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Emergency HO
Timing Advance (TA) Emergency HO
Bad quality (BQ) Emergency HO
Rx_Level_Drop Emergency HO
Interference Emergency HO
load HO
Normal HO
Edge HO
Layer HO
Power Budget (PBGT) HO
Speed-sensitive HO (Fast moving MS HO)
Concentric Cell HO
Classification by Synchronization
M.R. 1
preprocessing OM forced HO
Edge HO
Directed retry
Penalty
processing Layer HO
TA emergency HO
BQ emergency HO PBGT HO
Basic ranking
Load Sharing HO
Processing
HO judgment program
1
Chapter 2 HO Algorithm process
The downlink
measurement report
of the serving cell
Continuous MR
flow
MR MR
MR MR MR
Continuous MR
flow
MR MR MR
MR MR
MR
Cell A
BTS
HO failure
BSC
Cell B
Penalty on the Source Cell
Cell A
BTS
BQ& TA HO
BSC
Cell B
penalty on Non-umbrella Layer
Back? No way!
Umbrella
Micro cell
Penalty on Overlaid/underlaid Cell
Overlaid Do not
attempt
again after a
Underlaid failed HO!
Chapter 2 HO Algorithm process
After the M rule , the serving cell and candidate neighbor cells are
ranked in descending order according to the receiving level only
Both the serving cell and the neighbor cells have their own 16bits value.
The smaller the value is, the higher the priority and position the cell is in
the cell list.
The 1st-3rd bits: bit value is decided according to the cell signal level
and the penalty process taking place beforehand.
The values come from max. 6 candidate cells and 1 serving cell
according to the level ranges from 000~110. The value for the cell
with the strongest signal level is 000.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The 4th bit: determined by HO hysteresis
The 4th bit: bit value is determined by inter-cell HO ( of the same layer )
hysteresis.
The 4th bit of the serving cell is always 0,
The receiving signal level of the neighbor cell >= The receiving level of the
serving cell + Inter-cell HO ( of the same layer ) hysteresis, bit 4th is set to 0.
The receiving level of the neighbor cell < The receiving level of the serving
cell + Inter-cell HO ( of the same layer ) hysteresis, bit 4th is set to 1.
Note: In PBGT HO, whichever the greater of the inter-cell ( of the same
layer ) hysteresis and PBGT threshold, that value will be used in the
PBGT HO.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The 5th—10th bit: determined by Layer
The 5th-10th bits: bit value is decided according to their position in
Huawei hierarchical network structure.
When the signal level of the neighbor cells or the serving cell is lower
than the layer HO threshold and hysteresis, this function is turned off
and all bits are set to 0.
That is to say only when the above criterions are met, then this
function take effect.
Huawei cell layers can be divided into 4 layers and each layer can be
further divided into 16 different priorities. So there are 64 different
priorities in Huawei hierarchical cell structure.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Hierarchical cell structure
Umbrella
Cell GSM 900
GSM900
GSM 900 GSM 900 GSM 900
Cell
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The 12th/13th bit: determined by co-BSC/MSC
12th bit: bit value is decided by co-BSC criterion.
Serving cell: is always set to 0.
Neighbor cell: if co-BSC with the serving cell, 12th bit is set to 0,
otherwise is set to 1.
When the signal level from the neighbor cell or the serving cell is lower
than layer HO threshold and hysteresis. This function is turned off and
the value is set to 0.
If the parameter – “Co-BSC/MSC Adj.” in the HO control table is set to
“No”, then this function is turned off and the value is 0.
13th bit : Bit value is decided by Co-MSC parameter, having the same
concept as the 12th bit.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The 14th bit: determined by Layer HO
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The 14th bit: determined by Layer HO
Neighbor cell criterion
Receive level >=layer HO threshold + layer HO hysteresis, bit 14th is set
to 0. At the same time, bit 13th, 12th and 10th—5th bits are set to 0
If the above criterion is not met, then bit 14th is set to 1.
Example : 20+5 = 25 ( -85 dBm )
note
The layer HO threshold and hierarchical hysteresis correspond to the
value of that individual cell’s value.
Usual situation : When the neighbor cells are of the same layer, each of
the neighbor cell’s layer HO threshold value will be the same. Same
concept goes for the layer HO hysteresis. This can maintain the entire
hierarchical layers of the cell.
