Where experts and professionals share insights and inspirations to grow business and

build careers

Commercial Loads Part 1

How to apply demand factors
Jan 1, 2010

by

Mike Holt
NEC Trainer / Consultant, Mike Holt Enterprises
619 Articles

EMAIL
INSHARE
TWEET

COMMENTS 1

How to apply demand factors: The electrical load requirements for commercial installations
result in a great deal of diversity in usage.
The electrical load requirements for commercial installations result in a great deal of
diversity in usage. In other words, while some types of equipment and electrical loads are
in use for extended periods, others are only used occasionally or for short periods of time.
In addition, there are often two different types of electrical loads on the same service or
feeder that will not be brought into service simultaneously by their very nature, such as
heating and air conditioning. For this reason, we apply demand factors when calculating
service and feeder loads. Different sets of demand factors apply for different types of
electrical loads and even for different types of commercial buildings.
Although most of the requirements for service and feeder commercial load calculations are
found in Art. 220, other rules affecting these loads are scattered throughout the Code. For
instance, Chapter 3 of the NEC provides information on the wiring methods used. Other
Articles may provide a more in-depth snapshot of the requirements for particular equipment
or applications, such as the specific requirements for motor circuits found in Art. 430.

<b>Fig. 1.</b> When determining conductor ampacity, remember the allowable ampacities listed in Table
310.16 are affected by conductor insulation, ambient temperature, and conductor bundling.

Common commercial occupancies include banks, stores, restaurants, and office buildings.
Some other locations with their own special requirements include marinas and mobile
home parks. The NEC also provides specific requirements for calculating the loads for
restaurant equipment, show-window lighting, sign lighting, multi-outlet assemblies, and
electric welders.
When doing commercial load calculations, you have to know when the Code allows the
application of a demand factor and when. On the other hand, it's necessary to consider a
load as "continuous duty."

Conductor ampacity
The ampacity of a conductor is the rating (in amperes) that a conductor can carry
continuously without exceeding its insulation temperature rating [Art. 100]. The allowable
ampacities listed in Table 310.16 are affected by conductor insulation, ambient
temperature, and conductor bundling [310.10 and 310.15(B)] (Fig. 1).
Section 110.14(C)(1)(a) states that terminals are rated 60C for equipment rated 100A or
less, unless marked 75C. Although most terminals are now rated 75C, be careful of
assumptions some equipment is still rated 60C. Always read the specifications and
manufacturer's labeling information carefully to know what you're working with. If in doubt,
be sure to use the rules of 110.14(C).

Continuous loads

<b>Fig. 2.</b> Where the conductor ampacity doesnt correspond with a standard overcurrent device
rating, the next higher rated device can be used if its not more than 800A.

15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200, 225, 250, 300,
350, 400, 500, 600, 800, 1,000, 1,200, and 1,600.
Article 100 defines a continuous load as a load where the maximum current is expected to
continue for 3 hours or more. Some NEC sections tell you when certain loads are
continuous. For example, 422.13 requires that water heaters with a capacity of 120 gal or
less be considered continuous loads for purposes of sizing branch circuits. Most
commercial lighting and electric signs are considered continuous loads. Unfortunately, the
Code does not always spell out clearly when to consider a load as a continuous load for
calculation purposes.
Ungrounded conductors for branch circuits, feeders, and services are sized at a minimum
of 125% of the continuous load before applying any adjustment factor [ 210.19(A)(1),
215.2(A)(1), and 230.42(A)]. Likewise, the overcurrent protection devices (OCPD) for
branch circuits and feeders are sized at a minimum of 125% of the continuous load
[210.20(A), and 215.3].
Neutral conductors that aren't connected to an overcurrent protection device can be sized
at 100% of the continuous and noncontinuous load [210.19(A)(1) Ex 2 and 215.2(A)(1) Ex
2].
Example: If a 60A continuous load with 75C-rated terminals is supplied by a feeder with
four current-carrying conductors, it's necessary to adjust the conductor ampacity for four
current-carrying conductors.

<b>Fig. 3.</b> If the circuits overcurrent device exceeds 800A, the conductor ampacity (after ampacity
adjustment) must have a rating not less than the overcurrent device rating.

Step 1. Take the continuous load times 125% to find the minimum size for conductors and
overcurrent protection.
60A x 1.25 = 75A
Step 2. Select the conductors using the column of Table 310.16 that corresponds with the
temperature rating of the terminals, which was given in this example as 75C [110.14(C)
(1)]. 4 AWG is rated 85A at 75C [Table 310.16].
Step 3. Verify that the conductor is large enough for any necessary deratings, using the
column that corresponds to the conductor's temperature rating. If you're using THHN
conductors, use the 90C column of Table 310.16. According to the 90C column of Table
310.16, 4 AWG is rated at 95A [110.14(C)]. Adjust the ampacity by 80% for four currentcarrying conductors [Table 310.15(B)(2)(a)].
95A x 0.80 = 76A
This verifies that a 4 THHN conductor is large enough. An 80A breaker is allowed, because
240.4(B) allows rounding up to the next standard size listed in 240.6(A), and 80A is the next
standard size above the 76A adjusted conductor ampacity.

