BASELINE SURVEY REPORT

WATER AND SANITATION, RENEWABLE ENERGY, AND

AQUACULTURE
Nyando River Basin i.e. Lower Nyando (Awach and Kabodho East Sub-locations)
and Middle Nyando (Koru and Nyando sub-locations)

Submitted to
Sustainable Environmental Development Watch (Suswatch Kenya) Kisumu, Milimani,
P.O. Box 1207-00100 Nairobi,

Prepared By

Emerald Environmental Consultancy Firm

Ngong Hills Hotel Building Ngong Road, 3rd Floor
Tel: +254 20 3559598 +254 20 250 95 44 Fax: +254 20 355 9558 Mobile: 0722849936 E-mail:
info@consultemerald.org consult.emerald@gmail.com

August 2012

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The Baseline Survey team would like to express sincere thanks to the staff members of
Suswatch II for their kind and effective support during the study. The team is especially
grateful to Nobert Ochieng the National Coordinator and Velma Oseko field Officer for
providing logistical and technical support as we progressed from study design to data
collection, analysis and report writing. Our heartfelt appreciation to the Suswatch board for
giving us an opportunity to undertake the study. Additionally, we offer our gratitude to the
research assistants for their diligence in data collection and community members in the
project area who graciously allowed us time to visit their homes and facilities to conduct
interviews. We thank field guides Job Okulo and Mr. Owili who provided vital services
throughout the field work process.

Finally, the study Team wish to convey their sincere gratitude and special thanks the key
informants who shared their honest views and knowledge of Water and Sanitation,
Aquaculture and Renewable Energy status in the Nyando River Basin that have formed part
of this report.
Thanks to you all.
Survey Team
Dr. Stephen Anyango and Aron Kecha

2|Page

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

Executive Summary
Introduction: The overall objective of the consultancy was to establish baseline data on the
Livelihood Intervention areas of Water Supply and Sanitation, Renewable Energy Supply,
and Aquaculture in Nyando River Basin. The baseline study focused on the 3 livelihood
intervention components (water and sanitation, renewable energy supply and aquaculture)
within Nyando River Basin Basin i.e. Lower Nyando (Awach and Kabodho East sublocations) and Middle Nyando (Koru and Nyando sub-locations). The study team utilized a
comprehensive, participatory evaluation approach. This was a cross-sectional survey
conducted in 4 Sub locations distributed over middle Nyando namely Koru sub location and
Nyando sub location, and Lower Nyando; Kabodho East and Awach sub location.
Results and Discussions: In all the study areas, the major significant livelihood activities or
a group of activities in the study area is mainly farming: lower Nyando, (main source of
income is farming at 64 %) is predominated by subsistence farming, with maize and
sorghum dominating crop production. Majority of the homesteads also keep livestock which
include cattle, goats and chicken. While in Middle Nyando (farming as main source of
income is at 31.7%), with the average monthly income being less than Ksh 7,000 per month
(52.8%). The average household size in both lower and middle Nyando is 6 people with the
highest recorded household size being 20 people in lower Nyando
Water Resources: Supply Availability, Access and Usage: the main water sources is dry
season is rivers/streams (middle Nyando 42.6%; lower Nyando 53%) this is also the case in
the wet season (middle Nyando 49.2%; Lower Nyando 54.1%). The average distance to
water source in both the study areas is less than a kilometre and it takes on average less than
an hour for residents in both areas to access water for household use. Majority of the
households in middle Nyando (42.1%) use between 80-100 litres of water per day, while in
Lower Nyando, 40% of the households surveyed used between 20 and 60 litres of water per
day, with an equivalent number using between 80 and 100 litres of water for domestic use.
In middle Nyando, 54% of household interviewed perceive their water to be safe to drink,
72.9%, good to taste, and 60.8% perceive the water to be clear/not turbid. In lower Nyando,
84% of household perceive their water to be god to taste, 48% to be safe to drink, and 77% to
be clear/not turbid.

3|Page

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

48.1% of households interviewed in middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid
infections among family members during the past 6months, 13.5% had cases of diarrhoea in
the family. In lower Nyando, 15.5% of interviewed households had recorded cases of
diarrheal among family members during the past for 6 months, while 50% had recorded
cases of typhoid.
Sanitation: latrine coverage in middle Nyando is at 89.4% and 87% in Lower Nyando. The
most common type of toilet facility in Middle Nyando and Lower Nyando is the pit latrine
with no Ventilation pipe at 70.5% and 74.4% respectively
Energy source and use: The main energy source for cooking is biomass (firewood and
charcoal). 100% and 99% of the respondents in Lower Nyando and Middle Nyando
respectively use biomass. The main source of energy for lighting is (fossil fuel) kerosene
(88.4% in middle Nyando and 83.8% in lower Nyando). Only 6.6% of households surveyed
in Middle Nyando, and 2.0% in lower Nyando use solar energy for lighting. Electricity
usage for lighting was recorded in 3.3% of households in middle Nyando and 14.1% in
lower Nyando. Rural electrification in the area is very low as compared to the national
average.
Only 17.5% of the respondents households in middle Nyando, and 7.4% in lower Nyando
indicated that they use renewable energy in their homes. The most common type of
renewable energy used was solar energy for lighting, (16 households; n =123) in middle
Nyando, and 4 households (N= 100) in lower Nyando. The main reason given for low
adoption of renewable energy technology is the high cost of start-up. This means that if low
cost technologies are promoted, the uptake can increase. The other reasons given were on
over reliance on non renewable energy sources and poor knowledge on the available
Renewable energy technologies. The study revealed that among the households, that have
adopted renewable energy use, on average 20% had been assisted (technologically and or
subsidised)
Aquaculture: information from the KIIs including the fisheries offices estimates the total
fishponds in Nyando District to be 1,100. Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds,
Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds, Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish
ponds, and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA area as you go towards the lake. Fisheries
projects in that area are mostly due to interventions from the Economic stimulus package.
Generally farmers are still sceptical on adoption of fish farming. Other challenges facing fish
4|Page

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

farming is inadequate access water supply for fish ponds, flooding, limited extension
services, and low levels of technological awareness.
Conclusions and Recommendations: Future intervention measures in this area of Water
and Sanitation should focus on promotion of well constructed VIP latrines and Hygiene
practices to reduce the incidences of water borne diseases, and also improve access to
protected water sources. Interventions on renewable energy should focus on technology
transfer, especially of low cost technologies such as solar lanterns. Biogas production can
also be promoted through training of artisans in that field. Farmers should also be
encouraged to plant woodlots in their farms to supplement their source of wood fuel and
also ensure soil conservation. On aquaculture, there is need to focus on changing the
perception of people on fish farming, to encourage more farmers to adopt fish farming in
light of the dwindling stocks in lake Victoria. Interventions should focus on availing
technical support to farmers engaged in fish farming, as well as investment in value addition
processes.

