Revision Pack

A. The Alphabet

26 letters in English
5 Vowels (A, E, I, O, U)
21 Consonants (B, C, D, F, G, etc.)
How you spell and the sound of the Alphabet is different:

1. How to spell letters from the Alphabet:

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I

Apricot
Beatle
Celia
Deep
E-mail
Friday
Golf
H20
iphone

J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R

Jamie
Katie
Lemon
Monday
November
Opium
Peter
Queue
Roberto

S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

SOS
T-shirt
University
Vehicle
WC
X-ray
Y-fronts
Zebra

S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z

Sierra
Tango
Uniform
Victor
Whiskey
X-ray
Yankee
Zulu

2. How to make the sounds of the Alphabet:

A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I

Alpha
Bravo
Charlie
Delta
Echo
Foxtrot
Golf
Hotel
India

J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R

Juliet
Kilo
Lima
Mike
November
Oscar
Papa
Quebec
Romeo

B. Cardinal Numbers
The following table shows the names of numbers. These numbers are
called cardinal numbers.
0 zero, oh, nought, nil,
love, nothing
1 one
2 two
3 three
4 four

26
27
28
29
30
40
1

twenty-six
twenty-seven
twenty-eight
twenty-nine
thirty
forty (no "u")

5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25

50 fifty
60 sixty
70 seventy
80 eighty
90 ninety
100 a/one hundred
101 a hundred and one
110 a hundred and ten
120 a hundred and twenty
200 two hundred
1,000 a/one thousand
1,001 a thousand and one
1,010 a thousand and ten
2,000 two thousand
10,000 ten thousand
11,000 eleven thousand
100,000 a/one hundred
thousand
1,000,000 a/one million
2,000,000 two million
1,000,000,000 a/one
billion

five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
twenty
twenty-one
twenty-two
twenty-three
twenty-four
twenty-five

1. Expressing Numbers in English

If you want to say these numbers aloud or want to write them in
words rather than figures you put 'and' in front of the number
expressed by the last two figures. For example:
203
622

two hundred and three

six hundred and twenty-two

Numbers between 1000 and 1,000,000 are usually said or written in

words as:
1,803
1,963
2,840

one thousand, eight hundred and three

one thousand, nine hundred and sixty-three
two thousand, eight hundred and forty

Four-figure numbers ending in 00 can also be said or written as a

number of hundreds. For example, 1800 can be said or written
as "eighteen hundred"
If the number 1963 is being used to identify something, it is said
as "one nine six three". We always say each figure separately like
this with telephone numbers, ID numbers, passport numbers, etc.
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2. Saying years.
We normally say a year in two parts. In the case of years ending in
"00", we say the second part in "hundred":
1058
1706
1865
1900

ten fifty-eight
seventeen hundred and six (or 'seventeen oh six')
eighteen sixty-five
nineteen hundred

There are two ways of saying years ending in "01" to "09" before
2000. For example: "1901" can be said as "nineteen oh
one" or "nineteen hundred and one". The year 2000 is
read "two thousand", 2006 "two thousand and six"
3. Flight numbers.
We pronounce a flight number digit-by-digit. For example:
110
1248

one ten (or 'one one oh')

twelve forty-eight

4. Expressing millions.
1,412,605
one million, four hundred (and) twelve thousand six
hundred (and) five
C. Ordinal Numbers
1. Usage:

Dates August, twenty-sixth

Regions Puerto Varas is in the ninth region of Chile.
League tables West Ham is in sixth position in the Premier
League.
Position My office is the third door on the right.
Kings & Queens Queen Elizabeth the Second is the Queen
of England.

2. Form:
Spelling of Ordinal Numbers
Just add th to the cardinal number:

four - fourth
3

eleven - eleventh

Exceptions:

one - first
two - second
three - third
five - fifth
eight - eighth
nine - ninth
twelve twelfth
twenty twentieth
thirty thirtieth, etc.

D. Verb to be
1. Used for:
Facts Santiago is the capital of Chile.
Truths The world is round.
Information about you I am Chilean. I am 27 years old.
Feelings I am bored.
The weather The weather is cold and wet at the moment.
Time Class is at 12 oclock.
Days and dates Today is Monday, May 27.
2. Form:
Personal Pronoun

Affirmative

am.

he/she/it

is.

you/we/they

are.

