International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS Vol:13 No:03

15

Experimental Investigation on Nanomaterial

Concrete
Saloma1 , Amrinsyah Nasution2 , Iswandi Imran3 and Mikrajuddin Abdullah4
1

2, 3

Lecturer, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Sriwijaya University.

Professor of Civil Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering & Enviromental, Bandung Institute of Technology
4
Professor of Physic, Faculty of Sciences and Mathemathics, Bandung Institute of Technology

Abstract - Nanomaterial concrete is new generation concrete

formed of materials of the grain size of nanoscale. The
composition of nanomaterial concrete consists of cement,
nanosilica grain of the size of 10 nm - 140 nm, fine sand of the
grain size of 0.125 mm - 0.50 mm, quartz powder of the size of
16 m - 90 m, coarse aggregate of a maximum grain size of 15
mm, and superplastisizer. Nanomaterials have properties or
functions different from similar materials of large size.
Nanomaterials have a larger value of the ratio between surface
area and volume than other similar particles in larger size,
making the nanomaterials more reactive. This paper presents
the influence of nanosilica as a partial substitution of cement in
concrete. The presence of nanosilica in concrete is intended to
accommodate the byproduct of the cement hydration
production in the form of free hydroxide calcium. Nanosilica
will react with C 3S and C 2S in the cement and produce CS H-2
that will form a strong and solid bond of gel. The results
showed that the addition of nanosilica as cement partial
substitute material could improve the mechanical behavior of
the concrete.

nanomaterials in concrete, and then compared them to the

conventional concrete. Concrete containing nanosilica and
nanoclay was compared to concrete containing silicafume,
fly ash, and slag. The results showed that the microstructure
of the nanosilica concrete was denser and more uniform
than that of the conventional concrete.
In research [7] conducted an experimental study on mortar
by adding TiO2 nanoparticles of 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and
2.0% of the cement weight. The average size of TiO2
nanoparticle was 15 nm. The research results at the age of 7
days showed that nano-TiO2 paste was denser and more
compact than that without nano-TiO2 .
In research [10] conducted a study on macro and micro
characteristics of concrete through the use of carbon
nanotubes of 0.3%, 0.5% and 0.75% of the cement weight.
The results showed that carbon nanotubes could improve the
compressive strength by 12%.

Index Term-- Nanomaterial, mechanical behavior.

I. INTRODUCTION
This study on the physical and mechanical properties of
nanomaterial concrete uses nanosilica elements as mixture
materials in the manufacture of concrete. The fundamental
problem studied is how to improve the density and strength
the bond between the mortar and the inter-surface zone on
the nanosilica concrete. The use of nanomaterials is
expected to give simultaneous contribution, in addition to
the pozzolanik effect it provides, to provide physical effects,
i.e. the packing effect. This effect has an effect in the form
of shrinkage of the pores of the concrete, hence denser.

Concrete experimental tests using substitution of

nanoscale materials have been widely carried out.
Here are some previous researches on
nanomaterial concrete.
In research [4] conducted an experimental study on mortar
by adding nanoparticles of Fe 2 O3 and Al2 O3 of respectively
0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5% and 2.0% of the cement weight. The
average size of the Fe2 O3 and Al2 O3 was 15 nm. The results
showed that the slump and setting time decreased as the
percentage of nano-particles of Fe 2 O3 and Al2 O3 increased.
In research [8] conducted an experimental study by adding
nanomaterial of the size of less than 100 nm into the
concrete mix. This study evaluated the use of various

Based on the previous researches, this research is focused on

studying the mechanical behavior of concrete with the
addition of nanosilica as cement partial substitute material.
Nanosilica used in this study has the size of 10-140 nm with
a mixed composition of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% of
the cement weight.
II.

EXPERIM ENTAL PROGRAM M E

A. Scope of Work
The purpose of this study is to investigate the compressive
strength, modulus of elasticity and splitting tensile test o f
concrete by partial replacement of cement with nanosilica.
Nanosilica with the average diameter of 100 nm were used
with four different contents of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5% and 10% by
weight.
B. Limitation
The mix proportion used in this research were only NS 0%,
NS 2.5%, NS 5%, NS 7.5% and NS 10%, with constant
water/cement of 0.20 for all composition. Cylinders with the
diameter of 150 mm and the height of 300 mm for density,
compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and splitting
tensile test.
C. Materials and Mix Design
Cement used in this study is that of type I with a relative
density of 3.15 gram/cm3 , while the additive material used
as cement partial substitute material is nanosilica. Chemical

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composition of XRF (X-Ray Fluorescence) assay results of
cement type I and nanosilica are listed in Table I.
To determine the distribution of the nanosilica size, PSA test
was conducted. The results showed that the size of
nanosilica grain ranged from 10-140 nm. Furthermore, to
determine the shape of the nanosilica particles, XRD (XRay Diffraction) test was conducted. The results showed
that the shape of particles of nanosilica was amorphous.

