formed by the confluence of the Chandra and Bhaga rivers at Tandi located in
the upper Himalayas in the Lahul and Spiti District of Himachal Pradesh, India. It flows through the
Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir into the plains of the Punjab. It is joined by the Jhelum River at
Trimmu and then by the Ravi River. It then merges with the Sutlej River near Uch Sharif, Pakistan to
form the Panjnad or the 'Five Rivers', the fifth being the Beas River which joins the Sutlej near
Ferozepur, India. The Chenab then joins the Indus at Mithankot, Pakistan. The total length of the
Chenab is approximately 960 kilometers.
JHELUM RIVER
Jhelum River is a river that flows in India and Pakistan. It is the largest and most western of the five
rivers of Punjab, and passes through Jhelum District. It is a tributary of the Chenab River and has a
total length of about 480 miles (774 kilometers).
INDUS RIVER
The Indus River is the longest river in Pakistan and the twenty-first largest river in the world in terms
of annual flow. It is often considered the life-line of Pakistan. Originating in the Tibetan plateau in the
vicinity of Lake Mansarovar in China, the National River runs a course through the Ladakh district of
Jammu and Kashmir and then enters Northern Areas (Gilgit-Baltistan), flowing through the North in a
southerly direction along the entire length of the country, to merge into the Arabian Sea near
Pakistan's port city of Karachi in Sindh. The total length of the river is 3,180 kilometers (1,976 miles).
The river has a total drainage area exceeding 1,165,000 square kilometers (450,000 square miles). The
river's estimated annual flow stands at around 207 cubic kilometers. Beginning at the heights of the
world with glaciers, the river feeds the ecosystem of temperate forests, plains and arid countryside.
Together with the rivers Chenab, Ravi, Sutlej, Jhelum, Beas and two tributaries from the North West
Frontier and Afghanistan, the Indus forms the Sapta Sindhu (Seven Rivers) delta of Pakistan.

S.NO. RIVER LENGTH WATER ALLOCATION

01 Beas 470 km India

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02 Ravi 720 km India

03 Sutlej 1550 km India

04 Chenab 960 km Pakistan

05 Jhelum 774 km Pakistan

06 Indus 3180 km Pakistan

DETAILS OF RIVERS FALL UNDER IBIS

PHYSICAL SYSTEM
Pakistan has a unique irrigation system which comprises of five main rivers, i.e. the Indus, the
Jhelum, the Chenab, the Ravi and the Sutlej River. The network of Indus basin Irrigation System
consists of the Dams, Barrages, Headworks, Canals and Interlinks. This system includes Link Canals
that were built with a concept to transfer water from the Western Rivers i.e. Indus, Jhelum and
Chenab to the Eastern Rivers, i.e. Ravi and Sutlej after the Indus water treaty of 1960. Whereas, the
feeder canals taken out from different head works are meant mainly to irrigate the agricultural lands
throughout. The waters of the Indus Basin Rivers are diverted through reservoirs/barrages into canals,
classified as the Main Canals. These main canals then distribute the irrigation water into their
command areas through a network of branch canals.

WATER ABILITY OF THE IBIS

there are three main sources of water availability in the Indus Basin:

A. Surface Water:

The average annual flow of Western Rivers of Indus Basin is approximately 142 million acre feet
(MAF). About 104 MAF of this water is diverted for irrigation purposes and about 35 million acre
feet outflows to the Arabian Sea.

B. Rain Water:
Another source of water is the rain fall. Irrigated areas of Indus Basin receive on average 40 million
acres feet of water annually.

C. Ground Water:
The third source of water is the ground water. It provides approximately 40 percent of crop water
requirements of the country.