3. Word Order:
Every sentence in English must have a verb. It is the most important
thing in a sentence. You would also normally have a subject and maybe an
object, where the action took place and when the action happens.
The correct word order is:
Subject + Verb + Object + Where + When
Please note that apart from the subject and the verb, not every sentence
has an object or has to have where and when.
4. Listen to the question!:
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99.999999% of questions use the same verb. If the question is asked in

the verb to be then reply with the verb to be:
What is your name? My name is Sarah.
The only exception is the general question about your job which uses the
verb to do but you reply using the verb to be:
What do you do? I am a researcher.
Generally all you have to do is change the word order of the question:
What is the longest river in the world? The longest river in the
world is the Nile.
You can either answer like this or in the short form:
What is the longest river in the world? It is the Nile.
You should use both types so that you have variety. Otherwise it gets
boring!
5. Use the same time!
If the question is asked in the present then answer in the present in the
first thing you say. Do not mix present and past; future and past; present
and future, etc., in the first reply you give:
Are you happy? Yes, I am.
6. Long sentences:
When you answer in the positive you must answer in a long sentence with
no shortened words:
Are you a Chemistry PHD student? Yes, I am.
You do not have to say, Yes, I am a Chemistry PHD student.
7. Changing the subject in a sentence:
When we ask questions we dont use the personal pronoun (see above 3).
We say:
What is your name? My name is Sarah.
Where are their bicycles? They are in the bike shed.

We use what is called the Possessive adjectives which are used to show
ownership of an item or an idea. This is how the personal pronouns
change:

Personal Pronoun

Possessive Adjective

My.

he/she/it

His, her, its.

you/we/they

Your, our, their

E. Verb to be Negatives
1. Form:
The word not or the short form is used after the verb.
With the exception of the subject I the verb to be has two forms in the
short form:
Long form

Short Form

am not

(Im not)

He

is not

(Hes not or He isnt)

She

is not

(Shes not or She isnt)

a nurse.

It

is not

(Its not or It isnt)

my book.

We

are not

(Were not or
We arent)

musicians.

You

are not

(Youre not or
You arent)

a doctor.

They

are not

(Theyre not or
They arent)

a singer.
a student.

taxi drivers.

2. Usage:
When you answer questions in the negative it is fine to use the short form.
You dont have to use the long form.
If you are reading out loud text that has the short form in it you must say
the short form. Dont change it to the long form.
F. Nouns
A noun is a word used to name a person, place, idea or thing.
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Nouns can be singular or plural. The plural of a noun is usually the word +
s.
Singular = one
a flower
a train
one week
a nice place
this student

Plural = two or more

some flowers
two trains
a few weeks
some nice places
these students

There are some exceptions: Some plural nouns do not end in s:

+ es:
bush bushes
dish dishes
church churches
potato - potatoes
box boxes

Remove the f or fe and + ves

knife knives
wolf wolves
leaf leaves

Remove the y and +ies :

different:
dictionary dictionary
baby - babies
party parties
but day days

Some words are completely

foot feet
child - children
tooth teeth
man men
woman women
person - people

Some nouns are already plural: Some words dont change:

scissors
tights
fish fish
glasses
pyjamas
sheep - sheep
trousers
jeans
You cant use a singular form on its own. You need to have an indefinite
article a / an. For plural numbers you have to use a word like some.
Examples:
There is a dog.
There is a cat.
There is an elephant.
There is an orange.

There
There
There
There

are
are
are
are

some dogs.
some cats.
a few elephants.
lots of oranges.

G. Simple Present Tense

The simple present tense in English is used to describe an action that is
regular, true or normal.
1. Usage:
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For repeated or regular actions in the present time period:

I take the bus to school.

The train to London leaves every hour.

John sleeps eight hours every night during the week.

For facts:

The President lives in La Moneda.

A dog has four legs.
We come from Chile.

For habits:

I get up early every day.

Carlos brushes his teeth twice a day.

They travel to Talca every weekend.

For things that are always / generally true.

It rains a lot in winter.

The Queen of England lives in Buckingham Palace.

They speak English at work.