Cumulative distribution (%)

T ABLE I
CHEMICAL COMPOSIT ION OF XRF
T EST RESULT S OF CEMENT AND NANOSILICA

Chemical
Composition

Cement type I
(%)

Nanosilica
(%)

SiO2
Al2 O3
CaO
Fe2 O3
SO3
MgO

21,20
6,00
64,90
3,10
2,10
1,20

99,99
-

100

III. EXPERIM ENTAL STUDY

The first phase of this research is the study of literature. The
second stage comprises a series of laboratory tests on
concrete-forming materials, the design of the composition of
concrete building blocks, and the testing of the physical and
mechanical properties of concrete in compliance with the
ASTM and ACI standards. Physical and mechanical
properties testing performed in this study include:

B. Concrete Compressive Strength

The instrument used for testing compressive strength was
UTM (Universal Testing Machine) with the capacity of
2000 kN. The specimen used was in the form of a cylinder
with a diameter of 150 mm and height of 300 mm, with
testing ages of 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. The test followed
the ASTM C39 test standard. During the compressive test,
there were several things that need close observation, among
others: collapse pattern, cracking mechanism, and ductility.
Centricity factor of the load weight point on the concrete
cylinder axis was considered to maximize the results of the
failure load experiment.

Qua rtz powde r

Nanosilica
Coarse aggregate s

60

study uses the w/c = 0.20. The composition of the concrete

mixtures is given in Table II.

A. Density
Weight of the specimen was measured at the age of 28 days.
This density measurement was performed by weighing the
test specimen to be subsequently divided by the volume of
the test specimen.

Qua rtz sand

80

16

40
20
0
0.0001

0.01

100

10000

Grain Diameter (mm)

Fig. 1. Gradation curve of materials used
T ABLE II
COMPOSIT ION OF CONCRET E MIX

M aterial
Cement
Nanosilica
Water
Quartz Sand
Quartz Powder
Coarse
aggregates

Superplasticizer

600
0
120
652,4
279,6

NS
2,5%
(kg/m3)
585
15
120
652,4
279,6

NS
5%
(kg/m3)
570
30
120
652,4
279,6

NS
7,5%
(kg/m3)
555
45
120
652,4
279,6

NS
10%
(kg/m3)
540
60
120
652,4
279,6

748

748

748

748

748

NS 0%
(kg/m3)

Fine aggregates used in this study were taken from Bangka,

consisting of fine sand (quartz sand) with a size of 0.125
mm - 0.50 mm and quartz powder with the size of 10 m 15 m. One important factor of fine aggregates that has to
be considered is their gradation, as this will affect the
amount of water needed in the concrete mix. The coarse
aggregates were taken from Sidomanik with a maximum
size of 10 mm. Figure 1 shows the grading curve of the
material used in this study. Concrete mix design in this

C. Modulus of Elasticity
The testing of modulus of elasticity was taken from the 40%
failure load fc'. Tests were conducted through the use of
UTM (Universal Testing Machine) with a capacity of 2000
kN with testing procedure based on ASTM C469.
Specimens used was in the form of a cylinder with a
diameter of 150 mm and height of 300 mm, with testing
ages of 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Values of the modulus of
elasticity tests were analyzed to obtain the equation of the
relation between the values of the elasticity modulus and
compressive strength of the nanosilica concrete. The
equation was obtained from the regression analysis of the
curve of the elasticity modulus relation and compressive
strength of the nanosilica concrete.
D. Splitting Tensile Test
Split tensile test was conducted according to the ASTM
C496 standard using cylindrical specimens with a diameter
of 150 mm and height of 300 mm. Tests were performed at
the ages of 3, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days with each age of the 3
samples. The test equipment used was the same as the that
for compressive strength test. Values of split tensile test
were analyzed to obtain the equation of the relation between
the values of splitting tensile strength and compressive
strength of the nanosilica concrete. The equation was
obtained from the regression analysis of the curve of
splitting tensile strength and compressive strength of the
nanosilica concrete.

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IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Development of Concrete Compressive Strength
Figure 2 shows a comparison of the development of
compressive strength between concrete with nanosilica and
concrete without nanosilica. Moreover, effects of the
percentage of adding nanosilica on the development of
compressive strength of concrete based on its age.
According to this figure, it can be explained that the
concrete containing nanosilica experiences compressive
strength development higher than that of concrete without
nanosilica. The development of concrete compressive
strength increases with the percentage of the addition of
nanosilica.