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
The 15th bit: determined by Cell Type
16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Chapter 2 HO Algorithm process
Emergency HO
TA HO
BQ HO
interference HO
Rx_Level_Drop HO
Load HO
Normal HO
Edge HO, layer cell HO and PBGT HO
Fast moving HO
Overlaid/underlaid HO
TA&Bad Quality HO
TA HO criterion :
TA of the serving cell > TA Thrsh.
BQ HO criterion :
The average value of the uplink quality of the serving cell >
UL Qual. Thrsh.
The average value of the downlink quality of the serving cell >
DL Qual. Thrsh.
Requirements on the target cell (same as the above two types of
HO)
Select the first cell in the neighbor cell list i.e. lowest 16bits
value.
Rx_Level_Drop HO
Rx_Level_Drop HO
Due to downlink signal level drop
Triggered upon detecting rapid level drop during MS busy
mode.
Requirements for the target cell:
The target cell is the first cell in the neighbor cell list.
Interference HO
Interference HO (DL&UL) :
When the receiving level > receiving threshold level. But
Receiving quality < threshold of quality interference.
Requirements for the target cell:
The target cell is in the cell list.
Cell Load HO
BTS
BSC
Edge HO
Edge HO Criterion:
In N seconds, when there are P seconds that neighbor
cell’s DL or MS’s UL signal level is lower than the Edge HO
threshold. Then the criterion is met and Edge HO occurs.
This method utilizes the P/N rule.
Requirements for the target cell:
The target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell.
Layer HO
Layer HO criterions:
Serving cell :
− No requirement.
Target cell :
− Layer of the target cell is lower than the serving cell.
− Receive level of the target cell > layer cell threshold +
layer cell hysteresis.
− Target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell.
The priority of target cell should be higher than the
serving cell’s.
PBGT HO
PBGT HO Criterions :
Target cell’s path loss is smaller than the serving cell’s path
loss by the PBGT threshold value.
Satisfying the P/N rule.
Target cell should be ranked in front of the serving cell.
Note :
PBGT HO can only occur between same-priority cell. If the
system permits PBGT HO for the cell, PBGT HO can occur
in either inter-BSC or inter-MSC.
Fast-Moving HO
TRX
TRX
TRX
Antenna
TRX
TRX
Antenna
TRX
CDU
Overlaid/Underlaid Cell
Purpose
Maximize coverage area
Reduce interference and improve frequency reuse density
Construct method
Different combiner loss
Decrease the power of TRX
By HO parameter, it is called IUO
Classify
Normal Underlaid/Overlaid
IUO: Enhance Underlaid/Overlaid
How to Allocate SDCCH/TCH?
SDCCH
SDCCH are always allocated in Underlaid
Layer is allocated according the transmission delay of
access burst
TCH
The receiving level
TA
They are included in MR of SDCCH CH on uplink reported
by BTS
Factor of Handover between Under/Overlaid
Normal Underlaid/Overlaid
Receiving level
Time Advance
Quality
Enhanced Underlaid/Overlaid
Receiving level
Time Advance
Quality
Traffic Load of Underlaid
Normal Overlaid/Underlaid HO
:
Division of underlaid and overlaid is decided by MS
downlink receive level ,TA value and quality.
underlaid
overlaid
Channel_Active ACK
HANDOVER COMMAND
Handover Access
Handover_Detect
PHY INFO
PHY INFO
First SABM
Establish_IND
Handover Complete
Handover_Performed
Intra-BSC Handover Signaling process
Attention
In asynchronous HO, if MS could not reach the new TCH
channel after the target cell has sent PHY INFO up to max
times, the target cell reports CONN FAIL IND to BSC with
the reason: HO access failure.
After the above message is received, BSC release the
assigned TCH channel in the target cell .
Max resend times of physical information*Radio link
connection timer > Time interval between EST IND and HO
DETECT (120~180ms). This is to make sure that the
physical information reach MS.