2.Verb Conjugation & Spelling:

We form the present tense using the base form of the infinitive (without
the TO) verb. In general, in the third person we add 'S' in the third person:
Subject

Verb

I / you / we / they
he / she / it

Speak
Speaks

English at home
English at home

The spelling for the verb in the he, she, it form differs depending on the
ending of that verb:
For verbs that end in -O, -CH, -SH, -SS, -X, or -Z we add -ES in the third
person.

go goes
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catch catches

wash washes

kiss kisses

fix fixes

buzz buzzes

For verbs that end in a consonant + Y, we remove the Y and add -IES.

marry marries

study studies

carry carries

NOTE: For verbs that end in a vowel + Y, we just add -S.

play plays

enjoy enjoys

say says

H. Negative Sentences in the Simple Present Tense

1. Form:
To make a negative sentence in English we normally
use don't or doesn't with all verbs EXCEPT To Be and Modal verbs (can,
might, should etc.).
Affirmative: You speak French.
Negative: You don't speak French.
You will see that we add don't between the subject and the verb. We
use don't when the subject is I, you, we or they.
Affirmative: He speaks German.
Negative: He doesn't speak German.
When the subject is he, she or it, we add doesn't between the subject
and the verb to make a negative sentence. Notice that the letter S at the
end of the verb in the affirmative sentence (because it is in third person)
disappears in the negative sentence.
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2. Negative Contractions:
Don't = Do not
Doesn't = Does not
I don't like meat = I do not like meat.
There is no difference in meaning though we normally use contractions in
spoken English or when we are speaking informally.

3. Word Order of Negative Sentences:

The following is the word order to construct a basic negative sentence in
English in the Present Tense using don't or doesn't:

Subject

don't/doesn't

Verb*

I / you / we / they
he / she / it

don't
doesn't

have / buy
eat / like etc.

bread for breakfast

* Verb: The verb that goes here is the base form of the infinitive.
Examples of Negative Sentences with don't and doesn't:

You don't speak Russian.

John doesn't speak Italian.

We don't have time for a rest.

It doesn't move.

They don't want to go to the party.

She doesn't like fish.

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I. YES / NO!
Yes/No questions require a response of YES or NO in the answer and then
the short form of the correct verb.
1. Example using the verb to be:
Affirmative statement: He is busy today
FORM:
(complement)
Yes/No question:
FORM:
Answer:

Subject + verb to be + object

Is he busy today?
Verb to be + subject + complement
Yes, he is. / No, he isnt. (busy)

2. We use the Auxiliary verb do (I/you/we/they) or does

(he/she/it) in most simple present forms:
Question:

Do/Does + Subject + base verb + Object

(complement)

Affirmative statement: You work very long hours

Yes/No question:

Do you work very long hours?

Answer:

Yes, I do. / No, I dont.

(work long hours).

Affirmative statement: He uses a laptop computer

Yes/No question:

Does he use a laptop?

Answer:

Yes, he does. / No he doesnt.

(use a laptop).

3. We can also use the auxiliary can if we want to know about

someones ability to do something.
Affirmative statement: I can ride a bicycle.
Yes/No question:

Can you ride a bicycle?

Answer:

Yes, I can. / No, I cant.

Affirmative statement: He can ride a bicycle.

Yes/No question:

Can he ride a bicycle?

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(ride a bicycle).

Answer:

Yes, he can. / No, he cant. (ride a bicycle).

J. WH Questions
WH questions are used to find out more information about something. WH
questions allows you to find out more information.
1. What are the WH words?
Who, what, where, why, when, which, whose
How many, much, long, far, etc.

2. WH Question Formulation
a. To Be:
WH Question Word + Is/Are + Subject +
complement?
EG.

What is your name?

b. Simple Present:
complement?
EG.

WH + Do/Does + Subject + base verb +

Why do they like bread?
Why does he ride a bicycle?

K. Adverbs of Frequency
These words answer the question "How often?" or "How frequently?" we
do something. This can range from:

Always
Usually
Regularly / frequently
Often
Sometimes / Occasionally
Rarely / Seldom / Hardly ever
Never.

They generally go before the main verb (except the main verb "to be"):

I always brush my teeth in the morning.

We usually go shopping on Saturday.

I frequently teach English.

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I often drink coffee in the morning.