5|Page

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

Contents
Executive Summary ............................................................................................................................. 2
1.

Background ................................................................................................................................... 8

1.1.

About SusWatch II ................................................................................................................... 8

1.2.

Brief Introduction of LVEMP II .............................................................................................. 8

1.3.

LVEMP II Interventions in the Project Area......................................................................... 9

1.4.

About the study area ............................................................................................................... 9

1.4.1.

Lower Nyando.................................................................................................................... 10

1.4.2.

Middle Nyando .................................................................................................................. 10

1.5.

Purpose of the LVEMP II CS ................................................................................................ 11

1.6.

Overall Objective of the Consultancy.................................................................................. 12

1.7.

Scope of work ......................................................................................................................... 13

2.

Methodology............................................................................................................................... 14

2.1.

Timeframe ............................................................................................................................... 14

2.2.

The Baseline survey process ................................................................................................. 14

2.3.

Study design ........................................................................................................................... 14

2.4.

Data collection tools ............................................................................................................... 14

2.5.

Sample Selection..................................................................................................................... 15

2.6.

Data Processing, Analysis and Presentation ...................................................................... 15

Chapter Three ..................................................................................................................................... 16

3.

Study Findings............................................................................................................................ 16

3.1.

General conditions in the study areas ................................................................................. 16

3.2.

Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Study Respondents ....................................... 16

3.3.

WATER: Availability, Access and Usage of Water Resources ........................................ 18

3.3.1.

Main Water Supply Sources ............................................................................................. 18

3.3.2.

Distance to drinking water sources ................................................................................. 19

3.3.3.

Quantity of Water Used Per household per day ........................................................... 20

3.3.4.

Water Safety quality and use of safe water drinking products ................................ 20

3.3.5.

Payment for water supply ................................................................................................ 22

3.4.
3.4.1.
3.5.
3.5.1.

SANITATION ......................................................................................................................... 23
Latrine coverage ................................................................................................................. 23
ENERGY SOURCE AND USE.............................................................................................. 24
House hold Energy Needs ................................................................................................ 24

6|Page

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

3.5.2.

Main House Hold Sources of Energy .............................................................................. 24

3.5.3.

Availability of energy ........................................................................................................ 26

3.5.4.

Potential for renewable energy uses................................................................................ 26

3.5.5.

Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting ............................ 26

3.5.6.

Challenges facing renewable energy ............................................................................... 27

3.6.
4.

AQUACULTURE ................................................................................................................... 28
Conclusions and Recommendations ....................................................................................... 29

References ........................................................................................................................................... 31
ANNEX 1: Baseline indicators and Targets.................................................................................... 32
I.

Water and Sanitation .................................................................................................................... 32

II.

Energy/ Renewable Energy ........................................................................................................... 33

III.

Aqua cultural Interventions ..................................................................................................... 35

Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites ....................... 36

List of Tables
Table 1 Sampling Frame .................................................................................................................... 15
Table 2 Summary of Household Socio-demographic Characteristics ........................................ 16
Table 3 Main Income source & Average Household Size ............................................................ 17
Table 4: The respondents main water sources in the dry and wet season ................................ 18
Table 5: Distance to Drinking Water Source ................................................................................ 19
Table 6: The respondents water quality perception, method of treatment and incidences of
water borne diseases. ......................................................................................................................... 21
Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses ........................................................... 22
Table 9 Cost of Water ........................................................................................................................ 22
Table 10 Sanitation Situation ............................................................................................................ 23
Table 11: Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities ....................................................................... 23
Table 12 Energy Source and Use ...................................................................................................... 25
Table 13 Renewable Energy Use ...................................................................................................... 26
Table 14 Data on Fish Farming......................................................................................................... 28

List of Figures
Figure 1map of lower Nyando ......................................................................................................... 10
Figure 2 map of middle Nyando...................................................................................................... 11
Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day .......................................................... 20
Figure 4 Household water treatment methods: a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando.............. 21

7|Page

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

Chapter 1
1. Background
1.1. About SusWatch II
The East Africa Sustainability Watch (EA SusWatch) Network is a network of NGOs from
Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania spearheaded by Uganda Coalition for Sustainable
Development (UCSD), Sustainable Environmental Development Watch Network (SusWatch
Kenya), and Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development (TCSD). EA SusWatch
Regional Secretariat is hosted by UCSD in Kampala, Uganda.

The EA Suswatch Network is currently implementing LVEMP II Civil Society (CS) Watch
project which is a three-year initiative to be implemented from November 2011 to October
2014, with support from the Government of Sweden. LVEMP II CS watch project is being
implemented in partnership between Uganda Coalition for Sustainable Development
(UCSD), Tanzania Coalition for Sustainable Development (TCSD), and Sustainable
Environmental Development Watch Network (SusWatch Kenya).
1.2. Brief Introduction of LVEMP II
Lake Victoria Environmental Management Project Phase Two (LVEMP II) is an 8 years (2009
- 2017) regional project implemented in the 5 East Africa Community partner states of the
Republics of Kenya, Burundi, Rwanda, Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania.
Kenya is currently implementing the 1st phase of LVEMP II Adjustable Program Lending
(APL 1) APL 1 will be implemented in Nyando River Basin and along the lake shore in the
former Nyanza, Western and Rift Valley provinces.
The project contributes to broad-based poverty alleviation and improvement of livelihoods
of people, by supporting sustainable management of shared natural resources of the Lake
Victoria Basin, which many communities depend on. To achieve this, the project supports
among other interventions: (a) Institutional capacity building and harmonization of policy,
legislations, and regulatory frameworks; (b) Community-Driven Development (CDD)
subprojects investments in participatory watershed management; and (c) point sources
pollution control and prevention.
APL 1 through the CDD sub-projects component intends to support community-driven
investments in rehabilitating the Nyando River catchment area and lake shore districts. The

8|Page

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

component has a Natural resource Conservation component, and a Livelihood improvement

component.
The natural resource conservation component focuses on soil and water conservation,
rainwater harvesting and growing of greenery trees/crops. The livelihood Improvement
component will focus on reducing harvesting pressure on fisheries and wetlands resources,
and intensifying natural resource use to increase adoption of sustainable land management
practices. The interventions will largely be household-based, and are aimed at intensifying
natural resources use and reducing harvesting pressure on the fisheries and wetlands
resources.

