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High
gas
pressure
(-100
MPA)
applied
in
all
directions
to
assist
Stainless Steels Alloys of iron and chromium; excellent
chains cannot move and the material acts in a brittle mater
compacting the green body (before and after sintering)
corrosion and high temperature oxidation resistance
Elastic Behaviour
Five types: Ferritic - less expensive, used for construction,lack Ar typically used to prevent reacting with material (argon)
Stretching of covalent bonds: Covalent bonds stretched
ductility and weldability, used for automotive exhaust,
Sintered Ceramics The goal of green forming and sintering is
under applied stress; Strain instantly recovered after stress
dishwashers, decorative. Martensitic - selected for cutting
to reduce the porosity as much as possible; Pores can be inter
released
edges with good wear and corrosion resistance, high
connected or isolated depending on the amount of sintering;
temperatures will cause embrittlement. Austenitic - not heat Interconnected pores allow for filtering but are structurally weak Distortion of Chains: Under applied stress, chains may move
slightly; Over, chains move back to original position; Nontreatable, strain hardenable, strengthened by cold working,
Porosity Pores are flows that reduce the tensile strength of
linear elastic behaviour
excellent corrosion resistance and formability, used for
ceramics; Some porosity can be helpful for thermal shock but
Plastic Deformation (Amorphous): Deformation different
appliances, kitchen sinks. Duplex - combination of austenitic generally should be avoided
mechanism metals; Chains stretch, glide, disentangle under
and ferritic stainless steels with properties between each type.
load; At high stress necking begins
Precipitation Hardened - high strength and corrosion/
w
d
Necking in Thermoplastics: Randomly oriented; As the
oxidation resistance
Apparent Porosity =
stress is applied a neck develops and the chains begin to
Cast Iron Fe-C-Si alloys; excellent casting, good wear/
locally align until the chains have aligned along the entire
corrosion resistance, low cost (10% less dense than steel);
w
s
gage length; This process of aligning chains strengthens the
Advantages: low cost, easily melted, free-flowing liquid, low
polymer; Eventually the covalent bonds fracture after the
solidification shrinkage; Disadvantages: high solidification temp,
chains have fully aligned
sensitive to solidification rate
w
Deformation of Crystalline Polymers: Crystalline - folding of
Five types: White Iron - relatively hard and brittle, increased
chains in tension; Eventually disentangle and break
wear and corrosion resistance, used for rolling mills, grinding
Crazing: Localized plastic deformation that occurs
d
plates, cement mixers, extrusion dies. Gray Iron - most
perpendicular to an applied stress; Causes colour change
common, graphite flakes form, low solidification rate, high
from transparent to opaque, and often leads to cracks; May
machinability and wear resistance, good oil retention and
s
lead to brittle failure. Thermoplastics are brittle under impact
dampening. Ductile Iron - similar properties to gray irons
since there is little time for the chains to move
except stronger and tougher. Malleable Iron - formed by
Stress Relaxation: under constant strain stress levels
annealing white iron (contain irregular graphite nodules called
True Porosity =
decrease overtime (think of a stretched elastic band)
mallebalization). Compacted Graphite Iron - properties
% Crystalline =
, p is the measure
W W
x 100
W W
W =Weight of ceramic after submergingwater ;
W =Dry weight of ceramic ;
W =Weight of ceramic when suspended water
pB
x 100 ;
between gray and ductile irons, good for high-temperature
p
t )
applications
= exp(
Chapter 14: Non-Ferrous Alloys
p=theoretical
density
of
the
ceramic
Non-ferrous alloys dont contain iron
; B isthe measured
Aluminum Alloys: Low density; low stiffness, high electrical /
density of the ceramic
thermal conductivity; good corrosion resistance; good strength /
Q ), = original stress,
Glasses Non-crystalline, i.e. short-range order of molecules but = exp(
ductility; poor fatigue resistance
=
no
long-range
order;
Usually
based
on
Sio2;
Most
properties
are
Wrought Alloys Use a 4 digit system where first digit indicates
RT
similar to those of ceramics; Glasses are metastable and will
principle alloying elements, suffix after digits indicates how alloy crystallize given the right combination of circumstances.
is heat treated.
Exceptions: Most cannot be used to at very high temperatures; relaxation time,
o = a constant, Q is the activation
(1xxx = commercially pure Al (99% min); 2xxx = copper (major Glass Formation Upon Cooling For crystalline materials, when
P c ( PPa )
P(P c Pa )