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INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM

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DETAILS OF INDUS BASIN IRRIGATION SYSTEM

S.
RIVER HEADS/BARRAGES DAMS CANALS
#
Pakpattan Canal
01 Sutlej Sulemanki Fordwah Canal
Eastern Sadiqia Canal
Qaim Canal
Islam Mailsi Canal
Bahawal Canal
Panjnad Canal
Punjnad
Abbassia Canal
Lower Bari Doab Canal
02 Ravi Balloki Balloki-Sulemanki Link Lower
Depalpur Canal
Sidhnai Mailsi Link Canal
Sidhnai
Sidhnai Canal
Marala RaviLink
U.C.C.(Upper chenab canal)---
BRBD(Bambawala-Ravi-Bedian-
03 Chenab Marala Dipalpur Canal)---
CBDC(Central bari doab
canal)---UDC(Upper Depalpur
Canal)
LCC(Lower chenab canal) Upper
Gogera Lower Gogera
Khanki Burala
Main LCC Jhang Branch.
Rakh Branch.
Qadirabad Qadirabad .Baloki Link
Rangpur Canal
Trimmu Havali Canal
Trimmu Sidhni Link
Rasul Qadirabad Link Canal
04 Jhelum Rasul
Lower Jehlum Canal
Upper Jehlum Canal up stream
Mangla
Khanki Headworks
05 Indus Jinnah Thal canal
Chashma Jhelum link
Chashma
Chashma reservoir bank canal
Kachhi Canal
D.G. Khan Canal
Taunsa
Muzaffargarah Canal
Taunsa Panjnad Link Canal
Pat feeder
Desert Feeder
Guddu
Begari Sindh Feeder
Ghotki canal
Nara Canal
Mirwah Canal
Rohri Canal
Abul Wah
Sukkur
& right side canals are
Dadu Canal
Rice Canal
Khirthar Canal
Kotri Baghar feeder
Phuleli
Kotri(Ghulam Muhammad Barrage)
Pinjari
Akram Wah
Right Bank canal
Terbela
Left Bank Canal
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Right Bank Canal

Warsak
Left Bank Canal.
Kalabagh dam
(proposed)
Thal reservoir
Sehwan
reservoir
(proposed)

LINK CANALS IN PAKSITAN:

i. Chashma-Jhelum Link - Indus-Jhelum

ii. Taunsa-Punjnad Link - Indus-Chenab
iii. Rasul-Qadirabad Link - Jhelum-Chenab
iv. Marala-Ravi Link - Chenab-Ravi
v. Bambanwala-Ravi-Bedian Link - Chenab-Ravi-Sutlej
vi. Upper Chenab-Balloki Link - Chenab-Ravi
vii. Qadirabad-Balloki Link - Chenab-Ravi
viii.Trimmu-Sidhnai Link - Chenab-Ravi
ix. Balloki-Sulaimanke Link - Ravi-Sutlej
x. Sidhnai-Mailsi Link - Ravi-Sutlej

RIVERS IN PAKISTAN AND BARRAGES/HEADWORKS ON THEM:

i. Indus: Chashma, Taunsa, Guddu, Sukkur, Kotri

ii. Jhelum: Rasul
iii. Chenab: Marala, Khanki, Qadirabad, Trimmu
iv. Ravi: Balloki, Sidhnai
v. Sutlej: Sulaimanke, Islam, Punjnad

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MAJOR DAMS IN PAKISTAN

THE MANGLA DAM is located in Mirpur District, is the twelfth largest dam in the world. It was
built from 1961 to 1967 with funding from the World Bank. The project was designed and supervised
by Binnie & Partners of London, and it was built by Mangla Dam Contractors, a consortium of 8 U.S.
construction firms, sponsored by Guy F. Atkinson Company of South San Francisco. Mangla Dam
Contractors employed Pakistanis, Americans, British, Canadians, Germans, and Irish.

TARBELA DAM is a large dam on the Indus River in Pakistan. It is located in Haripur district of
Hazara Division of North-West Frontier Province about 50 km (31 mi) northwest of Islamabad, at
height of 485 ft (148 m) above the river bed. Reservoir size of some 95 sq mi (250 km2) makes it the
largest earth filled dam in the world. The dam was completed in 1974 and was designed to store water
from the Indus River for irrigation and flood control, and for the generation of hydro-electric power.