1.3. LVEMP II Interventions in the Project Area

LVEMP II has been engaged in various livelihood intervention programmes in the larger
Nyando district (currently Muhoroni, Nyando and Nyakach districts). LVEMP II is currently
undertaking four existing projects in Kabodho location, and Upper North Kabodho sublocation in Nyakach district. The four projects deal with intervention in areas of:
1.

Natural resource conservation,

2.

Roof catchment activities,

3. Livestock improvement and

4.

Nursery establishment.

However LVEMP II programme is still underway to enhance the 4 project areas but,
including components of water and sanitation as well as aquaculture development with
greater emphasis in Nyando District. Currently the project is at the proposal receiving stage
from various community groups. The proposals are submitted to the district project
coordinating team, in charge of such projects. Their offices are located at the respective
district headquarters.

The district project coordinating team are mandated to vet the

proposals, provide technical backstopping and forward refined proposals to the national
offices and thereafter monitor the implementation of projects. So far no projects on
renewable energy and aquaculture have been funded by LVEMP II in the study areas.
1.4. About the study area
The Nyando River basin covers an area of 3517 km2 of Western Kenya. The river basin
drains into the Winam Gulf in Lake Victoria. The main river, Nyando rises from the western
Mau hills and traverses a distance of approximately 170Km. Its drainage basin consists of
9|Page

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

five main sub-catchment areas namely; Nyando-Nandi, Nyando-Kericho, Awach-Kano,

Nyaidho-Kano and Nyando-Kano. The Nyando and its tributaries supply water both for
domestic and livestock use and for irrigation in the sugar belt. (Nyando Atlas). The
population in the Nyando basin is approximately 1,100,000 people (KNBS, 2009).
1.4.1. Lower Nyando
The Lower Nyando block is located in the lake plain (Kano Plains) of Lake Victoria. The
block is characterized by low productivity, erratic rainfall, and severe erosion. Within the

Figure 1map of lower Nyando

block are two divisions, Upper and Lower Nyando and 16 sub-locations. The specific areas
of studies are Kabodho East sub location, of Pap Onditi Location, Nyando District. Kabodho
East sub location has a total population of 6,009 comprising of 2,916 males and 3,093
females. (KNBS 2009). Awach sub location lies in N.E Nyakach location, of Nyando district.
Awach sub location has a total population of 2,495 comprising of 1,277 males and 2,763
females. (KNBS, 2009)
1.4.2. Middle Nyando
The Middle Nyando block lies in Kericho and Nyando Districts both in Muhoroni division.
Within the block are ten sub- locations. The block is characterized by sugar cane production
on larger farms located on the plains and gentle slopes and subsisting farming or the steeper
slopes and hill tops.

10 | P a g e

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

Figure 2 map of middle Nyando

The specific areas of study were Koru Sub location and Nyando sub location. Both Koru
and Nyando sub locations lies within Koru Location of Nyando district. The total population
in Koru Sub location is 5,407, while in Nyando sub location is 2,495. (KNBS, 2009)

1.5. Purpose of the LVEMP II CS

LVEMP II CS watch project intends to produce several advocacy and IEC materials to
inform the general public on the progress of implementation of LVEMP II including:

Evidence-based assessment and documentation of LVEMP II progress in the

respective countries in form of alternative reports (packaged in form of SusWatch
briefs).

Field-based information generation and packaging in form of Community Demand

Driven Sub-projects Watch.

11 | P a g e

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

SusWatch Livelihood Case Studies from the sub-catchments in Nyando River Basin
i.e. Lower Nyando (Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando
(Koru and Nyando sub-locations)

Lake Victoria Basin (LVB) Climate Change Readiness brief to highlight level of
readiness to face up to climate change development challenges in the LVB (for water
supply and sanitation, agriculture and food security, rural energy supply) as per the
2010 East African Climate Change Policy (EACCP) annually.

The above documents and reports will be produced periodically during the project
implementation. The baseline survey is therefore intended to provide benchmarks against
which the improvement in the community livelihood as a result of the CDD Sub-project
interventions will be measured.
1.6. Overall Objective of the Consultancy
The overall objective of the consultancy is to establish baseline data on the Livelihood
Intervention areas of Water Supply and Sanitation, Renewable Energy Supply, and
Aquaculture in Nyando River Basin.
The specific objectives of the baseline study include to:
1. Conduct a coordinated baseline survey to establish baseline indicators for the
community livelihood that will imply Impact Evaluation of the CDD Sub-projects in
relation to water and sanitation, renewable energy and aquaculture.
2. Establish baseline for water and sanitation, renewable energy supply and
aquaculture using quantitative and qualitative measures;
3. Recommend targets for the indicators;
4. Document appropriate and user friendly data collection and monitoring tools for
subsequent monitoring surveys.
5. Prepare a baseline survey report using appropriate qualitative and quantitative
methods covering community livelihoods aspects including: poverty, food and
income security, marketing, processing, and the institutional context of development
as well as on the cross cutting issues of gender and HIV/AIDS while relating them to
the 3 intervention areas of water and sanitation, renewable energy and aquaculture.

12 | P a g e

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

1.7. Scope of work

The baseline study will focus on the 3 livelihood intervention areas (water and sanitation,
renewable energy supply and aquaculture) within Nyando River Basin i.e. Lower Nyando
(Awach and Kabodho East sub-locations) and Middle Nyando (Koru and Nyando sublocations)

13 | P a g e

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

CHAPTER TWO
2. Methodology
2.1. Timeframe
The evaluation took place on the month of July 2012 August 2012. The field work was done
in the month of July, and covered both Lower Nyando and Middle Nyando.
2.2. The Baseline survey process
The data collection was a participatory process that involved the external consultant
(Emerald Environmental Consultancy Firm), Suswach II officials, and the community
members from the study locations. Also involved in the process was the district fisheries
officer from Nyando, the District development office, Lake Basin development Authority,
Lake Victoria South Water Services Board, and community groups involved in
environmental and livelihoods project. It also involved review and analysis of literature,
project implementation documents and baseline survey reports. The supervisors and
enumerators went through a rigorous training which involved an understanding of the
project, reviewing and refining all data collection instruments.
2.3. Study design
The evaluation team used a comprehensive, mixed-methods evaluation design. This was a
cross-sectional survey conducted in 4 Sub locations distributed over middle Nyando namely
Koru sub location and Nyando sub location, and Lower Nyando; Kabodho East and Awach
sub locations.
An interviewer administered questionnaire was designed and used to conduct a total of 230
interviews. In

addition

semi-structured

Discussions (FGDs) and Key Informant

Interviews

including

Focus

Group

Interviews (KIIs) were done with beneficiaries

and other stakeholders respectively. Field visits were done at key projects sites to make
observations on the projects visible outputs.
2.4. Data collection tools
Overall, the following data collection tools were developed:

Household Survey Questionnaire to facilitate Quantitative data collection.