3 days

7 days

14 days

21 days

increase the density of the micro, but also acts as an

activator in the hydration reaction. This gives effect to the
increase of bonds between coarse aggregate and mortar.
B. Density
Figure 3 shows the relationship between density and
compressive strength of concrete at the age of 28 days.
Based on the picture it can be explained that the increase in
density occurs along the increase of compressive strength of
concrete. Based on the research result data, the following
equation was obtained:

w 3.355fc ' 2156

2550

90
75

45
30
15

2525

Density (kg/m3)

60

(1)

where w is the density of the concrete and fc 'is the concrete

compressive strength.

28 days

105

42.576
57.410
63.861
75.941
89.910
44.202
59.630
69.971
83.645
94.340
45.846
61.850
75.368
89.219
99.280
47.441
65.120
86.830
104.851
108.590
47.617
67.310
95.067
109.295
112.021

Compressive Strength (MPa)

120

17

NS = 0% NS = 2.5% NS = 5% NS = 7.5% NS = 10%

Fig. 2. Development of concrete compressive strength versus time
T ABLE III
INCREASE OF COMPRESSIVE ST RENGT H OF CONCRET E AT T HE
AGES OF 3, 7 AND 28 DAYS

2500
y = 3.355x + 2156.8
R = 0.8365

2475
2450

Mahmoud Karmout
2425

DATA PENELITIAN

2400

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

Compressive Strength (MPa)

Concrete
mix

Compressive Strength
(MPa)
3 days
7 days 28 days

Percentage of increase of
compressive strength (%)
3 days 7 days 28 days

NS = 0%

42.576

57.41

89.91

0.00

0.00

NS = 2,5%

44.202

59.63

94.34

3.82

3.87

4.93

NS = 5%

45.846

61.85

99.28

7.68

7.73

10.42

NS = 7,5%

47.441

65.12

108.59

11.43

13.43

20.78

NS = 10%

47.617

67.31

112.02

11.84

17.24

24.59

0.00

Furthermore, Table III describes the percentage of the

increase of compressive strength of concrete at the age of 3,
7 and 28 days. In general, the development of concrete
compressive strength at the age of 3, 7 and 28 days showed
a significant increase. At the age of 3 days, the compressive
strength of concrete with nanosilica increased between
3.82% - 11.84%, whereas at the age of 7 and 28 days,
compressive strength of concrete with nanosilica increased
respectively by 3.87% - 17.24% and 4.93% - 24.59%. This
means an increase in compressive strength after 3 days is
faster than the that at the age of 3 days. The high increase of
compressive strength after 3 days shows that the hydration
reaction working in the initial period occurs only between
cement and water. Then in the next period, nanosilica reacts
with free calcium oxide so that further reactions occurs and
forms new cement paste. This suggests that the addition of
nanosilica provides good leverage to increase the
compressive strength of concrete after 3 days. The rapid
development of the compressive strength of concrete with
nanosilica shows that nanosilica serves not only as a filler to

Fig. 3. Relationship between density and compressive strength

As a comparative study, the results are compared with the

data from a study conducted by Karmout, M (2009). For f c
'= 107.2 MPa, the density values predicted through the
equations of the results of this study are similar to the results
of the density analyzed through the equations of Karmout,
M. However, for fc' < 107.2 MPa, the density values
predicted by the equation of the research results is
underestimated when compared with that predicted by the
equation density of Karmout, M. While for fc' > 107.2 MPa,
the density values predicted by the equations of the research
result is overestimated when compared to the elasticity
modulus predicted by the equation of Karmout, M.
C. Modulus of Elasticity
Figure 4 and Table IV show the development of the average
values of the modulus of elasticity of concrete without
nanosilica and concrete containing nanosilica against time.
According to the figure it can be explained that the average
modulus of elasticity of concrete with nanosilica has greater
values than concrete without nanosilica. It means that
concrete with nanosilica has greater stiffness than concrete
without nanosilica. The values of stiffness in concrete
containing nanosilica are due to the compactness of the
paste bond with aggregates in concrete with nanosilica that
is greater than that without nanosilica.

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International Journal of Civil & Environmental Engineering IJCEE-IJENS Vol:13 No:03

T ABLE IV
AVERAGE ELAST ICIT Y MODULUS AT AGE 7 AND 28 DAYS
Percentage of
Modulus of Elasticity
modulus of elasticity
Concrete
(MPa)
increases (%)
Mix
7 days
28 days
7 days
28 days

1.