HUB DAM is a large water storage reservoir constructed in 1981 on the Hub River on the arid plains
north of Karachi. It is located on the provincial border between Baluchistan and Sind, Pakistan. The
reservoir supplies water for irrigation in Lasbela District of Baluchistan and drinking water for the
city of Karachi. The Hub reservoir can grow up to 32 square miles (83 km2) and provides for angling.

MIRANI DAM is located in Gwadar District, Baluchistan, Pakistan. Mirani Dam multipurpose
project, is located on Dasht River, about 30 miles west of Turbat in Makran Division of Balochistan,
it envisages provision of dependable irrigation supplies on the two banks of the river. The project was
completed in November 2006 and was inaugurated by Pervez Musharraf who was president of
Pakistan at that time.

NAMAL DAM was constructed in 1913. Namal Dam is situated some 32 km from Mianwali city.
The lake has a surface area of 5.5 km². There are mountains on its western and southern sides. On the
other two sides are agricultural areas.

WARSAK DAM The gignatic multi-purpose Warsak Dam is situated 30 kms north-west of Peshawar
in the heart of tribal territory. It has a total generating capacity of 240,000 kw and will eventually
serve to irrigate 110,000 acres of land.

RAWAL DAM is an artificial reservoir that provides the water needs for the cities of Rawalpindi and
Islamabad. This artificial lake covers an area of 8.8 km². It is built on river sawan. Rawal Lake is
located within an isolated section of the Margalla Hills National Park. It fulfills the needs of domestic
water of Islamabad and Rawalpindi & also irrigate 500 acres of agricultural area.

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PROPOSED DAMS
AKHORI DAM Project is one of the projects of Water Vision 2025, which is proposed by the former
Pakistan Muslim League (Q)'s Government. The dam will stored about 8.6 billion cubic meters of
water that is split filling the Tarbela reservoir during the monsoon season.

BUNJI HYDROPOWER PROJECT is run of a river project proposed to be located on Indus River,
with dam and powerhouse 85 and 60 km respectively from Gilgit city in Northern Areas of Pakistan.
A 190 m high dam with crest length of 400 m would create 22 km long reservoir. Five 7.8 km long
power tunnels would divert a design discharge of 1900 m3/s to an underground powerhouse which
will house 20 Francis turbines and generators with an installed capacity of 7,100 MW.

THE KALABAGH DAM was a mega water reservoir that the Government of Pakistan was planning
to develop across the Indus River, one of the world's largest rivers. The proposed site for the dam was
situated at Kalabagh in Mianwali District of the north-west Punjab province, bordering the North-
West Frontier Province.
The dam project was highly controversial and had been since its inception. In December 2005,
General Pervez Musharraf, President of Pakistan, announced that he would definitely build the dam in
the larger interest of Pakistan. In May 26, 2008, Federal Minister for Water and Power of Pakistan,
Raja Pervez Ashraf, said that the Kalabagh Dam would not be constructed. He said due to the
opposition from NWFP, Sindh and other stakeholder, the project was no longer feasible.

DIAMER-BHASHA DAM is the name of a dam that has been planned in the Northern Areas of
Pakistan on the River Indus. Diamer Basha Dam Project will be the highest Roller Compacted
Concrete Dam in the world, height of 272 meters spillway with fourteen (14) gates each 11.5 m x
16.24 m. The gross capacity of the reservoir will be 8.1 MAF, with a live storage of 6.4 MAF. Two
underground power houses are being proposed, one on each side of the main dam having six turbines
on each side with total installed capacity 4500 MW. Scheduled completion period of the project is
w.e.f. 2009 to 2016, at a tentative cost of US $ 12.6 Billion.

OTHER SMALL DAMS:

There are many other small dams built on different rivers of Pakistan some of them are, sabak zai
dam, windar dam, munda dam, gomal zam dam, the shakidor dam, karoonjhar dam etc.

121 Muhammad Farooq Zia (2005-CE-

Compiled
44)
By:
Muhammad Sajid Nazir (2005-CE-