Key Informant Interviews guidelines A semi-structured interview guide was

developed to facilitate interviews with key stakeholders such as government officials

14 | P a g e

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

from the line ministries such as Ministries of Water, Public Health and Ministry of
Fisheries. Other respondents included: local administration, NGO and CBOs.

Focus Group Discussion guidelines to facilitate interviews with potential project

beneficiaries and their representative groups including Women and youth groups.

Observation Checklist for field visits to observe project infrastructure development.

2.5. Sample Selection

Several approaches were used during the baseline survey: documentary reviews,
quantitative and qualitative data collection including checklists. Using these approaches
allowed the research team to triangulate data as a measure of countering the shortcomings
from any particular data collection tool. The survey was designed to collect information
from households within the project area. A multistage sampling technique was used. First
purposive sampling was used to identify project beneficiaries, at location level then a
random sampling technique for identifying the sub locations and the households to be
interviewed. The Sample size was calculated using the fischers equation.
The formula yielded a total of about 200 households to be surveyed. The sample size was
adjusted upwards to 223 households to cater for none responses. There after considering the
cluster group proportionality in the division the household interviewed was distributed as
follows:
Table 1 Sampling Frame
Area

Sub location

House hold

Lower Nyando

Awach

123

Kabodho east
Middle Nyando

Koru

100

Nyando
Total

223

2.6. Data Processing, Analysis and Presentation

Quantitative data was entered using access based data base software and later converted to
SPSS which was used for analysis. The results are presented in the form of frequencies and
%ages. Qualitative data was triangulated and analyzed based on the thematic areas and
were mainly used in this report for detailed explanation of the quantitative aspects of the
project.
15 | P a g e

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

Chapter Three
3. Study Findings
3.1. General conditions in the study areas
In all the study areas, the most identifiable, significant livelihood activities or groups of
activities found within the study area is mainly farming: in lower Nyando, the predominant
livelihood source is subsistence farming, with maize and sorghum dominating crop
production. Majority of the homesteads also keep livestock which include cattle, goats and
chicken.
In middle Nyando, the predominant livelihood source is also farming. The agricultural
activities in this block are mainly small scale sugar cane and maize production. The area is in
the western Kenya sugar belt and has a sugar company and the factories nuclear large scale
sugar plantations which might account for the high number of salaried employment.
Majority over 50% of the households have farm sizes of 4 acres or less. Only 25% of the
farms have farm sizes larger than 10 acres.
3.2. Socio Demographic Characteristics of the Study Respondents
Average household size in both middle and lower Nyando is 6 people with the maximum
recorded household size being 14 people in middle Nyando and 20 people in lower Nyando.
In lower Nyando, the majority of the households interviewed were headed by females
(52%). About 53% of the household heads had primary level of education, while 28% had
attained secondary level of education, with 7% having university level of education.
In Middle Nyando, majority of the households are male headed (61%). About 39% of the
household heads had primary level of education, while 34% had attained secondary level of
education, with only 4.9% having university level of education.
Table 2 Summary of Household Socio-demographic Characteristics

Household head

Marital Status

16 | P a g e

Middle Nyando N=123

Lower Nyando N=100

No

No

Male

75

61

48

48.0

Female

48

39%

52

52.0

Married

86

69.9

74

74.0

Widowed

28

22.8

15

15.0

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

Highest level of education for

No

household head

education

formal

10

8.1

7.0

Primary

48

39.0

53

53.0

Secondary

42

34.1

28

28.0

Tertiary

17

13.8

5.0

University

4.9

7.0

The main source of income in Middle Nyando is farming at 31.7%, followed trading at
22.8% and salaried employment at 20.3%., with the average monthly income being less than
Ksh 7,000 per month (52.8%) In Lower Nyando, the main source of income in the area is
farming at 64 %, followed by wage employment at 14% and salaried employment at 13%.
The average monthly income is less than Ksh 7,000 per month (54%)

Table 3 Main Income source & Average Household Size

Main Source of Income
Farming

39

31.7

64

64.0

Livestock keeping

11

8.9

1.0

Wage employment

13

10.6

14

14.0

Artisan/blacksmith

4.1

1.0

25

20.3

13

13.0

Trading

28

22.8

6.0

Others Specify

1.6

1.0

Less than 7000

65

52.8

54

54.0

7000-20000

44

35.8

38

38.0

20000-50000

13

10.6

6.0

Over 50000

.8

2.0

Mean

6.02

6.45

Minimum

Maximum

14

20

Salaried
Employment

Average Monthly Income

Average House hold Size

17 | P a g e

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

3.3. WATER: Availability, Access and Usage of Water Resources

3.3.1. Main Water Supply Sources
The main water source for households during both dry and wet seasons is mainly
unprotected water sources- 70.9% & 64.6%during dry season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively, and 54.2% and 56.1% during wet season in Middle Nyando and Lower
Nyando respectively. The major single source of water for the households during both dry
and wet seasons is rivers/streams at 42.6% (dry season) and 49.2 (wet season) in Middle
Nyando, and In lower Nyando, 53% and 54.1% during both dry and wet season respectively.
About 20% of households surveyed in Middle Nyando had access to piped water in their
houses within their compounds, while 6.6% had invested in rain water storage tanks. Other
sources of water included hand dug wells (7.4%) and communal water points. While in
Lower Nyando 13% of households surveyed had invested in rain water tanks, and only 4%
of the households surveyed had access to piped water
Table 4: The respondents main water sources in the dry and wet season
Middle Nyando