Intra-BSC Handover Signaling process
MS BTS (Original) BSC BTS (Target) MSC
Measurement Report
Measurement Report
Attempted outgoing internal inter cell handovers Channel_Activate
T12++
Attempted incoming internal inter cell handoversT09++
Channel_Activate ACK
Handover Complete (New FACCH) T10++ Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers
T13++ Successful outgoing internal inter cell handovers
RF Channel Release
Handover Performed
Measurement Points of Intra BSC Handover
Handover formula definition
Internal inter cell radio handover success rate
=(Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers +
Successful outgoing internal inter cell handovers) /
(Incoming internal inter cell handovers + Outgoing internal
inter cell handovers )
Internal inter cell handover success rate
=(Successful incoming internal inter cell handovers +
Successful outgoing internal inter cell handovers) /
(Attempted incoming internal inter cell handovers +
Attempted outgoing internal inter cell handovers)
Internal inter cell radio handover success rate >= Internal inter
cell handover success rate
Chapter 4 HO Signaling process
Handover Detect
Handover Complete
Successful outgoing interBSC inter cell handovers Clear Command (HO Successful)
RF Channel Release
Clear Complete
Channel Release process
MS BTS BSC MSC
Disconnect
Release
Release Complete
Clear_CMD
Clear_CMP
Channel Release
Deactive_SACCH
First DISC
Release_IND
UA
RF_Release_REQ
RF_Release_REQ_ACK
Chapter 4 HO Signaling process
MAP_Send_HO_Repor
t
MAP_Send_HO_Report_ACK
HO-REQUEST
MAP_Prepare_HO_ACK HO-REQUEST-ACK
IAI
HO-Command ACM
HO-Access
MAP_Process_Access_Signalling
Some intermediate steps are omitted
HO-Complete
MAP_Send_End_Signal
Clear-Command
Clear-Complete
MAP_Send_End_Signal_ACK
Signaling process between MSC
MAP_Send_HO_Repor
t
MAP_Send_HO_Report_ACK
HO-REQUEST
MAP_Prepare_HO_ACK HO-REQUEST-ACK
IAI
HO-Command ACM
HO-Access
MAP_Process_Access_Signalling
Some intermediate steps are omitted
HO-Complete
MAP_Send_End_Signal
Clear-Command
Clear-Complete
MAP_Send_End_Signal_ACK
Inter-MSC HO Signaling process
Perform subsequent HO(MAP) (target cell ID, serving cell ID, MSC number)
Perform HO
HO REQUEST (PCM&Channel type)
(target cell ID, serving cell ID, channel type)
HO REQUEST ACKNOWLmargin (including New TCH number and HO number)
Allocate HO number
Send HO report(HON)
Radio channel ack. (MAP) (includes New TCH number and HON)
IAI
ACM
Subsequent HO ack.
HO COMMAND HO DETECT
HO COMPLETE
Send end signal (MAP)
ANS
End signal (MAP)
Release HO report Release HON
CLEAR COMMAND
CLEAR COMPLETE
Release (TUP)
Cut physical connection between MSCa and MSCb
~~ End signal (MAP) ~
~ Release HO report Release HON
Release (TUP/ISUP) Cut physical connection between MSCAa and MSCb'
Inter MSC HO—Subsequent HO process
Subsequent HO
Highway
Inter MSC HO Signaling process
There is no “HO request” information for intra-BSC HO, and all of the HO are analyzed
and processed in BSC. Once the target cell as required is found in the BSC, “Channel
activation” information is sent to it directly.
When the target cell is not in the same BSC, BSC reports CGI numbers of the serving
cell and target cell, and HO cause to MSC through “Ho-Required”. When MSC finds
the LAC of the target cell is in the MSC, it sends “Ho-Request” to the BSC of the target
cell, and the target BSC activates the target cell channel to complete the following
procedure.
When MSC finds that the target cell LAC does not belong to the MSC, it will query its
“LAI and GCI Table” (including LAC and router address of the adjacent MSC), and
send “Prepare-HO” message to the target MSC-B according to the router address.
The message includes CGI of the target cell and indication whether or not to allocate
HO number, etc. According to the message, the target MSC-B sends “HO-Request”
message to the target BSC-B after demanding HO number (unless it is not required in
the indication) from VLR-B, and sends “Prepare-HO acknowledgement” to serving
MSC after received “HO-Request acknowledgement”, to execute the next procedure.
Major differences