Conductor overcurrent protection

The purpose of overcurrent protection is to protect conductors and equipment from
excessive temperatures [240.1 FPN]. There are many different rules for protecting
conductors and equipment. The general rule is that conductors must be protected at the

point where they receive their supply in accordance with their ampacities, which are listed
in Table 310.16. Other methods of protection are permitted or required, as listed in 240.4.
These include:
Overcurrent protection devices rated 800A or less. You can use the next higher standard
rating see Standard Size OCPDs) of overcurrent protection device above the ampacity of
the ungrounded conductors, if all of the following conditions are met:
1.
The conductors don't supply multi-outlet receptacle branch circuits.
2.
The ampacity of a conductor, after ampacity adjustment and/or correction, doesn't
correspond with the standard rating of a fuse or circuit breaker in 240.6(A).
3.

The overcurrent protection device rating doesn't exceed 800A.

<b>Fig. 4.</b> The figure demonstrates a sample problem of how to calculate general lighting for a hotel
with 40 rooms.

A 400A overcurrent device can protect 500kcmil conductors, where each conductor has an
ampacity of 380A at 75C, per Table 310.16 (Fig. 2).
This "next size up" rule doesn't apply to feeder tap conductors [240.21(B)] or transformer
secondary conductors [240.21(C)].
Overcurrent protection devices rated over 800A. If the overcurrent protection device
exceeds 800A, the conductor ampacity must have a rating of not less than the rating of the
overcurrent protection device. A 1,200A overcurrent protection device can protect three sets
of 600kcmil conductors per phase, where each conductor has an ampacity of 420A at 75C
per Table 310.16 (Fig. 3).

Voltages
Unless other voltages are specified, branch circuit, feeder, and service loads are to be
calculated at a nominal system voltage of 120V, 120/240V, 120/208V, 240V, 277/480V, or
480V. [220.5(A)]

Fractions
Where calculations result in a fraction of less than 0.50A, you can drop the fraction.

Lighting with demand factors

Table 220.12 requires a minimum load per square foot for general lighting, depending on
the type of occupancy. For certain types of occupancies, Table 220.42 allows a demand
factor that can be applied to the calculated lighting load. For instance, the guest rooms of
hotels and motels are allowed the following demand factors for the general lighting load:
First 20,000VA at 50% demand factor
Next 80,000VA at 40% demand factor
Remainder VA at 30% demand factor

Let's do an example problem. What is the general lighting calculated load for a 40-room
hotel? Each unit contains 600 sq ft of living area (Fig. 4).
As per Tables 220.12 and 220.42, 40 units x 600 sq ft x 2VA = 48,000VA. The first
20,000VA is calculated at 50% (20,000VA x 0.50 = 10,000VA). The next 80,000VA is
calculated at 40% (28,000VA x 0.40 = 11,200VA). The sum of these two totals is 21,200VA.

Lighting without demand factors

The feeder/service general lighting load for commercial occupancies other than guest
rooms of motels and hotels, hospitals, and storage warehouses is assumed to be
continuous. Calculate it at 125% of the general lighting load, as listed in Table 220.12.
The lighting loads listed in Table 220.12 are minimum requirements. If the actual lighting
load is known and it is larger than the Table 220.12 value use the actual load.

Lighting, miscellaneous
The feeder/service calculated load for each linear foot of show-window lighting must be
calculated at 200VA per ft. Consider show-window lighting to be a continuous load.
Example D3 in Annex D of the NEC provides a good example calculation that includes
show-window branch circuits.
A 3,000 sq ft store has 30 ft of show window with a total of 80 duplex receptacles. The
service is 120/240V, single-phase. The actual connected lighting load is 8,500VA [Annex D,
Example D3].
General lighting = 3,000 sq ft at 3VA per sq ft
General lighting = 9,000 VA
Window lighting load [220.14(G)] = 30 ft at 200VA per ft
Window lighting load = 6,000VA
Outside sign circuit [220.14(F)] = 1,200VA
Lighting total = 9,000VA + 6,000VA + 1,200VA
Lighting total =16,200VA
(This is a continuous load, and will be taken times 125% for the feeder/service sizing.)
In the example, 125% of the actual connected lighting load (8,500VA x 1.25 = 10,650VA) is
less than 125% of the load from Table 220.12 (9,000VA x 1.25 = 11,250VA), so the
minimum lighting load of 9,000VA from Table 220.12 is used in the calculations. Had the
actual lighting load been greater than the value calculated from Table 220.12, 125% of the
actual connected lighting load would have been used. See NEC Annex D, Example D3 for
the full calculation on this store building.
As you can see, it's important to determine what kinds of loads you have before starting
your commercial load calculations. You can avoid confusion and prevent errors by mapping
it all out. For example, use a simple spreadsheet on a computer, or graph it out on paper. If
you list each load in the first column, you can name the applicable tables in the other
columns from the more than half dozen tables that you may need to select from.
In part two of this installment, we'll look at calculating receptacle loads and introduce the
optional calculation method for commercial occupancies. The commercial calculations
we've discussed thus far have used the standard method, but the Code does provide an
optional method for some calculations.

Sidebar: Standard Size OCPDs

The following is a list of some of the standard ampere ratings for fuses and inverse time
circuit breakers: 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 125, 150, 175, 200,
225, 250, 300, 350, 400, 500, 600, 800, 1,000, 1,200, and 1,600.

PRINT
REPRINTS
FAVORITE
EMAIL
INSHARE
TWEET

Discuss this Article

joe molinaro (not verified)

on May 31, 2013

is there a demand factor you can use in a multifamily for water heaters?

Login or register to post comments

Please Log In or Register to post comments.

Related Articles

Wiring Methods Part 1 of 3

Commercial Loads Part 2
Transformer Secondary Conductors 3
How Much Working Space Is Enough?