Lower Nyando

Dry season

Wet Season

Dry Season

Wet Season

Frequen

Frequenc

Frequenc

Freque

cy

ncy

14

11.5

10

8.5

4.0

4.1

11

9.0

6.8

8.1

4.1

4.1

3.4

8.1

6.1

6.6

24

20.3

12

12.1

13

13.3

tap/ water kiosk less 2

1.6

1.7

1.0

1.0

3.3

2.5

3.0

2.0

Piped tap water in

dwelling
Piped tap water on
site
Borehole

on

site/

water kiosk
Rainwater tank on
site
Public/communal

than 200 meters away

Public/communal
tap more than 200 4
meters away

18 | P a g e

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

Hand dug wells

7.4

2.5

4.0

Neighbor

2.5

1.7

1.0

.8

52

42.6

58

49.2

60

60.6

13

10.7

2.5

Mobile Water tanker

(bowser)
river/stream,

Wells

& springs
Water

Pans/earth

dams /ponds

1.0

53

54.1

1.0

Therefore the result shows that majority of households (over 50%) in this areas rely on
unprotected water sources. This is below the National average. According KDH report
2008/9 63% of households in Kenya get drinking water from an improved source. However,
disparities exist by residence; with a higher proportion of urban households (91 %) having
an improved source of drinking water compared with rural households 54 %.
Increasing access to improved drinking water is one of the Millennium Development Goals
that Kenya along with other nations worldwide has adopted (United Nations General
Assembly 2001). The indicators that are useful in monitoring household access to improved
drinking water (WHO and UNICEF, 2005) include; sources that are likely to provide water
suitable for drinking, Lack of ready access to a water source may limit the quantity of
suitable drinking, water that must be fetched from a source that is not immediately
accessible to the household (distance to source), water quality, among others as discussed
below.
3.3.2. Distance to drinking water sources
In middle Nyando area, the average distance to the households main water source is less
than a kilometre (53.7%). 24.8% of the households surveyed have water within their
compounds. On average, it takes less than an hour (77.5%) for households to fetch water for
their domestic use, while 19.2% of the households take between 1-2 hours to collect water.
Table 5: Distance to Drinking Water Source

Distance
source

19 | P a g e

to

water

Within the compound

Less than 1 Km
1kms - 2 Km
2 - 5 Km

Middle Nyando
No
30
65
21
5

N=123
%
24.8
53.7
17.4
4.1

Lower Nyando N=100

No
%
19
19.0
69
69.0
12
12.0

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

Time taken to collect

water

Less than 1 hr
1hr - 2 hrs
Over 2 hrs

93
23
4

77.5
19.2
3.3

91
9

91.0
9.0

In lower Nyando area, 19% of households surveyed had water within their compounds,
while 69% walked less than a kilometre to access water for domestic use. It takes less than an
hour for households to collect water for domestic use. (91%), while the rest spend between
an hour and two.
3.3.3. Quantity of Water Used Per household per day
Majority of the households in
middle

Nyando

(42.1%)

use

between 80-100 litres of water

per

day,

while

35.5%

use

between 20-60 litres per day, and

14% of the surveyed households
reported to be using over 100
litres of water per day.

Figure 3 Quantity of Water Used per Household per Day

In Lower Nyando, 40% of the households surveyed used between 20 and 60 litres of water
per day, with an equivalent number using between 80 and 100 litres of water for domestic
use. 18% of the residents used over 100 litres of water per day for domestic use.
Considering the average household sizes in the study areas, (6 people in middle Nyando,
and 7 in lower Nyando), this translates to a per capita water consumption of 17 litres per
person per day, which is still below the recommended 20 litres per capita by WHO.
75.4% of respondents in middle Nyando, and 49.5% in lower Nyando use water for other
purposes other than household use. Water is also used for irrigating crops (93.5% middle
Nyando, 59.6% lower Nyando), and for animal use.
3.3.4. Water Safety quality and use of safe water drinking products
The general perception on water safety was assessed in terms of safety to drink, clarity, taste
and odour. In middle Nyando, 54% of household interviewed perceive their water to be safe
to drink, 72.9%, good to taste, and 60.8% perceive the water to be clear/not turbid. In lower
20 | P a g e

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

Nyando, 84% of household perceive their water to be god to taste, 48% to be safe to drink,
and 77% to be clear/not turbid.
Table 6: The respondents water quality perception, method of treatment and incidences
of water borne diseases.
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
N=123
No.
Perception
Quality

on

N=100
%

No.

Water Safe to drink

54.1%

48.0%

Clear

60.8%

77.0%

Good to taste

72.9%

84.0%

Free from odour

78.8%

73.0%

About 88.3% of households in middle Nyando treat their drinking water, the most common
mode of treatment (89.1) being the use of chlorine based chemicals like water guard. In
lower Nyando, 85% of households surveyed treat their drinking water, the most common
mode of treatment being chemical treatment (68.2%). 48.1% of households interviewed in
middle Nyando reported to have had cases of typhoid infections among a family during the
past 6months, 13.5% had cases of diarrhoea in the family. Scabies/skin diseases were
recorded in 17.3% of the households.

Figure 4 Household water treatment methods: a Middle Nyando b Lower Nyando

In lower Nyando, 15.5% of interviewed households had recorded cases of diarrheal among
family members during the past for 6 months, while 50% had recorded cases of typhoid. The
high number of recorded cases of water borne/water washed diseases/conditions can be
attributed to the man water source in the study areas which was found to be rivers/springs.

21 | P a g e

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

Table 7 Household Incidences of Water Related Illnesses

Incidences
of
Water diarrhea
Borne/Water

Washed

illnesses/conditions

13.5

15.5

Typhoid

25

48.1

29

50.0

Scabies (skin diseases)

17.3

3.4

Trachoma

1.9

Others (specify)

10

19.2

18

31.0

The majority of the households also treat their drinking water, despite the surveying
showing that cases of water borne diseases were many. This could mean that household
water handling measures are poor leading to recontamination of drinking water either
during storage, or during use. It could also mean that the treatment methods, which is
mainly chlorine based is not being administered correctly leading to under dosing.
3.3.5. Payment for water supply
The average amount of money spent on water is Ksh 200-500 per month with 45.5% of
households in middle Nyando, and 43.3% in lower Nyando falling in this group.
Table 8 Cost of Water
Middle Nyando N=123

Lower Nyando N=100

No.

No.

Amount Spent on Water

Do not pay

20.5

26.7

per month

Less than 200

11.4

3.3

Between Ksh 200-500

20

45.5

13

43.3

Between Ksh 500-1000

10

22.7

6.7

Between Ksh 1000-2000

10.0

Over Ksh 2000

10.0

To whom Water is paid

Municipality

6.1

4.8

Business/water vendor

17

51.5

16

76.2

CBO/NGO

6.1

Other, specify

12

36.4

19.0

Those who pay for water mostly do so to water vendors (51.5%) in middle Nyando and
76.2% in lower Nyando.