ACI-318-08:

E 0,043w1,5 fc '

Eurocode 2: E 2,15 10

3.

NS 3473:

4.

Sritharan:

5.

Mehdi: E 16364ln

43500

6.

Ma & Orgass: E 8820 3

42000

7.

Research data:

0.00
2.86
4.07

0.00
3.66
6.00

NS = 7,5%
NS = 10%

42365.23
43110.41

43612.29
44147.65

6.71
8.59

9.25
10.59

7 days

14 days

21 days

28 days

39519.16
39701.48
39804.62
39911.47
39921.53
40609.36
40837.71
40997.12
41240.27
41382.74
41155.45
41315.98
41613.67
41824.09
42318.52
41937.27
42365.23
42935.97
43356.63
43612.29
42907.64
43110.41
43371.22
43699.33
44147.65

3 days

40500
39000
37500
36000

NS = 0% NS = 2.5% NS = 5% NS = 7.5%NS = 10%

Fig. 4. Development of concrete elasticity modulus versus time

Based on Table IV it can also be seen that at the age of 7

days, the difference in values of the modulus of elasticity of
concrete with nanosilica and concrete without nanosilica
ranges between 2.86% - 8.59%, whereas at 28 days it varies
between 3.66% - 10:59% . This suggests that nanosilica has
given significant effects on the increase of the stiffness since
the age of 7 days.
Furthermore, Figure 5 displays the relationship curve of
concrete compressive strength vs. modulus of elasticity.
Based on the research data, the following equation was
obtained:

E 7892 f c '

0.361

(2)

Where E is the modulus of elasticity of concrete and f c' is

the concrete compressive strength.

E 9500 f c'

fc '
10

0,3

E 4200 f c '

(MPa)

1
3

(MPa)

(MPa)
(MPa)

fc ' 34828 (MPa)

fc ' (MPa)

E 7892 f c'

0,361

(MPa)

45000

Modulus of elasticity (MPa)

39921.53
41382.74
42318.52

44000
43000
42000

fc = 96.539 M Pa

41000
40000

ACI 318- 08
Kur va penelitian

39000
85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

Compressive strength (MPa)

45000

Modulus of elasticity (MPa)

39701.48
40837.71
41315.98

45000
Modulus of Elasticity (MPa)

As a comparative study, the data are evaluated using the

following equation:

2.

NS = 0%
NS = 2,5%
NS = 5%

18

44000

fc = 111.134 M Pa

43000

42000
41000
40000

EUR OC ODE 2
Kur va penelitian

39000
85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

45000

Modulus of elasticity (MPa)

Compressive strength (MPa)

44000
43000
42000

E = 7892.(fc')0.361
R = 0.945

41000
40000
39000
85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

Compressive strength (MPa)

Fig. 5. Relationships between modulus of elasticity vs. compressive
strength

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19

Modulus of elasticity (MPa)

45000
44000

The comparison of elasticity modulus curve versus

compressive strength of the research results and other
research results is presented in Figure 6 with the following
explanation:

fc = 111.057 M Pa

43000

1.

42000
41000

40000

NS 3473
Kur va penelitian

39000
85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

Compressive strength (MPa)

45000

Modulus of elasticity (MPa)

2.
44000

fc = 115.893 M Pa
43000
42000
41000
40000

MEHDI
Kur va penelitian

3.

39000
85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

Compressive strength (MPa)

Modulus of elasticity (MPa)

45000
44000

43000

fc = 103.380 M Pa

42000

4.
41000

40000

SRI THARAN
Kur va penelitian

39000
85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

Compressive strength (MPa)

Modulus of elasticity (MPa)

45000

5.