I am never late.

He is always tired.

You can also use expressions like once; twice; three times, etc.; every;
with day, week, month, year, etc. Generally you would use these
expressions at the end of a sentence:
I brush my teeth twice a day.
I have a shower every day.
I have English class twice a week.

L. Adjectives
Adjectives are descriptive words. They help describe nouns and
pronouns. Adjectives describe colour, size, feelings and qualities. They
also tell us nationalities and characteristics.
They modify a noun or a pronoun and usually come before the noun they
modify. An adjective can be a word, a phrase, or a clause. Adjectives
answer these five questions:

Which one?

What kind (of)?

How many?
How much?
Whose?
essay.

Example: I bought that coat.

o Note: Only four adjectives answer this
question: this, that, these, and those.
Example: He likes chocolate biscuits.
Example: Two boys tied for first place in the race.
Example: Is there enough bread?
Example: Lindas teacher e-mailed her about her
o Note: Her is called a possessive adjective
but may also be called a possessive
pronoun.

Some words like English, French, etc., can be both adjectives and nouns
depending on how they are used in a sentence:
Noun Mar speaks Spanish.
Adjective Mar is Spanish.
Examples of adjectives:
angry, beautiful, big, fast, happy, hot, lost, old, red small, tall, etc.
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In English it is common to use more than one adjective. For example:

Hes a silly, young fool.
Shes a smart, energetic woman.
When you use more than one adjective you have to put them in the right
order, according to type. The following will explain the different types of
adjectives and the correct order for them.
The basic types of adjectives are:
OPINION

An opinion adjective explains what you think about

something. For example, silly, beautiful, horrible, difficult.

SIZE

A size adjective tells you how big or small something is. For
example, large, tiny, enormous, little.

AGE

An age adjective tells you how young or old something or

someone is. For example, ancient, new, young, old.

SHAPE

A shape adjective describes the shape of something. For

example, square, round, flat, rectangular.

COLOUR

A colour adjective describes the colour of something. For

example, blue, pink, red.

ORIGIN

An origin adjective describes where something comes from.

For example, English, Eastern, Western, French, European.

MATERIAL A material adjective describes what something is made from.

For example, wooden, metal, cotton, paper.
PURPOSE A purpose adjective describes what something is used for.
These adjectives often end with ing. For example, sleeping
(as in sleeping bag), roasting (as in roasting tin).
M. Comparatives and Superlatives
Sometimes we want to describe more than just one person, more than one
place or more than one thing. In order to do this we use comparatives
and superlatives.
They are special forms of adjectives. Generally comparatives are formed
using er and superlatives are formed using est. There are irregular
adjectives.
Comparatives compare two things:
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Onions are hotter than tomatoes.

Superlatives compare more than two things:
Onions are hotter than tomatoes but chilies are the hottest of all!
Forming regular comparatives and superlatives:
How these are formed depends on how many syllables there are in the
adjective. Syllables are like sound beats. For instance, sing contains
one syllable, but singing contains two sing and ing. Here are the
rules:
Adjective form

Comparative

Superlative

Only one syllable

ending in E. Examples:
wide, fine, cute.
Only one syllable with
one vowel and one
consonant at the end.
Examples: hot, big,
fat.
Only one syllable with
more than one
consonant at the end.
Examples: light, neat,
fast.

Add R: wider, finer

cuter.

Add- ST: widest, finest,

cutest.

Double the consonant

and add ER: hotter,
bigger, fatter.

Double the consonant

and add EST: hottest,
biggest, fattest.

Add-ER: lighter, neater,

faster.

Add-EST: lightest,
neatest, fastest.

Two syllables ending in

Y. Examples, happy,
silly, lonely.
Two syllables or more
not ending in Y.
Examples, modern,
interesting, beautiful.

Change the Y to I then

add ER: happier,
sillier, lonelier.
Use MORE before the
adjective: more
modern, more
interesting, more
beautiful.

Change Y to I then add

EST: happiest, silliest,
loneliest.
Use MOST before the
adjective: most
modern, most
interesting, most
beautiful.

better
worse
less
Further

the
the
the
the

Word change. In some

cases there is a
completely new word.
Examples:
Good
Bad
Little

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best
worst
least
furthest

Far

16