22 | P a g e

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

3.4. SANITATION
3.4.1. Latrine coverage
Latrine coverage is 89.4% in middle Nyando and 87%in Lower Nyando. The most common
type of toilet facility is pit latrine with no Ventilation pipe (70.5%) in Middle Nyando and
74.4% in Lower Nyando, followed by VIP latrine at 26.8% and 20% in Middle and Lower
Nyando respectively. The figures are above the national latrine coverage averages.
Table 9 Sanitation Situation
Study Area

Availability of Toilet

No of Toilet facilities

Type of toilet Facility

Middle Nyando N=123

Lower Nyando N=100

No

No

Yes

110

89.4

87

87.0

No

13

10.6

13

13.0

One

96

85.7

64

73.6

Two

10

8.9

16

18.4

Three and Above

2.7

7.0

Not Applicable

2.7

1.8

2.2

30

26.8

18

20.0

79

70.5

67

74.4

Flush

toilet

connected

to

septic tank
Pit

latrine

with

ventilation pipe
Pit latrine without
ventilation pipe

The main reason given for lack of latrines in the area was high cost of construction at 72.7%
in middle Nyando and 69.2% in lower Nyando. The household without latrines either
relieve themselves in the bush (36.4%) for middle Nyando, and 53.8% for lower Nyando or
in the Neighbours latrines (63.6%) middle Nyando and 38.5% in lower Nyando.

Table 10: Reasons for Lack Of Sanitation Facilities

Reasons for No latrine

Middle Nyando

Lower Nyando

Cost of construction is high

72.7%

69.2%

Do not see the need to have one

9.1%

0%

Poor soil formation/collapsible soil

3.3%

5.0%

23 | P a g e

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

Not provided by land lord

0.8%

3.0%

Others

0%

1.0%

Where people relieve themselves

Frequency

Middle Nyando

Lower Nyando

Bush Outside

36.4

53.8

Neighbors Latrine

63.6

38.5

(those without latrines)

Ensuring adequate sanitation facilities is a Millennium Development Goal that Kenya shares
with other countries. A household is classified as having an improved toilet if the toilet is
used only by members of one household (i.e., it is not shared) and if the facility used by the
household separates the waste from human contact (WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring
Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, 2004). According to KDH report 2008/2009 the
national figures show that less 60% of households uses an improved toilet facility that is not
shared with other households. Urban households are only slightly more likely than rural
households to have an improved toilet facility (30% and 20%, respectively). Overall, 12 % of
households have no toilet facility at all; they are almost exclusively rural, accounting for 16%
of rural households.

3.5. ENERGY SOURCE AND USE

3.5.1. House hold Energy Needs
Energy demand patterns of the study areas largely revolve around household energy end
uses such as cooking and lighting. Respondents ranked cooking, lighting and heating as the
three most important energy needs
3.5.2. Main House Hold Sources of Energy
The main sources of energy at household levels are wood, paraffin, and charcoal. The table
below lists the %age of farmers using the various fuel sources listed in the questionnaire.
The study established that the most preferred source of household cooking energy among
the respondents is mainly firewood (at 100% in lower Nyando and 99% in middle Nyando).
This indicates overreliance on biomass and an indicator of a real challenge of forest and
vegetation degradation.

24 | P a g e

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

Table 11 Energy Source and Use

Lighting

Cooking

Middle Nyando

Lower Nyando

Middle Nyando

Lower Nyando

Biomass

0.8%

0%

100.0%

99.0%

Kerosene

88.4%

83.8%

Biogas

0.8%

0%

Solar

6.6%

2.0%

Electricity

3.3%

14.1%

0%

1.0%

Recent National studies also Estimates of household energy use indicate that over 95% of
Kenyan population rely on wood or charcoal for energy needs. Traditionally these energy
resources have been free goods however, the Kenyan wood fuel supply has been rapidly
depleted by deforestation, an activity also closely associated with land clearing for
agriculture, and global warming via reduction of biomass to sequestrate CO2.
Consequently an energy policy that is designed to meet the needs of the majority of the
population must devote considerable attention to mainstreaming a sustainable yield of
biomass as well efficient energy technology to maximise on the biomass energy sources.

The main source of energy for lighting in the area is kerosene (88.4% in middle Nyando and
83.8% in lower Nyando. 6.6% of households surveyed in Middle Nyando, and 2.0% in lower
Nyando use solar energy for lighting. Hydro electric usage for lighting was recorded in 3.3%
of households in middle Nyando and 14.1% in lower Nyando. Biomass energy which
includes firewood, charcoal, and livestock waste burnt directly accounts for 100% of cooking
energy source in middle Nyando, and 99% in lower Nyando. Other renewable energy such
as biogas is not common in the area, with only less than 1% of households in Nyando
utilising biogas.
From the focused group discussions Initial capital cost was established as the utmost
challenge for household access to alterative and sustainable energy sources like biogas or
grid power. It was further established among the biomass users 80. 2 % settled for firewood
as the main source of energy because of affordability; lack of capacity to include other
alternatives and convenience.

25 | P a g e

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

3.5.3. Availability of energy

Qualitative data from focus group discussions and key informant interviews corroborated
the finding that most households in the two study areas are energy stressed, and that the
majority still used wood fuel and charcoal as the main source of energy. The distance
travelled and time used to collect fuel wood has been increasing due to the declining tree
cover. In parts of KORU, people are cutting down trees to sell to Homaline Company as an
additional source of income. A different study carried out by ICRAF in the lower and
middle Nyando areas in 2009 showed that More than 90% of the households are not self
sufficient with fuel.
3.5.4. Potential for renewable energy uses
During the field studies, it was observed that almost all households kept livestock. A similar
study undertaken by ICRAF also showed that all households in the area keep livestock.
This shows that there is a potential for use of biogas as source energy for cooking and even
lighting. This would in turn reduce the existing pressure on wood products which are the
main source of energy for cooking in the area.
In some farms, people had also adopted tree planting, especially in middle Nyando area to
supplement their energy sources. This shows that agro-forestry practices at farm level can
play a key role in meeting the growing energy demand in the area, with multiple benefits
such as additional income sources, and soil conservation.
3.5.5. Reasons of preference of energy sources for cooking and lighting
The study established that the main reason for choosing energy source either for cooking or
lighting is mainly based on availability (cooking 72.8% and lighting 73.2). This indicates that
probably the households will go for the most cost effective and readily available source of
energy.
Table 12 Renewable Energy Use
Middle Nyando N=40

Lower Nyando N=19

No.

No.