44000
43000
42000
41000
40000

MA & ORGAS S

For fc' = 96.539 MPa, the values of elasticity modulus

predicted by equations of the research results are
similar to that analyzed using the equation of ACI-31808. However, for fc' < 96.539 MPa, the elasticity
modulus values predicted by the equations of the
research results are overestimated when compared to
that predicted by ACI-318-08equation. As for fc' >
96.539 MPa, the elasticity modulus values predicted by
the equation of this research results are underestimated
when compared with those predicted by the ACI-31808equation.
For fc' = 111.134 MPa, the elasticity modulus predicted
by equations of this research results is similar to those
analyzed using Eurocode 2 equation. However, for f c'
<111.134 MPa, the values of the modulus of elasticity
predicted by the equation of this research results are
underestimated when compared to those predicted by
Eurocode 2 equation, while for fc' > 111.134 MPa, the
values of elasticity modulus predicted by the equation
of this research results are overestimated when
compared to those predicted by equation Eurocode 2.
For fc' = 111.057 MPa, the values of the elasticity
modulus predicted by the equations of this research
results are similar to those analyzed by NS 3473
equation. However, for fc' < 111.057 MPa, the value of
modulus of elasticity predicted by the equation of this
research results is underestimated when compared to
those predicted by the NS 3473equation, while for f c' >
111.057 MPa, the elasticity modulus predicted by the
equation of this research results is overestimated when
compared to those predicted by the NS 3473 equation.
For fc' = 115.893 MPa, the elasticity modulus predicted
using the equations of this research result is similar to
that analyzed using Mehdi equations. However, for fc' <
115.893 MPa, the modulus of elasticity predicted by the
equation of this research results is overestimated when
compared to that predicted by Mehdi equation, while
for fc' > 115.893 MPa, the elastic modulus predicted by
the equation of this research results is underestimated
when compared to that predicted by Mehdi equation.
For fc' = 103.380 MPa, the elastic modulus predicted by
equations of this research result is similar to that
analyzed using Sritharan equation. However, for f c' <
103 380 MPa, the modulus of elasticity predicted by the
equation of this research results is overestimated when
compared to that predicted by Sritharan equation, while
for fc' > 103.380 MPa, the elasticity modulus predicted
by the equation of this research results is
underestimated when compared to that predicted by
Sritharan equation.

Kur va penelitian

39000
85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

Compressive strength (MPa)

Elasticity modulus predicted by the equation of this research

results is overestimated when compared to that predicted by
the Ma & Orgass equation.

Fig. 6. Comparison of modulus of concrete elasticity versus compressive

strength of other studies

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D. Splitting Tensile Test
Figure 7 shows a comparison of the development of the
splitting tensile strength between concrete with nanosilica
and concrete without nanosilica.

2.

3.
14
7 days

14 days

21 days

28 days

10
8

3.829
4.650
5.888
7.501
8.715
3.956
4.948
5.915
7.668
8.953
4.952
5.497
7.322
8.908
10.216
5.687
6.931
8.626
10.655
11.578
6.554
8.674
10.345
11.690
12.101

Splitting tensile strength (MPa)

3 days
12

6
4
2

4.

5.

0
NS = 0% NS = 2.5% NS = 5% NS = 7.5% NS = 10%
Fig. 7. Development of splitting tensile strength versus time

Splitting tensile strength (MPa)

14

6.

13

20

Results of compressive strength, modulus of elasticity

and splitting tensile strength of concrete at the age of 28
days amounted to 112.021 MPa. 44147.65 MPa and 19
918 MPa respectively.
The development of compressive strength of concrete at
the age of 3,7 and 28 days showed a significant
increase. At the age of 3 days, the compressive strength
of concrete that contained nanosilica increased between
3.82% - 11.84%; whereas, at the age of 7 and 28 days,
the compressive strength of concrete with nanosilica
increased respectively by 3.87% - 17.24% and 4.93% 24.59%.
The resulting elasticity modulus ranged between
41382.74 and 44147.65 MPa. The modulus of elasticity
of concrete tends to increase with the increase of
compressive strength and density of concrete.
The resulting splitting tensile strength ranges between
13.298 MPa 19.918 MPa. There is a strong
correlation between concretes splitting tensile strength
and compressive strength. The splitting tensile strength
tends to increase along with the increase of concretes
compressive strength.
It is recommended that further studies on the bending
strength and long term durability tests of the
nanomaterial concrete should be carried out.

12

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11

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[1]

10
9

8
7

85

90

95

100

105

110

115

120

Compressive strength (MPa)

Fig. 8. Relationship between concretes splitting tensile strength and that of
this research results

Also, it can be seen that the effect of the percentage of the

addition of nanosilica into the development of concrete
splitting tensile strength based on its age. From the fig ure it
can be explained that the concrete containing nanosilica
undergoes higher splitting tensile strength than that of
concrete without nanosilica. The development of concrete
splitting tensile strength increases along with the percentage
of the addition of nanosilica. Furthermore, Figure 8 displays
the curve of the relation between concrete compressive
strength vs. its splitting tensile strength. There is a strong
correlation between concretes splitting tensile strength and
compressive strength. The splitting tensile strength tends to
increase along with the increase of concretes compressive
strength.
V. CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the research conducted on concrete
with the addition of nanosilica as cement partial substitute
material, the following can be summarized:
1. Nanosilica is able to increase the density and
performance of concrete.

137403-5858-IJCEE-IJENS June 2013 IJENS

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