Type of Renewable

Solar energy for lighting

16

40.0

21.1

energy

Solar cookers

10.0

5.3

Do not know

19

47.5

10

52.6

Other

2.5

10.5

26 | P a g e

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

Total

Challenges

to

Accessing R.E

40

100.0

19

100.0

Middle Nyando N= 84

Lower Nyando N= 82

High cost of start up

47

56.0

47

57.3

Not reliable

17

20.2

3.7

20

23.8

30

36.6

2.4

82

100.0

Do not know about the

technologies
Other specify
Total

84

100.0

Only 17.5% of households in middle Nyando, and 7.4% in lower Nyando said they use
renewable energy in their homes. The most common type of renewable energy used was
solar energy for lighting, (16 households; n =123) in middle Nyando, and 4 households (N=
100) in lower Nyando.
Main source of information on renewable energy in the area is from the media (66%) in both
areas. The results show that there is inadequate sustained and comprehensive awareness
creation on the use of renewable energy sources in the region. There is need to do as
sustained awareness creation in the area to educate the people that despite the high start-up
cost, studies shows a reduction on the cost of household energy once the families start using
renewable energy because the operational/ recurrent costs are relatively lower when
compared with other sources of energy
3.5.6. Challenges facing renewable energy
The major challenge to accessing renewable energy technologies was the high cost of startup (56% middle Nyando and 57% lower Nyando). The other reasons given were on
reliability of renewable energy sources, and poor knowledge on the available Renewable
energy technologies (36.6% in lower Nyando, and 23.8%) in middle Nyando. The study
shows that among the households, that have adopted renewable energy use, on average 20%
had been assisted (technologically and or subsidised).
Biogas and solar energy sources are considered fairly inefficient, implying that more
research and development work needs to be done to improve on the efficiency. The high
cost of adopting renewable energy sources makes it prohibitive for a significant portion of
the population. The results is that the population still heavily relay on traditional energy

27 | P a g e

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

sources (biomass) yet the technologies used to extract the energy not only significantly
affect the health of women and children but is also damage to the environment.
During the FGD, it also emerged that the Despite availability of programmes such as the
biogas installation subsidy programme by KEBDIP, people were generally unaware of it.
Also during the FGDs with some of the community groups, it emerged that knowledge on
renewable energy sources, especially biogas production was very low. This is supported by
various qualitative data that shows that knowledge on funding sources for renewable
energy technologies was generally low. However, the people showed interest in adopting
the use of biogas energy, if the technology can be made available and affordable to them.
3.6. AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture practices in the area gained prominence after the introduction of the Economic
Stimulus Package. Through this programmes, every location was supposed to be allocated
14 fishponds.
Data from the fisheries offices estimates the total fishponds in Nyando District to be 1,100.
Koru area has an average of 100 fishponds, Nyakach east area has about 100 fish ponds,
Agoro East area covering Kabodho - 150 fish ponds, and about 250 fish ponds are in BOYA
area as you go towards the lake.
The ministry of fisheries has also constructed a dam along river Awasi to provide water for
fish farming in the area, as well as water for domestic use.
Aquaculture has been introduced in the area to try and reduce the pressure on fisheries
resources in the lake, as well as provide an alternative livelihood source to the people.
Table 13 Data on Fish Farming
Middle Nyando Lower Nyando
N=123

N=100

No.

No.

Households Practicing Yes

4.2

9.2

Aquaculture

No

114

95.8

89

90.8

Total

119

100.0

98

100.0

28 | P a g e

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

The major challenge facing fish farming in the area was availability of water as most of the
river sources being perennial rivers.
During the FGD and KII, the reasons given for low adoption of aquaculture were listed as ,
Negative attitude towards fish farming as people believe that fish is found in the lake, Over
reliance on lake fish, Perception that fish from fish pond is not sweet/ perceptions on
palatability, Security issues as fish are stolen from the ponds thus discouraging potential
farmers, cases of pond poisoning has thus discouraging farmers, High cost of start-up and
high cost of inputs, Water scarcity caused by limited permanent water sources, Low levels of
awareness on fish farming, Poor pond management skills, and High hydraulic conductivity
of soils thus low water retention capabilities. Flooding was also reported to be a big
challenge in the lower Nyando area as flood waters wash away the fish ponds during rain
seasons. Proximity to the lake was also a major deterrence to fish farming as the people close
to the lake thought it was easier to fish in the lake.
However, it also emerged during this discussions that farmers who were successful in the
fish farming business were expanding and increasing the number of their ponds. The
success stories of such farmers have also encouraged other people with favourable land
conditions to adopt aquaculture.
This shows that with availability of water sources, the potential for aquaculture is very huge
especially in lower Nyando.
4. Conclusions and Recommendations
This baseline report presents the results of the data collected from the combination of field
and household surveys in two project areas, as well as through review of various literatures
on interventions carried out in the area. Interpretation and management recommendations
are based solely on the data.
Several Livelihood intervention measures focusing on Water and sanitation, aquaculture,
and soil and water conservation have been put in place by different actors (both state and
non state) to try and improve the living standards of people in lower and middle Nyando.
The most observable intervention measures recorded during the survey was Promotion of
Rain water harvesting at household level, promotion of tree farming, investment in water
storage through construction of water pans, and also fish farming.

29 | P a g e

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

Generally, access to sanitation facilities is above 85% in both areas. However, the prevalence
of water borne diseases is still high and therefore need to increase interventions aimed
towards improving hygiene measures such as hand washing.
Majority of the households also rely on unprotected water sources for their household water
needs. Future interventions should therefore focus more on increasing access to protected
water sources, and also increasing the quantity of water available per capita in both the
lower and Nyando river area.
Uptake of Fish farming in the area is low due to both human and non human factors as
discussed in the report. Future interventions should focus more on ensuring adequate
technical support to farmers who have adopted fish farming. Interventions should also focus
on creating favourable environment for new farmers to adopt aquaculture, through
provision of water, by investing in water storage such as earth dams and pans, and also
provision of piped water.
Renewable energy uptake has also been low due to low levels of awareness, as well as the
perceived high start-up cost. Intervention measures in this area should focus on raising
awareness on available low cost renewable energy options such as solar lanterns for
lighting. The potential for biogas production is also high, and therefore intervention should
focus on development of affordable biogas production technologies. Tree cover is quite low
in Lower Nyando. Only 34% of household plots had any trees in the vicinity (Verchot et al
2008

30 | P a g e

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

References
ICRAF and MOARD. (2000): Improved land management in the Lake Victoria basin: Final
Technical Report, Start-up Phase, July 1999 to June 2000. ICRAF and MOARD, Nairobi,
Kenya.
Kenya Agricultural Research Institute (KARI) 2006. Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem
Management Project (WKIEMP). Strategies for Integrated Land and Water Management for
Sustainable Livelihoods in Katuk-Odeyo Sub-Watershed, Nyando River Basin, Lake Victoria Basin,
KENYA.
Kenya National Bureau of Statistics (KNBS). (2009). The 2009 Kenya Population and Housing
Census. Counting Our People for the Implementation of Vision 2030). Volume 1 A. Ministry of
Water Resources and Regional Development (2004): Land resources Development and
Irrigation in Nyanza Province, South Kano. Government Printers.
Mungai D, Swallow B, Mburu J, Onyango L and Njui A. (eds.). 2004. Proceedings of a
Workshop on
Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin, December 9
11, 2002, Imperial Hotel, Kisumu, Kenya.

Muriithi S, Okono NA and Swallow B. (eds.). 2006b. Developing an action plan for the Awach
watershed, Western Kenya. Proceedings of a workshop co-hosted by the International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry (ICRAF) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (NALEP
National Agriculture Livestock Extension Programme, 23rd May 2001, St Anna Guest House,
Kisumu. ICRAF Discussion Paper 2001-3.
Mungai, D., Swallow, B., Mburu, J., Onyango, L. & Njui, A., eds. 2004. Proceedings of a
Workshop on Reversing Environmental and Agricultural Decline in the Nyando River Basin.
Nairobi, ICRAF, NEMA, the Water Quality Component of the Lake Victoria Environment
Management Programme (LVEMP) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
National Environmental Authority [NEMA] (2004): Strategy for Flood Management in Lake
Victoria Basin, Kenya.
Verchot et al,. (2008). Baseline Report: Nyando River Basin, Western Kenya Integrated
Ecosystem Management Project Findings from the Baseline Surveys, International Centre for
Research in Agroforestry, Nairobi, Kenya
World Agroforestry Centre, (2006). Improved Land Management in the Lake Victoria Basin: Final
Report of the TransVic Project. World Agroforerstry Centre Occasional Paper No. 7. World
Agroforestry Centre, Nairobi, Kenya.

31 | P a g e

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

ANNEX 1: Baseline indicators and Targets

I.

Water and Sanitation

Middle Nyando

Lower Nyando

Component

Key Indicators

Baseline status

Target

Baseline status

Target

Water

% of house hold using water from

Protected Sources

39.3%

43.9%

Improved Water sources

Piped
water
into
dwelling,
plot or yard
Public tap/standpipe
Tubewell/borehole
Protected dug well
Protected spring
Rainwater collection

Reduce average
Distance to
household Water source to less
than a km

Within compound 24.8%

Within compound 19%

< 1km =53.7%

< 1km =69.0%

>2km = 4.1

>2km = 0

Household water treatment

88.3%

85%

Average time taken to collect water

for domestic use

< 1 an hour =77.5

1-2hrs=19.2

Unimproved Water sources

Unprotected dug well
Unprotected spring
Cart with small tank/drum
Bottled water a
Tanker-truck
Surface water (river, dam,
lake, pond, stream, canal,
irrigation channels)

>2hrs =3.35
Reliability
of
Water
availability of water

supply

Household per-capita Water Use)

< 4 l per capita = 8.3%

32 | P a g e

water

borne/washed

< 4 l per capita = 2%

4- 10 l per capita =35.5%

4- 10 l per capita =40%

10-20 l per capita =42.1%

10-20 l per capita =401%

>20 litres= 14%

Reduce

>20l
pp/pd

Diarrhoeal

incidences

>20L =18
Diarrhoeal

incidences

>20l pp/pd

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

diseases

=13.5%

=15.5%

Typhoid = 48.1%

Typhoid = 50%

Skin diseases =17.3%

Skin diseases =3.4%

Sanitation

Households
with
sanitation facilities

access

to

89.4%

IMPROVED SANITATION
FACILITIES

Flush or pour flush to:
- piped sewer system
- septic tank
- pit latrine

Ventilated improved pit
latrine

Pit latrine with slab

Composting toilet

Households
with
access
improved sanitation facilities

to

Normal Pit Latrine =70.5%

II.

Increase to 100%
to achieve 0%
open defecation

Normal Pit Latrine=74.4%

VIP latrine =20.0%
Flush toilets connected to
septic=2.2%

Key Indicators

Middle Nyando

Lower Nyando

Baseline status

Baseline status

hold Households adopting sustainable energy Household using RE =17.5%

Energy Source

33 | P a g e

Flush toilets connected to

septic=1.8%

87%

Energy/ Renewable Energy

Component
House

VIP latrine =26.8%

Increase
to 100%
to
achieve
0% open
defecati
on

sources

Solar energy (lighting)=6.6%

Household using RE =7.4%

Solar energy (lighting) < 1%

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

household energy

Indicators

Biomass energy for cooking= 100%

Biomass energy for cooking= 99%

Kerosene lighting=88.4%

Kerosene lighting=83.8%

Electricity= 3.3%

Electricity= 14.1%

Action Point

Knowledge

on

renewable

energy Awareness creation on available renewable energy Adoption

technologies

technologies
Promotion of affordable and available technology

Adoption

of

renewable

energy

technologies
Readily

availability

renewable

energy

of

options

technology

installation capacity
Affordability

of

Technology transfer through trainings

34 | P a g e

by

renewable
at

least

energy
25%

of

residents
At least 2 groups trained on solar

Promotion of biogas at house hold levels

energy in each project locations

for Promotion of agro forestry practices to supplement At least 20 artisans trained on biogas
and sources of wood fuel

energy Training of local groups on solar energy

technologies

technologies

of

such as solar lanterns, and solar cookers

Training of local groups on biogas installation

renewable

Targets

installation and maintenance

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

III.

Aqua cultural Interventions

Middle Nyando

Lower Nyando

Component

Key Indicators

Baseline status

Baseline status

Aquaculture

No. Of farmers adopting Aquaculture

Household with fish ponds =4.2 %

Household with fish ponds =9.2 %

Average no. Of fish ponds =1

Average no. Of fish ponds =1

Assistance in starting fish farming Assistance in starting fish farming =

= 2.4%
Indicators

Action Point

2.0%
Targets

No Of new Fish farmers after project Awareness creation on benefits of fish farming in the Adoption of fish farming by at least
intervention

area

50% of farmers with adequate and

Promotion of affordable and available technology for favorable land for fish farming
fish farming, such as pond lining to reduce water
Awareness level on fish farming in project seepage
areas

Training of community members to offer extension

Availability of adequate extension services services to other fish farmers

Value addition to fish farming

for fish farming

Access

to

practices

35 | P a g e

financing

for

aquaculture Provision of value chain services

At least 2 groups trained on fish

farming
Market chain development such as
registration

of

cooperatives

market fish products

to

Baseline Report: Water and Sanitation, Renewable Energy and Aquaculture (lower and Middle Nyando)

Annex II 3D Presentation of Nyando River Basin showing specific study sites

36 | P a g e